Guidance and Counseling

Guidance: Principles and Procedures
Author
Marjorie Arandela-Caipang, Ph. D.
Research Signpost, T.C. 37/661 (2), Fort P.O., Trivandrum-695 023

Kerala, India
Published by Research Signpost
2014; Rights Reserved
Research Signpost
T.C. 37/661(2), Fort P.O.,
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Author
Marjorie Arandela-Caipang
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opinions and statements advanced by the Author
ISBN:978-81-308-0546-7
Dedication
To
Lemuel, Christopher Marlowe

Christina Joy Rossetti and Christian Le Marjo
The precious jewels of my life,

This output is lovingly dedicated.
TO GOD BE THE GLORY!!!
Marjorie Arandela-Caipang, Ph.D.

Preface
This book is a product of the compiled notes of the author while teaching
the subject both in the graduate and undergraduate level. The topics
discussed are based on the needs of the students and the scope of the course.
Discussions of the topics will be left to the teacher handling the subject
based on the expectations of the students. The author does not claim for
originality and comprehensiveness of the topics discussed, however, the
organization of the subject matter was made out of the needs of the students
as an offshoot of classroom interaction.
Grateful acknowledgement is being given to the different authors cited in
the bibliography.
Marjorie Arandela-Caipang, Ph.D.

About the Author
Dr. Marjorie Arandela Caipang (1948-2009) was a professor of the
Western Visayas College of Science and Technology, Lapaz, Iloilo City. She
was at the same time the Vice President for Academic Affairs of the College.
She has to her credit the following qualifications:
• Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education (BSEED) from Central

Philippine University, 1968, Cum Laude
• Master of Arts in Education major in Guidance and Counseling from
Central Philippines University, 1986
• Doctor of Philosophy in Education major in Psychology and Guidance
from the University of San Agustin, Iloilo City, 1990
• She had been an Elementary grade teacher, guidance counselor and
professor for the last 32 years.
• She was actively involved in civic and religious activities being a charter
member of the Rotary Club of Jaro Centraline, District 3850 and a
church moderator of the University Church, Central Philippine
University.
• She was part time professor of the Graduate School of the Central
Philippine University, University of San Agustin and Western Visayas
College of Science and Technology, all in Iloilo City.
• She was awarded the Distinguished CPU Alumna for 1999
• She taught the following subjects:
- Advanced Research
- Advanced Statistics
- Social Research
- Educational Testing
- Advanced Educational Psychology
- Personality Development and Mental Hygiene
- Personality and Culture
- School Legislation
- Vocational Guidance
- Behavioral Problems
- Educational Planning.
- Adjustments of Education to Individual Differences
- Advanced Adolescent Psychology
- ducational and Vocational Guidance
- Educational Management
- Personality Theories
- Psychological Testing
- Student Personnel Services
- Foundation & Organization of Guidance
- Principles and Procedures in Guidance
- Supervision of Instruction
- Exceptional Children
- Group Dynamics
- Psychology of Human Adjustment
- Industrial Psychology
Contents
Chapter I
The nature of guidancece 1
What is Guidance 1
Bases for Guidance 1
Nature of Guidance 1
Why guidance is essential 2
Factors and Conditions which gave rise to the Need of Guidance 2
Functions of Guidance 2
Principles of Guidance 3
Differences Between Guidance and Guidance Services 3
History and Development of Guidance 3
Chapter II
The guidance program 5
Why effective guidance is necessary 5
Characteristics of a good guidance program 5
The goal of the guidance program 5
Chapter III
Tools and techniques used in guidance 6
Chapter IV
Guidance service areas 7
A. Inventory service 7
B. Information service 7
C. Counseling service 7
What counseling is 7
Nature of counseling service 8
Factors affecting the counseling service 8
Aim of counseling 8
What counseling is not 8
Difference between counseling and teaching 9
Counseling methods 9
Directive/Prescriptive/Counselor-Centered 9
Non- directive/client centered counseling 9
Eclectic Counseling – Thorne – chief proponent 10
D. Testingservice 11
E. Placement service 12
F. Follow – up service 13
G. Evaluation service 13
Chapter V
Areas of guidance: Educational guidance) 15
The special functions of educational guidance 15
Educational guidance at various stages 15
Vocational guidance 17
Chapter VI
Guidance in the classroom 19
Chapter VII
Guidance services, tools and techniques 23
Guidance tools/and data gathering techniques 24
Group guidance approaches 25
Counseling as a relationship 25
The counseling interview 27
Chapter VIII
Problems met and solutions for effective organizations
of guidance programs 36
Chapter VIII
Practice test in guidance & counselling 44
CHAPTER I
The nature of guidance

A. What is guidance
Guidance is a process of helping the individual to become adjusted to his
present situation so as to provide the maximum development for him and to
help him plan for his future in terms of his interest, aptitudes, capabilities and
needs.
B. Bases for guidance

1. Philosophical basis – Some students could not adjust to the real ethics of
life. Some are not happy with life. Some should be helped to keep
balanced and adjusted.
The aim of guidance is not to make decisions for individuals but to
enable him to make proper decisions for himself after “knowing
himself”. Guidance is intended to enable him to resolve the conflicts
around him.
2. Psychological – No two individuals are alike. Individuals differ from one
another in body and mind, in taste and temperament. Thus, there is a
need for an individual to become acquainted with his own potentials in
order to select the kind of training he wants to pursue.
3. Sociological – Guidance helps in proper social adjustments, because
various changes in society create so many problems of adjustments.
4. Pedagogical – Guidance aims to clear the way for better, deeper thinking
and optimal learning.
C. Nature of guidance
The roots of guidance are not only deep historically, but they are also
extending horizontally. In the beginning, guidance was a straight forward and
limited attempt to assist the individual in the vocational area. But now its
concern has been extended to include assistance with almost any manner of
need which might exist for the individual. The roots of guidance per necessity
are extending horizontally to much of the social context, to matters of
prestige in occupation, to the broad field of social trends and economic
developments.
2 Marjorie Arandela-Caipang
D. Why guidance is essential

1. In order that the individual may be aided to live a worthy, upright, useful
and happy life according to his nature and to adjust himself adequately to
the world and to his fellowmen.
2. Guidance is needed to assist the individual in acquiring the knowledge,
skills and attitudes which will enable him to enter an occupation and to
make his living.
3. Guidance is necessary to help the individual to attain the maturity of
judgment, stability of emotions and volitional control which are
characteristics of true self-direction.
E. Factors and conditions existing which gave rise to the need of

guidance
1. The increased complexity of modern life
2. Enriched and expanded curricular offerings in high school
3. Recent trends in education – emphasis on science and technology
4. Emphasis in developing qualities of the youths
5. Changing patterns of family life
6. Uncertainty of world condition
7. Great complexity and variation of individual differences
F. Functions of guidance
(Jones) Guidance does not solve the problems for the individual, but it
helps that individual to solve them.
Guidance is focused NOT on the PROBLEM BUT ON THE
INDIVIDUAL because its purpose is to promote the growth of the individual
toward self-development. It aims at self-understanding, self-appraisal and
self-direction.
All guidance is education but not all education is guidance.
The objectives of both guidance and education with respect to
the development of the individual are the same but the methods are not the
same.
Guidance carries with it the element of volition while many aspects of
education are characterized by compulsion.
Teaching and guidance are inseparable- because teaching without
intelligent guidance cannot be good teaching. Guidance without good
teaching is incomplete.
Guidance: Principles and procedures 3
G. Principles of guidance
1. Guidance is concerned with the whole student not with his intellectual
life alone
2. Guidance is concerned with all students, not only with special case
3. Guidance is primarily concerned with prevention rather than cure
4. Guidance is more than just the activity of a specialist; it involves the
whole staff
5. Guidance can exist without the specialist; the full time teacher is its
backbone
6. Guidance is concerned with the choices and decisions to be made by the
student
7. Guidance is concerned with developing student self-understanding and
self-determination
8. Guidance is “counsel” not compulsion
9. Guidance is a continuous process throughout the school life of each
individual/ student
10. Guidance is fundamentally the responsibility of parents in the home and
of the teachers in school.
H. Difference between guidance and guidance services

• Guidance connotes both systematic or unsystematic and informal means
towards assisting an individual
• Guidance services include only all systematic and organized procedures
and facilities for the same end.
I. History and development of guidance

In the Philippines, the genesis of guidance was incidental. As teachers
taught, they needed to treat problems of misbehavior.
The following are landmarks of the history of guidance in the Philippines:
1. In 1932, Dr. Sinforoso Padilla started the Psychological Clinic, which
treated cases of student discipline as well as emotional, academic and
vocational problems
2. In 1934 counseling tests were administered to the convicts of Bilibid
Prison
3. In 1939 tests were administered to the inmates of Welfareville
4. In 1939-40, Psychological tests were used for guidance purposes in
private schools
5. In November 1945, the 1st guidance institute was opened

6. In 1952- guidance services were established in public schools
7. In 1945 the National Teachers College was selected as site of the first
Guidance Institute
8. In 1953, the Philippine Association of Guidance Counselors was
organized
CHAPTER II
The guidance program

A. Why effective guidance is necessary
1. Results in financial economy
2. Time saving
3. Promotes wholesome public relations
4. Reduces frustrations and promotes mental health
5. Conserves and develops human resources
B. Characteristics of a good guidance program

1. An integral part of the total educational program
2. Reaches all the school children
3. Systematic procedures are being followed in gathering and recording of data
4. Provides for careful interpretation and wise dissemination of personal
data to pupils, teacher, etc.
5. Provides for coordinated activity and effort
6. Recognize and utilizes homeroom teacher as the key person in the
guidance set up
7. Provide desirable group interaction without loss of effectiveness
8. The availability of specialized preparation is recognized as essential to an
effective guidance program
9. In a good guidance program, there is provision for continuous in-service
education for teachers in areas of child study and guidance where they
can make their optimum contribution.
10. In an effective guidance program, a counselor should generally continue
guidance relationships with his counselee’s entire period of attendance at
an educational institution.
C. The goal of the guidance program

Human development is the goal of the guidance program; development
of the individuals into a human person who can make his own decision on the
basis of a knowledge of himself and of his environment in terms of people
and social systems and who can take his proper place in society in view of the
full development of his potentials.
CHAPTER III
Tools and techniques used in guidance

A. Anecdotal records – a running account of the daily experience of
students as reported by those who expected to know them best in given
situations. It is an observation and description of behavior.
B. Autobiography - an individual’s life story- routine behavior, attitudes,
interest and ideas written by himself. Most often used by teachers and
guidance workers because of its very direct relationship to the inner
aspects of student’s life.
C. Case study – a technique or method of bringing together all pertinent
information about a student in forming a unified background for his
needs and treating his difficulties.
D. Interview – the heart of the counseling process to which other techniques
are contributory. It is an opportunity for the individual to make clear his
confused thoughts and feelings and to bring out in the open his inner
conflicts. Said to be the most satisfactory procedure for the collection of
information if time were available for extensive individual conference. A
dynamic face to face relationship between the counselor and the
counselee.
E. Cumulative Records – shows or gives a picture of the individual’s needs,
abilities, capacities and interests at any time. Records must be
cumulative, accurate, complete and reliable. There must be space to write
some reliable information from time to time. Confidential data which are
classified as confidential by the counselor are kept in a separate file and
place.
F. Observation – basic to other guidance techniques. The behavior and
personality of an individual are measured in terms of what he says and
does.
G. Testing – to be discussed fully in the next area
H. Counseling – to be discussed fully in the next area
CHAPTER IV
Guidance service areas

A. Inventory service – one of gathering, recording and making available
information about a pupil which will be useful to those teaching or
counseling him.
Should be uniform
Should be a case history
Each item should be selected
Should serve the pupil
Is not an end in itself
Data should be reproducible
B. Information service – consists in the provision of up-to-date and accurate

information whether vocational, educational or personal-social
C. Counseling service - the most important service because it is considered

as the heart of the guidance program
Involves a person to person relationship between the counselor and the
counselee
Homeroom advisers oftentimes do incidental counseling but for special
cases beyond their help, they refer them to the counselor
No definite time for counseling; time is flexible
As much as possible, counseling should reach all students
Careful preparation by the counselor should be done in conducting
interview. Preparations consist chiefly of studying the pupil’s cumulative
records, selecting items for consideration and planning the interview with
the reference to the personality and needs of the pupils.
What Counseling is:

1. Counseling is a person to person situation in which the focus is enabling
the counselee to work through the problems that perplex him and in
which opportunities are provided for him to reorient his views of self and
the world.
2. Counseling aims towards greater integration and independence of the

individual. Its aim is not to solve one particular problem; but to assist the
individual to grow so that he can cope with the present problems and
with the later problem in a better integrated fashion.
3. Counseling relies more heavily on the individual’s drive for growth,
health and adjustment.
4. Counseling places greater strength upon the immediate situation than
upon the individual’s past.
5. Counseling stresses the importance of the therapeutic relationship which
is itself a growth experience.
6. Counseling places greater strength upon the emotional elements, the
feeling aspects of the situation than upon the individual aspects.
Nature of the counseling service

Characteristics:
1. It is purposeful learning experience for the counselee.

2. It is private interview between the counselor and the counselee.
3. It is one to one relationship, a relationship predicated upon the mutual
confidence of the parties concerned and growing out of the counselee’s
recognition of an existing need for assistance.
Factors affecting the counseling service

1. Success of the counseling service is dependent upon a trained counselor.
2. The leadership and support of the school administrators are essential to
the success of the counseling service.
3. The inherent nature of the counseling service assumes that the counselor
has time for free from classroom duties for performing the function of
counseling.
Aim of counseling
To assist each student to make more effective adjustment to the
environment in which he lives.
What counseling is not?

1. Not lecturing which is one-sided. Counseling means much more than
talking to the pupil.
2. Not teaching too. Counseling is one to one relationship. It is personal. It

cannot be performed with a group while teaching is done in group.
Difference between counseling and teaching:

Counselor does not know the subject matter in the interview while the
teacher knows the subject matter and the outcomes.
3. Not psychotherapy – Counseling is concerned mostly with normal
anxieties. Psychotherapy operates in medical setting while counseling
operates in educational setting. Psychotherapy is deeper in scope than
counseling while counseling is broader in scope.
Counseling methods:
1. Directive/Prescriptive/Counselor-Centered
Williamson- chief proponent
The rationalist is that learning of new adoptive patterns through
maximum utilization of the intellectual resources of personality permits
the solution of the client’s problems.
The hypothesis is that the trained expert is required to determine what is
wrong and what to do about it since the client, by coming for counseling
has demonstrated his anability to deal with his problems.
The aim is to make a diagnosis concerning the nature of the problems
and to devise and institute suitable training or choice procedures for the
solution of the problem.
The counseling process includes:
Analysis – data collection
Synthesis- analysis and organization of data
Diagnosis – identification of problems
Prognosis – counselor makes predictions, counselee attempts to make
decisions
Counseling – counselor and counselee work together to bring about
adjustment
Follow-up – helping the student with new problems and determining the
effectiveness of the counseling provided him.
2. Non- directive/client centered counseling

Rogers- chief proponent
Emphasis is always on the individual not on the problem. The client

carries the responsibility for the solution of his problem. He comes for
help and the counselor creates a permissive atmosphere and relationship
to encourage client to unburden problems.
The counseling situation is defined. Counselor doesn’t have the answer
but provides a place and an atmosphere in which client can work out
answer. Counselor must respect the integrity of the client and have faith,
that he can help himself. If such an atmosphere is established, a period of
release follows.
By relaying a friendly interest and receptive attitude, the counselor
encourage for expression of feelings regarding the problem. At first, they
are negative and ambivalent feelings, hostilities, anxiety, concern, guilt,
and decision. He paves out his feelings, thus, relieving himself of some
tension and pressure. Finding a sympathetic and understanding
counselor, he slowly leanrs to face his problem squarely.
Counselor helps to clarify negative feeling so that client accepts
obstacles.
Full expression of negative feelings is followed by a faint and tentative
expression of positive feelings
A gradual development of insight follows. The client sees his inner
strengths and weaknesses in a new and different perspective and can
come to an understanding and acceptance of the real self.
As he perceive his real attitudes and desires, he comes to a clearer
understanding of his behavior, gains a fresher perception of life situation,
he perceives the decision that he must make and the possible course of
action open to him. The counselor helps to clarify the different choices
he must make and recognizes the client’s fear and lack of courage to go
ahead.
He now translates insight into action. Positive steps toward the solution
of the problem begin to occur.
When a decreased need for the help is felt and the relationship is ended.
The client decides to end contact. He resumes a full measure of the
responsibility to make his own decision.
3. Eclectic Counseling – Thorne – chief proponent

Employs the tools and techniques of both the directive and the non-directive
counselors in accordance with the demands if the counseling situation
To assist pupils to meet all kinds of problems rather than confiding his
services to those who have emotional problems
The eclectic counselor may follow such practice a helping the counselee
to plan a course of action and then follow thru to see if the client is
making progress toward his goal, neither of which the non-directive
counselor will do.
The aim is to facilitate the process of achieving self-direction
D. Testing service
A test may be an examination of mental as well as physical ability.
It is a task, together with a method of appraising it, which defines an ability
Importance of tests
Tests are extensions of the teacher’s and counselor’s ability to observe
pupils. They are essentially samples or X-rays of person’s behavior at a
particular time.
Purposes of tests
1. As basis for promotion
2. As basis for student admission to an institution
3. To obtain more information
4. Important for selection of grouping
5. Used to objectify and make meaningful comparison of students with
groups with whom they will compete for grades
6. Aids in identification of students in need of special attention
7. Test results are a superior judgment to that of the teacher’s
8. Test can gauge the study growth of the pupil
9. Repeated testing is necessary for a thorough diagnosis
10. Cases of ineffective study habits may be identified by tests
11. Tests should not be dreaded as an invitation to sleepless nights and
useless cramming but as an aid in the fulfillment of his highest
possibilities
Kinds of tests
1. Intelligence tests – mental ability tests
2. Achievement tests – purpose of this test is to measure how mush a pupil
learns is a subject
a. Teacher-made tests – unit / periodic / daily quizzes
b. Standardized test – attempt to correct some of the faults of teacher
made tests
3. Interest inventories – reveals the fields that the individual student will be
interested in
4. Personality tests – provide information about the more tangible
characteristics of the individual
5. Aptitude tests – measure the readiness with which the individual
increases his knowledge and improves skills when given the necessary
opportunity and training.
6. Diagnostic tests – are given when necessity demands to uncover the
nature and sources of weakness in the toll subjects
7. Readiness tests – administered to children before they are given certain
types of seatwork
E. Placement service
The placement service helps the child secure the most effective
relationship to a job or to the next step in his educational or personal
program. Always present as a major aspect of the placement function is the
counseling service. The individual rather than the employer or the college or
the curriculum is the focal point of interest of the placement service.
Educational placement is the process of assisting the individual to
progress satisfactorily from an educational experience to another.
Vocational placement – the process of assisting the individual to find an
appropriate place in the world of work, one which appeals to his interests,
challenges his abilities and which serves the interests of the individual and of
society.
Characteristics of a Job Placement Service
1. Placement activities should be coordinated
2. Job placement is not a form of recruitment
3. Publicizing the placement service
4. Establishing cooperative relationships with community agencies
5. Providing reliable job information
6. Using information about pupils
7. Providing counseling service
Characteristics of Educational Placement
1. Educational placement affects all pupils
2. Placement in co-curricular and community agencies
3. Articulation between schools as placement
4. Placement in training situations
5. Placement not a big school activity
Principles
1. Placement service should be a general one, not limited to students having
one type of training.
2. It should be autonomous in organization and action and at the same time,
seek the goodwill and cooperation of public agencies.
3. It should have the full cooperation of all other school agencies such as
those dealing with guidance records, in order to make possible the better
and accurate screening of applicants.
F. Follow – up service
-an integral part of guidance service. It is concerned with what happens
to pupils while in school or after they left school. Through the follow-up the
counselee learns the nature and the extent of his progress. He determines the
areas of his life in which he needs to make further adaptations.
Without the follow-up, counseling is incomplete and so are other types of
guidance services. A counselor who does not find out what has happened to
his counselee, is like the physician who does not check on whether his patient
has recovered from an illness.
G. Evaluation service
-the process by which we fine the extent to which the objectives of the
school policies and program are attained.
Guidance itself is not evaluated. Just as we do not evaluate the dress
itself, but whether the dress fits the figure, neither do we evaluate guidance
itself but its objectives and the instruments and methods used in guiding
individuals.
Evaluation is not the end but the means of attaining the end in this case
which is self-development.
Any program without evaluation is like a boat drifting without the
rudder. Without evaluation, progress or improvement is impossible.
Characteristics:
1. Should be comprehensive
2. Based on changes on the total behavior
3. Should aim at furnishing all findings that will be of use to the teachers,
parents and individuals
4. Related to curriculum enrichment
5. Should involve the participation of all stakeholders
Advantages:
1. Clarifies ideas
2. Can lead to improved procedures
3. Can lead to provisions of new needs
4. Can increase teacher cooperation
CHAPTER V
Areas of guidance: Educational guidance

- a process concerned with bringing about a favorable setting for the
individual education. This favorable setting will include the assistance with
regard to choice of subjects, use of libraries, study habits, evaluation
techniques and adjustment of school life to other activities. In other words, it
is a conscious effort to assist in the intellectual growth of an individual.
Why Needed?
Educational guidance heads the list of student problems
Why Needed?
When they have the opportunity to choose one or other sources
When they have plan to pursue their higher schooling
When they fail to make the grade in their scholastic attainment
When they develop undesirable or face any problem of adjustment
The special functions of educational guidance

These are mutually and reciprocally dependent:
1. To help the pupil to make educational plans consistent with his abilities,
interest, and goals and to select appropriate curricular and course.
2. To help the pupil to explore educational possibilities beyond his present
school level
3. To help the pupil to succeed in his educational programme
4. To enable the faculty members to know the modifications required in the
curriculum and in the administrative arrangements and in the school to
meet better the needs of the students
Educational guidance at various stages

Educational guidance is a must in the school at every school level of
development, right from kindergarten through college
Pre school
Individual’s attitude toward himself and others, behavior at work and play
and his emotional control have their roots in early childhood experience
What he learns at home constitute the basis for future learning and
adjustment
A child born of healthy, emotionally mature and responsible parent has
good start. His mother guides him through the proper habits of eating,
sleeping and cleanliness
Example shown by adults serves as inspiration and motivation to
children’s behavior. Parents should be good models. Pampered or over-
protected children become mal-adjusted adults.
Guidance in the nursery and kindergarten school should serve as a
supplement to, never as a substitute for, parental guidance in the home.
It aims to develop simple health habits, the ability to use language
patterns for simple and correct expression of ideas, correct social
attitudes and appreciation of the beautiful
Elementary stage
When a child enters the elementary school, he encounters a series of new
demands and potential frustrations. He is faced with different problems
of adjustment which if not properly attended to will prepare the way for
unfortunate mal adjustments
Secondary stage
Assist pupils to orient themselves to the new purposes of education
Assist pupils to select curricula and courses
Aid pupils to make progress in their education by removal of subject
difficulties and development of study skills.
Aids pupils to build proper motivation for study
Guidance in college
-aimed not only at orientation to college life but also at adjustment
throughout the college course
Functions
1. Orient student to each new phase of college life
2. Provide diagnostic service
3. Determine the physical and mental status
4. Administer student discipline
5. Maintain high morale
6. Guiding along social competence

7. College life serves as laboratory, providing many lessons in good living
Guidance of the adult

Adult of all ages, especially those who have had no formal
training/schooling needs guidance in achieving self-realization and
adjustment to their life activities
Areas of adult adjustment

1. Young adult
The need for formal education
Courtship
Marital and young family adjustment
Job placement
Job efficiency
Leisure time activities
2. Middle aged adults

Restless
Dangerous age in men and women – especially so when they realize
they are not getting young anymore
3. Older – adult
Mal-adjusted
Become baby sitters
Forced or voluntary retirement
Feel that their advise is no longer solicited
Not included among the conversation of the young
Vocational guidance
-assistance given to the individual pupil in consideration of a future
occupation, career or state of life which is in accord with his abilities,
interests and potentialities and to help prevent wrong choices
-implies the need to assist the individual in making informed choices by
enabling him to know his own qualification and capacities; to define
success; to enable him to estimate the possibility of personal success in
the field chosen; to enable him to understand that much depends upon his
general abilities, upon his specific interests, upon his attitudes and upon
the effectiveness of his character.
Purposes of vocational guidance
1. To help adapt the schools to the needs of the students and the community
2. To assist the students in choosing, preparing and training for, entering
and making progress in their chosen career or occupation
3. To disseminate knowledge of competitive and other problems of the
business and occupational world as well as their characteristics
4. To help workers understand their relationship with other workers, and
with society as a whole
5. To secure greater cooperation between the school and various
commercial, industrial and professional pursuits
6. To encourage the establishments of courses of study in educational
institutions that will harmoniously combine both cultural and practical
studies
A vocational counselor can help a student tread on the right track leading to
a profession or vocation. Some of the points to be considered in the study of
occupations and careers are as follows:
1. Job description
2. Relation to other jobs
3. Employment statistics
4. Seasonal variation
5. Wages, hours of work, working conditions
6. Government protection
7. Description of the worker – qualifications, educational attainment and
experience requirements
8. Kinds of tests given
9. Fees for examination; registration
10. Location of job
11. Advantages or disadvantages
There are more than a thousand ways and means by which a subject
teacher, a counselor or a vocational teacher and a homeroom teacher can help
the counselee discover a suitable occupation he needs and wants
CHAPTER VI
Guidance in the classroom

Guidance touches every aspect of an individual’s personality-physical
mental, emotional and social. It is concerned with all of an individual’s
attitudes and behavior patterns. It seeks to help the individual integrate all his
activities, using his basic potentialities and environmental opportunities.
Qualities of a good teacher

1. Intellectually competent – he masters his subject field, keeps abreast of
developments, and has the capacity for analysis and synthesis
2. Fires the minds of his students with ideas, with aspirations, with visions
of the yet unknown, with the desire to experience the thrill of things
unknown
3. Is patient and understanding
4. Possess ability to organize materials and present it in units
comprehensible to the student
5. Must be intellectually alive in the classroom
6. Must have an imaginative sympathy for the needs of the individual
student
7. Must love teaching
Classroom teacher’s role in guidance

The classroom teacher plays a very important role in guidance. He
inevitably influences student’s attitudes and development; with a little
training, he can aid in accomplishing the objectives of the entire school
guidance program.
know each student – a teacher cannot render effective guidance work if
he is ignorant of his student’s needs and developmental pattern
understand each student – knowing the pupil or student is a preliminary
in understanding him
empathize with each student – empathy maybe defined as the capacity of
an individual to put himself in the shoes of another. It is the capacity of a
teacher to feel as the learner feels; to see things as he sees it, so that he
may able to grasp clearly the learners situation
be warm to each student – a teacher show his sincere interest in the

learner’s welfare. Sincerity radiates warmth and gives learners who feel
insecure, the self-confidence they need.
accept each student completely – accept each learner regardless of mental
capacity and physical assets or liabilities, social status, religion or color
establish a friendly, permissive classroom climate – a pleasant classroom
atmosphere definitely, is a factor in the development of desirable mental
health of learners. Optimum development of learner is promoted
give each student the freedom both to be and to become – teachers should
encourage the creative abilities of their learners. Exploratory activities
should be provided by the teachers to discover and promote their
potentials
utilize discipline to help each student grow and develop – discipline is
often regarded as the maintenance of order or the punishment of a
student’s misbehavior. This is not an accurate concept; discipline is a
positive not a negative force.
make each lesson pupil-centered – learning is not end but a means to an
end.
plan learning units jointly with students – cooperative teacher-learner
planning of lesson develops a sense of responsibility, ability in decision-
making, leadership and a feeling of self-confidence and acceptance
be alert to guidance “openings” during the course of the lesson – a
guidance teacher should always find opportunities in the course of lesson
that can be utilized for guidance work.
foster the development of positive attitude – attitude is defined as a
persistent disposition to act either positively or negatively toward a
person, group, object, situation or value.
Assist each child to improve his study skills – many of the educational
problems of learners arise from the failure to develop effective study
skills. This is at present true in all levels, even in College. Learners have
a very poor mastery of the five fundamental study skills; location,
comprehension, organization, integration and retention.
Individualized teaching – the teacher should find ways, through different
teaching techniques to provide individualization of instruction, so that
each learner develops his talents to the fullest.
Utilize group techniques – an efficient teacher converts a class from a
collection of individuals into a cohesive group. He teaches his learners
how to live harmoniously with others in society, they learn how to
cooperate, respect other’s views, listen and to be listened to, sharw
whatever should be shared.
Exemplify a high level of adjustment and self-actualization – the teacher

should be the model of all these traits he wants to develop in his learners,
as a guidance aware teacher.
Individual differences among children

the intellectual capacity of pupils – the great range of learning ability
displayed by the children in a classroom offers a special instructional
challenge. It is essential first of all that children proceed at the pace best
suited to their abilities. Those who are relatively brighter need the least
direction, attain mastery of skills with little drill or repetition, and arrive
at abstract relationship with ease. The “slow” child however, requires
careful guidance in proceeding from step to step.
emotional conditions affecting pupils – attention must be given also to
emotional differences among children in establishing a program for oral
training.
socio-economic status – one of the foremost factor affecting educational
policy is the socio-economic background of the pupil. The term “middle-
class” on the one hand and such expressions as “Disadvantaged”,
“underprivileged” or culturally deprived are used rather loosely as tags in
establishing policies and expectations in educational planning.
Where does the teacher get information about the pupils?
The cumulative record – most convenient form to supply the teacher with
information about his students
Faculty meeting – this contributes to the knowledge of pupil behavior
Committee reports – these will summarize to reveal the nature of pupil’s
problems, interest and needs, surveys of graduates and drop-outs
Teacher’s manual – this may serve as a general orientation to the
school’s program or it may deal exclusively with guidance work.
Guidance bulletins – these may be used to inform teachers of vocational
data, to present services of the guidance program for students, to call
attention to information which teachers can transmit and to present
valuable materials of instruction
Case conferences – this is a form of cooperative conference devoted to
intensive study of individual students. Its main purpose is to gain
understanding of the student so that recommendation can be made.
Home visitation – reports of these home visits to other teachers are helpful
in case conferences with teacher or teacher with administrative interviews.
Pupil’s plan sheet – it consists of basic identification information about
the pupil, his general school background, his interests and hobbies, his
work experiences, his tentative educational and vocational choice, his
decisions, desire for participation.
Guidance resources for the teacher

Specialists – acts as consultants to teachers and other staff members
The psychologists – the teacher cooperates by supplying information
about the student who is referred for psychological treatment
The school nurse and the doctor – much assistance in guidance is
expected by the teacher from the nurse and the doctor
The psychiatrist – detecting cases of incipient mental and emotional
illness and thus preventing serious cases of vocational guidance and for
special services
The visiting teacher – a trained social worker attached to school. His
special functions are to help the school and the home in dealing with the
problems of children
The school librarian – can obtain professional books and pamphlets
giving occupational information; boy and girl relationships and family
relations
The guidance clinic – cases that can be treated by the clinic promoting
mental hygienic
CHAPTER VII
Guidance services, tools and techniques

Guidance services
The school guidance program offers the following services
1. Orientation 7. Scholarship
2. Information 8. Research
3. Counseling 9. Testing
4. Placement 10. Inventory
5. Follow-up 11. Career guidance
6. Peer counseling
The counseling service

The counseling service is the heart of the guidance program. The extent
of preparation for the counseling session depends upon the counselor and his
perception of his job. The basic goals of initial counseling interview are to
establish rapport and develop structure.
The essentials of the counseling process are the following
1. The relationship
2. The atmosphere where there is acceptance and freedom and the
willingness to help
3. Facilitation of the counselee’s efforts
4. Attention to the life’s adjustment
5. Follow-up
The counseling environment must be comfortable and attractive. There
should be a minimum of distractions. During the session, the counselor
should observe the following
1. Good eye contact
2. Leaning forward
3. Open body posture
4. Facing the client squarely
5. Friendly and appropriate facial expression
6. Suspended value judgments
7. Absence of counselor distractions
The termination of counseling involve bringing the interview to a close.

To conclude the session, the use of summary statements can be a useful
technique. None verbal gestures can be used such as looking at a watch, or
simply standing up.
Guidance tools/and data gathering techniques

1. Tests
a. Teacher made
b. Standardized psychological tests for intelligence, personality,
aptitude, achievement readiness
2. Non-tests techniques
a. Observation
b. Anecdotal record – record of significant conduct
c. Rating scale – an estimate of qualities and abilities
d. Cumulative record – a written accumulation of significant factual
information about an individual which if maintained and
progressively developed over a sufficient period of time, gives a
summarized case history and indication of the direction and the rate
of development of the individual
e. Case study – it is the detailed study of the individual conducted for
the purpose of bringing about better adjustment of the person who is
the subject of the investigation
f. Case conference – a form of cooperative conference devoted to the
intensive study of the individual student. Its main purpose is the
gaining of understanding of the student so that recommendations
may be made.
g. Interview – a face to face encounter between the counselor and the
counselee wherein the counselee talks about himself with an
interested adult. An interview will effectively serve diagnosis,
education and therapy once the necessary rapport between the
student and counselor has been established.
h. Life space survey – map of the physical natural environment of the
individual
i. Behavior profile – a device for presenting the result of the
observation of behavior
j. Life review – the process of evaluation one’s life which includes
accomplishments, failure, regrets and goals
k. Autobiography
l. Diary
m. Interest inventory
n. Schedule
o. Rating scale
p. Psycho drama or role playing
q. Projective technique
r. Essays – a personal document yielding material about the
counselee’s self perceptions
s. Play media – which includes puppets, modeling clay, dolls, plastic
arts, etc.
t. Referral – the act of transferring an individual to another person or
agency for specialized assistance not available from the original
source
u. Sociometric technique – a device used to measure social relationship
Group guidance approaches

If individual counseling is not enough, the counselor may use guidance
and group situations to help the client. Some of the approaches are
a. School assembly
b. Pupil/student government
c. Clubs and organizations
d. Homeroom
Counseling as a relationship
Counseling is more than just a mere practicing of good human
relationship. That is why it is not easy to become a counselor.
What makes counseling relationship different from the rest?
1. The principles of good human relationships, though many of them are
known, are not obvious, not necessarily natural, nor easily practiced. The
understanding of the nature of good human relationship is something that
must be learned.
2. The practice of these principles requires training and experience. The
ability to apply these is related to the psychological characteristic or
mental health of the individual applying them. It is not a matter of
information or knowledge; it is matter of attitudes.
3. The implementation of these principles in a counseling relationship
differs somewhat from their practice in everyday relationships.
The counseling relationships is a special kind of relationship; it is a formal
relationship between two persons who may, and perhaps preferably, have
no other relationships. The counseling relationship is for the sole purpose

of improving or restoring the mental health, adjustment of functioning of
one of the participants. The counselor consciously and purposefully
practices the principles of good human relations for the benefit of the
counselee.
4. The relationship is usually established between a trained individual and
another individual who is in need of help or assistance by reason of being
disturbed, unhappy or in conflict because of an unresolved problem or
another condition resulting in dissatisfaction with himself or lack of self
– respect or self – esteem.
5. The relationship is established at the request or desire of the disturbed
individual, continued at his wish and is characterized by certain
conditions – privacy, confidentiality, set time limits and regularly, on an
appointment basis.
6. The counseling relationships, even though it is a formal relationship and may
be very limited in terms of time relative to the life of the individual (seldom
more than an hour a day, more often than an hour a week), is a closer, more
intense and deeper relationship than any ordinary social relationship.
Basic approach to the counseling relationship

1. Each individual is a person of worth in himself and is therefore to be
respected and valued as such.
2. Each individual is capable of assuming responsibility for himself. He can
and will under appropriate conditions, become a responsible, independent
and self – actualizing person
3. Each individual has the right to self – direction, to choose or select his
own values and goals, to make his own decisions.
The counseling relationship is one in which an atmosphere is created in
which the individual is able to take responsibility for himself, to begin
developing or restoring the self – esteem which is necessary for his
functioning as a healthy, responsible, independent human being, able to make
adequate decisions and resolve problems. The atmosphere in which this can
take place is more dependent on the attitudes and feelings of the counselor
toward the client than on the techniques which he uses.
What does the counselor do?

1. Show his genuine interest in the client, to show that he accepts the client
as someone worthy of respect and esteem and to understand the client
and communicate this understanding to him.
2. Basic activity of the counselor is listening. Listening which is not passive

but active one – following what the client is saying or trying to say. It is
listening without interference by one’s own personal reactions and
associations.
3. The counselor’s attention and interest are concentrated upon the client’s
communication and the client is free to express himself as he drives, to
tell his own story in his own way, without interruption, without
questioning, without probing, without judgements.
4. Helps the client express his attitudes, feelings, concerns and perceptions
of himself and his world.
5. Emphatic understanding. Earn how to see things as the client see them
and perceives things in the client’s point of view.
6. Give simple acceptance responses. These indicate tot eh client that he is
understood by the counselor and that the counselor is following what he
is saying.
7. He should be frank. But this should be done not in a threatening manner.
Ig these can be done, progress will occur.
What the counselor should avoid?

1. It does not appear to be necessary for the counselor to PROSE,
QUESTION, INTERPRET, GIVE ADVICE, ETC.
2. Counseling is neither a social relationship nor a social conversation and
should not begin as such.
Personal qualities desired in a counselor

1. breadth of interest 4. magnetism
2. cooperation 5. considerateness
3. refinement
The counseling interview

What?
Interview is considered as the heart of the counseling process
It is not just a casual conversation between the counselee and the
counselor.
It is a dynamic face to face relationship dependent upon the skill of the
counselor and the cooperation of the counselee
An opportunity for the individual to make clear his confused thoughts
and feelings and to bring out in the open his inner conflicts
Most essential of all techniques in the counseling process

Counseling interviews do not just happen; they must be planned,
considering the following
- The counselee realizes that he needs it
- One interview may just be the beginning of a series of interviews
General principles
1. Establish and maintain rappot. Rapport is a mutual feeling of confidence
and trust in order that the client will be free in expressing his attitude and
thinking. It is basically essential to the success of any interview. The
interviewer must be careful not to foster too independent a relationship
but rather to let the individual make decisions for himself. If rapport is
properly established and maintained, the client will see himself more
clearly through this relationship and be able to plan towards greater
development.
2. Let the client talk freely. If the client is allowed to talk freely, he will
eventually come to realize what his problem is all about. The client will
express himself more freely if he has confidence with the interviewer.
Taking the lead from the client or interrupting him may tend to limit
expression and breakdown any rapport already established. The
interviewer must listen patiently and with interest and understanding. He
may ask questions in context to facilitate the client’s talking. He may ask
for further discussion of a topic if he believes that it is important.
3. Do not criticize. Psychologists are in general agreement as to the

inadvisability of criticizing or moralizing during an interview. Careless
use of this technique seems to promote guilt feelings. Clients are aware
either consciously or unconsciously of their errors and misjudgments.
They probably have had enough criticism from members of their families
and their friends.
4. Do not argue with the client. Arguing can destroy rapport. It indicates
non – acceptance of the individual. It demonstrates lack of understanding
on the part of the interviewer of the interviewee’s problems. It will cut
off free expression by the client. The interviewer should be objective and
even though irritated or annoyed must be able to control himself.
5. Serve as an understanding listener, not authoritarian. An understanding

listening attitude helps establish and keeps rapport. The counselor who
acts in an authoritative manner is most frequently not accepted. The

client must feel accepted and have a sense of self – worth created.
6. Have the client understand his emotional needs. To have real value to the
client, the interviewer must offer him the opportunity to recognize and
clarify his needs. Interviewers should not be abstract philosophical
discussions unrelated tot eh needs of the client.
7. Treat what is being said in context. This principle requires that the
interviewer be alert to the latent and truer meaning of what is being said.
Every statement made in an interview should fit. Why a person likes or
dislikes things, why is he more interested in different matters can have
meaning only in context of the individual’s experiences. The interviewer
must pursue the lead until it is clear.
8. Be aware of different values or feelings tones on the subject expressed.

The experiences that an individual has in life result in different degrees
of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. These feelings are connected or attached
tot eh object, people or events that were part of experiences and the kind
of feeling attached will color the individual’s behavior toward these
objects, people or events.
9. Be aware of what the client omits or tries to say but cannot. These are
crucial matters. What is left unsaid is usually more important that what is
said. The client’s true feelings and attitudes are often contained in what is
omitted. That which a person wants to talk about but finds difficult to
express is also significant. The mere fact that the client finds it hard to
discuss a subject often demonstrates it strength and importance.
10. Talk or ask questions only at appropriate times.
a. When the client seems to want to say something but finds it hard to do
so under this condition, it is advisable to ask questions. It is better to
wait several seconds or even minutes before making questions, to give
the person the opportunity to say spontaneously what he wants to say.
b. When fear and anxiety are interfering with the interview
relationships. It is occasionally found that the client is fearful or
anxious about the confidential aspects of the interview. He wants to
be sure that all he is going to say will not be held against him or
harm him. Explanations of the nature of the relationships and
reassurance in words as well as manner will reduce the anxiety.
c. To direct the interview toward an omitted or incompletely discussed

topic. There will be topics that need fuller discussion in order for the
client to see more clearly the origins as well as the interrelationships
of his present behavior and feelings. The skilled interviewer can
discern which topics to develop further or which to go to anew.
d. To clarify, interpret or explain a matter only implicitly assumed. A
matter implicitly assumed is what the interviewer thinks is lurking
behind the client’s statements but not explicitly by reflecting and
clarifying what he said. The non – authoritarian interviewer might
employ interpretation or explanation and possibly clarification of
feelings.
e. To give approval. Approval has been found to be valuable in
interviewing. Approval helps the individual feel more important.
What the client has to regard as important and what seems important
in terms of the total context can be given approval.
Steps in conducting counseling interview

1. Preparing for the interview – setting should be free from distractions –
should have order and privacy; interviewer should have adequate
knowledge about eh student.
2. Establishing rapport – the feeling of friendliness, security and mutual

confidence should prevail. Greetings should be cordial and without
display of authority. The interviewer does not show any outward sign of
fatigue, pressure, irritation or anxiety. The interviewer knows that the
counselee needs sympathetic understanding and affection. The
conversation is consistently a friendly one.
3. Developing Insight – the major goal of any interviewer is to have the

counselee develop his own insight. He offers a friendly, understanding
attitude and tact without antagonism. The counselee in the process of
being interviewed, will be able to tell all; unburdening himself of the
frustrations, repressions or difficulties. In a pleasant atmosphere and by
means of leading questions or remarks, the counselee will become aware
of his own difficulties, his feelings or his conflicts. He sees the situations
in the new light. Thus, he is helped to do his own thinking, reach his own
conclusions, and have drawn up a plan of action, after the counselee and
the counselor have discussed notes that the latter has jotted down during
the interview. Recording salient facts is necessary.
4. Terminating the interview – the interview is said to be terminated when

the counselee leaves with the feeling of having a satisfying helpful
experience, with self – confidence, light heart, but eager for activity. He
should be made to feel free to meet the counselor again.
5. Keeping records of the interview. The records must be made not only
during but also immediately after the interview, and these must be filed.
6. Evaluation of the interview. The counselor would do well to go over the

entire interview, to determine whether improvements were made in
subsequent interviews with the pupil, the all important thing is the effect
the interview has had upon the counselee. Questions such as these would
help
a. As there progress made by the counselee toward recognition of the

problem? Was he willing to face the problem;
b. Did the interview help the pupil become more self – reliant?
c. Did the counselee come for help again of his own volition?
d. Was there noticeable improvement in the counselee’s behavior?
e. Did the counselee carry out the plan mutually outlined?
Every counselor should bear in mind that not all interviews succeed, and
that an interview that has failed need not be discouraging. An examination of
the whole situation can be a step toward solving a problem.
The counseling interview should be started simply and directly,
recognizing the reason that the client is there. “What’s on your mind?” “What
would you like to talk about?” or “Where would you like to start?” are
usually all that is necessary to begin the counseling session.
Rapport is not something to be achieved by artificial techniques or social
devised. It is something that develops and exists when the counselor is
genuinely interested in the client and his problems.
Counseling is not a matter of techniques. Counseling is a relationships in
which the attitudes of the counselor are expressed. This expression must be
genuine and spontaneous, not labored, forced or self – conscious.
There are those who question certain requirements which are claimed to
be necessary for professional counseling. These include a private office for
the counselors with all interviews being conducted in the office, rather than in
the factory or office, the schoolroom or playground, or the home. Regular
scheduling of the interview is also questioned, as is the practiced of limiting
interviews to 45 or 50 minutes in legth. There are those who decide “closed
door counseling” and who suggest that the counselor ought to be mingling
with his clients in their everyday living environments. They suggest that the
counselor can do more good by doing out on the playground. The fact that the
counseling relationship has much in common with other good human
relationships may be used as a basis for such a suggestion.
These questions and suggestions reveal a misconception of the nature of
professional counseling and a lack of recognition of the special nature of the
counseling relationship. While all human relationships can and should be
helpful or therapeutic for those involved, it is desirable that, where we are
dealing with a client who by definition has a psychological problem, we
provide a relationship which is the most effective and efficient in helping him
with his problem. If all counseling could be done in a single interview we
might not be concerned about the aspects just mentioned, but while
counseling may be accomplished in one interview, the professional counselor
works with clients whose problem – usually cannot be resolved that quickly.
Because the counselor sees many clients, it is in the interests of the efficiency
to have appointments scheduled on a regular a basis. It is inefficient for him
to spend time travelling to his clients or mingling with them in everyday
activities. The relationship becomes less professional, differing from the
practices of other professional persons who have offices, require clients to
come to them and schedule appointment. It is also less likely to be less
effective because of the influences on the client. The client may be less
willing and able to talk about personal problems at home, in the schoolroom
or his working environment. He may question or be suspicious of the
counselor who has no office or who has poor, drab, dirty surroundings,
lacking, just as one would question the ability of a doctor who has no clinic.
Regular appointments in a pleasant, comfortable, private office facilitate
counseling and provide a sense of security, confidence and relaxation in the
client. While these can be overdone, with thick carpets, drapes, overstuffed or
leather – covered furniture, and walls papered with diplomas and certificates,
this is not a good reason for going to other extreme. Counseling maybe done
in inadequate facilities with good results, but this is not a valid argument for
claiming that the good counselor requires nothing more. Counseling is a
professional activity, requiring professionally trained people who are entitled
to adequate facilities for the performance of their highly skilled function.
Nevertheless, the essence of counseling is RELATIONSHIP. It is not the
use of the interview, tests, specific techniques of the surroundings which
constitute counseling. It is a human relationship in which the counselor
provides the psychological climate or conditions in which the client is enable
to change, to make choices, to resolve his problems and to develop a
responsible independence which makes him a better person and a better
member of the society.
Counseling techniques
Counseling techniques can be viewed from several perspectives. Perhaps
the most useful on is that of a continuum of lead. The concept of leading in
counseling refers to the extent to which the counselor takes responsibility for
the content of the interview. A counselor using very leading techniques, more
or less determines the topics considered and contributed his own feelings
about the client and his problem on verbal level. At the other extreme, a
counselor employing as few highly leading techniques as possible, lets the
counselee determine topics and what is said about topics.
Selected counseling techniques distributed over a hypothetical continuum of
lead (not based on actual data) look somewhat as follows:
Least amount of leading___________________Greates Amount of Leading
Acceptance – Restatement – Clarification – Summary – General Lead – Reassurance –
Interpretation
Advice
Supposition
Rejection
Information – giving as a counseling technique is not placed on the
continuum based the amount of leading it represents varies depending on how
and when it is given.
ACCEPTANCE – The technique of acceptance is employed by the counselor

when he wishes to communicate to the student that what has been said is
understood. It is the simplest means of communicating this to the counselee.
It does not interrupt the counselee’s talk and further encourages him to
continue. It usually takes the form of silence or a one or two – word phrase,
or simply a smile, nod of the head or bodily gesture.
RESTATEMENT – Restatement is employed for several reasons. First, it

conveys acceptance to the client. Second, if often gives the client a brief rest
and a chance to collect his thoughts before going on with his story. Third, it
serves as a means of feedback to the counselee. That is, by simply repeating
what the counselee has said, the counselor checks the accuracy of his own
understanding and at the same time gives the student an opportunity to hear
what he has just and to clarify his statement if it is not what he meant to say.
CLARIFICATION – Clarification entails leading and the counselor’s

contribution of something new to the content of the counseling session. It is
typically used is response to a student’s statement when the counselor feels in

an important expression but expressed so poorly that a simple statement
would tend to perpetuate the ambiguity. In a sense, the counselor maybe
saying, “You’ve got the facts, old boy but not in the correct order.”
SUMMARY – Summary is technique involving an even greater amount of

leading. From a given segment of an interview, the counselor selects those
ideas and feelings which seem most important and attempts to feed them
back to the student in a more organized form. Obviously, the counselor’s
summary statement maybe inaccurate or unacceptable to the student, thus
destroying rapport. However, when summary is effective, it transposes
various counselee’s expressions into relatively clear assertive statements,
providing the counselee with a firm base point, so to speak, from which to
continue.
SUMMARY CLARIFICATION – When the counselor summarized a

relatively brief counselee expression with a longer segment of an interview.
GENERAL LEAD – A general lead involves the counselor’s asking the

student to do something and thus quite openly requires the counselor to take
considerable responsibility for the interview content. General leads can be
phrased in a number of ways, thus allowing some flexibility in the degree of
responsibility for the counselor to assume.
REASSURANCE – The technique of assurance is actually used on two

levels. Its position on the leading continuum is determined by the second
level. The counselor will say, “You are supposed to be verbalizing your
feelings. There is no need to feel threatened or guilty about telling me these
things. This is exactly what we are here for.” In this sense, the counselor is
reassuring the student in respect to the counseling process. Reassurance at the
second level goes beyond acceptance in that the counselor agrees with the
counselee’s statement or overly supports his assertion. Reassurance employed
unintentionally without a real purpose, can turn counseling into a
conversation of the gripe session variety.
INTERPRETATION – Interpretation is a technique employed frequently by

counselors with a depth of Freudian orientation. Among other things,
interpretation involves explaining to the counselees what his behavior really
means. Perhaps the most commonly cited illustration of interpretation is in
regard to dreams. Depth – oriented counselors sometimes interpret the
significance of dreams to their counselees. Such an orientation is needlessly
involved and inappropriate for secondary school counselors.
ADVICE / SUPPOSITION – Advice is usually given when situations arise in

counseling such that the counselor has every reason to believe that the
student is about to engage in behavior that will have significantly undesirable
effects for himself and or others. For example, a pregnant girl would seek the
services of the abortionist. When the counselor believes that the student will
carry out her plan, advice would seem appropriate, assuming of course that
the counselor has reason to believe that the counselee will accept his advice.
Sometimes it is necessary to offer suggestions that may stimulate and
motivate counselee to further action toward a goal. There are many ways in
which a counselor can express ideas, assumptions, positions and thought –
provoking suggestions without seeming to nag. Suggesting some alternatives
which have been overloaded is one way to do this.
REJECTION – This is rebuff of the counselor’s ideas and is used rarely.

When it is necessary to rebuff an idea we realize we may be making the
counselee feel personality rejected.
Other counselor responses

FACILITATION – To facilitate means to give a descriptive statement to the
counselee in answer to a question or as an explanation of a behavior or a
tendency. The counselor illustrated, enlightens, critiques. The counselor
facilitates understanding and learning by switching from the sometimes
useful “What do you think?” to let me explain briefly what value judgment
means. The facilitation response may be short explanation of a term or ideas
to the counselee.
INTERPRETATION – Usually at the end of the continuum leads, we place

the probing question, the curious interrogation and even the cross
questioning. We maybe cross checking for honesty, or seeing clarity on a
fact.
For example, How long have you felt this way?
What real values do you attach to these things?
When and how did your thinking about this begin?
These are thought – provoking questions of a nature that we assess the

counselee can handle and these will move the counseling interview forward.
CHAPTER VIII
Problems met and solutions for effective

organizations of guidance programs
In order that we can specifically identify the problems met by the
guidance student personnel workers in their effective implementation of the
program, it is a must that an evaluate criteria be set in order that we could
assess the present set up against the ideal setup. After doing so, it is but easy
for us to identify the weaknesses or difficulties which we encounter which
are very particular in our own field or situation. However, I am not in the
position to give the appropriate solution. Maybe what I could give are only
recommendation for consideration.
When we are talking about criteria, we refer to both the external and the
internal criteria which we should look into the student personnel program.
First, let us tackle on the external evaluative characteristics. These are
follows:
1. A counselor – student ratio of one full time counselor for 250 to 300
students. This implies a full – time counselor. Although few schools have
attained such an ideal staff – student ratio, many schools are just
beginning their efforts to attain this “standard” and most are probably at
two or three times this ratio.
Problem: No full time counselor
Recommendation: An item be provided in each secondary school for full
time guidance counselor.
2. Counselors are qualified for their positions by meeting the minimum
requirements of holding a graduate degree in counseling. They should be
personally inclined and educationally prepared to be counselors. They are
counselors because they desire intensive, intimate professional contact
with students and are productive in their relationships with them. They
take pride in their particularly kind of work, they consider it important,
and they communicate their enthusiasm to students as well as to other
who are interested.
Problem: Counselors employed have only at least 9 units of guidance and
counseling a stipulated in the qualification standards.
Recommendation: Administration should see to it that their counselors are
both educationally prepared and personally inclined to help pupils.
3. Appropriate, usable records are maintained that reflect a body of

information about each student, enabling teachers and counselors to
understand and helps students. These records are used, not only for
demographic study of the student population, but also to:
a. Help students gain self – understanding that enables them to make
appropriate decisions;
b. Facilitate understanding of students by counselors, teachers and
parents so that educational programs can be adopted to meet students
individual needs and enhance the students unique development.
Problem: Poor record management on the part of counselors due to
varied task assigned to them.
Recommendation: Record management should be done by teacher

advisers in the form of cumulative records.
4. Informational, materials are present accessible. Essentially, this means

that up to date materials are available that described the changing
character of the educational and vocational opportunities and
requirement. Provisions are built into such programs to keep career
materials current, to interpret them to pupils, and to maintain them in
condition for use by students and staff.
Problem: No informational materials available
Recommendations: Secure available materials for use of the student
5. Appraisal data are available and used by school personnel to help

students with individual concerns relating to adjustment, planning and
development. Schools that have good reputations do not glorify the mere
collections of facts about students but see these data as a means to an
end. The identification of strengths and weaknesses within and among
individuals and the maximization of student’s insight and understanding.
Appraisal of the student is not for deterministic or directive ends but is
pursued because it can provide the basis for student self – understanding.
It is not intended to imply that students come to counselors merely for
prescriptive answers. They come to gain understanding of how their
behavior interacts with life situations and demands.
Problem: No post counseling sessions are held.
Recommendations: Post counseling sessions be made a part of the services
to be rendered to the students.
6. Personnel are self – evaluative and experimentally oriented. Quality

programs have specified their guidance objectives and appraised their
progress toward mutually determined goals.
Problem: No evaluation is being done as to the implementation of the
different service areas.
Recommendation: Periodic evaluation be conducted to asses
strengths/weaknesses.
7. Effective guidance programs are not confined to one grade or school
level, but operate on throughout the entire span of the student’s school
career. High quality guidance program is continuous as well as
comprehensive, with coordinating efforts made at all grade levels.
Problem: Guidance is given in one phase of an individual’s life only.
Recommendation: Guidance is a lifelong process, hence, should be apart of
an individual’s daily life.
8. Adequate physical facilities are available for guidance. These
characteristic is a readily observable one and often leads to the belief that
a school has a good guidance program. Planned, functional physical
facilities that adequately provide for space, privacy, accessibility and the
like are a hall mark of quality guidance programs.
Problems: Lack of space, privacy and accessibility
Recommendation: Provision for adequate space and facilities.
9. Another major external characteristic is the existence of adequate
financial support. Costs of highly regarded guidance programs are not
buried in instructional and administrative expenditures. They are clearly
stated and dependable on their own merits by the staff.
Problems: Lack of financial support
Recommendation: Provision for adequate funding to support the program.
Internal evaluation characteristic

1. Guidance programs praised by others are based on students needs. Need
has been defined as a “Lack of something which if present would tend to
further the welfare of the organism… or facilities its usual behavior.” It
is in this sense that “need” is used in the jargon of education. It implies
that meeting students needs requires the contrivance and arrangement

that further the educational welfare of students and facilitate desirable
behavior.
Problem: Students needs are not considered in organizing guidance program.
Recommendation: Asses what the needs of the students are in order to
determine what guidance services should be provided.
2. Guidance programs of real merit balance corrective, preventive and

development functions. Guidance is not just for the classroom
misbehavior case who irritates the teacher of for those who underachieve
or fail or are chronic absentees. It requires that guidance practice be
designed to develop the capability of school personnel to understand
individuals and provide the kind of assistance necessary for their
maximum development.
Problem: Misconception of guidance as discipline and that it is only for
children with problems.
Recommendation: Guidance is for all.
3. Quality programs are purposeful. A guidance activity such as counseling

is not an end in itself, but is merely one important service for
accomplishing definite purpose.
Problem: Some activities done are without purpose. They are merely done
just to keep them busy and just to meet their target.
Recommendation: Goals set should be considered in undertaking desired
activities.
4. Balance is an essential quality of good organization. A balanced

guidance program is one which the various services have been developed
strictly in accordance with the relative importance of their contribution to
student needs. In actual practice, perfectly balanced organization is
seldom found because some services, for example, counseling or
appraisal, are stressed because the pet interests of the personnel. The
point is that certain services may be more highly developed, but should
not be developed at the expense of other necessary services. If imbalance
exists, it should exist because it is appropriate to the particular
requirements of the school setting. Effective guidance programs guards
against the lack of balance often found in ineffective programs and are
caused by (1) personnel who are more interested in one aspect of the
program and exaggerate its importance, (2) personnel who attempt to
advance themselves, regardless its importance, (2) personnel who attempt
to advance themselves, regardless of the program’s well – being and (3)
quick growth of the program.
Problem: Guidance service offered is dependent on the expertise of the
counselor. Not balanced.
Recommendation: All service areas should be offered.
5. Program stability the quality or ability to adjust to loss of personnel

without serious loss of effectiveness is directly related to program
quality. Stability demands that the system is able to fill positions quickly
and satisfactorily. Good guidance programs are concerned about stability
and personnel in such programs work hard at recruiting from both within
and without the system.
Problem: Guidance work is not so appealing to job applicants. It is difficult to
recruit persons to fit the job.
Recommendation: Post job description for the public to be aware of as to the
nature of work guidance counselors do.
6. Another characteristic of effective program organization is flexibility.
Flexibility in the sense of adaptability of future growth is the quality that
enables the program, or an element of it to expand or contract without
serious loss of effectiveness. Flexibility frequently demands modification
in the load a service must carry. Effective programs provide for future
growth and realignment of services, both of which require the foresight
to recognize the need for changes in services and personnel that are
required by altered objectives, functions or modified character of the
student population. Good programs avoid the dangers of inflexibility,
destruction of organizational balance and overloading of counselors.
Problem: Programs is so fixed
Recommendation: Program should be so planned to allow increase in the
number of personnel proportionate to the number of students served.
7. The staff members of the guidance programs that have achieved

recognition and praise have high morale and work cooperatively. Good
morale is a quantity that leads individuals and groups willingly to
subordinate their personnel objectives temporarily and within reason, to
further the success of the program. It is the quality that induces personnel
willing to accept and execute directions, to adapt cheerfully to reasonable
requirements and give their best efforts without undue pressures from
authority.
Cooperation among personnel marks the good guidance program.
Cooperation in guidance program is manifested in the degree of mutual help
and collaboration between counselors and teachers. Successful guidance
programs are characterized by teachers who understand and supports what
counselors do, who respect the process by which students are referred to
counselors and who consult with counselors about individual pupils who may
need further attention.
Problem: Low morale among guidance workers, problem students are
being thrown to them as cases no solved hence failure on the part of the
counselor; lack of cooperation of the faculty especially in the implementation
of some programs for student development.
Recommendation: Teachers should be clarified of their role in guidance so
that they can extend full support to the cause.
8. Personnel in high quality programs avoid the search for quick answers
and face the reality that guidance in its broadest sense has many
dimensions. Through counselors bring to the helping situation skill in
counseling, appraisal and knowledge of educational and work
opportunities, they simultaneously recognize that (1) pupils need help
from a variety of sources, and (2) these sources may represent many
different levels of competence.
Problem: Too much stress put in counseling while other services were taken
for granted.
Recommendation: All service areas should be explored in order to have
thorough knowledge and information about the student.
9. In guidance programs praised by others, counselors have thought through

and arrived at an understanding of their role and function which they are able
to communicate to others. Harold Mc Cully viewed the counselor as an agent
of change. Mc Cully’s view of the counselor as an agent of change means
that the conditions that facilitate learning – but also an able communicator in
disseminating knowledge meaningfully to teachers and others. The counselor
would be sophisticated in the features and consequences of social change and
would be able to introduce change in the school.
Weather counselor’s accept Mc Cully’s definition of the counselor’s role

and function or some other definition, the important point is that they know
who they are as a counselor and can communicate this identify in meaningful
terms to others. They have purpose for being in the school which provides
focus for the activities in which they engage.
Problem: Some counselors do not have a clear cut definition of their roles and
functions, hence they could not communicate well to others about these
functions.
Recommendation: Upon hiring, clear cut definition of duties and
responsibilities be made in order that the definite direction can be taken.
10 the students who are part of a good guidance program are not nameless
and faceless to the school counselor. Effective guidance programs are
concerned both with process and with product. The questions, “How well is
the program operating?” and “What are its outcomes?” must both be
answered. It has often been said that a guidance program should produce
change in the behavior of students.
The question here is what pupil behavior changes may legitimately be
expected. In other words, what behavioral manifestations should be apparent
in students as a result of an effective guidance program?
Problem: No follow – up made on the behavioral change among counselees.

Recommendation: to be effective, guidance counselors must take time out to
find if there are changed behavioral manifestations among the counselees.
10. Finally, a characteristic of highly praised programs is that leadership is

exercised by individuals formally prepared by a study of guidance and
experienced in the counseling of students. What is qualitatively apparent
is that the leader exhibits imaginations approaches to guidance, courage
in confronting manifold problems and intelligence in working with
colleagues. Good programs are marked by directors of guidance who are
not afraid to lead and who are willing to risk failure and disapproval.
They are not afraid to assert themselves because they have a clear
conception of what is possible or the program and can communicate this
meaningful to others.
Problem: Leaders are not guidance – oriented hence not supportive of the
program.
Recommendation: Administrators should be made aware of the importance of

guidance hence full support of the programs is not extended. Guidance
programs are taken for granted.
With these aforecited standards in evaluating the student personnel programs

and the corresponding problems noted, suggested recommendations were
given. These then can serve as guides to the student personnel worker who
would like to organize an effective and efficient program for the school.
CHAPTER IX
Practice test in guidance & counseling

Directions; Encircle the letter of the correct answer
1. Which of the following is a sound principle of guidance?
a. It is curative rather than preventive
b. It is focused on the problem rather than on a person
c. It is prescriptive rather than suggestive
d. It is preventive rather than curative
2. “Punish the act not the child” is the underlying principle when using
punishment as a corrective measure. This means __________.
a. Impose punishment depending on the gravity of the offense
b. The act must be condemned for all its bad effects
c. The causes of the offense must be identified
d. The child must be advised not to repeat the offensive act
3. In the organization of the guidance program, which of the following

procedure should come first?
a. Allocation of duties and responsibilities
b. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the guidance program
c. Formulation of goals and objectives
d. Structuring the organizational chart
4. In an elementary school, bright pupils or fast learners have their classes

in the afternoon. Six pupils who are fast learners are cigarette vendors
who had to earn a living in the afternoon, hence they cannot attend their
classes. How can the counselor help the pupils?
a. Ask the teachers concerned to hold remedial classes
b. Convince the parents to stop their children from working
c. Make arrangements with the principal and the teacher to adjust the
schedule of these students
d. The counselor should be the one to conduct special classes.
5. For the fourth time Carol asked an admission slip from the counselor.
During the interview, the counselor felt that Carol was not telling the
truth. What technique should the counselor use to make her realize about
the consequences of her actions?
a. Values clarification
b. Modeling
c. Confrontation
d. Behavior modification
6. Aside from knowing the reasons why students drop out of school, what
else should the counselor do to make follow – up service functional?
a. Advise students not to drop
b. Conduct an exit interview
c. Inform the parents
d. Rank the reasons based on their gravity
7. Nica the brightest pupil in the class is so restless and mischievous that
oftentimes distracts the attention of the class. What could be the reason
for this behavior?
a. She dislikes the teacher
b. She is an attention seeker
c. She is a spoiled brat
d. The lessons are no longer interesting to her
8. Mrs. Reyes invited Charles’ parents to school to have a serious talk about
their child’s problem. But the parents refused, and just told Mrs. Reyes to
do whatever is good for Charles. The teacher did not like the parents
attitude. What then should she do?
a. Conduct a surprise visit to Charles’ house
b. Forget all about it since the parents are not interested anyway
c. Tell Charles not to go to school without his parents
d. Try all possible means to have Charles’ parents visit the school
9. What should the counselor do with records of attendance in her office?

a. Analyze and interpret the data and use the findings as bases for
individual counseling
b. Keep them in the cabinet for future use
c. Tally the number of absences
d. Summarize the data and submit her findings to the principal
10. Which of the following would say if two angry parents confront you
about a fight between their children?
a. Well, I want you to settle this peacefully
b. Stop it! You are worse than your children

c. May we listen to your children first?
d. Just a moment, let us keep calm and everything will be settled
11. Norman has been disturbing the class by his consistent misbehavior.
What is the first thing that you would do if you were his teacher?
a. Call for his parents to a dialog
b. Explain to him the bad effects of his behavior
c. Scold him in front of his classmates
d. Write his name on the chalkboard
12. Moral value is difficult to teach among young people. What would be an
effective way to teach this concept?
a. Set rules at the start of the school year
b. Read stories with moral values
c. Provide a role model
d. Impose punitive measures for every rule violated
13. A student develops self – confidence if ______.

a. He is treated with justice and fairness
b. He is praised for his good deed
c. He is ignored when he commits mistakes
d. He is allowed to do whatever he wants
14. Guidance and teaching are inseparable processes, but teaching can no
longer be considered guiding when ______.
a. Coercion and compulsion are utilized as forms of social control
b. Problematic pupils are always referred to the counselor
c. The teacher lectures on morality when she sees it fit
d. The values of the teacher conflict with those of the pupils
15. When the classroom environment provides opportunities for the pupils to
attain self – actualization of his potentials and abilities, the teacher is
utilizing what approach?
a. Developmental c. Punitive
b. Prophylactic d. Remedial
16. The ideal counselor – student ratio is ________.

a. 1:500
b. 1:700
c. 1:900
d. 1:2000
17. You have a pupil who is talkative, naughty, and aggressive that he is
burden to the entire members of the class. What is the first remedy to this
problem?
a. Talk to him seriously
b. Report the case to the principal
c. Call the parents for a dialogue
d. Reprimand him always
18. A student who is lagging behind in his academic work should be;
a. Placed in a section where students have low ability
b. Placed in a special education class
c. Given remedial instruction
d. Given a special curriculum
19. Periodic checks on students seatwork with a smile and pat on the
shoulder as effective reinforcers of good study habits is an example of
a. Fixed interval and variable interval schedule
b. Continuous reinforcement
c. Variable schedule
d. Discrimination reinforcement
20. The student requested the guidance counselor to give her the
standardized test result of her cousin but the counselor or tactfully turned
down the request. What guidance principle was used by the counselor?
a. Mutuality c. Confidentiality
b. Objectivity d. Subjectivity
21. Which of the following is the best guide in handling disciplinary

problems in present – day schools?
a. The teacher must at all cost uphold the dignity of the individual
within the scope of a realistic – teacher – pupil relationship
b. Sarcasm, ridicule, intimidation and the like should never be used
c. The use of corporal punishment and other activities designed to
harm pupils should be prohibited
d. The teacher should be ever vigilant alert and active in sensing the
needs of the pupils
22. Which of the following information is derived from the records of

students?
a. Description of behavior and treatment

b. Significant episodes showing marked deviation from the normal
behavior
c. Description of friendship pattern
d. Other significant factors contributing to self – understanding
23. At the beginning of the school year, the guidance counselor should invite
all students by class to visit the office and fill out an information sheet. It
should be made clear to the students that the guidance office is for
students ________.
a. Who go there voluntarily
b. With behavioral problems only
c. Ho cannot be disciplined
d. With or without behavioral problems
24. The only way an individual grows up and learns to accept and be
comfortable with one self is by ___________.
a. Consulting with peers
b. Having maturing experiences along life span
c. Being defiant and misbehaving
d. Solving his problems as they come
25. A sophomore transferee seems to be withdrawn from his classmate. What

should be done to assist him?
a. Assign some of his classmates to be with him
b. Determine the cause of his behavior
c. Give him encouragement and support
d. Give him ample time to socialize
26. Which of these is not a misconception of guidance?

a. Guidance is for the maladjusted pupils only
b. Guidance mans vocational guidance
c. Guidance encourages individuality
d. Guidance is for the elementary school
e. Guidance is the province of the specialists
27. The guidance function of a teacher is;

a. Developing a helping tension – free classroom atmosphere
b. Promoting personal – social growth
c. Studying pupils
d. Supplying educational and vocational information
e. All of these functions
28. You gave a failing grade to one of your students for frequent tardiness
and inefficient performance. Then the parents came to see you to explain
that the child is often tardy because he has to help in the home chores
before coming to school. What will you do?
a. Be firm and tell the parents that you are the best judge of what grade
to give
b. Give a lecture to the parents about their role in the studies of their
children
c. Be more tolerant of the body’s tardiness because the reason is good
d. Explain to the parents that prompt attendance is part of the requisite
for good grade
e. Tell the boy to make up that his grade can be changed
29. A very shy student who does not want to participate in class recitation
belongs to your class. When called upon to recite, she just stares at you.
As her teacher, what will you do?
a. Tell her that she will get low grades is she does not participate in
class
b. Find out if what activity she is interested and start helping her
c. Force he to participate in class activities
d. Do not mind her
e. Call her attention always
30. In the middle of your discussion, one of your students pulls the hair of
the classmate sitting in front of her. What will you do?
a. Tell her to get out of the room
b. Shout at her at the top of your voice
c. Stop teaching, investigate, then continue the lesson. After the bell
has rung and everybody has gone out, talk to her in private
d. Punish her at once by telling her to stay at the corner the whole
period
e. Throw an eraser to her
31. You are assigned to be the teacher of physically handicapped student.

How would you help them best?
a. By calling the student one by one and asking why they have defects.
b. By showing that you pity them
c. By arranging a conference with their parents and asking why their
children have defects
d. By viewing the problem as something to be solved in the future

e. By helping the students feel that they are not different
32. When children in school become mischievous, rebellious or apathetic,

the teacher should first look into the;
a. Undermining the influence of the home and the community
b. Sociometric structure of the class
c. The school curriculum
d. The co – curricular activities offered by the school
33. Marie is too embarrassed whenever she is asked to recite in class. As her
teacher, you could best help her by;
a. Asking Marie to stand before the class to recite
b. Ignoring her
c. Giving her a failing grade for recitation
d. Permitting her to sit rather than stand whenever she recites
e. Encouraging her whenever she recites
34. You have a “born” troublemaker in your class. He bullies and provokes
other students to fight. As this teacher, the best way to discipline him is
to;
a. Send him to the principal
b. Suspend him from attending his classes whenever he misbehaves
c. Assign him important tasks that will help him develop a sense of
responsibility
d. Admonish him for his misbehavior
e. Punish him by letting him stand in the corner of the classroom every time
he misbehaves
35. In your class, is a boy who is suffering from a feeling of inadequacy and
has the making of a would – be loner. As his teacher, what should you do
to best help;
a. Investigate the reason behind the boy’s feelings of inadequacy and
find ways to help him overcome it
b. Ask his classmates to befriend him
c. Leave him alone for he will sooner or later learn to socialize
36. To goalie of the football team of your school is failing in some of his
subjects and is in danger of being disqualified for the coming City meet.
As his homeroom adviser, how would you help him?
a. Pass him in your subject
b. For the sake of school spirit, request the other teacher to change their
grade to passing so that he can play for the school
c. Appeal to the other teachers to give him individual help so that he
can do a passing work and not be disqualified
d. Letting him be disqualified
e. Let the principal send a memo to the other teachers to change his
grades
37. In your class is a very restless but very intelligent child. He would cause
trouble in the classroom by running around, nudging at his classmates or
throwing wads of paper at them. Often, you would remind him, but he is
learning his lesson faster than the others, and having nothing else to do,
he would be restless and there he would go again disturbing his
classmates. If you were his teacher, what will you do?
a. Report him to his parents
b. Submit him for guidance and counseling
c. Give him an ultimatum about his behavior
d. Send him to disciplinary committee for proper sanctions
38. As his teacher – adviser, Mark sought your opinion about his plans for
college – his plan of enrolling in the College of Engineering. How would
you help him?
a. Tell him his parents could not afford to send him to an Engineering
school
b. Send him to guidance counselor for vocational guidance
c. Call for his parents convince them to support Mark’s plans
d. Help him to look for athletic scholarship so he can go to an
Engineering school anyway he is a good athlete
e. Show him the financial and the academic requirements of the course
so he can think for himself
39. You found out that one of your students is stuttering in class. What is the
best thing for you to do?
a. Insist that he recites often to get over his nervousness
b. Treat his stuttering by repeating in class
c. Explain to him that there is no reason for feeling nervous
d. Call his mother so she can train him at home
e. Have him recite only when he desires
40. Choosing a career is a very important stage in a student’s life. It is a big

problem when:
a. There is a great discrepancy between interest and aptitude

b. Interest for a high paying job is great
c. The individual is overachieving
d. The course is not offered in the student’s hometown
e. A student’s ability and achievement go hand and hand
41. Many individuals especially the high school students fail to see
themselves in the context of their individual problems. These individuals
could be helped best through:
a. The information service of the guidance program
b. The use of cumulative records
c. The placement of the guidance program
d. The counseling service of the guidance program
e. The follow – up service of the guidance program
42. The adjustment of individual is the ultimate objective of guidance.

Which of the following is not indicative of adjustment?
a. Living as a peaceful being
b. Amassing riches
c. Enjoying work
d. Making friends
e. Completing the cycle of life without any trouble
43. Who will make the best counselor?

a. An individual coming from a family of professional ahs the greatest
possibility of becoming a good guidance counselor
b. An individual’s health and home conditions will best influence him
as a good guidance counselor
c. A happy, well – adjusted individual given the best training will most
likely succeed as a guidance counselor
d. The best training given a counselor can make a good counselor out
of him
e. All of the above
44. There are factors necessary for the success of the program for young
handicapped children. Which of these factors below is found not to be
necessary?
a. The goals of the program are clearly stated
b. The children are identified and helped early in life
c. The parents are involved in the education of their children
d. The teaching staff are all master’s degree holder
e. The workers in the program are well – trained in the implementation

of the goals of the program
45. Normalization as applied to special education refers to:

a. Placing handicapped students in classes with other non –
handicapped students
b. Helping handicapped students attain competence in social skills
using methods where they learn be doing
c. Isolating handicapped students in classes with other students having
similar handicaps
d. a and b above
e. b and c above
46. Some pupils in the regular classroom learn at a faster rate than most of
the children. The best way to handle these children is through:
a. Grade skipping d. Monitorial jobs
b. Ability grouping e. all of the above
c. Enrichment activities
47. Individualization of a student’s educational program means:

a. The pupil must do all his studying alone
b. The pupil is physically separated form the other pupils
c. The teacher works with one pupil at a time
d. All of these answers
48. One intervention for fast learners is through grouping together the
intellectually superior for special instruction. This kind of intervention
refers to:
a. Acceleration d. Vertical enrichment
b. Horizontal enrichment e. Supplementary enrichment
c. Ability grouping
49. Which of these statements is true?

a. Guidance workers has the time, training and facilities necessary to
conduct research studies
b. Many outcomes of guidance are tangible
c. Many outcomes of guidance can be determined for a short period of
time
d. The criteria used to measure the outcomes of guidance are valid
e. None of these statements
50. Those who deviate from what is supposed to be average in physical,

mental, emotional or social characteristics to such an extent that they
require special educational services in order to develop to their maximum
capacity are:
a. Mentally defective children
b. Gifted children
c. Geniuses
d. Idiots
e. Emotionally disturbed children
51. The following are the bill of rights of an exceptional child except one.
Which is not?
a. Right to as vigorous a body as human skill can give him
b. Right to an education so adapted to his handicap
c. Right to be brought up an educated by those who understand him
d. Right to be brought up in a world who looks at him with scorn
e. Right to live a worthwhile life full of joy and achievement
52. Which of the following statement is not true?

a. Every person needs guidance c. All education is guidance
b. Guidance is a lifelong process d. All of the above
53. The focus of guidance in the directive approach is _______.

a. The individual c. The
problem
b. The counselor d. The
interview
54. Which of these statements is true?

a. Guidance is directing c. Guidance is
assisting
b. Guidance is advice – giving d. All of the
above
55. The first guide of every child toward self – development is _______.
a. The teacher c. The parents
b. The counselor d. The peer group
56. Guidance is the responsibility of _______.

a. The parents only c. The teacher only
b. The counselor only d. All of the above
57. Which of the following statements is not true?

a. Periodic appraisal is not needed in guidance
b. Teaching and guidance are separate
c. Guidance is only for children with problem and for the mal –
adjusted.
d. All of the above
58. The keynote of guidance is ______.

a. To provide opportunity for self – direction
b. For self – realization
c. For self – development
d. All of the above
59. The aim of guidance is not to make decisions for the individual but to
enable him to make proper decision after knowing himself. This refers to
what basis of guidance?
a. Philosophical c. Sociological
b. Psychological d. Pedagogical
60. Guidance is based upon the fact that no two individual are alike. This is
known as the ______.
a. Philosophical basis of guidance c. Sociological basis
b. Psychological basis d. Pedagogical basis
61. Guidance helps in proper social adjustment is based on what basis of

guidance?
a. Philosophical c. Psychological
b. Sociological d. Pedagogical
62. Guidance makes an integral part of education because it aims to clear the
way for better, deeper thinking and optimum learning?
a. Philosophical basis c. Sociological
b. Psychological d. Pedagogical basis
63. What guidance is not?

a. Advice – giving c. Psycho – therapy
b. Lecturing d. All of the above
64. In what aspects are guidance and education the same?

a. Objectives c. Technique
b. Methods d. All of the above

a. Teaching without intelligent guidance cannot be good teaching
b. Guidance without good teaching is incomplete
c. Teaching and guidance are inseparable
d. All of the above

a. All guidance is education
b. All education is guidance
c. Guidance is different from instruction
d. None of the above
67. A running of the daily experience of students as reported by those who

are expected to know them best in given situations is known as ______.
a. Anecdotal d. Autobiography
b. Commulative e. Case study
c. Interview
68. A method of bringing together all pertinent information about a student

in forming a unified background for interpreting his needs and threatening
his difficulties is ______.
a. Anecdotal d. Autobiography
b. Cumulative e. Case study
c. Interview
69. It is considered as the heart of the counseling process.

a. Observation d. Anecdotal
b. Interview e. Commulative record
c. Case study
70. It is considered as basic to all other guidance technique is _______.

a. Observation d. Interview
b. Case study e. Anecdotal
c. Counseling
71. One of the gathering, recording and making information about a pupil
which will be useful to those counseling or teaching him is _______.
a. Information service c. Counseling service
b. Placement service d. Inventory service
72. The role of the counselor is directive counseling is ________.

a. Passive c. Listener
b. Active d. Lecturer
73. Serves as an X –Ray of person’s behavior at a particular time.

a. Observation d. Anecdotal record
b. Test e. Interview
c. Case study
74. A kind of test which measures how much a pupil learns in a certain
subject is _____.
a. Intelligence d. Achievement
b. Achievement e. Personality
c. Interest – inventory
75. Reveals the field that the individual student is interested in.
a. Personality d. Intelligence
b. Aptitude e. Interest – inventories
c. Achievement
76. Measures the readiness with which individual increases his knowledge
and improve skills when given the necessary opportunity and training is
_______.
a. Intelligence c. Aptitude
b. Personality d. Achievement
77. Test administered to children before they are given certain types of
seatwork is _______.
a. Aptitude c. Readiness
b. Diagnostic d. Personality
78. Helps the child secure the most effective relationship to a job or the next
step in the educational or personal program.
a. Placement service d. Testing service
b. Follow – up service e. Research service
c. Information service
79. It is concerned with what happens to pupils while in school or after they
left school
a. Placement service d. Testing service
b. Follow – up service e. Research service
c. Information service
80. Which is not a principle of guidance?

a. Guidance is concerned with all students
b. Guidance is “counsel”
c. Guidance is compulsion
d. Guidance is primarily concerned with prevention than cure
Guidance is concerned with developing self – understanding and self –
determination
Bibliography
1. Aquino, Gaudencio V. and Cornelia Alviar. Principles of Guidance and
Counseling, A Modern Approach, Metro Manila: Navotas Press
2. Froeclich, C. P. Guidance Services in Smaller Schools, New York: Mc Graw Hill
Book Company
3. Humphreys, J. Anthony and Arthur E. Traxler. Guidance Services. Chicago:
Science and Research Associated, Inc. 1954
4. Kapunan, Rocio Reyes. Fundamentals of Guidance and Counseling
5. Jones, Arthur J. Principles of Guidance. New York: Mc Graw Hill Book
Company
6. Crow, Lester D. and Alic Crow An Introduction to Guidance, 2 nd ed. New York:
American Book Co.
7. Jones, Arthur J. Principles of Guidance. New York: Mc – Graw Hill Book
Company, Inc.
8. Madali, Epifanio et al. Guidance in the Elementary Schools, Quezon City: R.P.
Garcia Publishing Co.
9. Myers, George E. Principles and Techniques of Vocational Guidance. New York:
Mc Graw Hill Book Co., Inc.
10. Smith, Glenn E. Principles and Practice of the Guidance Program. New York:
Mac Millian Co.
11. Traxler, Arthur E. Techniques of Guidance. New York: Haprer and Brothers

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Guidance: Principles and Procedures

Marjorie Arandela-Caipang, Ph. D.

Research Signpost, T.C. 37/661 (2), Fort P.O., Trivandrum-695 023

E-mail IDs: [email protected]

Research Signpost assumes no responsibility for the

Lemuel, Christopher Marlowe

The precious jewels of my life,

TO GOD BE THE GLORY!!!

Marjorie Arandela-Caipang, Ph.D.

Marjorie Arandela-Caipang, Ph.D.

She has to her credit the following qualifications:

• Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education (BSEED) from Central

• She taught the following subjects:

The nature of guidance

B. Bases for guidance

D. Why guidance is essential

E. Factors and conditions existing which gave rise to the need of

H. Difference between guidance and guidance services

I. History and development of guidance

5. In November 1945, the 1st guidance institute was opened

The guidance program

B. Characteristics of a good guidance program

C. The goal of the guidance program

Tools and techniques used in guidance

Guidance service areas

B. Information service – consists in the provision of up-to-date and accurate

C. Counseling service - the most important service because it is considered

What Counseling is:

2. Counseling aims towards greater integration and independence of the

Nature of the counseling service

1. It is purposeful learning experience for the counselee.

Factors affecting the counseling service

What counseling is not?

2. Not teaching too. Counseling is one to one relationship. It is personal. It

Difference between counseling and teaching:

2. Non- directive/client centered counseling

Emphasis is always on the individual not on the problem. The client

3. Eclectic Counseling – Thorne – chief proponent

Areas of guidance: Educational guidance

The special functions of educational guidance

Educational guidance at various stages

6. Guiding along social competence

Guidance of the adult

Areas of adult adjustment

2. Middle aged adults

Purposes of vocational guidance

Guidance in the classroom

Qualities of a good teacher

Classroom teacher’s role in guidance

be warm to each student – a teacher show his sincere interest in the

Exemplify a high level of adjustment and self-actualization – the teacher

Individual differences among children

Guidance resources for the teacher

Guidance services, tools and techniques

The counseling service

The termination of counseling involve bringing the interview to a close.

Guidance tools/and data gathering techniques

Group guidance approaches

no other relationships. The counseling relationship is for the sole purpose