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    Rankine Reheat

    Uploaded by

    Manik Singh
    The document discusses the ideal reheat Rankine cycle, which is commonly used in modern steam power plants. It has two key points: 1) The ideal reheat Rankine cycle expands steam in a turbine in two stages, with reheating in between using the boiler. This increases efficiency without decreasing quality while respecting metallurgical constraints. 2) A second law analysis of the Rankine cycle shows that the largest irreversibilities occur during heat transfer, where the temperature differences between the furnace/boiler and condenser/external medium result in entropy generation and exergy destruction. The document provides an example calculation of exergy destruction.

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    Rankine Reheat

    Uploaded by

    Manik Singh
    396 views2 pages
    The document discusses the ideal reheat Rankine cycle, which is commonly used in modern steam power plants. It has two key points: 1) The ideal reheat Rankine cycle expands steam in a turbine in two stages, with reheating in between using the boiler. This increases efficiency without decreasing quality while respecting metallurgical constraints. 2) A second law analysis of the Rankine cycle shows that the largest irreversibilities occur during heat transfer, where the temperature differences between the furnace/boiler and condenser/external medium result in entropy generation and exergy destruction. The document provides an example calculation of exergy destruction.

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    The document discusses the ideal reheat Rankine cycle, which is commonly used in modern steam power plants. It has two key points: 1) The ideal reheat Rankine cycle expands steam in a turbine in two stages, with reheating in between using the boiler. This increases efficiency without decreasing quality while respecting metallurgical constraints. 2) A second law analysis of the Rankine cycle shows that the largest irreversibilities occur during heat transfer, where the temperature differences between the furnace/boiler and condenser/external medium result in entropy generation and exergy destruction. The document provides an example calculation of exergy destruction.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    396 views2 pages

    Rankine Reheat

    Uploaded by

    Manik Singh
    The document discusses the ideal reheat Rankine cycle, which is commonly used in modern steam power plants. It has two key points: 1) The ideal reheat Rankine cycle expands steam in a turbine in two stages, with reheating in between using the boiler. This increases efficiency without decreasing quality while respecting metallurgical constraints. 2) A second law analysis of the Rankine cycle shows that the largest irreversibilities occur during heat transfer, where the temperature differences between the furnace/boiler and condenser/external medium result in entropy generation and exergy destruction. The document provides an example calculation of exergy destruction.

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    Lyes KADEM [Thermodynamics II] 2006

    The ideal reheat Rankine cycle


    When we analyze the ideal Rankine cycle we can notice that:

    - The pressure ratio across the turbine is unrealistically high (the pressure within one
    turbine decreases from 4 MPa to 10 kPa).

    → The turbine must be spitted into to sequential turbines.

    - When we try to increase the thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle, usually, we
    decrease also the quality.

    → Increase the highest temperature, this will lead to an increase in thermal efficiency and
    an increase in turbine outlet quality.
    Problem: we are limited by metallurgical considerations: Tmax < 600ºC (with ceramic
    blades we can go up to 750ºC )

    Question: How to increase the efficiency without decreasing quality, while respecting
    metallurgical constrains?

    The solution is to expand the steam in the turbine in two stages, and reheat in between,
    usually within the boiler. This is a very practical solution, and it is commonly used in
    modern steam power plants → ideal reheat Rankine cycle (Fig.1).

    Steam quality for normal


    Rankine cycle
    Steam quality for reheat
    Rankine cycle

    Figure.1. Ideal reheat Rankine cycle

    The total heat is: qH = q1 + q2 = ( h3 − h2 ) + ( h5 − h4 )


    The total work of the turbine is: wout = ( h3 − h4 ) + ( h5 − h6 )

    Rmq: the optimum reheat pressure for a cycle is about ¼ of the maximal pressure. (exp:
    maximum pressure (12 MPa); reheat pressure (3 MPa))

    Example

    High-pressure steam enters a turbine at 2 Mpa and 400ºC. It is reheated at a pressure of 500 kPa to
    400ºC and then expanded to 10 kPa. Determine the cycle efficiency?

    1
    Lyes KADEM [Thermodynamics II] 2006

    Second law analysis of Rankine cycle

    The Rankine cycle is not a totally reversible cycle, it is only internally reversible, since heat
    transfer through a finite temperature difference (between the furnace and the boiler or between
    the condenser and the external medium) can results in irreversibilities.

    The second law of thermodynamics can be used in order to reveal the regions where the largest
    irreversibilities within Rankine cycle occur.

    It will be possible, therefore, to act on these regions to reduce the irreversibilities.

    To do this we must compute the exergy destruction for each component of the cycle.

    Exergy

    The exergy of a system with respect to a reservoir is the maximum work done by the system
    during a transformation which brings it into equilibrium with the reservoir. The term was coined by
    Zoran Rant in 1956, but the concept was developed by J. Willard Gibbs in 1873.

    Exergy is also synonymous with: availability, available energy, utilizable energy, available useful
    work, maximum (or minimum) work, maximum (or minimum) work content, reversible work, and
    ideal work.

    The exergy destruction informs us on the irreversibility of the process and is proportional to the
    entropy generated.

    The exergy destruction is computed as follow:

     q q 
    χ dest = T0 Sgen = T0  se − si + out − in 
     Tb ,out Tb,in 

    T0 environment temperature

    Tb, out Temperature of the external medium (where heat is rejected, example: atmosphere)

    Tb, in Temperature of the external medium (from where the heat is supplied, example: furnace)

    Example

    Determine the exergy destruction associated with the normal previous Rankine cycle (P1=10 kPa;
    T3=400ºC; P3=2 MPa), assuming that heat is transferred to the steam in a furnace at 1600 K and heat
    is rejected to a cooling medium at 290 K and 100 kPa, T0=290 K.

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