Kaunas University of Technology Mechanical Engineering and Design Faculty

KAUNAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
ME CH ANICAL E NGI NE E RI NG AND DE SIG N FACULTY
E dga ras Gu bs ki s
DESIGN AND MODEL LING OF VESSEL WITH HALF -

PIPE COIL
Master’s Degree Final Project

Supervisor
Assoc. prof. dr. Povilas Krasauskas
KAUNAS, 2016
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND DESIGN FACULTY
DESIGN AND MODELLING OF VESSEL WITH HALF -

PIPE COIL
Master’s Degree Final Project
Industrial Engineering and Management (code M5106M21)
Supervisor
Assoc. prof. dr. Povilas Krasauskas
Reviewer
Assoc. lect. dr. Ramūnas Česnavičius
Project made by
Edgaras Gubskis
KAUNAS, 2016
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F AC ULTY OF MEC HANIC AL ENGI NEERI NG AND DES I GN
I NDUS TR I AL ENGI NEERI NG AND M ANAGEM ENT ( M5106M21 )
D E S IG N A N D M O D E L L I N G O F V E S S E L W IT H H A L F - P IP E C O I L
DECLERATION OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

20 MAY 2016
I confirm that the final project of mine, Edgaras Gubskis, on the subject “Design and modelling of
vessel with half-pipe coil” is written completely by myself; all the provided data and research
results are correct and have been obtained honestly. None of the parts of this thesis have been
plagiarized from any printed, internet-based or otherwise recorded source. All direct and indirect
quotations from external resources are indicated in the list of references. No monetary funds (unless
required by low) have been paid to anyone for any contribution to this thesis.
I fully and completely understand that any discovery of any manifestations/cases/facts of dishonesty
inevitably results in me incurring a penalty according to the procedure(s) effective at Kaunas
University of Technology
__________________________________________ _______________
(NAME AND SURNAMED FILLED IN BY HAND) (SIGNATURE)
3
KAUNAS UN IVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND DESIGN
Approved:
Head of (Signature, date)
Production engineering
Department Kazimieras Juzėnas
(Name, Surname)
MASTER STUDIES FINAL PROJECT TASK ASSIGNMENT

Study program INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
The final project of Master studies to gain the master qualification degree, is research or applied type
project, for completion and defence of which 30 credits are assigned. The final project of the student must
demonstrate the deepened and enlarged knowledge acquired in the main studies, also gained skills to
formulate and solve an actual problem having limited and (or) contradictory information, independently
conduct scientific or applied analysis and properly interpret data. By completing and defending the final
project Master studies student must demonstrate the creativity, ability to apply fundamental knowledge,
understanding of social and commercial environment, Legal Acts and financial possibilities, show the
information search skills, ability to carry out the qualified analysis, use numerical methods, applied software,
common information technologies and correct language, ability to formulate proper conclusions.
1. Title of the Project
Design and modelling of vessel with half-pipe coil
2. Aim of the project
Design pressure vessel with half-pipe coil according ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1
3. Structure of the project
Introduction: general overview, aim of the work, objectives.
Literature analysis: related to analysis of construction and design of “jacketed” pressure vessel.
Construction and design: construction investigation for “jacketed” pressure vessel, material selection, design data and
calculations.
Experimental part: standard tensile test is used to determine materials mechanical properties.
Modelling: finite element model of pressure vessel with half-pipe coil.
Testing: pressure vessel hydraulically tested to ensure construction safety.
Conclusions: overview and results.
4. Requirements and conditions
5. This task assignment is an integral part of the final project
6. Project submission deadline: 2016 May 20.
Given to the students: Edgaras Gubskis
Task Assignment received: Edgaras Gubskis
Supervisor: A s s o c . p r o f . D r . P o v i l a s K r a s a u s k a s
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Table of Content
Content of tables ...................................................................................................................................6
Content of figures .................................................................................................................................7
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................10
1. Literature Analysis ....................................................................................................................12
1.1. Pressure vessel analysis.............................................................................................................12
1.2. “Jacketed” pressure vessel analysis ..........................................................................................15
1.3. Pressure vessel design philosophy ............................................................................................18
1.4. Pressure test ...............................................................................................................................21
2. Construction and design ............................................................................................................23
2.1. Material .....................................................................................................................................23
2.2. Construction of vessel ...............................................................................................................24
2.3. Construction of “jacket” ............................................................................................................24
2.4. Design data and calculations .....................................................................................................25
2.5. Results .......................................................................................................................................27
3. Experimental part ......................................................................................................................28
3.1. Standard tensile test...................................................................................................................28
3.2. Results .......................................................................................................................................31
4. Modelling ..................................................................................................................................32
4.1. Results .......................................................................................................................................34
5. Testing .......................................................................................................................................36
5.2. Results .........................................................................................................................................38
6. Economic calculations ..............................................................................................................39
Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................40
Literature ............................................................................................................................................41
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Content of tables
Table 2.1 Chemical composition of stainless steel grade 304l .......................................................... 24
Table 2.2 Mechanical properties of stainless steel grade 304l .......................................................... 24
Table 2.3 Design data ........................................................................................................................ 25
Table 2.4 Vessel components in contact with pressure ..................................................................... 26
Table 2.5 Results of design calculations ........................................................................................... 26
Table 3.1 Mechanical properties of each specimen ........................................................................... 31
Table 5.1 Results of pressure test ...................................................................................................... 38
Table 6.1 Comparison of material consumption and costs ................................................................ 39
Table 6.2 Comparison of production costs ........................................................................................ 39
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Content of figures
Fig. 1.1 Pressure vessel for brewery industry.................................................................................... 12
Fig. 1.2 Examples of pressure vessel construction ............................................................................ 13
Fig. 1.3 Flat vessel head .................................................................................................................... 13
Fig. 1.4 Torispherical vessel head ..................................................................................................... 14
Fig. 1.5 Ellipsoidal vessel head ......................................................................................................... 14
Fig. 1.6 Hemispherical head .............................................................................................................. 15
Fig. 1.7 Conical head with knuckle ................................................................................................... 15
Fig. 1.8 Jacket with a spiral baffle [3] ............................................................................................... 16
Fig. 1.9 Spiral half-pipe coil welded to the shell [4] ......................................................................... 17
Fig. 1.10 Dimple jacket welded and pickled on vessel shell ............................................................. 17
Fig. 1.11 Tensile test specimen ......................................................................................................... 20
Fig. 1.12 Typical stress-strain curve [12] .......................................................................................... 20
Fig. 2.1 Design of „jacketed“ pressure vessel ................................................................................... 23
Fig. 2.2 Vessel design scheme ........................................................................................................... 26
Fig. 3.1 Shape and dimensions of the specimens .............................................................................. 28
Fig. 3.2 Photos of specimen with grips and strain gauge: ................................................................. 29
Fig. 3.3 Virgin plates after fracture ................................................................................................... 30
Fig. 3.4 Stress-deformation curve of specimen no. 1 ........................................................................ 30
Fig. 4.1 Principal scheme of Half-pipe coil ....................................................................................... 32
Fig. 4.2 Geometric model of hating coil ............................................................................................ 33
Fig. 4.3 FE model of heating coil ...................................................................................................... 33
Fig. 4.4 Internal pressure load ........................................................................................................... 34
Fig. 4.5 Constrains ............................................................................................................................. 34
Fig. 4.6 Equivalent stress distribution ............................................................................................... 35
Fig. 4.7 Displacements ...................................................................................................................... 35
Fig. 5.1 Manufactured vertical conical pressure vessel with half-pipe coil ...................................... 36
Fig. 5.2 “Rothenberger RP Pro II” pump used for pressure test ....................................................... 37
Fig. 5.3 Electronic monometer used for pressure test ....................................................................... 37
Fig. 5.4 Water temperature under pressure test ................................................................................. 37
Fig. 5.5 Graph of half-pipe coil pressure test .................................................................................... 38
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Edgaras Gubskis. Design And Modelling Of Vessel With Half-pipe Coil: Master‘s thesis in
industrial engineering and management / supervisor assoc. prof. Povilas Krasauskas. The Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology.
Study area and field: Production and Manufacturing Engineering, Technological Sciences
Key words: Design and Modelling of Vessel, „Jacketed” pressure vessel, Standard tensile
test, Hydraulic test.
Kaunas, 2016. 40 p.
SUMMARY
This project is aimed to engineers who model and design vessels with applied internal or
external pressure by ASME boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, section VIII, Division 1. The aim of
the project is to design and verify safety of pressure vessel with half-pipe coil according mentioned
standard.
Every standard or code provides its own safety requirements. The main safety requirement
for pressurised vessels is based on determination of vessels components minimal thicknesses. After
thicknesses are set and vessel fabricated pressure test must be applied to pressurised components to
ensure safety of pressure vessel.
The main problem of research is that ASME code provides only recommendations what
minimal thickness for vessel’s conical bottom should be used in case if pressurised half-pipe coil is
welded on it. Every engineer can follow this rule and use recommended minimal thickness but in
our case we bypass this rule and reduce minimal required thickness by determining actual materials
yield strength, making Finite Element model and applying pressure test. These changes of vessel
design are important because it reduces materials costs. Also, production time is reduced because
thinner steel sheet is better wieldable and formable.
Therefore the objectives of Master project were defined as follow:
 “Jacketed” pressure vessel analysis;
 Construction and design of vessel;
 Design calculations;
 Standard tensile test;
 Pressure test of vessel.
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Edgaras Gubskis. Talpyklos Su Gyvatuku Projektavimas ir Modeliavimas Magistro
baigiamasis projektas / vadovas doc. dr. Povilas Krasauskas; Kauno technologijos universitetas,
Mechanikos inžinerijos ir dizaino fakultetas.
Studijų kryptis ir sritis: Gamybos inžinerija, Technologijos mokslai.
Reikšminiai žodžiai: slėginio indo projektavimas ir modeliavimas, Slėginis indas su
„marškiniais”, Standartinis tempimo bandymas, Hidraulinis bandymas.
Kaunas, 2016. 40 p.
SANTRAUKA
Šis tiriamasis darbas skirtas inžinieriams, kurie susiduria su slėginių indų projektavimu pagal
ASME boilerių ir slėginių indų kodo taisykles. Šio projekto tikslas – pagal paminėtą kodą
suprojektuoti ir patikrinti pagamintos talpyklos su privirintu gyvatuku saugumą taikant hidraulinį
bandymą.
Kiekvienas standartas ar kodas turi savo nustatytus saugumo reikalavimus. Slėginių indų ar jo
komponentų, minimalių sienelių storių nustatymas yra vienas iš pagrindinių slėginių indų saugumo
reikalavimų.
Pagrindinė šio darbo problema yra tai, jog ASME taisyklės pateikia tik rekomendacijas, koks
minimalus indo kūginio dugno sienelės storis turi būti naudojamas, jeigu jis yra paveiktas išorino
slėgio. Mūsų atveju, minėtas dugnas yra veikiamas slėgio, kurį sukelia privirintas gyvatukas.
Rekomendaciniai storiai yra pateikiami su nemaža atsarga, norint užtikrinti 100% talpyklos
eksploatacijos saugumą. Kiekvienas inžinierius gali sekti ASME kodo pateiktomis taisyklėmis ir
projektavimo metu taikyti rekomendacinius storius, bet mūsų tiriamajame darbe surasime būdą,
kaip išvengti ASME kodo rekomendacijų ir sumažinti talpyklos dugno sienelės storį. Šie pakeitimai
indo gamybai sumažina naudojamą medžiagų kiekį ir padidiną gamybos našumą, kadangi plonesnis
metalas yra lengviau formuojamas ir suvirinamas.
Norint išspręsti paminėta problemą, buvo suformuotos sekančios užduotys:
 Slėginių indų su „marškiniais“ analizė;
 Slėginių indų konstrukcija ir projektavimas;
 Projektiniai skaičiavimai;
 Standartinis tempimo bandymas;
 Indo hidraulinis bandymas;
 Ekonominiai skaičiavimai;
 Išvados ir rezultatai.
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Introduction
This project is aimed to engineers who modelling and design vessels with applied internal
or external pressure. First of all, what is pressure vessel should be understood. Vessels, containers,
or pipelines that maintain, store, transfer or receive fluids under internal or external pressure over
0,05 barg are called pressure vessels. Pressure vessels are used in a number of industries for
example, the dairy industry for cream production, the brewery industry for beer maturation.
Jacketed pressure vessels are pressure vessels with applied second pressure reservoir which
is called “Jacket”. “Jackets” can be welded on entire vessel’s body in order to provide heating or
cooling to the vessel contents. For example, the dairy industry using “jacketed” vessels to keep milk
products at constant temperature during all year seasons.
However, the components under pressure are dangerous and during the year various fatal
accidents have been recorded. Nowadays, pressure vessel manufacturing, exploitation and design
are controlled by engineering authorities backed by legislation. This is why every country has their
own design codes/standards of pressure vessel. Each design code/standard has their own
requirements; some of them are the same and some of them different.
Following pressure vessel design codes/standards each engineer who model or design
pressure vessel must evaluate parameters such as maximum temperature and safe operating
pressure, safety factor, corrosion allowance and involve non-destructive testing, hydraulic testing.
When the design parameters have been established, suitable materials and design code/standard are
selected.
The design calculation in the various codes/standards of construction always implies
factors of safety. The factors of safety are generally applied to the materials of pressure vessel, so
that pressure vessel can safely operate. If the pressure vessel operating in a simple environment a
safety factor is based entirely on yield strength, therefore European and American pressure vessel
codes/standards sets a factor safety of 1.5 for the yield strength.
The aim of this research
 Design pressure vessel with half-pipe coil welded on conical bottom and cylinder acc.
ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1.
Problem of research
 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1 provides only
recommendations what minimal thickness for vessel’s conical bottom should be used
in case if half-pipe coil is welded on it.
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Therefore the objectives of Master project were defined as follow:
 Analysis of “jacketed” pressure vessels;

 Pressure vessel design philosophy;
 Design calculations of pressure vessel;
 Standard tensile test;
 Modelling of pressure vessel;
 Hydraulic test of pressure vessel;
 Economic calculations;
 Results and conclusions.
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1. Literature Analysis
1.1. Pressure vessel analysis
Vessels, containers, or pipelines that maintain, store, transfer or receive fluids under
internal or external pressure over 0,05 barg are called pressure vessels. Pressure vessels are used in
a number of industries for example, the dairy industry for cream production, the brewery industry
for beer maturation. The example of pressure vessel is shown in Fig. 1.1 [1].
Fig. 1.1 Pressure vessel for brewery industry
When discussing about pressure vessels, we must also consider tanks. Pressure vessels and
tanks are similar in both design and construction the only main differences between mentioned
positions is that tanks are limited to atmospheric pressure [1]
The inside pressure of pressure vessel is usually higher than the outside, except cases then
external pressurised “jacket” is applied. The contents inside the vessel may suffer a change in state
as in the case of steam boilers. Most of pressure vessels together with high pressures has high
temperatures and in rare cases even radioactive materials. Because of mentioned hazards it is
necessary that the design of vessel be such that no leakage can occur [2].
The basic construction of any pressure vessel or atmospheric tank consists of one cylinder
and two heads. The fundamental differences of vessel construction are the type of bottom is used.
There are many bottom types which can be attached to a vessel, column or drum such as
hemispherical, semi-hemispherical, elliptical, conical, etc. Examples of pressure vessel construction
are shown in Fig. 1.2.
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a b
Fig. 1.2 Examples of pressure vessel construction
a) Vertical conical vessel [3]; b) Horizontal spherical vessel [4].
Vessels used to store liquids at atmospheric or low pressure are usually constructed with
flat end sections. This is the cheapest option of enclosing the ends of a vessel. For fluids storage
fluids at higher pressures, the ends are usually domed to reduce mechanical stresses [5]. There are
five main types of vessel heads that can be manufactured and purchased, each suited for its own
level of pressure. These five main types of vessel heads are described below:
 Flat head shown in Fig. 1.3 is only used for vessels that are containing liquids that are
kept at atmospheric or low pressure. If they are used to store liquids under high
pressure they won’t to handle the overpressure and may slot or otherwise be damaged
under the strain. These heads are also extremely cheap to produce and should be used
whenever low pressure liquids are being stored in order to increase profit margins [6].
Fig. 1.3 Flat vessel head
 A torispherical head shown in Fig. 1.4 is a head that is shaped like a dome, with a flat
edge all around the area where the dish ends. This flat area, called the “knuckle,” is
used because if a dome shape were directly welded to a pressure vessel, the dome
would wrap and put undue stress on certain areas of the head. The weakest part of this
13
type of bottom is the knuckle so many manufacturers increase the thickness of the
whole bottom. This is an expensive process because it requires more raw material,
meaning that torispherical heads are best for relatively medium pressure liquids [5].
Fig. 1.4 Torispherical vessel head
 Ellipsoidal head showed in Fig. 1.5 are usually used if the pressure of a liquid being
stored goes over 10 bar. This type of head looks like an ellipse making it deeper than a
torispherical bottom, with its radius varying continuously. Ellipsoidal head can be
directly welded to the pressure vessel without any important change in the strength of
the bottom. These tend to be more expensive than the two heads previously mentioned
[5].
Fig. 1.5 Ellipsoidal vessel head
 Hemispherical heads shown in Fig. 1.6 are shaped like hemispheres, are easily the
most expensive type of head to make due to the amount of material used, as well as
the level of craftsmanship [7]. This type of bottom is expensive to fabricate and their
ability to handle high pressure contents they are usually used to store liquefied natural
gas. Otherwise the expense would not be worth it.
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Fig. 1.6 Hemispherical head
 Conical heads with knuckle shown in Fig. 1.7 are shaped like cone and its edges ends
by “knuckle” which size is at least 6% of the inside diameter. These type of heads can
hold quite high pressure, doesn’t require any skilled craftsmanship or lots or raw
material, manufacturing doesn’t take long and they provide fast liquid flow-out from
the vessel [7].
Fig. 1.7 Conical head with knuckle
1.2. “Jacketed” pressure vessel analysis
To cool or heat contents inside vessel external “jackets” or internal coils are installed.
“jackets” are most common in the following industries: beverage, food, alcohol, chemistry
industries. There are three main types of “jackets” – Spiral baffle “jackets”, half-pipe coil, dimpled
“jackets”. These heating or cooling “jackets” are most popular to use because of the following
reasons [8]:
 It is easy to clean and maintain by applying “clean” media;

 All types of liquids can be used to heat or cool contents inside vessel. To heat up
contents steam is perfect to apply and to cool glycol or cold water are ideal.
 It provides easiest way to control velocity, circulation and temperature of cooling or
heating content.
 These types of “jackets” can be produced from weaker mechanical properties
materials than vessel itself.
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Spiral baffle “jackets”
The biggest advantage of this type of “jackets” is that the heating/cooling liquid inside
“jacket” covers the full base surface and the construction is most simple of other “jackets” and they
can handle high speed velocities but to be able to fabricate this type of “jackets” gap between the
baffies and the “jacket” must be applied. However mentioned gap is very small so main flow area
per baffle is significant compared with cross sectional flow [3].
.
Space for
Vessel shell liquid
flow
Spacer
Fig. 1.8 Jacket with a spiral baffle [3]
Spiral half-pipe coil “jackets”
This type of design creates high turbulence and velocity in the halfpipe coil. The half-pipe
coil is usually used to keep inside contents ate higher than 100°C temperature. These type of
heating-cooling coil is more superior to conventional “jackets” because drop appeared by pressure
can be easily monitored. There are no restrictions to the number of outlet and inlet nozzles so it can
be divided into multiple zones for maximum efficiency and flexibility. The biggest disadvantage
half-pipe coil that it is not practical and very expensive to apply on smaller diameter vessels.
Example of Half Pipe Coil welded to the shell shown in Fig. 1.7 [3].
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Vessel shell
Half-Pipe coil
Fig. 1.9 Spiral half-pipe coil welded to the shell [4]
Dimpled “jackets”
A thin additional cylinder is applied to the vessel cylinder with dot welds located in a
regular grid often about 60 mm on centre both horizontally and vertically. The dimple jacket
interior sees various kinds of heating and cooling media, including water, steam, and water-glycol.
Some media may include corrosive components, for example chlorinated city water and some are
not. The dimple jackets is usually insulated with mineral wool or polyurethane foam and then
cladded with a stainless steel or galvanized carbon steel sheets. The dimple jackets are limited to
many heating/cooling cycles as the vessels are operates through the numerous production processes.
Example of dimpled jacket welded to the vessel shell shown in Fig. 1.8 [3]
Vessel shell Dimple Jacket
Welding seam
Fig. 1.10 Dimple jacket welded and pickled on vessel shell
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1.3. Pressure vessel design philosophy
For genuine pressure vessels and similar equipment, preliminary design may still be
influenced by heat transfer and fluid flow requirements. Although the aspect of thermal hydraulic
design is intricately related to the structural design, especially for thermal transient loadings [8]. In
this research work we will not be discussing them in any detail. We assume that the temperature
distribution associated with a particular thermal transient has already been evaluated in a typical
design application [9].
The basic design of a pressure vessel part would cause looking at the geometry and
manufacturing construction details and also on the loads appeared by the part. The loads caused by
the pressure vessel is connected to factors such as design pressure, design temperature, and
mechanical loads (due to dead weight and thermal expansion) along with the postulated transients
(typically those due to temperature and pressure) that are anticipated during the life of the plant.
These transients generally reflect the fluid temperature and pressure excursions of the mode of
operation of the equipment. The type of fluid that will be contained in the pressure vessel of course
is an important design parameter, especially if it is radioactive or toxic. Also site location
information must be involved to provide loads due to earthquake (seismic), and other accident loads
[10].
ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code
In general, pressure vessels designed in accordance with the ASME Code, Section VIII,
Division 1, are designed by rules and do not require a detailed evaluation of all stresses. It is
specified that secondary and high localized bending stresses may exist but are allowed for by use of
a higher design equity and design rules for details. It is also required that all loadings (the forces
applied to a vessel or its structural elements) must be considered [6].
ASME code Section VIII, Division 1 presents formulas and calculation instructions for
thicknesses and stresses of vessel components, it is up to the designer to select acceptable analytical
procedures for analysing other vessel’s components and to combine the calculated loadings and
stresses in a method appropriate with the intended process of the equipment for an most economical
and safe design. For the supporting structures, the designer must also evaluate the load
combinations specified by the applicable building code [6].
ASME code Section VIII, Division 1 sets allowable stresses that the maximum general
primary membrane stress must be less than allowable stresses outlined in material sections. Further,
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it states that the maximum primary membrane stress plus primary bending stress may not exceed
1.5 times the allowable stress of the material sections [6].
In overall practice when preparing a more detailed stress analysis to apply higher allowable
stresses. Actually, analysis of stresses allows improve knowledge of localized stresses and the use
of higher allowable stresses in place of the larger design margin used by the Code. This larger
design equity really reflected lack of knowledge about actual stresses [8].
Structural and material
Materials with high mechanical properties created by alloying elements, production

processes, or heat treatments, are developed to satisfy economic or engineering requirements for
example material with high mechanical properties can reduce minimal demanded thicknesses of
pressure vessel. They are constantly tested to demand design limits consistent with their higher
strength and adjusted to vessel design as experimental and fabrication knowledge justifies their use.
There is no perfect material for pressure vessels suitable for all environments, but material
selection must match application and environment. This is very important in pressured chemical
reactors because of the embrittlement effects of gaseous absorption, and in nuclear reactors because
of the irradiation damage from neutron bombardment [11].
The most common materials that are used in construction of pressure vessel are [11]:
 Nonferrous materials such as aluminium and copper;

 Specialty metals such as titanium and zirconium;
 Steels;
 Non-metallic materials, such as, plastic, composites and concrete;
 Metallic and non-metallic protective coatings.
The mechanical properties that generally are of interest are:
 Yield strength;
 Ultimate strength;
 Reduction of area (a measure of ductility);
 Fracture toughness;
 Resistance to corrosion.
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Stress analysis of pressure vessel
The most pressure vessel fatal accident occurs because of stresses created by pressure so
the design of pressure vessel must confirm pressure vessel safety. Before every design start it is
necessary to set maximum and operating allowable pressures inside pressure vessel and its
components. To evaluate stresses created by pressure analytical or experimental tests must be
applied. For example the finite element model helps for designers to analyse stress distribution of
vessel and its components. By stress analysis we can determine relationship between applied loads
to the vessel and related responses like deformations in dimension strains or stresses [12].
We can obtain stress-strain curve of material by applying standard tensile test. An example
of standard tensile test specimen is shown in Fig. 1.11. In order to determine the yield and ultimate
strength of a specimen stress-strain curve is used Fig. 1.12. Yield stress R p 0.2 is defined at the stress
level at which the specimen achieves a specified deviation from a linear stress-strain relationship.
An offset of 0.2% deformation is used for determine yield stress, as shown in the figure.
Ultimate tensile strength Rm is determined as the maximum tensile stress of the material
which can sustain it without fracture. It is calculated by dividing the maximal load applied during
the tensile test by the original cross sectional area of the specimen [13].
Fig. 1.11 Tensile test specimen
Fig. 1.12 Typical stress-strain curve [12]
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1.4. Pressure test
Pressure test is based on ASME Code Section VII Div. and can be applicable to all equipment
and their parts made of steels in accordance with mentioned requirements. The vessel should be
subjected to a proof test to demonstrate the integrity of the finished product.
Scope
In this research work we will present basic procedure of hydraulic test which enables to
confirm the mechanical resistances and verify safety of the welded or joined components. In our
case pressure is designed according ASME code section VIII Div. 1 so the pressure test must
comply code requirements. During hydraulic test entire vessel and its components should be
unpainted and uncovered [14].
To ensure safety pressure test is common applied using cold water because testing by gas is
potentially more dangerous.
Combined hydrostatic / pneumatic test – in some cases it may be desirable to test a vessel
when it is partly filled with liquid. This is as dangerous as pneumatic test. The pressure test shall be
done using adequate tools and equipment and ensuring that the required safety rules and regulations
are fulfilled [14].
After all fabrication has been completed, inspections shall be made prior to pressure test to
ensure that in all respects the design, materials, manufacturing and testing comply with the
requirements [6].
Safety requirements
Prior the test starts on site a toolbox safety meeting shall be conducted to ensure all parties
involved know exactly what they have to do. All pressure test personnel shall attend, with details of
the work, the hazards and the precautions being discussed. All personnel involved in the operations
shall attend to the toolbox safety talks sign report [6].
Pressure tests to be performed in designated test area. The pressure test area shall be proper
condoned. Safety signs shall be installed. The minimum distance between barrier and vessel to be
pressured shall be minimum 5m. During pressure test no work shall be performed on or near the
vessel under any circumstances while the test is in progress [6].
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Pressure gauge cannot be dismantled while the system is under pressure. Prior to start any
pressurization, all hoses, valves, flanges, fittings, studs, nuts, etc. shall be visually inspected by
operator. If any defects found, then shall be removed. Tightening or loosening of plugs, bolts,
hoses, or test fixtures while equipment is pressurized is strictly prohibited [6].
No vessel shall be subject to any form of shock loading such as hammer testing when
undergoing proof testing. After pressure testing pressure will be reduced in a controlled manner
though a drain hose. Attention must be paid to the direction where the pressure will be released [7].
Pressure test equipment
The equipment shall be verified or calibrated with valid certificate. Pressure gauges, pressure
recorder, temperature recorder, pressure sensor, thermometer shall be verified and calibrated by
external accredited 3rd party after 1 year. Testing components and equipment shall have working
pressure rating greater to the test pressure. All elements that cannot withstand the pressure shall be
removed [14].
All equipment shall be loaded on site in a manner that leaves suitable and safe escape routes
and shall comply with pressure test. All equipment shall be visually checked prior use and shall be
in good conditions and shall be re-calibrated at any time that there is reason to believe they are in
error. If any defects are found then the dedicated equipment shall be removed from service, places
in a quarantined area [6].
The pressure gauge shall be chosen in order that the test pressure shall be within 1/3 and 2/3
of the pressure gauge range. The scale should indicate a range of approx. the double value of the
intended test pressure. In no case the scaling should be lower than 1,5 times the test pressure or
higher than 4 times the test pressure gauge range [14].
22
2. Construction and design
Design and modelling of “jacketed” pressure vessel purpose is intended to use in energy
industry. Position of the vessel – vertical. The vessel has cylindrical form and is welded from the
stainless steel SA-240 type 304L sheets with the conical bottom and flat top. To heat-up and keep
constant temperature of the product inside vessel it has welded Half-Pipe jacket on the cylinder and
conical bottom. General sketch of vessel is shown in Fig. 2.1. More detailed drawing of vessel is
presented in appendix no 1.
Flat top
Vessel shell
Half-pipe coil
Conical bottom
Half-pipe coil
Fig. 2.1 Design of „jacketed“ pressure vessel
2.1. Material
For this project we use stainless steel grade AISI 304l. This grade of steel also known
as '18-8' stainless because of it has 18 percent chromium content and 8 percent nickel content. It
is the most universal and most widely used stainless steel, available in a wide range of products,
forms and superior than any other. This type of stainless steel also has excellent forming and
welding characteristics. The balanced austenitic structure of Grade 304 is readily alloyed or roll
formed into a variety of components for applications in the industrial, architectural, and
transportation fields. It also has outstanding welding characteristics and post-weld annealing is
not required when welding thin sections [15].
23
Chemical composition of stainless steel grade 304l according manufacturer is presented in
table no 2.1. appendix no. 2
Table 2.1 Chemical composition of stainless steel grade 304l

Elements, % C Si Mn P Cr Ni Nb Cu Co N
Heat 0.020 0.32 1.57 0.38 18.30 8.14 0.008 0.38 0.20 0.061
Mechanical properties of stainless steel grade 304l according manufacturer are presented in
table no 2.2. appendix no. 2
Table 2.2 Mechanical properties of stainless steel grade 304l

Material Yield stress Ultimate tensile Elongation after fracture, Hardness
properties R p 0.2 , MPa strength A, % HRB
Rm , MPa A5 , % 50mm, %
min. 230 450 45 40 Not specified
max. 330 580 Not specified 201
2.2. Construction of vessel
Construction of vessel is based on bottom selection of vessel. When choosing the bottom
for a pressure vessel, it is important to take the pressure of the liquid that will be stored into
consideration. If the incorrect head is applied, it might be impossible to maintain the pressure of the
vessel and a dangerous situation might develop.
My current target is to design a vessel with applied jacket on bottom to heat the vessels
contents at 110°. To reach this temperature vessel should be heated by steam which creates 6 bar
pressure. For my project I have chosen to use conical bottom because it can be made of thinner steel
sheet than hemispherical or elliptical heads, takes less time to manufacture and most important,
because of its shape half-pipe coil can be welded faster.
2.3. Construction of “jacket”
Literature overview of vessel “jackets” showed that less complex and most efficient “jacket”
types are dimpled and half-pipe coil “jackets” welded on outside of vessel shell. Half-pipe coil and
24
dimple jacket options offer optimal economic advantages over the conventional jacket for steam
medium handling.
For our pressure vessel half-pipe jacket is applied. Dimple jackets are more economic and
faster to manufacture than half-pipe coil but half-pipe coil is superior to the dimple jacket because
of its increased strength, provides high velocity and turbulence within the jacket, the drop can be
carefully controlled and more than one service can be supplied to different sections of the wall.
2.4. Design data and calculations
Design calculations of our pressure vessel are made according ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code Section VIII Division 1.Mentioned code presents calculation methodology and
recommendations to determine required minimal vessel body thicknesses to ensure safety.
According design task initial design data are presented in table 2.3.
Table 2.3 Design data
Description Vessel Half-pipe coil

Design code ASME VIII Div.1
Fluid, m3 Oils Steam / Condensate
Volume gross, m3 13.5 0.085x3 / 0.049
Volume net, m3 10 0.085x3 / 0.049
Operating pressure, barg 0.2 5
Max. allowable working pressure,
0.5
barg 6
Design pressure, barg Hydrostatic 6
Operating temperature, °C 0 ÷ 110 0 ÷ 110
Hydraulic test Water, 10...20 °C, 30 min
Corrosion and erosion allowance, mm 0 0
Vessel inside diameter, mm 2488 -
Height of the cylinder part, mm 2516 -
Main material S.s.type 304L S.s.type 304L
25
Design scheme of vessel component under pressure are shown in Fig. 2.2.
Fig. 2.2 Vessel design scheme
Design calculations are applied on components in direct contact with pressure see Table 2.4.
Table 2.4 Vessel components in contact with pressure
ID Component Type Component Description

HP.1 Half Pipe Jacket Jacket on cylindrical shell
S1.1 Cylindrical Shell Main Shell
S2.1 Conical Shell Conical bottom
For design calculations Visual Vessel Design by OhmTech Ver:15.01“ is used. Calculations
report located in appendix no 3. The most important output data are shown in Table 2.5.
Table 2.5 Results of design calculations

Description Output data
Top head of vessel Minimal required thickness, 4 mm
Vessel cylinder Minimal required thickness, 6mm
Vessel bottom Recommended minimal thickness, 6mm
Half-pipe coil (cylinder) Minimal test pressure 10.2 barg
Half-pipe coil (bottom) Minimal test pressure 10.2 barg
26
2.5. Results
ASME Pressure Vessel Code doesn‘t provide any method how minimal conical bottom
wall thickness should be calculated if it is under external pressure. Code only gives
recommendation to use same conical bottom wall thickness as vessel cylinder. In our case min.
required cylinder thickness is 6mm. Long practice says that if conical bottom is made from 6mm
thickness sheet it should operate in extreme conditions under high pressures. In our case vessel will
be installed on site there are simple environment and design pressure inside heating coil is quite low
– 6bar. Long practice says that for such design most common bottom wall thickness is 4mm and to
use this thickness we must prove that it is safe to use. According ASME code Section VIII, Division
1 all pressure vessels and its pressurized parts design thicknesses must be chosen by not exceeding
2/3 of material yield strength so in the next paragraphs we determine actual yield strenght of
mateial and make FE model of bottom half-pipe coil.
27
3. Experimental part
3.1. Standard tensile test
Three specimens were produced in order to examine the mechanical property of the material
- yield stress R p 0.2 .
For this reason, three standard virgin plate specimens were cut from the stainless steel grade
304l sheet with thickness of 4 mm (Fig 3.1). Three specimens were used to get more accurate
results.
Fig. 3.1 Shape and dimensions of the specimens
The tensile test has been carried out on 10 kN capacity standard universal low-cycle
tension-compression testing machine UME-10TM with the stress rate 20 MPa/s, which is in
accordance to the requirements [ISO 6892-1] to keep stress loading rate in the limits 2-20 MPa/s.
Following to these requirements specimen loading rate was set 1 mm/min.
The grips with cylindrical hardened loading pins with the diameter of 12 mm were used to
maintain normal tensile stress perpendicular to the specimen symmetrical axis during the tension.
Before the testing, machine elastic load measuring element, connected to the upper
specimen clamping grip by rigid joint was calibrated using two standard force reference
dynamometers: DOP 3-20, which is used for testing machine calibration in the range of 20 – 200
kN. [Appendix 4].
Axial displacement of the specimen was measured using extensometer “Epsilon” with gauge
length of 25mm, Strain extensometer “Epsilon” was calibrated using micrometer-caliper MI- 25
with resolution accuracy of 0.001 mm [Appendix 3]. The extensometer was fixed on the centre of
specimen working zone as showed in Fig. 3.2.
28
a b
c d
Fig. 3.2 Photos of specimen with grips and strain gauge:
a - virgin plate specimen no. 1; b – - virgin plate specimen no. 2; c - virgin plate specimen no. 3; d -
force-displacement record
The measurements via oscilloscope “Picoscope 3204 Osciloscope” were recorded by the
computer and force scale mF = 47732,7 N/mV and displacement scale mε = 1.2563 mm/mV was
determined.
Experimental investigation of the mechanical properties
The test was performed according to the standards [ISO 6892-1: 2009, LST EN 10002-
1:2003]. According to the testing program, by tress standard virgin plate specimens (marked as 1, 2
29
and 3) were tested. Thus in total, during the tensile test 3 specimens were tested in order to examine
main mechanical property of the steel - Yield stress R p 0.2
The photos of virgin plates after fracture are showed in Fig. 3.3
Fig. 3.3 Virgin plates after fracture
Engineering stress-deformation curves of each specimen are presented in Figs. 3.4 – 3.6.
1, 450
400
MPa
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2 2,4 2,8 3,2 3,6 4 mm4,4
Δl,
Fig. 3.4 Stress-deformation curve of specimen no. 1
30
1, 450
400
MPa 350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2 2,4 2,8 3,2 3,6 4 mm 4,4
Δl,
1, 400
MPa 350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2 2,4 2,8 3,2 3,6 4 Δl, 4,4
mm
An offset of 0.2% deformation is used for determine yield stress, as shown in the Figs. 3.4-
3.6. Yield stress for virgin plate is presented in table no. 3.1.
3.2. Results
The obtained mechanical properties obtained by standard tensile test are shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Mechanical properties of each specimen

Specimen Dimensions of Length of working Yield stress
mark specimen part Rp0.2, MPa
(a × b × l ) Li, mm
1 4 × 30 × 120 50 210
2 4 × 30 × 120 50 195
3 4 × 30 × 120 50 185
Average 196.66
31
4. Modelling
The objective of this part is to verify the strength of the heating coil welded on conical
head with respect to overpressure. A 2D axisymmetric linear elastic structural analysis is performed
to find stresses. The analysis executed using the FE package included to Solid works 3D CAD
design software.
The stresses acting in heating coil where checked with respect to stress categorization
approach (ASME Section VIII, Division 1) using a linear elastic analysis. The analysis is carried
out in the FE analysis program SolidWorks Simulation 2013.
Structural model
The section of heating coil is modelled according to appendix no. 1 drawings, however
only details of importance with respect to stiffness are included. The principal scheme of Half-Pipe
coil is shown in Fig. 3.1. It is simplified by omitting small parts which have no significant influence
on stiffness of the tank. Planar 2D mesh has been used for numerical analysis of the tanks. The
geometric model and FE model used in the analysis is shown in Fig. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3.
Fig. 4.1 Principal scheme of Half-pipe coil
32
Fig. 4.2 Geometric model of hating coil
Fig. 4.3 FE model of heating coil
Boundary conditions and applied actions
The simulation has been carried out by using linear elastic structural analysis. Pressure of 0,6
MPa is applied to heating coil Fig. 4.4. Edge of cylindrical shell free end is constrained in all
directions (all degree of freedom is constrained) Fig. 4.5.
33
Fig. 4.4 Internal pressure load
Fig. 4.5 Constrains
Assessment criteria
To verify strength of the half-pipe coil welded on conical head with respect to overpressure
we need to know allowable (yield) stress of material. The yield strength of vessel bottom material is
196.66MPA.
According ASME code Section VIII, Division 1 all pressure vessels and its pressurized parts
design thicknesses must be chosen by not exceeding 2/3 yield strength, so our allowable stresses is
134.11 MPA.
4.1. Results
The maximum calculated equivalent stress of the heating coil is 26.4 MPa Fig. 5.1.
Maximum calculated displacement of the tank is 0.037 mm Fig. 4.6.
34
Fig. 4.6 Equivalent stress distribution
Fig. 4.7 Displacements
The FE model of heating half-pipe coil was developed. The FE pressure vessel analysis has
been executed by taking into consideration the design pressure.
The maximum stresses in all cases are developed in vicinity of a sharp edge of heating coil
and can be considered as occurred at areas of stress concentration. The general primary membrane
stress (26.4 MPa) developed due to internal pressure do not reach the assessment criteria (131.11
MPa). Maximum calculated displacement of structure 0.037 mm.
35
5. Testing
Hydraulic test must be applied. To verify and confirm the mechanical resistance of the
vessel and its half-pipe coil
In this research work procedure of hydraulic test is based on ASME code Section VIII Div.
1 and all equipment and their parts made of steel in accordance with mentioned code.
Hydraulic test applied after all fabrication has been completed, inspections made prior
pressure test to ensure that in all aspects the design, materials, manufacturing and testing comply
with requirements. The test performed and assessed by authorized personal having habit of such
operation. For safety reasons the pressure test conducted under cold water conditions. The
manufactured pressure vessel is shown in figure 5.1.
Fig. 5.1 Manufactured vertical conical pressure vessel with half-pipe coil
The pressure test was applied by using “Rothenberger RP Pro II” pump (Fig. 5.2)
constructed for hydraulic tests. To measure pressure P certified electronic monometer was used
(Fig. 5.3). To record water temperature during hydraulic test E&H electronic temperature
transmitter is used. Recorder temperature 13°C (Fig. 5.4)
36
Fig. 5.2 “Rothenberger RP Pro II” pump used for pressure test
Fig. 5.3 Electronic monometer used for pressure test
Fig. 5.4 Water temperature under pressure test
To verify safety of vessel and its half-pipe coil design calculations by ASME code showed
us that half-pipe coil must be over pressured by water under 10.2 bar and kept at that pressure for 5
hours (300 min) Fig. 5.5. After 5 hours operator of pressure test reduced pressure to 6 bar to inspect
37
if no leakage occurred. Further operator fully reduced pressure and made dimension control which
is presented in appendix no. 5.
Pressure test of bottom half-pipe coil

12
10
Pressure, bar
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time, min
Fig. 5.5 Graph of half-pipe coil pressure test
5.2. Results
After hydraulic test no deformation in dimensions and leakage appeared. From the
obtained results we can assume that all aspects the design, materials, manufacturing comply with
requirements. Summary of results are shown in table 5.1.
Table 5.1 Results of pressure test

Description Working Test pressure, Liquid Liquid Leakage Deformation
pressure, bar bar temp., °C detected detected
Bottom coil 6 10.2 water 13 no no
Cylinder coil 6 10.2 water 13 no no
38
6. Economic calculations
ASME code provides methodology how minimal vessel shell wall thickness must be
calculated in case if it is under external pressure but for conical bottom with applied external
pressure it gives only recommendation what minimal wall thickness should be used. In this case
recommended minimal thickness is 6mm. After FE analysis and pressure testing we proved that
minimal required thickness can be reduced to 4 mm. These changes in vessel’s bottom thickness not
even reduced material costs but also reduced production time because thinner material is more
wieldable and formable. The approximate savings of material and working hours are shown in
Table 6.1 and 6.2.
Table 6.1 Comparison of material consumption and costs

S. steel sheet Quantity, Weight, Price of 1 kg, Total price,
dimensions, mm pcs. kg EUR EUR
Vessel’s bottom 6 x 2000 x 4000 2pcs. 768 2.10 1075.20
made of 6mm
Vessel’s bottom 4 x 2000 x 4000 2pcs. 1024 2.10 1612.80
made of 4mm
Difference 256 537.60
Table 6.2 Comparison of production costs

Required labour hours Price of 1 labour hour, Costs to fabricate
for production, Hours EUR 1pc. Bottom, EUR
Vessel’s bottom 6 16 96
made of 6mm
Vessel’s bottom 5 16 80
made of 4mm
Difference 16
Tables 6.1 and 6.2 shows that our improvement in design reduced amount of materials and
production time. Total saving of one vessel’s bottom production equals to 537.60 EUR + 16 EUR =
553.60 EUR.
39
Conclusions
1. Literature analysis showed that vessel construction and design should be chosen after
evaluation of vessel purpose, environment in which vessel will operate, safety requirments.
2. ASME Pressure Vessel code provides methodology how minimal vessel shell wall thickness
must be calculated in case with applied external pressure but for conical bottom with applied
external pressure it gives only recommendation what minimal wall thickness should be used.
In my case recommended bottom thickness was 6 mm and after Finite Element analysis it
reduced to 4 mm. Reduced thickness means lower material costs and faster fabrication.
3. The Yield strength of materiali s presented in material certificate provided by manufacturer.
The problem is that Yield strength is presented by value intervals, in our case from 230 MPa
to 330 MPa. In our case, to make precise FE model true material Yield strenght must be
known. This machanical property was obtained by applying standard tensile test and results
showed that in fact materials yield strenght is 196.66 MPa, not 230MPa as specified in
manufacturers certificate.
4. FE model including ASME code safety factor showed that conical bottom minimal wall
thickness can be reduced from recommended 6 mm to allowable 4 mm. This improvement
reduced materials costs, thinner material means that it can be welded and formed easier and
faster.
5. Pressure test confirmed that vessel has enough mechanical resistance to operate with applied
overpressure inside half-pipe coil welded on conical bottom.
6. Improvement in design reduced amount of materials and production time. Total savings of
one vessel’s bottom production equals to 537.60 EUR + 16 EUR = 553.60 EUR.
40
Literature
[1] Somnath_Chattopadhyay, CRC PRESS, Pressure Vessels Design and Practice, October 28,
2004, pp. 1-4.
[2] John F. Harvey, P.E., Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Theory and Design of Pressure
Vessels, 1985, pp. 1-2.
[3] Picture web address: http://polystoragetanks.com/images/products/polytank_cone_bottom.gif
[2016- 03-20].
[4] Picture web address: http://www.mantank.com/img/photo_horizontalairreceiver.jpg [2016-03-
20].
[5] Paul Buthod, Pressure Vessel Publishing, Pressure Vessel Handbook, 1972, pp. 14-26.
[6] American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Boiler and pressure Vessel Code, ASME, Section
VIII, Division I, New York, 2010.
[7] Yuon Chiu, William James Hague, Patent of Fluoropolymer reactor with heat exchange jacket;
US publication no.: 6939521 B1, August 2015 pp. 15-20.
[8] Bednar, H. H., Pressure Vesssel Design Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981, 38-45.
[9] D. Burgreen, Design Methods for Power Plant Structures, C. Press, 1975, pp. 4-8.
[10] Dennis Moss, Pressure vessel Design Manual, Guf Professional Publishing, 2003, pp. 237-
239.
[11] Bednar, H. H., Pressure Vesssel Design Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981, section
5.1.
[12] O. Blodgett, Design of welded structures, 7th printing, 1975, section 3.5.
[13] Luis Pullas, Hydrostatic Test Procedure, 2002, pp. 1-12.
[14] Conny Johansson, Hydro test procedure, 2007, pp. 4-7.
[15] Baldwin, E.E., Sokol, G.J., and Coffin, Jr., L.B., Cyclic strain fatigue studies on AISI Type 347
stainless steel, Am. Soc. Test, 1998, pp. 17-25.
41
Appendix 3
Drawing
3D View of Vessel (alter by using the Save User Specified View command)
History of Revisions
Rev ID Component Type Comp. Description DATE & TIME
A HP.1 Half Pipe Jacket Jacket on cylindrical shell 15 Apr. 2015 14:57
A S1.1 Cylindrical Shell Main Shell 15 Apr. 2015 14:55
A S2.1 Conical Shell Conical bottom 15 Apr. 2015 14:55
A First Issue
Design Data & Process Information
Description Units Design Data

Process Card General Design
Data
Design Code & Specifications ASME VIII Div.1
Internal Design Pressure (MPa) MPa 0.05
External Design Pressure (MPa) MPa 0
Hydrotest Pressure (MPa) MPa
Maximum Design Temperature ('C) 'C 164
Minimum Design Temperature ('C) 'C 0
Operating Temperature ('C) 'C
Corrosion Allowance (mm) mm 0
Content of Vessel
Specific Density of Oper.Liq 1
4 Weight & Volume of Vessel
Normal Liquid Level NLL (mm) mm 2300

Weight & Volume of Vessel
ID No. Wt-UnFinish. Wt-Finished Tot.Volume Test.Liq.Wt Oper.Liq.Wt
HP.1 1 305.0 kg 305.0 kg 0.254 m3 254.0 kg 253.7 kg

S1.1 1 923.0 kg 923.0 kg 12.160 m3 12160.0 kg 11182.0 kg
S2.1 1 251.0 kg 251.0 kg 0.996 m3 996.0 kg 995.8 kg
Total 3 1479.0 kg 1479.0 kg 13.410 m3 13410.0 kg 12431.5 kg
Weight Summary/Condition Weights
1553 kg /
Empty Weight of Vessel incl. 5% Contingency
1.6 Tons
14963 kg /
Total Test Weight of Vessel (Testing with Water)
15.0 Tons
13984 kg /
Total Operating Weight of Vessel
14.0 Tons
Center of Gravity
ID X-Empty Y-Empty Z-Empty X-Test Y-Test Z-Test X-Oper Y-Oper Z-Oper
HP.1 0 0 836 0 0 836 0 0 836

S1.1 0 0 1250 0 0 1250 0 0 1150
S2.1 0 0 -201 0 0 -201 0 0 -201
CENTER OF GRAVITY AT CONDITIONS BELOW X Y Z
Empty Vessel 0 0 918

Test Condition of Vessel (Testing with Water) 0 0 1113
Operating Condition of Vessel 0 0 1023
Max. Allowable Pressure MAWP
ID Comp. Type Description Liq.Head MAWP New & Cold MAWP Hot & Corr.
S1.1 Cylindrical Shell Main Shell 0.023 MPa 0.345 MPa 0.341 MPa
S2.1 Conical Shell Conical bottom 0.023 MPa 0.127 MPa 0.125 MPa
MAWP 0.127 MPa 0.125 MPa
Note : Other components may limit the MAWP than the ones checked above.
Note : The value for MAWP is at top of vessel, with static liquid head subtracted.
Test Pressure
UG-99(b) REQUIRED MINIMUM TEST PRESSURE.
TEST PRESSURE OF VESSEL - NEW & COLD -
Design Pressure.........................: 0.050 MPa
Design Temperature......................: 164.0 C
ID Description Samb Sdes Samb/Sdes Pd Pt PtMax
S1.1 Cylindrical Shell-Main Shell 1.01 0.050 0.066 0.699

115.0 113.6
S2.1 Conical Shell-Conical bottom 1.01 0.050 0.066 0.284
115.0 113.6
S2.1 Conical Shell-Conical bottom 1.01 0.050 0.066 0.284
115.0 113.6
HYDRO-TEST
REQUIRED TEST PRESSURE AT TOP OF VESSEL PtReq(Hydro Test) ......: 0.0658 MPa
MAXIMUM TEST PRESSURE AT TOP OF VESSEL PtLim(Hydro Test) .......: 0.2837 MPa
Note : Other components may limit Ptlim than the ones checked above.
NOMENCLATURE:
Samb - is the allowable stress at room temperature.
Sdes - is the allowable stress at design temperature.
SR - is the Stress Ratio SR = Samb / Sdes.
LSR - is the Lowest Stress Ratio for the materials of which the vessel is
constructed.
PtMax - is the maximum allowed test pressure determined for the part under
consideration.
Pt - is the required test pressure determined for the part under
consideration Pt = 1.3 * Pd * SR.
PtReq - is the required minimum test pressure PtReq = 1.3 * Pd * LSR.
PtLim - is the maximum allowed test pressure (minimum value for PtMax) for the
listed components.
Bill of Materials
ID No Description Component Dimensions Material Standard
Half Pipe Jacket-Jacket 3" dc= 88.9, ecb= 3.05, L= 94247.8, ID 2, SA-312(M) Gr.TP304L, S30403 Smls.
HP.1 1
on cylindrical shell Pitch= 115 & wld. pipe, PNo=8
ID 1, SA-240(M) Gr.304L, S30403 Plate,

S1.1 1 Cylindrical Shell-Main Shell Do= 2500, t= 6, L= 2500
PNo=8
Conical Shell-Conical DiL= 2488, DiS= 250, Lc= 553.28, t= ID 1, SA-240(M) Gr.304L, S30403 Plate,
S2.1 1
9 Notes, Warning & Error Messages bottom 6, rL= 150 PNo=8
Notes, Warning & Error Messages

ID & Comp. Description Notes/Warnings/Error Messages
HP.1 Half Pipe Jacket Jacket on

cylindrical shell
- NOTE: For cyclic service a full penetration groove weld is recommended.
TOTAL No. OF ERRORS/WARNINGS : 0
Maximum Component Utilization - Umax
ID Comp.Type Umax(%) Limited by
HP.1 Half Pipe Jacket 41.2% MAWPHC (shell & jacket)

S1.1 Cylindrical Shell 43.8% Shell - Min.thickness to UG-16
S2.1 Conical Shell 54.9% Internal Pressure Large End
Component with highest utilization Umax = 54.9% S2.1 Conical bottom
Average utilization of all components Umean= 46.6%
Material Data/Mechanical
ID Material Name
Properties
Temp ST SY SYd S_d Sr ftest E-mod Note
SA-240(M) Gr.304L, S30403 Plate, G5,G

1 164 485 170 128.6 113.6 115 153 182478
PNo=8 , SG=7.85 21,T4
G5,G
SA-312(M) Gr.TP304L, S30403 Smls. & 21,T4
2 164 485 170 128.6 113.6 115 153 182478
wld. pipe, PNo=8 , SG=7.85 ,W12,
W14
Notation:
Thickness in mm, stress in N/mm2, temperature in deg.C
TG : Test Group 1 to 4
Max.T: Maximum thickness for this stress set, 0 or 999 = No limit specified
S/C : CS = Carbon Steel, SS = Stainless Steel
SG : SG = Specific Gravity (Water = 1.0)
ST : MIN.TENSILE STRENGTH at room temp.
SY : MIN. YIELD STRENGTH at room temp.
SYd : MIN. YIELD STRENGTH at calc.temp.
S_d : DESIGN STRESS at calc.temp.
Sr : DESIGN STRESS at room temp.
Note : G5 = Due to the relatively low yield strength of these materials, these
higher stress values were established at temperatures where the shorttime tensile
properties govern to permit the use of these alloys where slightly greater
deformation is acceptable. The stress values in this range exce
ed 662/3% but do not exceed 90% of the yield strength at temperature. Use of these
stresses may result in dimensional changes due to permanent strain. These stress
values are not recommended for the flanges of gasketed joints or other
applications where slight amounts of distortion can cause leakage
or malfunction. For Section III applications, Table Y-2 lists multiplying factors
that, when applied to the yield strength values shown in Table Y-1, will give
allowable stress values that will result in lower levels of permanent strain.
Note : G21 = For Section I, use is limited to PEB–5.3. See PG–5.5 for cautionary
note.
Note : T4 = Allowable stresses for temperatures of 480°C and above are values
obtained from time-dependent properties.
Note : W12 = These S values do not include a longitudinal weld efficiency factor.
For Section III applications, for materials welded without filler metal,
ultrasonic examination, radiographic examination, or eddy current examination, in
accordance with NC-2550, shall provide a longitudinal weld eff
iciency factor of 1.00. Materials welded with filler metal meeting the
requirements of NC-2560 shall receive a longitudinal weld efficiency factor of
1.00. Other longitudinal weld efficiency factors shall be in accordance with the
following: (a) for single butt weld, with filler metal, 0.80; (b) for
single or double butt weld, without filler metal, 0.85; (c) for double butt weld,
with filler metal, 0.90; (d) for single or double butt weld, with radiography,
1.00.
Note : W14 = These S values do not include a weld factor. For Section VIII,
Division 1, and Section XII applications using welds made without filler
metal, the tabulated tensile stress values shall be multiplied by 0.85. For welds
made with filler metal, consult UW-12 for Section VIII,
Division 1,
or TW-130.4 for Section XII, as applicable.
Comp.Location in Global Coord.System

ID Comp. Type X Y Z Teta Phi ConnID
HP.1
Half Pipe Jacket 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 S1.1
S1.1 Cylindrical Shell 0 0 0 0.0 0.0
S2.1 Conical Shell 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 S1.1
The report above shows the location of the connecting point (x, y and z) for
each component referenced to the coordinate system of the connecting component
(ConnID). The connecting point (x, y and z) is always on the center axis of
rotational symmetry for the component under consideration, i.e. the connecting
point for a nozzle connected to a cylindrical shell will be at the
intersection of the nozzle center axis and the mid thickness of the shell
referenced to the shell s coordinate system. In addition the orientation
of the the center axis of the component is given by the two angles Teta and
Phi, where Teta is the angle between the center axis of the two components and
Phi is the orientation in the x-y plane
The basis for the coordinate system used by the software is a right handed
coordinate system with the z-axis as the center axis of rotational geometry
for the components, and Teta as the Polar Angle and Phi as the Azimuthal Angle
MDMT Minimum Design Metal Temperature
Table :
ID-Description Material Name tn(mm) tg(mm) Ratio E(*) Curve
HP.1 Jacket on cylindrical shell -

SA-240(M) Gr.304L, S30403 Plate, PNo=8 6.0 6.0 0.41 1.00
Shell
S1.1 Main Shell - Shell SA-240(M) Gr.304L, S30403 Plate, PNo=8 6.0 6.0 0.20 0.70
S2.1 Conical bottom - LargeShell SA-240(M) Gr.304L, S30403 Plate, PNo=8 6.0 6.0 0.52 0.70
Table Continued
ID-Description T1(C) T2(C) MDMT(C) Comments
HP.1 Jacket on cylindrical shell -

-196 For thermally treated materials, ref. is made to UHA-51(c)
Shell
NOTE: UHA-51(g) Material is exempted from impact testing due to
S1.1 Main Shell - Shell - low stress. Ratio of design stress to allowable tensile stress is less
than 0.35.
S2.1 Conical bottom - LargeShell -196 For thermally treated materials, ref. is made to UHA-51(c)
MDMT CALCULATIONS PER UCS-66, UG-20(f), UHA-51 and Appendix JJ

MDMT Required : 0.0 C
MDMT Lowest Allowable: -196 C
NOMENCLATURE:
tn - Nominal thickness of component under consideration(including corr.
allow.).
tg - Governing thickness of component under consideration.
Ratio- tr*E(*)/(tn-c), utiliztion of component for given process conditions.
tr - Required minimum thickness of component at calculation temperature of
MDMT.
E(*) - Joint efficiency factor, not lower than 0.8.
Curve- Applicable curve A, B, C or D in Figure UCS-66.
T1 - Unadjusted MDMT/Lowest allowable temperature for given part, value taken
from Figure UCS-66 based on curve A, B, C or D.
T2 - Reduction in MDMT without impact testing per Figure UCS-66.1.
NOTES:
UCS-68(c) If postweld heat treatment is performed when it is not otherwise a
requirement, a 17C reduction in impact test exemption temp. may be given to the
min. permissible temp. for P.no.1 materials.
The maximum general primary stress in the pads are conservatively assumed to be
the same as that in the corroded shell.
Note: For austenitic stainless steels, reference is made to UHA-51(c) for
thermally treated materials.
NOTE: LOWEST MDMT = -196 C (Warmest Value)
Surface Area
ID No. Description Area Outside(m2) Area Inside(m2)
HP.1 1 Half Pipe Jacket, Jacket on cylindrical shell 0.000 0.000

S1.1 1 Cylindrical Shell, Main Shell 19.635 19.545
S2.1 1 Conical Shell, Conical bottom 5.416 5.369
Total 3 25.051 24.914
ASME VIII Div.1:2013 - UG-27 CYLINDRICAL SHELL
S1.1 Main Shell
INPUT DATA
COMPONENT ATTACHMENT/LOCATION
GENERAL DESIGN DATA
PRESSURE LOADING: Design Component for Internal Pressure Only
PROCESS CARD:
General Design Data : Temp= 164°C, P=0.0500 MPa, c=0.0 mm, Pext=0.0000 MPa
SPECIFIC DENSITY OF OPERATING LIQUID................:SG 1.0000
LIQUID HEAD.........................................:LH 2300.00 mm
SHELL DATA
CYLINDER FABRICATION: Plate Material
DIAMETER INPUT: Base Design on Shell Outside Diameter
SA-240(M) Gr.304L, S30403 Plate, PNo=8 164'C
ST=485 SY=170 SYd=128.64 S=113.6 Sr=115 Stest=153 (N/mm2)
WELD JOINT EFFICIENCY FACTOR: None RT UW-11(c) Type 1 (E=0.7)
OUTSIDE DIAMETER OF SHELL...........................:Do 2500.00 mm
LENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL PART OF SHELL.................:Lcyl 2500.00 mm
NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS (uncorroded).................:tn 6.0000 mm
NEGATIVE TOLERANCE/THINNING ALLOWANCE...............:th 0.3000 mm
Calculate minimum shell thickness due to internal pressure at different elevations
with steps of 1000 mm.: NO
Split shell into several shell courses and include welding information: NO
CALCULATION DATA
UG-27 - CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Outside Radius of Shell
Ro = Do / 2 =2500/2= 1250.00 mm
»Thin Cylinder Check P=0.0726 <= 0.385 * S * E=30.62[MPa] «» OK«
Required Minimum Shell Thickness Excl.Allow. tmin :
tmin = P * Ro / (S * E + 0.4 * P) (APP.1-1 (1))
=0.0726*1250/(113.6*0.7+0.4*0.0726)= 1.1408 mm
»Thin Cylinder Check tmin=1.14 < 0.5 * R=625[mm] « » OK«
Required Minimum Shell Thickness Incl.Allow. :
tmina = tmin + c + NegDev =1.14+0+0.3= 1.4408 mm
Analysis Thickness
ta = tn - c - NegDev =6-0-0.3= 5.7000 mm
Internal Pressure tmina=1.44 <= tn=6[mm] 24.0% OK
Shell - Min.thickness to UG-16 Thk=5.7 >= UG-
43.8% OK
16(b)(4)(2.5mm)=2.5[mm]
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :

Inside Diameter of Shell
Di = Do - 2 * ta =2500-2*5.7= 2488.60 mm
Inside Radius of Shell
R = Di / 2 =2488.6/2= 1244.30 mm
MAWP HOT & CORR. (Corroded condition at design temp.)
MAWPHC = S * E * ta / (R + 0.6 * ta)
=113.6*0.7*5.7/(1244.3+0.6*5.7)= 0.3633 MPa
MAWP NEW & COLD (Uncorroded condition at ambient temp.)
MAWPNC = Sr * E * (ta + c) / (R - c + 0.6 * (ta + c))
=115*0.7*(5.7+0)/(1244.3-0+0.6*(5.7+0))= 0.3678 MPa
S1.1 Main Shell
MAX TEST PRESSURE (Uncorroded cond.at ambient temp.)
Ptmax = SYtest * Etest * (ta + c) / (R + 0.6 * (ta + c))
=153*1*(5.7+0)/(1244.3+0.6*(5.7+0))= 0.6990 MPa
UG-99(b) REQUIRED MINIMUM TEST PRESSURE: NEW AT AMBIENT TEMP. Ptmin

Ptmin = 1.3 * Pd * Sr / S =1.3*0.05*115/113.6= 0.0658 MPa
Test Pressure Ptmin=0.0658 <= Ptmax=0.699[MPa] 9.4% OK
CALCULATION SUMMARY
UG-27 - CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Required Minimum Shell Thickness Excl.Allow. tmin :
tmin = P * Ro / (S * E + 0.4 * P) (APP.1-1 (1))
=0.0726*1250/(113.6*0.7+0.4*0.0726)= 1.1408 mm
Required Minimum Shell Thickness Incl.Allow. :
tmina = tmin + c + NegDev =1.14+0+0.3= 1.4408 mm
Internal Pressure tmina=1.44 <= tn=6[mm] 24.0% OK
Shell - Min.thickness to UG-16 Thk=5.7 >= UG-
43.8% OK
16(b)(4)(2.5mm)=2.5[mm]
MAWPHC = S * E * ta / (R + 0.6 * ta)
=113.6*0.7*5.7/(1244.3+0.6*5.7)= 0.3633 MPa
MAWPNC = Sr * E * (ta + c) / (R - c + 0.6 * (ta + c))
=115*0.7*(5.7+0)/(1244.3-0+0.6*(5.7+0))= 0.3678 MPa

Ptmax = SYtest * Etest * (ta + c) / (R + 0.6 * (ta + c))
=153*1*(5.7+0)/(1244.3+0.6*(5.7+0))= 0.6990 MPa

Volume:12.16 m3 Weight:922.6 kg (SG= 7.85 )
S1.1 Main Shell
16 S1.1 Cylindrical Shell Main Shell Umax= 43.8%

ASME VIII Div.1:2013 - UG-33 CONICAL SHELLS
S2.1 Conical bottom
INPUT DATA
COMPONENT ATTACHMENT/LOCATION
Attachment: S1.1 Cylindrical Shell Main Shell
Location: Along z-axis zo= 0
GENERAL DESIGN DATA

PRESSURE LOADING: Design Component for Internal Pressure Only
PROCESS CARD:
General Design Data : Temp= 164°C, P=0.0500 MPa, c=0.0 mm, Pext=0.0000 MPa
Type of Transitions: Cylindrical Shells on Both Large & Small Base

SPECIFIC DENSITY OF OPERATING LIQUID................:SG 1.0000
LIQUID HEAD.........................................:LH 2817.20 mm
DATA FOR CONE

Base of Cone Connecting Cylinder: Connected Cyl.S1.1 is at LARGE base of cone
Specify the Semi-Angle at Apex of the Conical Section
ST=485 SY=170 SYd=128.64 S=113.6 Sr=115 Stest=153 (N/mm2)
SEMI-ANGLE AT THE APEX OF THE CONICAL SECTION.......:alfa 68.00 degr.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY at design temp................:E 1,8516E05 N/mm2
NOMINAL THICKNESS OF THE CONE.......................:tn 6.0000 mm
NEGATIVE TOLERANCE/THINNING ALLOWANCE...............:th 0.3000 mm
DATA FOR TRANSITION AT LARGE BASE OF CONE

This Cone to Cylinder Junction is a Line-of-Support: NO
NOT connected to a cylindrical shell or length of cylinder is less than
2*SQR(RL*ts): NO
Include Knuckle: YES
ST=485 SY=170 SYd=128.64 Ss=113.6 fl20=115 fltest=153 (N/mm2)
INSIDE DIAMETER AT LARGE BASE OF CONE(corroded).....:DiL 2488.00 mm
NOMINAL THK.OF CYLINDER AT LARGE JUNCTION(uncorr.)..:tnL 6.0000 mm
WELD JOINT EFFICIENCY FACTOR........................:El 0.7000
INSIDE RADIUS OF CURVATURE(large base of cone)......:rL 150.00 mm
NOMINAL THICKNESS OF KNUCKLE(Large End).............:tnLk 6.0000 mm
DATA FOR TRANSITION AT SMALL BASE OF CONE

This Cone to Cylinder Junction is a Line-of-Support: NO
NOT connected to a cylindrical shell or length of cylinder is less than
2*SQR(RL*ts): NO
Include Knuckle: NO
Include Stiffener Ring at Transition: NO
ST=485 SY=170 SYd=128.64 Ss=113.6 fs20=115 fstest=153 (N/mm2)
INSIDE DIAMETER AT SMALL BASE OF CONE(corroded).....:DiS 250.00 mm
NOMINAL THK.OF CYLINDER AT SMALL JUNCTION(uncorr.)..:tnS 15.00 mm
WELD JOINT EFFICIENCY FACTOR........................:Es 0.7000
AXIAL GLOBAL FORCE AT SMALL END OF CONE.............:Ws 0.00 kN
GLOBAL MOMENT AT SMALL END OF CONE..................:Ms 0.00 kNm
CALCULATION DATA
17 S2.1 Conical Shell Conical bottom Umax= 54.9%

S2.1 Conical bottom
UG-32 CONICAL SHELLS - INTERNAL PRESSURE
UG-32(h) - TORICONICAL HEADS AND SECTIONS
Inside Diameter of Conical Shell at the Knuckle to Cone Junction Di
Di = DiL - 2 * rL * (1 - Cos( alfa))
=2488-2*150*(1-Cos(68))= 2300.38 mm
Required Minimum Cone Thickness at Large End Excl.Allow. tmin :
tminL = P * Di / (2 * Cos( alfa) * (S * E - 0.6 * P)) (2)
=0.0777*2300.38/(2*Cos(68)*(113.6*0.7-0.6*0.0777))= 3.0019 mm
Required Minimum Cone Thickness Incl.Allow. tmina :
tmina = tminL + c + th =3.+0+0.3= 3.3000 mm
Internal Pressure Large End tmina=3.3 <= tn=6[mm] 54.9% OK

Analysis Thickness
ta = tn - c - th =6-0-0.3= 5.7000 mm
CONE - Min.thickness to UG-16 Thk=5.7 >= UG-
43.8% OK
16(b)(4)(2.5mm)=2.5[mm]
Required Minimum Cone Thickness at Small End Excl.Allow. tmin :
tminS = P * DiS / (2 * Cos( alfa) * (S * E - 0.6 * P)) (2)
=0.0777*250/(2*Cos(68)*(113.6*0.7-0.6*0.0777))= 0.3260 mm
Appendix 1-4(d) Required Thickness of Knuckle at Large End

L = Di / (2 * Cos( alfa)) =2300.38/(2*Cos(68))= 3070.40 mm
M = 0.25 * (3 + Sqr( L / rL))
=0.25*(3+Sqr(3070.4/150))= 1.8811 mm
Required Thickness of Knuckle at Large End Incl.Allow. tminfL :
tminfL = P * L * M / (2 * S * E - 0.2 * P) + c + th
=0.0777*3070.4*1.88/(2*113.6*0.7-0.2*0.0777)+0+0.3= 3.1220 mm
Internal Pressure Knuckle Thickness Large End tminfL=3.12 <=

52.0% OK
tnLk=6[mm]
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :NEW & COLD
Large End Cone PmaxL:
PmaxL = 2*S*E*ta*Cos(alfa)/(Di+1.2*ta*Cos(alfa)) ((2))
=2*115*0.7*5.7*Cos(68)/(2300.38+1.2*5.7*Cos(68))= 0.1493 MPa
Large End Knuckle Pmaxk:
Pmaxk = 2 * S * E * ta / (M * L - ta * (M - 0.2)) ((2))
=2*115*0.7*5.7/(1.88*3070.4-5.7*(1.88-0.2))= 0.1592 mm
Pmax = MIN( PmaxL, Pmaxk) =MIN(0.1493,0.1592)= 0.1493 MPa
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :HOT & CORR

=2*113.6*0.7*5.7*Cos(68)/(2300.38+1.2*5.7*Cos(68))= 0.1475 MPa
Pmaxk = 2 * S * E * ta / (M * L - ta * (M - 0.2)) ((2))
=2*113.6*0.7*5.7/(1.88*3070.4-5.7*(1.88-0.2))= 0.1572 mm

=2*153*1*5.7*Cos(68)/(2300.38+1.2*5.7*Cos(68))= 0.2837 MPa
Pmaxk = 2 * S * E * ta / (M * L - ta * (M - 0.2)) ((2))
=2*153*1*5.7/(1.88*3070.4-5.7*(1.88-0.2))= 0.3025 mm

S2.1 Conical bottom
Ptmin = 1.3 * Pd * Sr / S =1.3*0.05*115/113.6= 0.0658 MPa

ts = tnL - c =6-0= 6.0000 mm
ts = tnS - c =15-0= 15.00 mm
APPENDIX 1-5(e) - REINFORCEMENT AREA AT SMALL END

RatioS = P / (Ss * Es) =0.0777/(113.6*0.7)= 9,7711E-04
Delta (Table 1-5.1) = Delta =4= 4.0000 degr.
Inside Radius of Small Cylinder
Rs = DoS / 2 =280/2= 140.00 mm
Since Delta < Alfa Reinforcement Check IS Required.
Axial Load at Small End
QS = P * Rs / 2 + Q1 =0.0777*140/2+0= 5.4390 N/mm
Required Area at Small End of Cone
ArS = (kS*QS*Rs/(Ss*Es))*(1-Delta/alfa)*Tan(alfa)
=(1*5.439*140/(113.6*0.7))*(1-4/68)*Tan(68)= 22.31 mm2
Minimum length of cylindrical shell at Small End of Cone
LcylS = 1.4 * SQR( Rs * ts) =1.4*SQR(140*15)= 64.16 mm
Available Area at Small End of Cone
AeS = 0.78*SQR(Rs*ts)*((ts-tsminS)+(ta-tminS)/Cos(alfa))+AstiffS
=0.78*SQR(140*15)*((15-0.1222)+(5.7-0.326)/Cos(68))+0= 1044.57 mm2
Reinf.Area Small End-Int.Pressure AeS=1044.57 >=

2.1% OK
ArS=22.31[mm2]
NOTE: Appendix 1-5 Calculations are not required for the large end transition asa
knuckle is present.
CALCULATION SUMMARY
UG-32 CONICAL SHELLS - INTERNAL PRESSURE
UG-32(h) - TORICONICAL HEADS AND SECTIONS
Required Minimum Cone Thickness Incl.Allow. tmina :
tmina = tminL + c + th =3.+0+0.3= 3.3000 mm
Internal Pressure Large End tmina=3.3 <= tn=6[mm] 54.9% OK

CONE - Min.thickness to UG-16 Thk=5.7 >= UG-
43.8% OK
16(b)(4)(2.5mm)=2.5[mm]
Appendix 1-4(d) Required Thickness of Knuckle at Large End
Required Thickness of Knuckle at Large End Incl.Allow. tminfL :
tminfL = P * L * M / (2 * S * E - 0.2 * P) + c + th
=0.0777*3070.4*1.88/(2*113.6*0.7-0.2*0.0777)+0+0.3= 3.1220 mm
Internal Pressure Knuckle Thickness Large End tminfL=3.12 <=

52.0% OK
tnLk=6[mm]
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :NEW & COLD
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :HOT & CORR



S2.1 Conical bottom
APPENDIX 1-5(e) - REINFORCEMENT AREA AT SMALL END

Required Area at Small End of Cone
ArS = (kS*QS*Rs/(Ss*Es))*(1-Delta/alfa)*Tan(alfa)
=(1*5.439*140/(113.6*0.7))*(1-4/68)*Tan(68)= 22.31 mm2
Available Area at Small End of Cone
AeS = 0.78*SQR(Rs*ts)*((ts-tsminS)+(ta-tminS)/Cos(alfa))+AstiffS
=0.78*SQR(140*15)*((15-0.1222)+(5.7-0.326)/Cos(68))+0= 1044.57 mm2
Reinf.Area Small End-Int.Pressure AeS=1044.57 >=

2.1% OK
ArS=22.31[mm2]

S2.1 Conical bottom

ASME VIII Div.1:2013 - APPENDIX EE, HALF-PIPE JACKETS
HP.1 Jacket on cylindrical shell
INPUT DATA
SHELL DATA (S1.1)
DESIGN PRESSURE.....................................:Ps 0.0500 MPa
INTERNAL CORROSION ALLOWANCE........................:c 0.00 mm
OUTSIDE DIAMETER OF SHELL...........................:Do 2500.00 mm
NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS (uncorroded).................:tn 6.0000 mm
NEGATIVE TOLERANCE/THINNING ALLOWANCE...............:th 0.3000 mm SA-
240(M) Gr.304L, S30403 Plate, PNo=8 164'C
ST=485 SY=170 SYd=128.64 Ss=113.6 Ss20=115 Sstest=153 (N/mm2)
DATA FOR HALF PIPE

SA-312(M) Gr.TP304L, S30403 Smls. & wld. pipe, PNo=8 164'C
ST=485 SY=170 SYd=128.64 Sc=113.6 Sc20=115 Sctest=153 (N/mm2)
HALF PIPE/LIMPET COIL INTERNAL DESIGN PRESSURE......:P 0.6000 MPa
CORROSION ALLOWANCE FOR HALF PIPE/LIMPET COIL.......:cc 0.00 mm
OUTSIDE DIAMETER OF HALF PIPE/LIMPET COIL...........:dc 88.90 mm
Nominal Size of Pipe: 3"
Comment (Optional):
NOMINAL THICKNESS OF HALF PIPE/LIMPET COIL(uncorroded):tcb 3.0500 mm
NEGATIVE DEVIATION/TOLERANCE........................:negT 12.50 %
HALF PIPE/LIMPET COIL ATTACHMENT LENGTH.............:l 88.90 mm
TOTAL SPAN OF COILS/LENGTH ALONG SHELL..............:L 1380.00 mm
PITCH SPACING.......................................:pi 115.00 mm
CALCULATION DATA
APPENDIX EE, HALF-PIPE JACKETS
Inside Radius of Jacket
r = 0.5 * (dc - 2 * (tcb - cc))
=0.5*(88.9-2*(3.05-0))= 41.40 mm
Minimum thickness of half pipe/limpet coil(excl.allow.), tcmin
tcmin = P * r / (0.85 * Sc - 0.6 * P)
=0.6*41.4/(0.85*113.6-0.6*0.6)= 0.2582 mm
Required thickness of half pipe/limpet coil(Incl.Allow.) :
tcmina = (tcmin + cc) / (1 - negT / 100)
=(0.2582+0)/(1-12.5/100)= 0.2951 mm
Half Pipe/Coil Internal Pressure tcmina=0.2951 <=

9.6% OK
tcb=3.05[mm]
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE MAWP :

Analysis Thickness of Half Pipe/Limpet Coil, eca
tca = tcb - cc - NegDev =3.05-0-0.3813= 2.6688 mm
Shell Analysis Thickness
ta = tn - c - th =6-0-0.3= 5.7000 mm
18 HP.1 Half Pipe Jacket Jacket on cylindrical shell Umax= 41.2%

Inside Radius of Shell
R = 0.5 * (Do - 2 * (tn - c)) =0.5*(2500-2*(6-0))= 1244.00 mm
K-Factor for corroded condition
From Figure EE-2; K= 113.4
K-Factor for new/uncorroded condition
From Figure EE-2; K= 113.4
PJacketHC = 0.85 * Sc * tca / (r - 0.6 * tca)
=0.85*113.6*2.67/(41.4-0.6*2.67)= 6.4749 MPa
PShellHC = (1.5 * Ss - Ps * R / (2 * ta)) / K
=(1.5*113.6-0.05*1244/(2*5.7))/113.4= 1.4545 MPa
MAWPHC = MIN( PJacketHC, PShellHC) =MIN(6.47,1.45)= 1.4545 MPa
MAWPHC (shell & jacket) P=0.6 <= MAWPHC=1.45[MPa] 41.2% OK

PJacketNC = 0.85*Sc20*(tca+cc)/((r-cc)-0.6*(tca+cc))
=0.85*115*(2.67+0)/((41.4-0)-0.6*(2.67+0))= 6.5547 MPa
PShellNC = (1.5 * Ss20 - Ps * (R - c) / (2 * (ta + c))) / K
=(1.5*115-0.05*(1244-0)/(2*(5.7+0)))/113.4= 1.4730 MPa
MAWPNC = MIN( PJacketNC, PShellNC) =MIN(6.55,1.47)= 1.4730 MPa

PJacketNC = 0.85*Sctest*(tca+cc)/((r-cc)-0.6*(tca+cc))
=0.85*153*(2.67+0)/((41.4-0)-0.6*(2.67+0))= 8.7206 MPa
PtShell = 1.5 * Sstest / K =1.5*153/113.4= 2.0238 MPa
Ptmax = MIN( PtJacket, PtShell) =MIN(8.72,2.02)= 2.0238 MPa

Ptmin = 1.3 * Pd * Sr / S =1.3*0.6*115/113.6= 0.7896 MPa
CALCULATION SUMMARY
APPENDIX EE, HALF-PIPE JACKETS
Required thickness of half pipe/limpet coil(Incl.Allow.) :
tcmina = (tcmin + cc) / (1 - negT / 100)
=(0.2582+0)/(1-12.5/100)= 0.2951 mm
Half Pipe/Coil Internal Pressure tcmina=0.2951 <=

9.6% OK
tcb=3.05[mm]
MAWPHC (shell & jacket) P=0.6 <= MAWPHC=1.45[MPa] 41.2% OK
Ptmax = MIN( PtJacket, PtShell) =MIN(8.72,2.02)= 2.0238 MPa



Appendix no. 3 material certificate
Appendix 4 List of used equipment and devices
Producers’ Measurement limits Enterprise of verification

No. Title serial No. and accuracy (calibration)
1. Universal 25 t tension – Nr.326 25kN±10 N State Standard and Calibration

compression machine Laboratory “Kaunas
Metrology Center”.
Calibration certificate
Nr. MJ-605
2. Dynamometer - caliper Nr. 508 10000 ±5 N State Standard and Calibration
DOSM 20-1 Nr. 483720 Laboratory “Vilnius
Indicator Metrology Center”.
Calibration certificate Nr.
993791- J-0.1-193
3. Micrometer, type I Nr. 7547 25- 50 ±0.01 mm State Standard and Calibration
Laboratory “Kaunas
Metrology Center”.
Verification certificate Nr.
1267159
4. Picoscope 3204 PC 480-6969 0-20 V PICO Technology Limited,
Oscilloscope Resolution Great Britain
8 bits/30%
5. Laptop „ATOMIC 10-1685- B kl. MOBILE INC, China
Action L51 010820
7. Frequency converter 209100256 0.25 -7.5 kW EMERSON Industrial
SKB3400150 STD 4 Automation, China
8. Extensometer E85974 25 mm +12.5/-2.5 mm Epsilon Technology Corp.,
3542-025M-050-HT2 USA, Nr.1113246
1
Appendix 5 Dimensional check

Kaunas University of Technology Mechanical Engineering and Design Faculty

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KAUNAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

ME CH ANICAL E NGI NE E RI NG AND DE SIG N FACULTY

DESIGN AND MODEL LING OF VESSEL WITH HALF -

Master’s Degree Final Project

DESIGN AND MODELLING OF VESSEL WITH HALF -

DECLERATION OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

MASTER STUDIES FINAL PROJECT TASK ASSIGNMENT

Given to the students: Edgaras Gubskis

Task Assignment received: Edgaras Gubskis

 Analysis of “jacketed” pressure vessels;

1.1. Pressure vessel analysis

Fig. 1.1 Pressure vessel for brewery industry

Fig. 1.3 Flat vessel head

Fig. 1.4 Torispherical vessel head

Fig. 1.5 Ellipsoidal vessel head

Fig. 1.7 Conical head with knuckle

1.2. “Jacketed” pressure vessel analysis

 It is easy to clean and maintain by applying “clean” media;

Fig. 1.8 Jacket with a spiral baffle [3]

Spiral half-pipe coil “jackets”

Fig. 1.9 Spiral half-pipe coil welded to the shell [4]

Vessel shell Dimple Jacket

Fig. 1.10 Dimple jacket welded and pickled on vessel shell

ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code

Structural and material

Materials with high mechanical properties created by alloying elements, production

 Nonferrous materials such as aluminium and copper;

The mechanical properties that generally are of interest are:

Fig. 1.11 Tensile test specimen

Fig. 1.12 Typical stress-strain curve [12]

Pressure test equipment

Fig. 2.1 Design of „jacketed“ pressure vessel

Table 2.1 Chemical composition of stainless steel grade 304l

Table 2.2 Mechanical properties of stainless steel grade 304l

2.2. Construction of vessel

2.3. Construction of “jacket”

2.4. Design data and calculations

Table 2.3 Design data

Description Vessel Half-pipe coil

Fig. 2.2 Vessel design scheme

Table 2.4 Vessel components in contact with pressure

ID Component Type Component Description

Table 2.5 Results of design calculations

Fig. 3.1 Shape and dimensions of the specimens

Experimental investigation of the mechanical properties

Fig. 3.3 Virgin plates after fracture

Fig. 3.4 Stress-deformation curve of specimen no. 1

Fig. 3.5 Stress-deformation curve of specimen no. 2

Fig. 3.6 Stress-deformation curve of specimen no. 3

Table 3.1 Mechanical properties of each specimen

Fig. 4.1 Principal scheme of Half-pipe coil

Fig. 4.3 FE model of heating coil

Boundary conditions and applied actions

Fig. 4.5 Constrains

Fig. 4.7 Displacements

Fig. 5.3 Electronic monometer used for pressure test

Fig. 5.4 Water temperature under pressure test

Pressure test of bottom half-pipe coil

Fig. 5.5 Graph of half-pipe coil pressure test