Accessible Conspectus 6x9 24 SAMPLE
Accessible Conspectus 6x9 24 SAMPLE
Accessible Conspectus 6x9 24 SAMPLE
accessible
conspectus
A Commentary on
Abū Shujāʿ al-Aṣfahānī’s
musa furber
Copyright © 2015, 2016 by Steven (Musa) Woodward Furber
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Published by:
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Transliteration Key vi
Conventions viii
Preface ix
Introduction 1
1 Purification 9
2 Prayer 47
3 Funerals 101
4 Zakat 108
5 Fasting 128
6 Pilgrimage 137
7 Selling & Other Transactions 151
8 Inheritance & Bequests 193
9 Marriage & Divorce 204
10 Injurious Crimes 234
11 Punishments 242
12 Jihad 253
13 Hunting & Slaughtering 259
14 Contests & Marksmanship 266
15 Oaths & Vows 268
16 Courts & Testimony 272
17 Manumission 281
Bibliography 293
Detailed table of contents 297
Conventions
مل ُ ت َا َح َل
طْص ا
viii
Preface
اَمِ دَّق مُ ال
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x
Preface
xi
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xii
Preface
Musa Furber
Abu Dhabi
April 20, 2016
xiii
5
Fasting
ِماَيِّصلا ُب اَت ك
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Fasting
َوا ْلقُ ْد َر ُة َع َل، َوا ْل َعق ُْل،وغ ِ ْ :الص َيا ِم َأ ْر َب َع ُة َأشْ َيا َء
ُ َوا ْل ُب ُل،ال ْس َل ُم ِ شائِ ُط ُو ُج
ِّ وب َ َ َو
.ِالص ْوم
َّ
Fasting the month of Ramadan is obligatory when four conditions
are met. They are that the person be a Muslim; mature; of sound
mind; and able to fast.
An individual who meets these conditions is required to fast. He
is not required to fast if a single condition is absent. So an individual
is not required to fast if he is a non-Muslim; immature; insane, in
a coma, or unconscious for the entire day; or unable to fast.
The reasons for someone being unable to fast include old age,
pregnancy, and sickness.
An individual who meets all of these conditions on a day of
Ramadan has a personal obligation to fast that day. While this
usually means that they must perform a fast that same day, there
are situations that require them to perform it later on or which
allow them to perform it at a later date. For example, a short-term
intense illness and menstruation each require deferring the fast
to a later date; and while journeying one has the option to defer.
In addition to the conditions related to a fast being a personal
obligation, there are also conditions related to the validity of its
performance. The conditions for a fast being valid are that the
person performing it should be a Muslim, have discernment, be
free from menstruation and post-natal bleeding, and that the day
of performance is one wherein fasting itself is valid.
We notice several important things when we look at these two
lists of conditions together. The first is that non-Muslims are not
required to fast Ramadan. Someone who enters Islam is not required
to compensate for the Ramadans before they entered Islam. (This
ruling does not apply to an apostate who returned to Islam, as
they must make up any days of fasting that occurred during their
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apostasy. They must also make up the days even if they abstained
from food and drink during them since being Muslim is a condi-
tion for the fasts to be valid.)
A second thing we notice is that young children are not required
to fast though it is valid for them to do so once they reach the age
of discernment. Indicators that a child has reached this age include
him being able to clean, dress, and feed himself. Before this age, a
child is not required to fast, and their fast would not be considered
valid or praiseworthy. A child who can do these things is still not
obligated to fast. But if he does, its performance is considered valid
and praiseworthy.
A third thing we notice is that there may be days when fasting is
both unlawful and invalid. And it turns out that this is indeed the
case. The days of Eid al-Fiṭr, Eid al-Aḍḥā, and the three days after
Eid al-Aḍḥā are days of celebration and feasting. It is unlawful
and invalid to fast these days. This will be covered in more detail
later in this chapter.
A fourth thing we notice is that a fast can be obligatory and
valid even if the individual needs to take the purificatory shower.
ِ ْ ب َو
، ِال َمع ِ الش َ ْ اك َع ْن
ْ ُّ الكْ ِل َو ِ ْ َو، ال ِّن َّي ُة:الص ْو ِم َأ ْر َب َع ُة َأشْ َيا َء
ُ ال ْم َس َّ ض ُ َِو َف َرائ
.َوت ََع ُّم ِد ا ْل َق ْي ِء
There are four obligatory actions of fasting.
The first obligatory action is intention. When the fast is obligatory,
an individual needs to make their intention sometime during the
night before the time for the Dawn Prayer arrives. When making
the intention, one must also have in mind that they will be carry-
ing out an obligatory fast. During Ramadan, one can formulate
his intention with something like “Tomorrow, I will carry out an
obligatory fast of this year’s Ramadan for the sake of Allah Most
High.” If it is a makeup fast, he can formulate it with something
like “Tomorrow, I will carry out an obligatory fast of a missed day
of Ramadan for the sake of Allah Most High.”
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Fasting
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Fasting
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ار ُة َو ِه َي ِع ْت ُق ِ
َ ان َعامدً ا ِف ا ْل َف ْرجِ َف َع َل ْيه ا ْل َق َض ُاء َوا ْل َك َّف
ِ َ َو َم ْن َو ِطئ ِف ِف َ َنا ِر ر َم َض
َ َ
َ َفإِنْ َ ْل َي ْس َت ِط ْع َفإِ ْط َع ُام ِس ِّتني،ي ِ ْ ي ْد َف ِص َي ُام َش ْه َر ْي ِن ُم َت َتابِ َعِ َ َفإِنْ َ ْل،َر َق َب ٍة ُم ْؤ ِم َن ٍة
.ي ُم ٌّدٍ ْ ِم ْس ِكي ًنا لِ ُك ِّل ِم ْس ِك
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Fasting
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136
Notes
اَقْيِلّتلا
َ
Author’s Introduction
1. Bukhārī (71, 3116, 7312); and Muslim (1037 #100, #175).
1 Purification
1. Tirmidhī (69) – ḥasan ṣaḥīḥ; Nasāʾī (59, 332); and Ibn Mājah (386).
2. Bukhārī (1); Muslim (1907 #155).
3. Muslim (1757).
4. Starting with sales and other transactions, the commentary mentions
the integrals or essential elements (arkān, plural of rukn) for vari-
ous acts. Integrals are infrequently mentioned for acts of worship so
they have not been included in the main body of the commentary.
But they are still mentioned in the notes for the sake of thoroughness.
The integrals or essential elements of performing dry ablution are intend-
ing it, conveying earth with something, and wiping the face and hands up
to the elbows with tapping the source of the conveyed earth two times.
5. Muslim (279 #91).
6. A wird is a selection of recitation, invocation, reading, or some other action.
2 Prayer
1. Bukhārī (8); Muslim (16).
2. Muslim (8 #1).
3. Bukhārī (46); Muslim (11).
4. Bukhārī (645); Muslim (650 #249).
5. Muslim (686).
6. Muslim (865).
7. Muslim (901 #6).
8. Bukhārī (1014); Muslim (897 #8).
9. Bukhāri (1012); Muslim (894).
287
Bibliography
مرِداَصَمل ُملا
رِداَصَ ال ا
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294
Bibliography
Ibn Mājah, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad bin Yazīd al-Qizwīnī. Sunan Ibn
Mājah (“Ibn Mājah”). Edited by Muḥammad Fūʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī.
Aleppo: Dār Iḥāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyyah, n.d.
Mālik bin Anas. Al-Muwaṭṭaʾ (“Mālik”). Edited by Muḥammad Muṣṭafā
al-ʿAẓamī. 8 volumess. Abu Dhabi: Muʾassisah Zāyad bin Sulṭān Āl
Nahyān li-l-ʿAmāl al-Khayriyyah wa-l-Insāniyyah, 2004/1428.
al-Māwardī, ʿAbū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī bin Muḥammad. Al-Ḥāwī al-kabīr fī fiqh
madhhab al-Imām al-Shāfiʿī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah,
1999/1419.
Muslim bin al-Ḥajjāj. Al-Musnad al-ṣaḥīḥ al-mukhtaṣar bi-naql al-ʿadl ʿan
al-ʿadl ilā rasūl Allāh “( ﷺMuslim”). Edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād
ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, n.d.
al-Muzanī, Islmāʿīl bin Yaḥyā bin Ismāʿīl. Mukhtaṣar al-Muzanī. Printed as
appendix to Al-Umm. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifah, 1990/1410.
al-Nasāʾī, Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Aḥmad bin Shuʿayb. Al-Mujtabā
(“Nasāʾī”). Edited by ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Abū Ghuddah. 2nd edition.
Aleppo: Maktab al-Maṭbūʿāt al-Islāmiyyah, n.d.
al-Nasāʾī, Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Aḥmad bin Shuʿayb. Al-Sunan al-kubrā.
Edited by ʿAbd al-Ghaffār Sulayman al-Bandārī. Beirut: Dā al-Ku-
tub al-ʿIlmiyyah, n.d.
——. ʿAmal Al-Yaum wa-l-Lalalah. Edited by Fārūq Ḥammādah. Beirut:
Muʾassasah al-Risālah, 1406.
al-Nawawī, Yaḥyā bin Sharaf. Al-Majmūʿ sharḥ Al-Muhadhdhab. Beurit:
Dār al-Fikr li-l-Ṭibāh wa-l-Nashr, n.d.
——. Rawḍat al-Ṭālibīn, Edited by Zuhary al-Shāwīsh. Beirut: Al-Maktab
al-Islāmī, 1991/1412.
——. Al-Minhāj sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim bin al-Ḥajjaj. 2nd edition. Beirut: Dār
Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1392.
al-Qurṭubī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad bin Aḥmad. Al-Jāmiʿ li-aḥkām
al-Qurʾān, ed. Aḥmad ʿAbd al-ʿAlīm al-Bardūnī. 2nd edition. Cairo:
Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriyyah, 1964/1384.
al-Rāfiʿī, ʿAbd al-Karīm bin Muḥammad. Al-ʿAzīz sharḥ al-Wajīz (Al-Sharḥ
al-kabīr). Edited by ʿAlī Muʿawwiḍ and ʿĀdil ʿAbd al-Wujūd. 1st
edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1997/1417.
——. Al-Muḥarrar. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥasan Ismāʿīl. Beirut: Dār al-
Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2005.
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296
Detailed Table of Contents
ملا ُتَيَوَتْحُم ال
لَّص ُف ا
َ
preface, ix
Introduction, 1
1 Purification, 9
1.1 Water, 10
1.1.1 Categories of Water, 11
1.2 Tanning Hides and Bones, 14
1.3 Using Containers, 15
1.4 The Toothstick, 16
1.5 Ablution, 17
1.5.1 Obligatory Actions, 18
1.5.2 Recommended Actions, 20
1.5.3 Cleaning Oneself, 24
1.5.4 Relieving Oneself, 26
1.5.5 Ablution Invalidators, 27
1.6 The Purificatory Shower, 29
1.6.1 What Necessitates the Purificatory Shower, 29
1.6.2 Obligatory Actions, 30
1.6.3 Recommended Actions, 31
1.6.4 Recommended Showers, 31
1.7 Wiping Over Khuff, 33
1.7.1 Conditions, 33
1.7.2 The Permissible Duration, 34
1.7.3 Invalidators, 35
1.8 Dry Ablution, 35
1.8.1 Conditions, 35
1.8.2 Obligatory Actions, 36
1.8.3 Recommended Actions, 37
1.8.4 Invalidators, 37
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1.8.5 Splints, 38
1.8.6 Dry Ablution and Prayers, 38
1.9 Types of Filth, 39
1.9.1 Excusable Filth, 40
1.9.2 Animals, 40
1.9.3 Removing Filth, 41
1.9.4 Vinegar, 42
1.10 Menstruation and Postnatal Bleeding, 43
1.10.1 Actions Unlawful Without Ritual Purity, 45
2 Prayer, 47
2.1 The Times of the Prescribed Prayers, 48
2.2 Conditions Obligating Prayer, 51
2.2.1 Recommended Prayers, 53
2.3 Performing Prayers, 55
2.3.1 Prerequisites, 55
2.3.2 Integrals, 57
2.3.3 Recommended Actions, 61
2.3.4 Lesser Recommended Actions, 66
2.3.5 Men and Women During Prayer, 70
2.3.6 Invalidators, 71
2.3.7 Quantity of Prayer Elements, 73
2.3.8 Inability, 75
2.3.9 Forgetfulness During Prayer, 76
2.4 Times Wherein Prayer is Unlawful, 78
2.5 Congregational Prayer, 79
2.6 Travelers, 81
2.6.1 Shortening, 82
2.6.2 Combining, 85
2.7 Friday Prayer, 87
2.7.1 Conditions Obligating the Friday Prayer, 87
2.7.2 Conditions for Performance, 88
2.7.3 Obligatory Elements, 88
2.7.4 Lesser Recommended Actions, 90
2.8 The Two Eids, 91
2.9 The Eclipse Prayer, 93
2.10 The Drought Prayer, 95
2.11 Prayer During Peril, 98
2.12 Clothes, 100
3 Funerals, 101
3.1 Obligations Concerning the Deceased, 101
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3.2 Washing the Deceased, 103
3.3 The Shroud, 103
3.4 The Funeral Prayer, 104
3.5 Burial, 106
4 Zakat, 108
4.1 Properties on Which Zakat is Obligatory, 109
4.1.1 Livestock, 109
4.1.2 Money, 111
4.1.3 Agriculture, 112
4.1.4 Fruit, 113
4.1.5 Trade Goods, 113
4.2 Camels, 115
4.3 Cows, 115
4.4 Sheep and Goats, 116
4.5 Conditions for Mixed Flocks, 116
4.6 Gold and Silver, 118
4.7 Agriculture and Fruit, 119
4.8 Trade Goods, 120
4.9 Zakāt al-Fiṭr, 122
4.10 Distributing Zakat, 123
4.10.1 Impermissible Recipients, 126
5 Fasting, 128
5.1 Conditions Obligating the Fast, 129
5.2 Obligatory Actions, 130
5.3 Things that Invalidate the Fast, 131
5.4 Recommended Actions, 132
5.4a Days When it is Unlawful to Fast, 133
5.5 Making Up and Expiations, 134
5.6 Spiritual Retreat, 136
6 Pilgrimage, 137
6.1 Conditions Obligating Hajj, 138
6.2 Integrals of Hajj, 139
6.3 Integrals of Umrah, 140
6.4 Obligatory Actions of Hajj, 140
6.5 Recommended Actions, 144
6.6 Things Unlawful During Hajj, 145
6.7 Omissions During Hajj, 147
6.8 Expiation, 147
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8.1.5 Universal Inheritors, 196
8.2 Shares, 197
8.2.1 One-Half, 197
8.2.2 One-Quarter, 198
8.2.3 One-Eighth, 198
8.2.4 Two-Thirds, 198
8.2.5 One-Third, 199
8.2.6 One-Sixth, 199
8.2.7 Omissions, 200
8.2.8 Brothers and Sisters, 200
8.3 Testamentary Bequests and Executors, 201
8.3.1 Testamentary Bequests, 202
8.3.2 Executors, 203
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9.12.3 Slaves, 227
9.12.4 Support and Maintenance, 227
9.12.5 Mourning, 228
9.13 Buying a Slave Girl, 228
9.14 Wet-Nursing, 229
9.15 Support, 230
9.15.1 Spousal Support, 231
9.16 Custody, 232
11 Punishments, 242
11.1 Fornication, 242
11.1.1 The Capacity to Remain Chaste, 243
11.1.2 Sodomy and Bestiality, 243
11.1.3 Intimate Contact, 244
11.2 Accusing a Person of Fornication, 244
11.3 Alcohol and Liquid Intoxicants, 245
11.4 Theft, 246
11.5 Highway Robbery, 247
11.6 Self-Defense, 248
11.6.1 Animals, 249
11.7 Renegades, 249
11.8 Apostasy, 251
11.9 Omitting Prayer, 251
12 Jihad, 253
12.1 Obligatory Jihad, 254
12.1.1 Prisoners, 254
12.2 Spoils of War, 255
12.3 Tribute, 256
12.4 Non-Muslim Subjects of the Islamic State, 256
12.4.1 The Contract With Non-Muslim Subjects, 257
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17 Manumission, 281
17.1 Manumission of Slaves, 281
17.2 Walāʾ, 282
17.3 Stipulating Freedom Upon Death, 283
17.4 Buying One’s Freedom, 283
17.5 Umm al-Walad, 284
endnotes, 287
bibliography, 293
detailed table of contents, 297
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About the Author