Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 302 views

    Practical No 5

    Uploaded by

    premsagar
    This document discusses string handling in C programming. It defines strings as arrays of characters that are null-terminated. It demonstrates how to declare and initialize strings, read and write strings using various functions like scanf(), printf(), gets(), puts(), and how to perform operations on strings like checking if a string is a palindrome, counting characters, and using string handling functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), and strstr().

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Practical No 5

    Uploaded by

    premsagar
    302 views9 pages
    This document discusses string handling in C programming. It defines strings as arrays of characters that are null-terminated. It demonstrates how to declare and initialize strings, read and write strings using various functions like scanf(), printf(), gets(), puts(), and how to perform operations on strings like checking if a string is a palindrome, counting characters, and using string handling functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), and strstr().

    Original Description:

    Acp practical 5 array

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses string handling in C programming. It defines strings as arrays of characters that are null-terminated. It demonstrates how to declare and initialize strings, read and write strings using various functions like scanf(), printf(), gets(), puts(), and how to perform operations on strings like checking if a string is a palindrome, counting characters, and using string handling functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), and strstr().

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    302 views9 pages

    Practical No 5

    Uploaded by

    premsagar
    This document discusses string handling in C programming. It defines strings as arrays of characters that are null-terminated. It demonstrates how to declare and initialize strings, read and write strings using various functions like scanf(), printf(), gets(), puts(), and how to perform operations on strings like checking if a string is a palindrome, counting characters, and using string handling functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), and strstr().

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Practical no.

    5
    To study and perform program based on handling of Strings.
    .
    Theory:

    String is an array of characters.

    In this practical, we learn how to declare strings, how to work with strings in C
    programming and how to use the pre-defined string handling functions.

    String Declaration

    Method 1:
    char address[]={'T', 'E', 'X', 'A', 'S', '\0'};

    Method 2: The above string can also be defined as –


    char address[]="TEXAS";

    In the above declaration NULL character (\0) will automatically be inserted at the end of the
    string.

    What is NULL Char “\0”?


    '\0' represents the end of the string. It is also referred as String terminator & Null Character.
    String I/O in C programming

    Read & write Strings in C using Printf() and Scanf() functions


    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <string.h>
    int main()
    {
    /* String Declaration*/
    char nickname[20];

    printf("Enter your Nick name:");

    /* I am reading the input string and storing it in nickname


    * Array name alone works as a base address of array so
    * we can use nickname instead of &nickname here
    */
    scanf("%s", nickname);

    /*Displaying String*/
    printf("%s",nickname);

    return 0;
    }
    Output:
    Enter your Nick name:Negan
    Negan
    Note: %s format specifier is used for strings input/output

    Read & Write Strings in C using gets() and puts() functions


    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <string.h>
    int main()
    {
    /* String Declaration*/
    char nickname[20];

    /* Console display using puts */


    puts("Enter your Nick name:");

    /*Input using gets*/


    gets(nickname);

    puts(nickname);

    return 0;
    }

    C Program to Check if a given String is Palindrome


    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <string.h>

    int main()
    {
    char string1[20];
    int i, length;
    int flag = 0;

    printf("Enter a string:");
    scanf("%s", string1);

    length = strlen(string1);

    for(i=0;i < length ;i++)


    {
    if(string1[i] != string1[length-i-1])
    {
    flag = 1;
    break;
    }
    }

    if (flag) {
    printf("%s is not a palindrome", string1);
    }
    else {
    printf("%s is a palindrome", string1);
    }
    return 0;
    }

    Output:

    Program to count vowels, consonants etc.


    #include <stdio.h>

    int main()
    {
    char line[150];
    int i, vowels, consonants, digits, spaces;

    vowels = consonants = digits = spaces = 0;

    printf("Enter a line of string: ");


    scanf("%[^\n]", line);

    for(i=0; line[i]!='\0'; ++i)


    {
    if(line[i]=='a' || line[i]=='e' || line[i]=='i' ||
    line[i]=='o' || line[i]=='u' || line[i]=='A' ||
    line[i]=='E' || line[i]=='I' || line[i]=='O' ||
    line[i]=='U')
    {
    ++vowels;
    }
    else if((line[i]>='a'&& line[i]<='z') || (line[i]>='A'&&
    line[i]<='Z'))
    {
    ++consonants;
    }
    else if(line[i]>='0' && line[i]<='9')
    {
    ++digits;
    }
    else if (line[i]==' ')
    {
    ++spaces;
    }
    }

    printf("Vowels: %d",vowels);
    printf("\nConsonants: %d",consonants);
    printf("\nDigits: %d",digits);
    printf("\nWhite spaces: %d", spaces);

    return 0;
    }

    OUTPUT:

    C – String functions

    #include<string.h>
    include this library to your program to use some of the inbuilt string manipulation functions
    present in the library.

    There are about 20-22 inbuilt string manipulating functions present in this library.
    The most common functions used from the library are:
    1. strlen("name of string")
    2. strcpy( dest, source)
    3. strcmp( string1, string2 )
    4. strstr( str1, str2 )

    strlen( string )
    Declaration and usage of strlen() function
    It is one of the most useful functions used from this library, whenever we need the length of the
    string say "str1"
    we write it as
    int len;
    len = strlen(str1);
    len will be the length of the string "str1".(it will include all the spaces and characters in the string
    except the NULL('\0') character.

    strcpy( dest, source)


    This function copies the string "source" to string "dest".
    Declaration
    strcpy( str2, str1 );

    Return value
    This returns a pointer to the destination string dest.

    Example
    Below code shows the usage of strcpy() function.
    #include<stdio.h>
    #include<string.h>
    int main( )
    {
    char str1[ ] = "I love programming" ;
    char str2[20]= "" ;
    printf ( "source string(i.e str1) = %s\n", str1 ) ;
    printf ( "dest string(i.e str2) = %s\n", str2) ;
    strcpy ( str2, str1 ) ;
    printf ( "target( i.e str2) string after strcpy( ) = %s\n", str2 ) ;
    return 0;
    }

    Output

    source string(i.e str1) = I love programming


    dest string(i.e str2) =
    target( i.e str2) string after strcpy( ) =I love programming
    it is also easy to copy one string to another via a for loop, as
    int i,len;
    len=strlen(str1);
    for( i=0 ; i < len ; i++ ){
    str2[i]=str1[i];
    }
    //last index in the string was len-1
    //now outside for loop value of i=len.
    str2[i]='\0'; // don't ever forget to terminate the string with '\0'.
    either way is good to copy but using strcpy is a good habit to have.

    strcmp( str1, str2 )


    This function is used to compare two strings "str1" and "str2". this function returns zero("0") if
    the two compared strings are equal, else some none zero integer.
    Declaration and usage of strcmp() function
    strcmp( str1 , str2 ); //declaration
    //using this function to check given two strings are equal or not.
    if( strcmp( str1, str2 )==0){
    printf("string %s and string %s are equal\n",str1,str2);
    }
    else
    printf("string %s and string %s are not equal\n",str1,str2);

    Return value
    - if Return value if < 0 then it indicates str1 is less than str2
    - if Return value if > 0 then it indicates str2 is less than str1
    - if Return value if = 0 then it indicates str1 is equal to str2
    Normal approach for comparing two strings is
    void compare( char str1[], char str2[]){
    int l1,l2,i;
    l1=strlen(str1);
    l2=strlen(str2);
    if(l1!=l2){
    printf("string %s and string %s are not equal\n",str1,str);
    }
    else{
    for( i = 0; i < l1 ; i++){ // l1 or l2 anyone as both are equal.
    if(str1[i]!=str2[i]){
    printf("string %s and string %s are not equal\n",str1,str);
    break;
    }
    }
    if(i==l1){ //if the for loop has ran for the whole l1 lenth.
    printf("string %s and string %s are equal\n",str1,str);
    }
    }
    }
    you can yourself see that the first comparing approach is always better and time saving too.

    strstr(str1, str2)
    This library function finds the first occurrence of the substring str2 in the string str1. The
    terminating '\0' character is not compared.
    Declaration
    strstr( str1, str2);
    - str1: the main string to be scanned.
    - str2: the small string to be searched in str1.

    // let say str2="speed";


    //function can also be written as
    strstr(str1, "speed" );

    This function is very useful in checking whether str2 is a substring of str1 or not.

    Return value
    This function returns a pointer to the first occurrence in str1 of any of the entire sequence of
    characters specified in str2, or a NULL pointer if the sequence is not present in str1.

    Example
    Below code shows the usage of strstr() function.
    #include<stdio.h>
    #include<string.h>
    int main ()
    {
    char str1[55] ="This is a test string for testing";
    char str2[20]="test";

    char *p;
    p = strstr (str1, str2);
    if(p)
    {
    printf("string found\n" ); //i.e str2 is a substring of str1.
    printf ("First occurrence of string \"test\" in \"%s\" is"\
    " \"%s\"",str1, p);
    }
    else printf("string not found\n" ); // str2 is not a substring of str1.
    return 0;
    }
    Output

    string found
    First occurrence of string “test” in “This is a test string for testing” is “test string for testing”
    Conclusion:
    In this way we had studied and perform program based on handling of strings.

    You might also like