Pro 045675

GlassTime
T ECH NI CAL MA NUA L

Without glass,
the world ends at the wall.
Opera house Copenhagen

GUARDIAN ExtraClear®
Henning Larsen Architects
Office Park, Vienna
SunGuard® HP Light Blue 62/52
Prof. Holzbauer Architects
GlassTime
tec h nical m anual
1st Edition 2012

Publisher: GUARDIAN Europe S.à r.l.
Dudelange / Luxembourg
© Copyright: GUARDIAN | mkt
Editorial: Oliver Beier Costa, Czestochowa (PO)
Ralf Greiner, Thalheim (DE)
Robert Rinkens, Alsdorf (DE)
Turnout: mkt gmbh, Alsdorf, Germany
Deadline: September 2012
Reproduction, including extracts, only permitted upon prior approval.
This manual has been compiled on the basis of current state of the art
and to the best of our knowledge. Subject to change.
No legal claims may be derived from the contents of this manual.
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Ramboll, Copenhagen
SunGuard® High Selective SN 70/41
Dissing + Weitling architecture
Without glass,
the world ends at the wall.
Preface
Lajos Sapi
Group Vice President – Europe
It is impossible to imagine our world nication, as well as solar thermal

without glass. The invention of the and photovoltaic elements, make
float glass process was realized in up a broad spectrum of energy
the middle of the last century, and components that make it easy for
today its applications have pene- us to maneuver in our world today.
trated all conceivable segments of There is no end in sight for the crea-
the market. Today’s modern archi- tive uses of this dynamic product..
tecture is taking special advantage
The basic material is typically the
of this building material, using it to
industrially-produced float glass,
create residential and commercial
which is further coated or pro-
spaces, whose transparency and
cessed into innovative building
spaciousness guarantee protection
and functional elements. It’s not an
while providing openness and ac-
overstatement that the beginning
cess to the outdoors.
of the twenty-first century has been
In contrast to the walled-in caves christened “GlassTime” – or, even
of the Stone Age that used actual better – the “Age of Glass”. This
stone, the “stones” that shape and solidified liquid with a 7,000-year
form our modern buildings today tradition will continue to make its
instead use glass, which provides triumphal march throughout this
excellent protection. Whereas in century to conquer new areas, as
earlier times, the protective el- we continue to make advances and
ements were rocky, stony and contributions to this segment as we
opaque, now they are transparent have for more than eight decades.
and can be positioned to suit. And
Therefore, we hope to transmit
not only are building envelopes
some of our knowledge about
using glass to shape their outer ar-
glass and its uses to our customers
chitecture, but the interior is taking
and those who use our products
advantage of this material as well,
through this manual. We are not
with glass increasingly being used
restricting ourselves to the issues of
to reflect our modern lifestyle.
our core business, rather highlight-
Glass doors, glass showers, glass ing the essential aspects of this ver-
furniture, glass partitions and glass satile material in its many processed
accessories are an accepted and forms. This first edition will certainly
everyday part of this generation’s not be able to cover all issues in-
living and working environment. depth, but will provide answers to
High-tech functional elements such many questions surrounding glass
as display screens, glass surfaces – true to the title “GlassTime”.
for modern control and commu-
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Helsinki
Stockholm
Oslo Moscow
Riga
9
Minsk
Dublin Copenhagen
8
Berlin Warsaw
Amsterdam
London 6 7
Brussels Kiev 10
Luxembourg
1
Prague
Chisinau
2
Paris Wien
Bern
4 Bucharest
Belgrade
3
Ankara
5
Madrid
Rome
Athens Nicosia
1 GUARDIAN Luxguard I 7 GUARDIAN Czestochowa

Bascharage Start: 2002 (-)
Start: 1981 (2009)
8 GUARDIAN UK Goole
2 GUARDIAN Luxguard II Start: 2003 (-)
Dudelange
Start: 1986 (2007) 9 GUARDIAN Steklo Ryazan
Start: 2008 (-)
3 GUARDIAN Llodio
Start: 1988 (1986) 10 GUARDIAN Rostov
Start: 2012 (-)
4 GUARDIAN Orocháza
Start: 1991 (2004) Float glass line
Glass coater
5 GUARDIAN Tudela
Start: 1993 (2007) As of: September 2012
6 GUARDIAN Flachglas
Bitterfeld-Wolfen
Start: 1996 (-)
Milestones
From humble beginnings

to global presence
GUARDIAN Industries began as With hundreds of new patents,

the GUARDIAN Glass Company scores of fresh products and
in 1932. Back then, we made several new facilities around the
windshields for the automotive world, GUARDIAN is poised to
industry. Today, GUARDIAN In- meet the challenges of the com-
dustries Corp. is a diversified ing decades. Our products and
global manufacturing company systems grace vehicles, homes
headquartered in Auburn Hills, and construction projects all over
Michigan, with leading products the world. We have accomplished
comprising float glass, fabricated so much in such a short time, it’s
glass products, fiberglass insula- exciting to ponder what’s coming
tion and other building materials next.
for commercial, residential and
GUARDIAN’s extensive European
automotive markets.
network of glass and automotive
In 1970, we opened our first glass manufacturing facilities, sales and
plant in Carleton, Michigan, and distribution operations means we
began manufacturing float glass, are where you are. Since enter-
a product achieved by floating ing the European market in 1981
molten glass on a bath of liquid with our first float glass plant
tin. At the time, we were the first in Bascharage, Luxembourg,
company to enter the US primary GUARDIAN has expanded its
glass industry in nearly 50 years. operations into eight countries
Today, we have 28 float glass throughout Europe to better
lines and 13 glass fabrication serve the building products,
plants around the world. commercial and residential glass
markets as well as the automotive
The theme at the turn of the cen-
industry.
tury was value-added product in-
novation. In 2000, we opened our Today, GUARDIAN operates 10
Science and Technology Center in float glass lines and produces
Carleton, Mich. that has expand- high-quality coated glass prod-
ed and enhanced our product of- ucts with state-of-the-art off-line
ferings in the commercial, residen- glass coaters in 8 locations all
tial, interiors, solar, electronics and over Europe.
automotive segments.
GUARDIAN GlassTime
1. Basic Types of Glass...................................................18

1.1 History .....................................................................................20
1.2 Float glass................................................................................20
1.2.1 Colouring..................................................................................22
1.2.2 Properties.................................................................................23
Density | Elasticity module | Emissivity | Compressive strength | Tensile
bending strength | Resistance to alternating temperature | Transfor-
mation area | Softening temperature | Length expansion coefficient |
Specific heat capacity | Heat transmittance coefficient (U value) | Acid
resistance | Alkali resistance | Water resistance | Fresh, aggressive
alkaline substances
1.3 Coatings on float glass...........................................................26

1.3.1 Pyrolytic method......................................................................26
1.3.2 Magnetron process..................................................................26
Magnetron-Sputter-Coater
2 Light, Energy and Heat............................................28

2.1 Light..........................................................................................30
2.2 Solar energy.............................................................................31
2.3 Heat..........................................................................................32
2.4 UV radiation.............................................................................33
2.5 Photovoltaics...........................................................................33
3. Insulated Glass terminology.................................34

3.1 General.....................................................................................36
3.2 Production................................................................................36
3.3 Thermo-technical function......................................................38
3.4 Edge Seal.................................................................................39
3.4.1 Stainless steel...........................................................................39
3.4.2 Metal / plastic combination....................................................39
3.4.3 Thermoplastic systems (TPS)..................................................40
3.5 U value – heat transmittance coefficient..............................40
3.5.1 Ug value.....................................................................................40
Ug value for inclined glass surfaces
3.5.2 Uf value.....................................................................................41
3.5.3 Y value......................................................................................41
3.5.4 Uw value....................................................................................42
10
Table of contents
3.6 Dew point and condensation.................................................43

3.6.1 In the interspace between the panes....................................43
3.6.2 On the interior surface of the pane........................................43
3.6.3 On the outer pane surface of the insulating glass................44
3.7 Solar factor (g value)...............................................................45
3.8 b factor (shading coefficient).................................................45
3.9 Solar energy gains...................................................................45
3.10 Selectivity classification figure...............................................46
3.11 Colour rendering index..........................................................46
3.12 Interference phenomena........................................................46
3.13 Insulating glass effect.............................................................47
4. Translucent thermal insulation............................48

4.1 Economy...................................................................................50
4.2 Ecology.....................................................................................51
4.3 Comfort....................................................................................51
4.4 GUARDIAN product range for thermal insulation..............52
5. Transparent solar protection................................54

5.1 Economy...................................................................................56
5.2 Ecology.....................................................................................56
5.3 Comfort....................................................................................56
5.4 Energy flow through glass......................................................57
5.5 Sun protection in summer......................................................58
5.6 Sun protection using glass.....................................................59
5.7 Solar control glass as design component.............................60
5.8 SunGuard® sun protection glass............................................60
6. Transparent noise protection...............................62

6.1 Human aspects........................................................................64
6.2 Sound wave characteristics....................................................64
6.2.1 Limits.........................................................................................64
6.2.2 Detection..................................................................................65
11
GUARDIAN GlassTime
6.3 Sound ratings for buildings....................................................66

6.3.1 Medium noise reduction factor..............................................66
6.3.2 Correction factors....................................................................67
6.4 Influence factors and production varieties...........................68
6.4.1 Weight of the pane..................................................................68
6.4.2 Insulating structure / Interspace.............................................68
6.4.3 Decoupled single panes.........................................................70
6.5 GUARDIAN sound protection glass......................................71
7. Transparent safety........................................................72
7.1 Fully tempered glass...............................................................74
7.1.1 Production................................................................................74
7.1.2 Building physical characteristics.............................................76
7.1.3 Resistance to impact and shock.............................................76
7.1.4 Tensile bending strength........................................................76
7.1.5 Resistance to ball-impacts......................................................76
7.1.6 Heat influence..........................................................................76
7.1.7 Anisotropies (strain pattern)....................................................77
7.1.8 Optical quality..........................................................................77
7.1.9 Moisture film on tempered glass...........................................77
7.1.10 Identification............................................................................77
7.2 Heat-soaked and tempered glass.........................................77
7.3 Partially tempered glass (heat strengthened glass)............79
7.3.1 Production................................................................................79
7.3.3 Heat influence..........................................................................80
7.4 Laminated safety glass...........................................................80
7.4.1 Production................................................................................81
7.4.3 Impact resistance.....................................................................82
7.5 Safety with and through glass...............................................82
7.5.1 Active safety.............................................................................82
Impact Resistance (ball drop) acc. to EN 356 | Impact Resistance (axe)
acc. to EN 356 | Bullet resistance acc. to EN 1063 | Explosion resistance
acc. to EN 13 541
7.5.2 Passive safety...........................................................................85

Protection against injury | Glazing for protecting people against falling
out | Overhead glazing | Post - glass breakage performance / residual
strength
12
Table of contents
7.6 Recommendations for certain glass implementations........88

7.6.1 Vertical glazing without protection against crashing...........88
7.6.2 Horizontal / overhead glazing................................................90
7.6.3 Fall protection glazing.............................................................91
7.6.4 Glazing in buildings used for special purposes....................93
7.6.5 Glazing for interior works without fall protection.................95
7.6.6 Special safety glasses..............................................................96
7.6.7 Structural glass construction...................................................97
8. Transparent glass construction...........................98

8.1 Facades...................................................................................100
8.1.1 Façade functions....................................................................101
Warm façade | Cold façade | Double skin façade
8.1.2 Façade constructions.............................................................104

Stick-System-Façade | Structural glazing façade | Point supported
façade | Membrane façades
8.2 Parapet glass (Spandrels).....................................................110

8.2.1 Colour application on SunGuard®-coatings........................110
8.2.2 Roll technique (Roller Coating).............................................111
8.2.3 Screen-Print technique..........................................................111
8.2.4 More production techniques................................................112
8.3 Design glasses.......................................................................112
8.3.1 Production techniques..........................................................113
Screen-print directly onto the glass | Transfer colour print on glass |
Design laminated safety glass | Coloured foils in laminated glass |
Decorative laminated glass
8.4 Bent architectural glass........................................................116

8.4.1 Requirements.........................................................................116
8.4.2 Glass types.............................................................................117
8.4.3 Kinds of bending...................................................................117
8.4.4 Determination of shape........................................................118
8.4.5 Specifics..................................................................................119
Local optical distortions | Outline precision | Torsion | Edge displace-
ment | Tangential junctions
8.4.6 Static specifics........................................................................121

8.5 Special glass applications.....................................................122
8.5.1 Walk-on glazing......................................................................122
8.5.2 Glass elevators.......................................................................123
8.5.3 Switchable glasses.................................................................124
8.5.4 Electromagnetic damping glasses,
Radar reflection damping glass............................................124
8.5.5 Anti-reflection-glazing...........................................................126
13
GUARDIAN GlassTime
9. Standards, guidelines, tips..................................128

9.1 European-relevant norms for glass.....................................130
9.2 Tolerances for standardised requirements.........................132
9.2.1 Basic glass..............................................................................132
9.2.2 Cutting....................................................................................132
General | Possible break-off for float glass | Acute angle of tempered
glass, laminated safety glass, IGU – cutback – zone not to be assessed |
Length, width and perpendicularity
9.2.3 Processing..............................................................................134
Edge processing qualities | Edits | Drilled holes
9.2.4 Tempered glass, tempered – heat-soaked glass

and heat-strengthened glass................................................141
General distortion – valid for float glass units | Local distortion – valid
for float glass units
9.2.5 Insulating glass units (IGU)....................................................142

Edge seal | Thickness tolerances in the edge area of the unit |
Dimension tolerance / offset
9.2.6 Laminated safety glass units.................................................144

Dimension tolerances | Displacement tolerance (offset) | Thickness
tolerance
9.3 Glass edges............................................................................145

9.3.1 Edge types.............................................................................145
9.3.2 Edge processing....................................................................146
9.3.3 Edges presentation and typical application........................147
9.4 Glass corners and joints.......................................................148
9.4.1 Glass joint with sealant joint and weather
stripping for double insulating glass...................................148
stripping for triple insulating glass.......................................148
9.4.3 Glass joint with sealant joint and preformed
seal for double insulating glass............................................148
seal for triple insulating glass...............................................149
9.4.5 All-glass corner with double-stepped glazing unit ...........149
9.4.6 All-glass corner with triple-stepped glazing unit................149
9.4.7 All-glass corner with preformed seal for
double-insulated glass with stepped edges.......................149
triple-insulated glass with stepped edges..........................150
9.5 Dimensioning of glass thickness..........................................150
9.6 Surface damage to glass......................................................151
14
Table of contents
9.7 Guidelines for assessing the visibility quality

of glass in buildings...............................................................151
9.7.1 Scope......................................................................................151
9.7.2 Testing.....................................................................................152
9.7.3 Permitted discrepancies for the
visible quality of glass in buildings.......................................153
9.7.4 General comments................................................................154
Visible properties of glazing products
9.8 Glass breakage......................................................................157

9.9 CE qualification......................................................................162
9.10 Materials compatibility.........................................................163
9.10.1 Compatible insulating glass sealant and
structural glazing silicone for SunGuard® (HP)....................164
9.11 Glass cleaning........................................................................166
9.12 Transport and storing...........................................................167
10. GUARDIAN products at a glance...................168

10.1 Float glass..............................................................................171
10.2 Thermal insulating glass.......................................................174
10.3 Solar control glass.................................................................175
10.4 Parapets..................................................................................185
10.5 Sound protection glass.........................................................187
10.6 Safety glass............................................................................191
11. Search and find............................................................194

11.1 Service offer...........................................................................196
11.1.1 Electronic support for actual use in the field......................196
Production comparison tool | Configurator
11.1.2 Glass-relevant calculations....................................................197
11.1.3 Technical customer service...................................................197
11.1.4 Competence transfer.............................................................198
11.1.5 GUARDIAN contact persons at a glance.............................198
11.2 Subject index.........................................................................198
11.3 Abbreviations commonly......................................................204
11.4 Greek symbols.......................................................................209
15
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Basic Types of Glass
Light, Energy and Heat
Insulated Glass terminology
Translucent thermal insulation
Transparent solar protection
Transparent noise protection
Transparent safety
Transparent glass construction
Standards, guidelines, tips
GUARDIAN products at a glance
Search and find

16
Content
History | Float glass | Colouring | Properties | Density | Elasticity module | Transforma-

tion area | Specific heat capacity | U value | Coatings on float glass | Pyrolytic method |
Magnetron process 1
Light | Solar energy | Heat | UV radiation | Photovoltaics 2

Production | Thermo-technical function | Edge Seal | Stainless steel | Metal / plastic
combination | TPS | U value | Dew point and condensation | g value | Shading coefficient |
Solar energy gains | Selectivity classification figure | Colour rendering index | Interference
phenomena 3
Economy | Ecology | Comfort | GUARDIAN product range for thermal insulation 4
Economy | Ecology | Comfort | Energy flow through glass | Sun protection in summer|
Sun protection using glass | Solar control glass as design component | SunGuard solar
control glass 5
Human aspects | Sound wave characteristics | Limits | Sound ratings for buildings | Rw |
Correction factors | Influence factors and production varieties | Decoupled single panes |
Basic rates for sound protection glass 6
Fully tempered glass | Heat-soaked tempered glass | Partially tempered glass (heat
strengthened glass) | Laminated safety glass | Safety with and through glass | Recom-
mendations for certain glass implementations 7
Facades | Façade functions | Façade constructions | Parapet glass | Design glasses | Bent
architectural glass | Kinds of bending | Determination of shape | Special glass applications |
Walk-on glazing | Switchable glasses 8
European-relevant norms for glass | Tolerances | Basic glass | Cutting | Editing | Drilled
holes | Tempered glas, tempered – heat-soaked glass and heat-strengthened glass | Insulating
glass units (IGU) | Laminated safety glass | Edge seal | Dimensioning of glass thickness | Glass
breakage | Materials compatibility 9
Float glasses | Thermal insulating glasses | Solar control glasses | Parapets | Sound
protection glasses | Safety glasses 10
Service offer | Electronic support for actual use in the field | Glass-relevant calculations|
Technical customer service | Competence transfer | GUARDIAN contact persons at a glance |
Subject index | A bbreviations commonly | Greek symbols 11
17
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Lotte Plaza, Moscow

SunGuard® HP Royal Blue 41/29
Mosproekt 2, Kolsnitsin‘s Arch. Bureau
18
1. Basic Types of Glass...................................................20
1.1 History .....................................................................................20
1.2 Float glass................................................................................20
1
1.2.1 Colouring..................................................................................22
1.2.2 Properties.................................................................................23
Density | Elasticity module | Emissivity | Compressive strength | Tensile
bending strength | Resistance to alternating temperature | Transfor-
mation area | Softening temperature | Length expansion coefficient |
Specific heat capacity | Heat transmittance coefficient (U value) | Acid
resistance | Alkali resistance | Water resistance | Fresh, aggressive
alkaline substances
1.3 Coatings on float glass...........................................................26

1.3.1 Pyrolytic method......................................................................26
1.3.2 Magnetron process..................................................................26
Magnetron-Sputter-Coater
19
GUARDIAN GlassTime
1.1 History
The history of glass production discovering how to use glass to
dates back to about 5000 BC. enclose spaces as well. French
Glass beads discovered in an- glassmakers first developed a
cient Egypt and early Roman sites glass rolling process that pro-
bear witness to a long tradition duced 1.20 x 2 m glass panels, a
of drawing and moulding tech- size that until then had seemed
niques used in glass production. impossible. Glass production did
For centuries, however, individual not become industrialized until
craftsmanship dominated manu- the twentieth century when 12 x
facturing processes that ranged 2.50 m sheets of glass later be-
from using blowpipes and cylinder gan to be mass produced on a
blow-moulding techniques to the large scale using the Lubbers and
crown-glass method. These man- Fourcault methods of glass pro-
ual production methods resulted duction, advancing to the more
in small quantities and small win- recent technologies developed
dowpanes, which were almost by Libbey-Owens-and Pittsburgh.
exclusively used in stained glass
All of these methods had one dis-
windows in churches.
tinct disadvantage: manufactured
Demand for glass during the sev- glass panels had to be ground
enteenth century rose because and polished on both sides to ob-
in addition to master church tain distortion-free and optically
builders using glass in church perfect mirror glass, a process
windows, builders of castles and that was extremely time-consum-
stately townhouses were now ing and expensive.
1.2 F loat glass

Industrial glass – which today the liquid tin, and the fact that
would be glass used in the au- glass is only half as dense as tin,
tomotive and construction in- the molten glass does not sink
dustries – was originally manu- into the tin bath, but rather floats
factured using a system known on the surface, thereby evenly
as “float glass.” This floating moulding itself to the surface
process, which reached its peak shape of the liquid tin. This meth-
in 1959, revolutionised glass pro- od creates absolute plane paral-
duction methods. Until this float lelism, which guarantees freedom
process was developed, glass from distortion and crystal clear
panes were produced by drawing transparency. Reducing the tem-
or moulding molten glass, and perature in the tin bath from ap-
then polishing it. prox. 1000 °C to approx. 600 °C
turns a viscous mass of molten
This new method lets the glass
glass into a solid glass sheet that
“float”, that is, the molten glass
can be lifted right off of the sur-
spreads out evenly over the sur-
face of the tin bath at the end of
face of a liquid tin bath. Due to
the floating process.
the inherent surface tension of
20
Batch Melting Forming Cooling Controling, cutting,

House stacking
app. 1.200 °C app. 600 °C

app. 1.600 °C app. 1.100 °C app. 50 °C
F loating process (schematic representation)
Tin is ideal for shape forming be- at about 1600 °C. The result is a
cause it remains liquid through- chalk-natron-silicate glass that is
out the entire shape-forming in accordance with EN 572-2.
process and does not evaporate,
After gassing the molten mixture,
thanks to its low vapour pressure.
which is referred to as refining,
In order to prevent the tin from
the molten glass is fed into the
oxidizing, the floating process
conditioning basin and left to
takes place in a protective gas
cool to approx. 1200 °C before
atmosphere of nitrogen with a
flowing over a refractory spout
hydrogen additive.
into the float bath. This mixture is
constantly fed, or “floated” onto
the tin surface, a method that can
be likened to a tub that overflows
due to constant water intake. An
infinite glass ribbon of about 3.50
m width is lifted off the surface at
the end of the float bath.
At this point, the glass ribbon
View of the melting process is approx. 600 °C and is cooled
down to room temperature using
The molten process precedes a very precise procedure in the
form shaping by floating glass roller cooling channel to ensure
in a tin bath. This process be- that no permanent stress remains
gins with an exact proportion of in the glass. This operation is ex-
the raw materials that is based tremely important for problem-
on about 60 % quartz, 20 % free processing. The glass ribbon
soda and sulphate, and 20 % is still approx. 50 °C at the end
limestone and dolomite. These of the 250 m-long cooling line
materials are crushed in huge and a laser “inspects” the glass
agitators and processed into a to detect faults such as inclu-
mixture. A blend comprising ap- sions, bubbles and cords. Faults
prox. 80 % of this mixture and are automatically registered and
20 % of recycled scrap glass is scrapped when blanks are later
fed into the furnace and melted pre-cut.
21
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Pre-cuts are usually 6 metres or An average float glass line is

less, with the glass being cut per- about 600 m long and has a ca-
pendicular to the endless ribbon. pacity of approx. 70,000 m² with
Both edges of the ribbon are a thickness of 4 mm.
also trimmed, generally produc-
ing float glass panes of 3.21 m x
6 m, which are then immediately
processed or stored on frames for
further processing. Longer plates
of 7 or 8 m are also produced.
1.2.1 Colouring
The normal float glass has a GUARDIAN also offers GUAR
slightly greenish tint. This colour- DIAN ExtraClear®, a third float
ing can mainly be seen along the glass alternative that distin-
edge of the glass and is caused guishes itself from the competi-
by the naturally existing ferric ox- tion because of its reduced iron-
ide in the raw materials. By select- content. In terms of colour and
ing extremely ferric oxide-poor spectral properties, this glass falls
raw materials, or by undergoing between the UltraClear™ white
a chemical bleaching process, the float and the standard Clear™
melt can be turned into an abso- float. Due to its interesting com-
lutely colour-neutral, extra white bination of properties, Float
glass. GUARDIAN produces this ExtraClear® is used as the base
type of glass, called GUARDIAN material for ClimaGuard® thermal
UltraClear™. Interiors and spe- insulating and SunGuard® solar
cialty solar products are the wid- control coatings, which improves
est areas of application. the selectivity as well as the col-
Transmission [%]
95
90
85
80
75
70
300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500
Wavelength [nm]
Clear float glass ExtraClear UltraClear
Colouring
22
our neutrality, irrespective of the certain production floating line

particular coatings, especially for periods. Changing glass colour
glass used in facades. in the vat naturally means a con-
siderable amount of work and
1
In addition to these three ver-
increased cost due to scrap and
sions of float glass, tinted glass
loss in productivity. Thus, it is only
can be produced using coloured
produced for special campaigns.
mass. Chemical additives in the
mixture allow green-, grey-, blue-,
reddish- and bronze-coloured
glass to be produced during
1.2.2 Properties
Most of today’s glass production that is used for further process-
is float glass, with thicknesses ing. The glass has the following
usually ranging from 2 – 25 mm physical properties:
and a standard size of 3.21 x 6 m
1.2.2.1 Density
The thickness of the material is has a factor of r = 2,500 kg/m³.
determined by the proportion of That means that the mass for a
mass to volume and is stated us- square metre of float glass with a
ing the notation “r”. Float glass thickness of 1 mm is 2.5 kg.
1.2.2.2 Elasticity module

The elastic module is a material formula symbol “E”. The more a
characteristic that describes the material resists deformation, the
correlation between the tension higher the value of the E-module.
and expansion when deforming Float glass has a value of E = 7
a solid compound that possesses x 1010 Pa and is defined in EN
linearly elastic properties and the 572-1.
1.2.2.3 Emissivity
Emissivity (e) measures the ability normal emissivity found for float
of a surface to reflect absorbed glass is e = 0.89, which means
heat as radiation. A precisely de- 89 % of the absorbed heat is re-
fined “black compound” is used radiated (Þ chapter 3.3)
as the basis for this ratio. The
1.2.2.4 Compressive strength

As the term implies, this indicator 700 - 900 MPa. Flat glass with-
demonstrates the resistance of a stands a 10 times higher com-
material to compressive stress. pressive power in comparison
Glass is extremely resilient to with the maximum compressive
pressure, as demonstrated by its load.
23
GUARDIAN GlassTime
1.2.2.5 Tensile bending strength

The tensile bending strength of This definition states that the
glass is not a specific material pa- fracture probability of a bending
rameter, but rather an indicated stress of 45 MPa for float glass
value which, like all brittle mate- (EN 572-1) as per the German
rials, is affected by the composi- building regulations list may be
tion of the surface being sub- maximum 5 % on average, based
jected to tensile stress. Surface on a likelihood of 95 % as deter-
infractions reduce this indicated mined by statistical calculation
value, which is why the value of methods.
the flexural strength can only be
s = 45 MPa
defined using a statistically reli-
as per rating with the double
able value for the probability of
ring method of EN 1288-2.
fracture.
1.2.2.6 Resistance to alternating temperature

Resistance of float glass to tem- kept at least 30 cm away from
perature differences along glass glazing. If this distance cannot be
panes is 40 K (Kelvin). This means maintained, installing one pane
that a temperature difference of safety glass is recommended (Þ
up to 40 K over the glass pane chapter 7.1). The same applies
has no effect. Higher differences if the glazing is massive, perma-
can cause dangerous stress in the nent and partially shaded, due,
glass cross section, which may for example, to static building
result in glass breakage. Heat- elements or to nearby plantings.
ing devices should therefore be
1.2.2.7 Transformation area

The mechanical properties for must not be compared with the
float glass vary within a defined pretempering and form shap-
temperature range. This range ing temperature, which is about
is between 520 - 550 °C and 100 °C warmer.
1.2.2.8 Softening temperature

The softening point for float glass
is approx. 600 °C.
24
1.2.2.9 Length expansion coefficient

This value indicates the minimum This value gives the expansion of
change in float glass when tem- a glass edge of 1 m when tem- 1
perature is increased, which is perature increases by 1 K.
extremely important for joining
to other materials:
90 x 10-6 K-1 according to ISO
7991 at 20 - 300 °C
1.2.2.10 Specific heat capacity

This value determines the heat C = 800 J · kg-1 · K-1
increase needed to heat 1 kg of
float glass by 1 K:
1.2.2.11 Heat transmittance coefficient (U value)

This value is calculated in accord- The value of float glass with a
ance with DIN 4108-4 to EN 673. thickness of 4 mm 5.8 W/m²K.
1.2.2.12 Acid resistance

Chart: Class 1 acc. to DIN 12116
1.2.2.13 Alkali resistance

Chart: Class 1-2 acc. to ISO 695
1.2.2.14 Water resistance

Chart: Hydrolytic class 3-5 acc. to ISO 719
1.2.2.15 Fresh, aggressive alkaline substances

For example, this includes sub- curs when the liquid alkaline sub-
stances washed out of cement stances dry and is completed af-
that must be completely hard- ter the cement has fully solidified.
ened, and when they come into For this reason, alkaline leaching
contact with the glass, attack the substances must not come into
silica acid structure that is part of contact with glass at all, or all
the glass structure. This causes a points of contact have to be re-
change of the surface as contact moved immediately by rinsing
points get rougher. This effect oc- them off with clean water.
25
GUARDIAN GlassTime
1.3 Coatings on float glass

Industrial coatings for float glass pearance, whereby the coloured
are produced in huge quantities, effects are less obvious when
primarily in 2 techniques. One is viewing the glass head-on and
the chemical pyrolysis process, are easier to note when looking
also called hardcoating; the sec- at reflections on the glass’ sur-
ond is a physical process called face. These two technologies are
vacuum deposition process or base-glass oriented and not to be
magnetron-sputtering. mistaken for surface coating ap-
plied through spraying, rolling or
Depending on the coating used,
imprinting processes (Þ chapter
materials in both methods cre-
8.2).
ate a neutral and coloured ap-
1.3.1 Pyrolytic method

This type of float glass coating Floating Coating Cooling
process occurs online during the

glass production on the float line.
At this point, the glass surface
is still several hundred degrees
Celsius when metal oxides are
Glass substrate Metal oxides
sprayed onto it. These oxides
app. 800 °C Metal oxide layer
are permanently baked onto the
surface, and are very hard (hard- Pyrolytic method (online)
coatings) and resistant, but their

used. They are produced offline
properties are very limited due to
under vacuum in the magnetron-
their simple structure.
sputter process.
To meet the higher demands
GUARDIAN therefore focuses
that are generally required to-
solely on the coating technology
day, multi-layer glass systems are
described below.
1.3.2 Magnetron process

The magnetron process has many sputter films that are always com-
appellations, even one which posed of ultra thin, individual lay-
dates back to the beginning ers of film.
when this process was termed
No other technology is able to
“softcoating”, as oppose to hard-
coat glass so perfectly smoothly
coating. Today, this definition is
with such outstanding optical and
misleading, since there are now
thermal properties.
extremely resistant magnetron-
26
Entrance Buffer Sputtering Buffer Exit

chamber chamber chamber chamber chamber
Glass substrate Sputter cathode

Lock valve Turbomolecular pump
Cross-section of a magnetron coating line
The material (i.e. the target, which to break off material from the
is a metal plate) that is going to target by colliding with it, which
be deposited on the glass surface then comes into contact with the
is mounted on an electrode that glass, where it is deposited onto
has a high electrical potential. the surface.
Electrode and target are electri-
Metals and alloys are spattered
cally isolated from the wall of
with or without additional reac-
the vacuum chamber. The strong
tive gases (O2 or N2). Now it is
electrical field (fast electrons) ion-
possible to deposit metals, metal
ize the sputter gas argon. The
oxides and metal nitrides.
accelerated argon ions are able
1.3.2.1 Typical assembly of a Magnetron-Sputter-Coater

Bottom layer Functional layer:
Protection layer
Functional layer e.G. silver, chromium
Protection layer
Top layer • responsible for the reflection
of long wave and short wave
radiation
100 nm
• strong influence on U-value

Glass substrate
and Shading Coefficient/Solar
Factor
Layer srack of high performace coated Protection layer:
glass
• protection of the functional
Bottom and top layer: layer against mechanical and
chemical influences
• influence, reflectance, trans-
mittance and colour of the
coating
• silicone nitride top layer gives
a very high mechanical durabil-
ity
27
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Dream House, Moscow

Murray O‘Laoire Architects
28
2 Light, Energy and Heat............................................30
2.1 Light..........................................................................................30
2.2 Solar energy.............................................................................31
2.3 Heat..........................................................................................32
2.4 UV radiation.............................................................................33
2
2.5 Photovoltaics...........................................................................33
29
GUARDIAN GlassTime
The physical definitions of light, In this spectrum there is the

energy and heat describe de- UV radiation between 300 and
fined areas of the electromag- 380 mm (300 nm = 0.0000003 m),
netic spectrum. the visible light between 380 and
780 mm and the near IR between
The area relevant to architectural
780 and 2,500 mm. Heat means
glass in connection with light and
long wave radiation which is in
solar energy falls within a 300 -
the far IR wavelength areas of
2,500 nm (0.0003 mm - 0.0025
approx. 5,000 and 50,000 nm
mm) wavelength.
(0.005 mm - 0.05 mm).
0.0003 - 0.0025
Longer wavelengths are radar-,
micro- and radio waves, shorter
ones are x-ray- and gamma radia-
tion.
0
Wavelength [mm]
Range building glass Wavelength [m]

103 10-2 10-5 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12
Microwave Ultraviolet Hard gamma

Radio Infrared visible light X-ray radiation
Wave spectrum
2.1 Light
The small area of the solar spec- Color Wavelength [nm]
trum that can be seen by the hu- violet 380 - 420
man eye is called (visible) light.
blue 420 - 490
If the unbroken (visible) light hits green 490 - 575
the human eye, it is perceived as yellow 575 - 585
white light. It is, however, com-
orange 585 - 650
posed of a light spectrum where
red 650 - 780
the various wavelengths – each
representing a defined energy –
flow into each other:
30
When light hits an object, the Artificial lighting can cause colour
object absorbs part of the en- misinterpretation due to missing
ergy spectrum. Glass, however, wavelength ranges. A well-known
transmits light, reflecting the rest example is low-pressure sodium
of the energy. Depending on vapour lamps. Since they lack the
the nature of the object, certain blue, green and red wavelengths,
wavelengths are reflected and everything appears in monochro-
others absorbed. The eye per- matic yellow tones. 2
ceives the reflected color as be-
ing the colour of the object.
2.2 Solar energy

The radiation emitted by the sun The worldwide accredited global
that strikes the earth is called so- radiation distribution curve (acc.
lar energy. This wavelength range to C.I.E., Publication No. 20)
has been defined through inter- shows the intensity of the total
national standardisation (EN 410) solar radiation in its respective
as ranging from 300 to 2.500 nm wave ranges. Fifty-two percent of
and includes the UV, visible light these wavelengths are visible and
and near infrared light categories. forty-eight percent are invisible.
Total radiation
100 %
UV visible heat
4% 55 % 41 %
100 100
ClimaGuard® conv. Insula
Premium ting glass
90 90
Relative sensitivity of the naked eye [%]
Visible
75 % 79 %
radiation
Relative radiation intensity [%]
80 80
Heat
30 % 66 %
70 radiation 70
Total
54 % 73 %
60 radiation 60
Permeability of ClimaGuard® Premium and conv.
50 Insulating glass, based on the intensity distribu- 50
tion of the solar spectrum.
40 Energy distribution acc. to DIN EN 410 40
(Air Mass 1.0)
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500
Wavelength [nm]
ClimaGuard® Premium Conventional insulating glass
Sensitivity of the naked eye Solar spectrum
Global radiation distribution curve (C.I.E., Publication No. 20)
31
GUARDIAN GlassTime
The shorter the wave length, the Important properties that are
more energy is transported. That critical for characterizing the na-
means that there is a consider- ture of architectural glass such
able quantity of energy in the as solar energy transmission, re-
visible portion of the radiation. flection and absorption and the
Therefore, light and energy can- total energy transmittance, can
not be separated from each oth- be derived from the solar energy
er. This is a critical aspect in using in the global radiation wave-
and improving architectural glass. length range of (300 - 2,500 nm)
and their interactions with glass
(Þ chapter 5.4).
2.3 Heat
Heat and heat radiation are a Its interaction with heat defines
wavelength range that is not part the insulation characteristics of
of the solar spectrum. Heat radia- architectural glass, which are in-
tion has far longer wavelengths fluenced by heat radiation, heat
and is in the far infrared range. In conduction and convection. The
the European standard EN 673, Ug value – the coefficient of the
this range is defined as being be- heat conductivity – is the funda-
tween 5,000 and 50,000 nm. mental characteristic for judging
the glass construction mate-
rial’s heat insulation capability
(Þ chapter 3.5).
32
2.4 UV radiation
The wave range between 315 Normal insulating glass with 2
and 380 nm are known as the panes reduces this radiation by
UV-A rays. If the intensity is too more than 50 %, and when com-
great, this radiation has not only bined with laminated safety glass,
a more or less destructive impact the radiation is almost complete-
on the skin but also for many oth- ly filtered out (Þ chapter 7.4). 2
er elements (paintings, sealing
material etc.).
2.5 Photovoltaics
Another interesting range of the Developments in recent years
light spectrum falls between ap- continue to expand this techno
prox. 500 and 1,000 nm, where logy through other n-semicon-
certain semiconductors are able ductors like indium sulphide,
to generate electric current out of which are mounted directly onto
solar radiation. The most popular base glass on a large scale us-
forms are various silicon crystals ing the magnetron process.
that are to be found packed be- GUARDIAN offers a wide range
tween panes of glass, in numer- of these types of coatings for
ous façade balustrades and on float glass, including special,
roofs. light-deflecting and transmission-
optimizing ornamental glass.
Transmission, QE [%]
100
EcoGuard®
90
Clear float
80
glass
70
QE c-Si
60
50
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Wavelength [nm]
EcoGuard® pattern offers a significantaly higher energy transmission than normal

“clear glass” over the wavelength range critical to photovoltaic modules
EcoGuard® pattern transmission vs. clear glass
33
GUARDIAN GlassTime
North Galaxy, Brussels

SunGuard® Solar Light Blue 52
Jaspers-Eyers & Partner Architects
Montois Partners Architects
Art & Build Architect
34
3. Insulated Glass terminology.................................36
3.1 General.....................................................................................36
3.2 Production................................................................................36
3.3 Thermo-technical function......................................................38
3.4 Edge Seal.................................................................................39
3.4.1 Stainless steel...........................................................................39
3.4.2 Metal / plastic combination....................................................39
3.4.3 Thermoplastic systems (TPS)..................................................40
3.5 U value – heat transmittance coefficient..............................40
3.5.1 Ug value.....................................................................................40
3
Ug value for inclined glass surfaces
3.5.2 Uf value.....................................................................................41
3.5.3 Y value......................................................................................41
3.5.4 Uw value....................................................................................42
3.6 Dew point and condensation.................................................43
3.6.1 In the interspace between the panes....................................43
3.6.2 On the interior surface of the pane........................................43
3.6.3 On the outer pane surface of the insulating glass................44
3.7 Solar factor (g value)...............................................................45
3.8 b factor (shading coefficient).................................................45
3.9 Solar energy gains...................................................................45
3.10 Selectivity classification figure...............................................46
3.11 Colour rendering index..........................................................46
3.12 Interference phenomena........................................................46
3.13 Insulating glass effect.............................................................47
35
GUARDIAN GlassTime
A series of factors and physical used in heat and solar protection

regularities define the character- applications.
istics of insulating glass as it is
3.1 General
To achieve thermal insulation ficiency, argon needs an inter-
properties, several float glass space of 15 - 18 mm; krypton
panes must be combined with needs only 10 - 12 mm for better
at least one low-e-coating on an insulating results. The interspace
insulating glass unit. is usually filled to 90 % capac-
ity. Krypton is many times more
Two or more panes of the same
expensive than argon since it is
size are aligned with each other
more rare.
at a defined distance and glued
together. The resulting hermet The spacer that permanently
ically sealed interspace will be separates the panes has some
filled with especially high thermal influence on the insulating per-
insulating inert gas. No vacuum formance, and thus on the dew-
is generated, as laymen often as- point at the edge of the glazing
sume. (Þ chapter 3.6). For the past sev-
eral decades, aluminium spacers
The width of the pane interspace
have been the industry standard.
depends on the inert gas that is
Today, they are being replaced
used. Argon is used most often,
by systems that have lower heat
krypton more rarely. To reach its
conductivity.
optimum thermal insulation ef-
3.2 Production
The insulating panes are glued Glass pane
together using the dual-barrier
Invisible thermal
system, in which a spacer is used insulating coating
to keep the two panes separated,
and a continuous string of butyl
adhesive is applied around the
edges of the spacer to keep both primary seal (inside)
panes of glass glued together. secondary seal
The space that is created is filled (outside)
with a desiccant that keeps the Desiccant
(molecular sieve)
interspace permanently dry.
Spacer
Insulating glass structure
36
During the gluing process, it is replace it with a defined amount

important that the coated side of inert gas. Finally the insulating
of the pane of float glass faces pane receives its second sealant
the interspace and that the adhe- and adhesive level by filling in
sive is applied to this side. Some the hollow between the installed
types of coatings have to be me- spacers and the outer edges of
chanically removed first before the panes. The material most-of-
the adhesive can be properly ap- ten used is polysulfide or polyu-
plied. Removing the coating first rethane.
before the adhesive is applied
Instead of these adhesive materi-
increases the bonding strength
als, a UV-resistant silicone is used
and protection against corro-
in special installations that have
3
sion. The functional layer is now
exposed insulating glass edges.
hermetically sealed and perma-
The insulating panes that have a
nently protected. The butyl adhe-
UV-resistant edge seal are filled
sive sealant, also called the inner
often with air, since the gas diffu-
sealant level, prevents the water
sion density is lower for silicone.
vapour from forming and the in-
However, to a lesser extent, us-
ert gas from escaping. After the
ing this silicone also reduces
two panes of glass are bonded
the insulating glazing’s U value
together, a gas-pressure press
(Þ chapter 3.5).
is used to withdraw some of the
air from between the panes and
37
GUARDIAN GlassTime
3.3 Thermo-technical function

Three factors define heat trans- Convective flow is a flow of gas
mission: heat radiation, heat con- particles in the interspace that is
ductivity and convective flow. due to the difference in tempera-
ture between the inner and outer
The electromagnetic long-wave
panes of insulating glass. The
thermal radiation that every en-
particles drop on the colder sur-
tity emits due to its temperature
face and rise on the warmer one.
transfers thermal energy without
Consequently, the gas circulates,
transmitting the entity or medium
thus creating a heat flow from
itself.
warm to cold.
Heat conductivity is the heat
Insulating glass consisting of just
flow within a medium because of
two uncoated panes of float glass
temperature discrepancy. In this
where air fills the interspace loses
case, the energy always flows in
about 2/3 of the heat that room
the direction of the lower tem-
would otherwise have due to the
perature.
radiation loss between the two
panes, and loses 1/3 due to heat
conductivity and heat convection
to the outside air.
Invisible thermal insulating coating
Heat radiation
(2/3 of heat transmission in conventional
double insulating glass)
Heat conduction
(together 1/3 of heat transmission in
conventional double insulating glass)
Convection
1. Heat transmission based on radiation can be almost

eliminated by a coating (up to 98 %)
2. Filling insulation glass with argon reduces conduction
3. Convection can be reduced by optimization of the gas
space
Heat loss in a double insulating glass
The result is an extreme differ- Typically one side on today’s insu-

ence in temperature between the lation glass is coated with a low-e
inner pane and a massive loss of film. These coating with emissivi-
heat during the cold seasons due ties up to 0.02 (2%) or even less
to the heat transfer from the inner are capable of reflecting 98% and
pane to the outer pane. more of the incoming long-wave-
38
heat radiation, so that radiation ity than air, thereby reducing the
loss is completely eliminated. heat flowing through the insulat-
ing glass system. Depending on
This is an improvement of approx.
the fill gas, the convective flow
66 % as compared with traditional
in the insulating glass requires a
insulating glass. Heat conductiv-
minimum amount of space when
ity and convective flow are not
there is a defined pane distance,
affected by low-e-coating. This
for example, for air: approx. 16
heat conductivity can, however,
mm; for argon: 15 - 18 mm; and
be reduced by using an inert gas
10 - 12 mm for krypton.
like argon. Inert gases have sig-
nificantly lower heat conductiv-
3
3.4 Edge Seal
Conclusions made so far refer to Outside Inside
0°C 20 ° C
the centre area that is between
17 °C
the panes without any influences
from the insulating glass edges.
Until very recently, the major- 10,4 °C
ity of insulating glass has been
produced using aluminium spac-
ers. Increased requirements Aluminum spacer
have created thermo-technically gaining ground in insulating glass

improved alternatives that are production.
3.4.1 Stainless steel

Extremely thin stainless steel Outside Inside
0°C 20 ° C
profiles possessing consider-
17 °C
ably reduced heat conductivity as
compared with aluminium are the
most frequent alternative. They
are similar to aluminium, how- 12 °C
ever, in terms of their mechanical
stability and diffusion capability. Stainless steel spacer
3.4.2 Metal / plastic combination

Another option is plastic spacers Therefore, combinations of plas-
that offer excellent thermal insu- tic have been developed that
lation capability but do not have have gas-impermeable stainless
a sufficient gas diffusion density steel or aluminium foils.
to guarantee the life cycle for in-
sulating glass.
39
GUARDIAN GlassTime
3.4.3 Thermoplastic systems (TPS)

A hot extruded, special plastic There is a wide range of dis-
substance, which is placed be- posable alternatives today that
tween two panes during produc- provide important reductions of
tion and which guarantees the the Y value, the unit of the heat
required mechanical strength as transport in the boundary zone,
well as gas diffusion density after when they are directly compared
cooling down replaces the con- with each other (Þ chapter 3.5.3).
ventional metal. The desiccant is
part of this substance.
3.5 U value – heat transmittance coefficient

This value states the heat loss Please note that the European
through a component. It indicates U values are different from the
how much heat passes through 1 American values. This must be
m² of component when there is taken into consideration when
a temperature difference of 1 K making international compari-
between the two adjacent sides sons.
– for example, between a room
and an outside wall. The smaller
this value is, the better the heat
insulation.
3.5.1 Ug value
The Ug value is the heat transfer distance of the panes,filling type
coefficient for glazing. It can be and the fill rate when using inert
determined or calculated accord- gases.
ing to defined standards. Four
(To find the rated value for real-
factors determine this value: the
life usage, you have to con-
emissivity of the coating, which is
sider national aggregates – DIN
determined and published by the
41408-4 applies for Germany)
producer of the float glass, the
40
3.5.1.1 Ug value for inclined glass surfaces

The Ug value that is most often
defined and published refers to
glazing that is vertically (90°) in-
stalled. Installation with inclina-
tion changes the convection in
the interspace and decreases the
Ug value. The bigger the glass
surface inclination, the faster the
circulation in the interspace and
the bigger the heat flow from
the inner to the outer pane. This
3
can reduce the Ug value by up to
0.6 W/m²K for double insulating
glass. Mounting Mounting Ug
position angle [W/m2K]
Vertical 90° 1,1
Inclined 45° 1,5
Overhead 0° 1,7
Effect of the mounting position of the

glazing Ug value
3.5.2 Uf value
The Uf value is the heat conduc- • measuring according to
tivity coefficient of the frame, the EN ISO 12412-2,
nominal value of which can be
• calculating acc. to
determined by three different
EN ISO 10077-2,
ways:
• using the EN ISO 10077-1
definition, appendix D.
The nominal value plus the na-
tional aggregates determine the
rated value for the real-life usage.
3.5.3 Y value
The Y value (Psi value) is the line- defines the component’s thermal
ar thermal bridge loss coefficient bridges. The insulating glass itself
for a component. Regarding win- has no Y value, this applies only
dows, it describes the interaction to the construction element into
of insulating glass, dimensions, which it is integrated.
spacer and frame material, and
41
GUARDIAN GlassTime
3.5.4 Uw value
Insulating glass is normally used
in windows. The Uw value de- Af · Uf + Ag · Ug + S(lg · Y)
Uw =
scribes the heat conductivity of Af + Ag
the construction element win-
dow. Based on the Ug value, it Uw: Thermal transmittance from the
window
can be determined using three Uf: Thermal transmittance from the
different methods: frame (assessment value!)
Ug: Thermal transmittance from the
• reading in the glazing (rated value!)
EN ISO 10077-1, Tab. F1 Af: Frame surface
Ag: Glass surface
lg: Periphery for the glazing
• measuring acc. To Y: Linear thermal transmittance from
EN ISO 12567-1 the glass edge
• calculating acc. to
The heat loss in the edge zone is
EN ISO 10077-1 as per the
more important than in the mid-
following formula
dle of the glazing, which is why
thermally improved spacers are
becoming increasingly important.
Like Ug and Uf, the Uw values are
nominal values, which only be-
come rated values after having
added the national supplements.
42
3.6 Dew point and condensation

There is always humidity in the temperature when the relative air
air. Warmer air can hold more wa- moisture reaches 100 % and wa-
ter than cooler air. Once the air ter vapour condenses.
cools down, the relative humidity
This can occur at different places
increases, yet the water vapour
on the insulating glass:
volume remains the same. The
dew point temperature is the
3.6.1 In the interspace between the panes

This rarely occurs with today’s in- 3
sulating glass, since they are her-
metically sealed and filled with
dried gases.
3.6.2 On the interior surface of the pane

Appears on poorly insulated win- If the relative air humidity is very
dows or those with single glazing. high, for example due to cooking,
Warm air cools suddenly near win- washing or proximity to a swim-
dows and transfers humidity to the ming pool, panes may condensate
cold inside pane – the temperature more often. One way to correct this
in winter is often below the dew is to exchange the air by means of
point of the ambient air. The inside short and direct ventilation.
pane for modern insulating glass
The outside temperature, at
stays warm longer so that conden-
which the glazing on the inner
sation very seldom occurs.
side condensate (= forming of
condensation water = dew point),
can be determined by the dew
point diagram.
Recorded examples:
• room temperature 20 °C
• room humidity 50 %
• outdoor temperature 9 °C
Reached dew points:
• Ug = 5,8 W/m²K Þ 9 °C
• Ug = 3,0 W/m²K Þ -8 °C
• Ug = 1,4 W/m²K Þ -40 °C
• Ug = 1,1 W/m²K Þ -48 °C
43
GUARDIAN GlassTime
100
80
Relative humidity [%]

60
1,1 50
1,4
1,6 60
Ug [W/m2K]
1,8
20
3,0
5,8
30
30
Room temperature [°C]
Outdoor temperature [°C]

20 20
10 10
9
0
0
-10 -8
-5 -4 -4 -3 -2 -10
0 8 0 0 0
Outdoor temperature [°C]
Dew point diagram
3.6.3 On the outer pane surface of the insulating glass

This effect appears with the ad- the temperature of the pane, it
vent of modern insulated glass, may lead to condensation, de-
and is particularly noticeable pending on the orientation of the
during the early morning hours, building and the environment.
when the moisture content in the This is not a defect, but the proof
outside air has sharply increased of an excellent thermal insulation
during the night. of the insulating glass.
The excellent insulating quality of GUARDIAN offers special coat-
these glass surfaces prohibit heat ings that allow a clear view
transfer to the outside, so that through the glazing even during
the outer pane remains extremely the morning hours (Þ chapter
cold. When the sun’s rays start to 4.4).
heat the outside air faster then
44
3.7 Solar factor (g value)

The total energy transmittance The g value of transparent heat
degree (solar factor or g value) insulating glass is preferably high
defines the permeability of insu- in order to optimize the energy
lating glass versus solar radiation. balance of the component glass
Solar protection glass minimize by passive solar gains.
the g value due to appropriate
choice of glass and coatings.
3.8 b factor (shading coefficient)

The non-dimensional value serves Acc. to EN 410 (2011): 3
as calculation for the cooling load
of a building and is also called gEN 410
shading coefficient. It describes b=
0,87
the proportion of the g value of a
respective glazing versus a 3 mm
float glass with a g value of 87 %.
3.9 Solar energy gains

Thermal insulation glazing a
llows windows, these gains are differ-
a large proportion of solar ra- ent, less when the windows face
diation into the interior of the east and west, and more when
building. Furniture and fixtures, the glazing faces southward.
walls and floors absorb the short- This energy is free of charge
wave solar radiation and convert and helps to save on heating
it into long-wave heat radiation. costs during the cold season. In
This heat radiation cannot leave the summer months, however, it
the room due to the thermal in- may cause the building to heat
sulation quality of the glazing, up to an uncomfortable degree.
and the heat warms up the air in This is called the “greenhouse
the room. These real solar gains effect”. Therefore, the demands
support traditional heating. De- on summer heat protection
pending on the orientation of the must be taken into consideration
(Þ chapter 5.5).
45
GUARDIAN GlassTime
3.10 Selectivity classification figure

Solar control glass works to mini- light transmittance tV
mize solar heat gain while maxi- S=
g value
mizing the amount if light trans-
ferral into the building. The “S”
The latest generation of
classification number represents
GUARDIAN‘s solar control glass
the proportion of the total energy
already exceed a ratio of 2:1,
(g value) and light transmittance
which has long been considered
(tv) for a glazing. The higher this
the maximum value.
value, the better and more effi-
cient the ratio is.
3.11 Colour rendering index

Colour rendering is not only ours appear. A Ra value of 100
relevant for the physiological means that the colour of the ob-
feeling of the observer but also ject observed through the glazing
for the aesthetical and psycho- is identical to the original colour.
logical aspects. Sunlight that falls
A Ra value of 100 means that the
through an object or is reflected
colour of the object observed
by it will be changed depend-
through the glazing is identical to
ing on the nature of the object
the original colour.
(Þ chapter 2.1).
A colour rendering index of > 90
The colour rendering index (Ra
is rated as very good and > 80 as
value) describes how much an
good. Architectural glass based
object’s colour changes when it is
on clear float glass generally
observed through glazing. It de-
have an Ra value > 90, and mass-
fines the spectral quality of glass
coloured glass usually have an Ra
in transmission, and the value can
value between 60 and 90.
range from 0 to 100. The higher
the colour rendering index is, the The colour rendering index is
more natural the reflected col- determined according to EN 410.
3.12 Interference phenomena

When several parallel float glass caused by light refraction and
panes exist, very specific light- spectral overlap. They rarely oc-
ing conditions can cause optical cur when looking through the
phenomena to appear on the glazing, but in reflection from
surface of the glass. These can outside. These interferences are
be rainbow-like spots, stripes or no reason for complaint but rath-
rings that change their position er are a proof of quality regarding
when you press on the glazing, the absolute plane parallelism of
also referred to as Newton rings. the installed float glass.
These so-called interferences
are of a physical nature and are
46
3.13 Insulating glass effect

Part of each insulating glass is at the panes react like membranes
least one hermetically enclosed that bulge in and out in reaction
space, i.e. the interspace. Since to varying air pressure in the sur-
this space is filled with air or gas, rounding air.
Wind Excess Low

force/ pressure pressure
pressure 3
Deformation Deformation
Outside Inside
Insulating glass effect
Under extreme weather condi- insulation glazing, the medium

tions, unavoidable distortions pane remains nearly rigid, which
may show up despite the plane- is the reason why the impact on
parallel glazing. It can also occur both outer panes is stronger than
due to extreme changes in air on double insulating glass. These
pressure, and influencing factors deformations disappear without
include the size and geometry of effect once the air pressure nor-
the pane of glass, the width of the malizes and represent no defect,
interspace, and the structure of but rather are an indication of the
the pane of glass itself. With triple edge seal density.
47
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Süddeutscher Verlag, Munich

SunGuard® Solar Neutral 67
Gewers Kühn + Kühn Architects
48
4. Translucent thermal insulation............................50
4.1 Economy...................................................................................50
4.2 Ecology.....................................................................................51
4.3 Comfort....................................................................................51
4.4 GUARDIAN product range for thermal insulation..............52
49
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Saving energy is a hot topic in favour of energy savings ar-

worldwide The thermal insulation chitectural achievement. “Trans-
of building envelopes is an im- parent insulation” was therefore
portant part of contemporary ar- developed and designed to offer
chitecture. Yet advances in glass not only unique economic and
transparency of the last three dec- environmental benefits, but to
ades must not be pushed back guarantee also both comfort and
convenience.
4.1 Economy
Technological advances of the In times of steadily increasing
last three decades have pro- heating energy costs, this eco-
duced systems and equipment nomical benefit presents a per-
that can coat high-tech insulating suasive argument. Just making a
glass with razor-thin, neutral coat- simple change, such as glazing
ings using low-cost processes. offers a rather short amortization
This has optimized the “e” emis- period and also offers the occu-
sivity capability for thermal insu- pants remarkable improvements
lation as low as 0.02 and even in convenience and comfort
below, whereas for normal float (Þ chapter 5.3).
glass, e is 0.89.
The following formula offers one
From an economical perspective, possibility for estimating the en-
however, this development and ergy savings potential provided
its application in new buildings is when replacing outdated glass
only the first step. The next step with modern thermal insulation:
must be to integrate this new
glass technology into the millions (Ua - Un) · F · G · 1,19 · 24 l
of square meters of glazed areas E= =
H · W HP
of windows and façades. This is
nearly automatic for new build- E Savings
ings today. However, existing Ua U value of your existing glazing
buildings represent a much larger Un U value of your future glazing
F Glazing area in m²
opportunity, and there is a lot of G Heating degree day number
advocacy work to be done so that according to VDI 4710
1,19 Conversion of kilograms to liters:
the ecological, economic and cli- 1 liter = 1.19 kg fuel oil
mate goals can be achieved. H Heat value of fuel:
light fuel oil at approx. 11,800
W Heating system efficiency:
oil heater at about 0.85
I Liter
HP Heating season
50
4.2 Ecology
Every liter of fuel oil or cubic able and environmentally friendly
meter of natural gas that can be buildings.
saved through using advanced
Leadership in Energy and En-
glazing reduces CO2 emissions
vironmental Design (LEED) is a
and provides an ecological ben-
leading system in this field. Other
efit. Fossil fuel resources are also
systems, for example, are DGNB
saved by reducing their con-
or Breeam. Buildings follow-
sumption and in addition, glass is
ing these systems use resources
one hundred percent recyclable
more efficiently than convention-
because it is made from natural
al techniques because they take
raw materials. Due to its natural
all phases within the life cycle of
ingredients and superior ener-
a building into account – starting
gy-balancing properties, glass
with design and construction to
should not be overlooked or
renovation, and eventually dem- 4
dismissed as a viable material in
olition and proper clean-up.
globally recognized certification
programs for building sustain-
4.3 Comfort
Apart from its economic and eco- ed glass (Þ chapter 3.2) increases
logical aspects, one important the glazing’s room-side surface
goal of building with glass is the temperature, thus drastically
tangible improvement in living minimizing unpleasant drafts in
and working environments. Tint- an area where glazing is present.
ed float glass installed in insulat-
Outside air temperature [°C] 0 -5 -11 -14
Type of glass
Single-pane glass, Ug = 5,8 W/m2K +6 +2 -2 -4
2-pane insulated glass, Ug = 3,0 W/m2K +12 +11 +8 +7
2-pane coated insulating glass, Ug = 1,1 W/m2K +17 +16 +15 +15
3-pane coated insulating glass, Ug = 0,7 W/m2K +18 +18 +17 +17
Surface temperature at 20 °C room temperature [°C]
Modern glass increases this tem- Most people find a room to be

perature to a near room-temper- particularly comfortable when the
ature level and significantly im- temperature differences between
proves the comfort level of one’s wall (glass) and room air is not
home. The decisive factor in com- more than 5 °C and between foot
fort is the temperature difference to head height is not more than
between ambient air and the ad- 3 °C.
jacent wall and window surfaces.
51
GUARDIAN GlassTime
30 Outdoor temperature -10 °C

Surface temperature [°C]
28 Optimal curve
26
U = 0,3 W/m2K
Uncomfortable,
24 Highly insulated wall
hot
22 Ug = 1,1 W/m2K
20 Heat insulation glass
18
16
14 Ug = 3,0 W/m2K
Uncomfortable,
Double-insulating glass
12 cold
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Comfort chart according to Bedford and Liese
The diagram above shows the cooler, then the humidity should
range where ambient air feels be higher for the space to feel
most comfortable. Humidity comfortable. When the room
should always be viewed as de- temperature is higher, the humid-
pendent on room temperature. ity should be lower.
When the air temperature is
100
Relative humidity [%]
90
80
70
60
Mugginess limit
50
40
30 Comfort
20 Less comfort
Uncomfortable dry
10 Uncomfortable moist
0
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Comfort as a function of room temperature and humidity
4.4 GUARDIAN product range for thermal

insulation
Guardian provides a broad range Following are our options regard-
of state-of-the-art thermal insu- ing thermal insulating glass:
lation glass normally coated on
Float ExtraClear®.
52
• ClimaGuard® Premium • ClimaGuard® Solar

(where appropriate based on
Today’s standard product in
climate and / or construction
modern glazing.
norms)
This insulating glass offers
A product optimised for the
excellent thermal insulation
change of seasons. Possesses
at best light efficiency. That
excellent thermal insulation
means that a standard insu-
during cold weather and ex-
lating glass filled with argon
cellent solar protection for the
has a Ug value of 1.1 W/m²K
summer months.
at high light and solar energy
permeability. GUARDIAN also • ClimaGuard® Neutral 70
offers Premium T, a heat treat- (where appropriate based on
able version of ClimaGuard® climate and / or construction
Premium. norms)
• ClimaGuard® 1.0 This durable product features 4
low processing requirements.
With an Ug-value of 1.0 W/m²K
It was developed mainly for
for an Argon filled double insu-
markets where not only ease
lated glass ClimaGuard 1.0 of-
in handling but also heat and
fers the physical maximum but
solar protection are critical.
without using the expensive
ClimaGuard® Neutral 70 can
Krypton gas filling.
be heat treated and bent.
• ClimaGuard® nrG
• ClimaGuard® Dry
Modern buildings are con-
ClimaGuard® Dry is a coating,
structed following low-energy
especially designed for surface
and passive-house standards,
#1 (outer side) which perma-
and require high-tech glaz-
nently minimizes condensation
ing in triple pane construction
on the outer surface. The pho-
with Ug values ≤ 0.8 W/m²K
to-spectrometrical values are
with maximum transparency
scarcely affected (exact values
in terms of light and solar en-
see Þ chapter 10).
ergy (g value up to 62 %).
GUARDIAN also offers Cli-
The coating must be heat trea
maGuard® nrG T, a heat treat- ted in order to get activated
able version. and can be combined with any
heat treatable ClimaGuard®
coating and as SunGuard® Dry
with any SunGuard® solar con-
trol coating on the same glass
pane.
Please see Þ chapter 10 for de-
tails on all products and their rel-
evant values.
53
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Dexia, Brussels
54
5. Transparent solar protection................................56
5.1 Economy...................................................................................56
5.2 Ecology.....................................................................................56
5.3 Comfort....................................................................................56
5.4 Energy flow through glass......................................................57
5.5 Sun protection in summer......................................................58
5.6 Sun protection using glass.....................................................59
5.7 Solar control glass as design component.............................60
5.8 SunGuard® sun protection glass............................................60
55
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Modern architecture today rep- ingly large glass components.

resents spaciousness and trans- This style of construction only
parency. Steadily growing glass became feasible with the advent
elements for the outer building of solar protection glass. These
merge the outside with the inte- types of glass reduce the green-
rior. This is reflected worldwide house effect that mainly occurs
in office and administration build- in summer due to that fact that
ings from the last two decades, rooms can heat up to the point
but also in private housing that that they become unpleasant to
includes atriums, gables and win- be in.
ter garden glazing using increas-
5.1 Economy
Large window and façade sur- the immense number of options
faces allow a great deal of light now available for minimizing the
deep into a building’s interior, amount of heat energy that pen-
thereby avoiding excessive use etrates a building, limiting the
of artificial lightning. Despite this extreme costs of air-conditioning,
large amount of light that can since it costs much more to cool
penetrate deep into a building’s the interior of a building than to
interior, one very important bene- heat it.
fit of using sun protection glass is
5.2 Ecology
Wherever energy is saved – sequence to certify these types of
whether by reducing the amount sun protection glass products acc.
of cooling power use or reducing to e.g. LEED, Breeam, DGNB, or
the phases of artificial light – of other worldwide-approved cer-
course saves on the environment. tification systems for sustainable
ln this context, it is a logical con- constructions. (Þ chapter 4.2).
5.3 Comfort
Super-cooled interiors and over- ing. This was previously achieved
heated rooms are both uncom- by constructing buildings using
fortable to be in, and when rooms opaque building components
are overheated, it can be due to that only had small openings in
too much incoming solar energy the walls.
(Þ chapter 4.3). The floor, walls
Today’s architecture – which
and furniture absorb solar energy
strives to create living and work-
and reflect it as long-wave heat
ing areas that are close to nature
radiation. For this reason, all ef-
and are open and spacious – has
forts must be made to keep this
shifted away from this opaque
energy outside the interior rooms
way of construction towards
to achieve an acceptable room
transparency. Therefore it is es-
climate – without air condition-
56
sential to master the essential also meeting other requirements,

parameters of the sun protection such as structural-physical guide-
using glass to create a functional lines while also achieving energy
and comfortable interior while efficiency.
5.4 Energy flow through glass

An interaction occurs whenever The sum of all three parts is
solar radiation strikes a window: always 100 %:
one part of this radiation is re-
flected back into the environ- transmission + reflection +
ment, another part is allowed to absorption = 100 %
pass through unhindered, and
the rest is absorbed.
secundary heat
5
secundary heat coefficient inside
coefficient outside (re-radiated)
(re-radiated) qout qin
Solar factor
Rout
Te
direct energy
direct enegy
reflection outside
transmission
Sun Energy = Te + Rout + qout + qin

Transmission Absorption
Reflection
Solar performance of glass
57
GUARDIAN GlassTime
5.5 Sun protection in summer

Modern insulated glass lets the
short-wave solar radiation pass Sj (AWj · gtotal)
S=
through without hindrance, but AG
the majority of the short-wave
heat radiation is reflected. This AW: glazed area in m2
AG: total area of the room behind the
results in solar heat gain in the glazing
cold seasons. ln summer, howev- gtotal: Total energy penetration degree of
er, this solar radiation can result in the glazing incl. solar protection,
calculated according to equation (*)
overheating. Therefore, specific resp. acc. to EN 13363-1 or adjusted
requirements need to be met to to EN 410 resp. warranted manufac-
turer details.
prevent this overheating that can
result from these larger glass sur-
faces, starting with the solar input * g
factor S, which must be deter- gtotal =
FC
mined as follows:
g: total solar energy transfer of glazing
acc. to EN 410
FC: reducing coefficient for solar protec-
tion equipment acc. tabel 8
HT Transmission heat loss

HT HV Ventilation heat loss
Qs
Qw Energy demand for hot water
Qh Heating demand
Qc Cooling demand
Qc Qi
Qs Qw Qs Qs Solar heat gains
HT HV Qi Internal heat gains
Qh (e.g. people, electrical
equipment)
HT
Representation of the energy demand
In addition to other energy sourc- face the east, west, and especial-
es (see figure above), the position ly the south, must be equipped
and size of the glazing are critical. with suitable sun protection glaz-
In general, windows or façades ing.
with large areas of glazing that
58
5.6 Sun protection using glass

Early production of sun-protec- Besides actual solar protection,
tive glass was based on glass that which is constantly being refined,
was coloured en masse. Com- a great deal of research and de-
pared with clear glass, coloured velopment effort is being put into
glass increases solar radiation optimizing regarding warehous-
absorption but it also has a sig- ing, processing and resistance to
nificant effect on the transmitted mechanical influences. Another
visible light. As monolitic glass it essential requirement regarding
reducees the transfer of energy coating is to offer versions for all
to approx. 60 %, and in insulat- products that can be laminated,
ing glass, combined with a nor- tempered and bent. Only with
mal pane of clear float glass, it these parameters can the large
reduces the solar energy transmi- spectrum of modern architecture
sion to approx. 50 % when the be met in all aspects.
coloured glass thickness is 6 mm.
Sun protection coatings are nor-
The thicker the glass, the higher
mally on the outer pane and
the energy absoption and the
oriented towards the interspace
lower the transmision. Green-,
(insulating glass position #2). A 6
grey- and bronze-coloured glass
mm thick outer pane is standard.
5
is used most often. Due to their
A thinner counter-pane works
own inherent colouring, they
against optical distortion caused
can significantly change the way
by the insulating glass effect
interior colours are perceived.
(Þ chapter 3.1.3). lf the inter-
Advances in glass coating tech-
space is bigger than 16 mm due
nology have produced a much
to fixtures in the interspace or for
broader range of colours that are
sound-damping purposes; this
also a lot more neutral in terms of
effect has to be considered in the
the effect they have on interior
design. Static requirements often
colours.
need thicker glass.
Today’s sun protection glazing
is based on coated glass rather
than on coloured glass, and is
produced using the magnetron-
sputter-process (Þ chapter 1.3.1).
The multitude of coating varieties
can be used for special applica-
tions. GUARDIAN is focusing on
this technology and developing
new glass for a large variety of
requirements.
59
GUARDIAN GlassTime
5.7 Solar control glass as design component

The trend today is toward design- realizing unconventional design
oriented façades, which entail concepts. Colour-coordinated
new designs in solar control glass. balustrades, for example, enlarge
the range of solar control glass
Glass with low outside reflection
(Þ chapter 8.2).
can be produced, depending on
the coating that is used. Glass Such creative and additive glass
façades can be built to neutral- designing is generally project-
ize the visible borders between related and feasible once the
inside and outside, yet remain physical construction rules have
energy efficient. been taken into consideration.
Digital or screen print techniques
On the other hand, there are
are available, as well as glass-like
mirroring or colour-reflecting
laminated glass. Please refer to
coatings that allow for some
Þ chapter 8.3 for more informa-
architectural license, including
tion.
5.8 SunGuard® sun protection glass
No matter what the architecture SNX, the latest development
or the requirements on building of the SunGuard® High Selec-
physics are, the broad range of tive series, has a spectral selec-
SunGuard® glass offers the best tivity above 2 (for exact values
transparent solution. Þ chapter 10).
• SunGuard® High Selective • SunGuard® HP
This product line, which is A product line of selective
based on ExtraClear® float coatings with a broad variety of
glass, represents a unique colours and reflection grades.
combination of transparency, All of this glass can be tem-
thermal insulation and sun pered, bent and can imprinted
protection. The focus is on the using a ceramic process.
high selectivity – the ratio of
Thanks to the consistency of
light-to-solar energy transmis-
the coating, many SunGuard®
sion. Another important fea-
HP types are compatible with
ture is its neutral appearance
several series of insulating
with low reflection. All prod-
glass sealants and structural
ucts of this product line are
silicones. Many of this coatings
also available in a heat treat-
can be used facing the PVB in-
able version as “SN-HT”.
terlayer inside laminated glass.
SunGuard® High Selective
In a double-glazed insulating
glass, in a double insulating
glass unit SunGuard HP pro-
glass unit, can achieve Ug val-
vides Ug values between 1.5
ues of up to 1.0 Wm²K with
and 1.1 Wm²K without addi-
light transmission values be-
tional thermal insulation glass
tween 40 and 70 %.
60
as counter pane and tL-values nating, tempering, bending or

between 60 and 30 % and g- imprinting is possible with Sun-
values between approx. 50 Guard® Solar glass. They toler-
- 20 %, depending on the inate nearly all glazing materials
tensity of colouring and reflec- and sealants.
tion grade (technical detailed
ln double-insulating glass the
values Þ chapter 10).
SunGuard Solar series pro-
• SunGuard® Solar vides with a counter pane of
ClimaGuard® Premium a Ug
Providing the highest flex-
value of 1.1 Wm²K with tL-val-
ibility for use and processing,
ues of approx. 10 to 60 % and
SunGuard® Solar is our series
g-values of < 10 up to approx.
of pure solar control caotings
50 % (further values Þ chapter
The whole range of conceiv-
10).
able processing such as lami-
KIA European Headquarters,

Frankfurt
Yutake Omehara Architect
Jochen Holzwarth Architect
5
61
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Raiffeisen International „Die Welle“, Vienna

SunGuard® Solar Royal Blue 20
Hans Hollein Architect
62
6. Transparent noise protection...............................64
6.1 Human aspects........................................................................64
6.2 Sound wave characteristics....................................................64
6.2.1 Limits.........................................................................................64
6.2.2 Detection..................................................................................65
6.3 Sound ratings for buildings....................................................66
6.3.1 Medium noise reduction factor..............................................66
6.3.2 Correction factors....................................................................67
6.4 Influence factors and production varieties...........................68
6.4.1 Weight of the pane..................................................................68
6.4.2 Insulating structure / Interspace.............................................68
6.4.3 Decoupled single panes.........................................................70
6.5 GUARDIAN sound protection glass......................................71
63
GUARDIAN GlassTime
6.1 Human aspects

In the past several decades, our can lead to worsening tinnitus
environment has become much and anblyacousia. Hearing loss
louder due to mobility and in- may also contribute to mental ill-
dustrialization. This development nesses that can start with insom-
has become a severe problem for nia, inability to concentrate (due
many people. Permanent noise to the tinnitus), all of which can
represents two key dangers: further lead to allergies, circula-
Once a person’s sense of hearing tion diseases, high blood pres-
is damaged, it can start to dimin- sure, even to an increased risk of
ish unnoticed over time, which heart attack.
6.2 Sound wave characteristics

Noise is a mixture of different Depending on the way they are
sound waves that arise in solid transmitted, the waves are called
compounds, liquids or gases (air). airborne or structure-borne noise.
Airborne sound Structure-borne sound
6.2.1 Limits
Sound is normally transported by tremely variable, from the ticking
both through the air and through of a clock to the crack of a gun-
solid objects. The intensity of the shot, and is measured in decibels
variability in pressure is called (dB).
sound pressure, and can be ex-
Hearing impairment (Long-term ex.) Pain threshold Sound level dB(A)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Soft music Car Jet Gunshot

Auditory threshold Speech Truck Hammer out Firecrackers
Decibel meter
64
Sound source Distance app. [m] Sound level dB(A)

Rustling leaf 1 10
Clock ticking 1 20
Soft music 1 40
Normal speech 1 50 - 60
Car 7 80
Heavy truck 7 90
Jackhammer 7 90 - 100
Police siren 10 110
Jet 20 120 - 130
Hammer out 5 150
F irecrackers 0 170
Gunshot 0 180
Noise source and sound level
Frequency is the number of many waves of different frequen-

waves or vibrations per second, cies. Deep tones are low frequen-
and is measured in Hertz (Hz). cies and high tones are high fre-
Sound or noise is composed of quencies.
Sound pressure [dB]
Sound pressure [dB]
6
Time [s] Time [s]
Bass (low-pitched) tones Treble (high-pitched) tones
6.2.2 Detection
The mix of these frequencies in ceives high frequencies more
a sound can be represented as readily than low frequencies into
a frequency spectrum. The fre- account and states it in terms of
quency spectrum of sounds that dB(A). “A” means adjusted. De-
the human ear can hear falls be- fining sound reduction does not
tween 20 and 20,000 Hz. Only follow a linear path, but rather is a
the highest frequency range i.e. logarithmic function. Two sources
kHz to 4 is relevant to protecting of sound that are each 80 dB, for
against structural noise; humans’ example, do not add up to 160
ability to perceive frequencies dB, but only to 83 dB. Thus, the
in this range drops off mark- human ear registers a difference
edly in either direction from this of ± 10 dB as doubling, or cut-
point. Sound insulation ratings, ting, the volume in half.
therefore, mainly take the range
Generally, the following rating
between 100 and 5000 Hz into
applies based on logarithmic as-
account. The rating represents
sessments:
the fact that the human ear per-
65
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Insulation Noise reduction Since a large percentage of to-

10 dB 50 % day’s installed soundproof glass
20 dB 75 % insulation is rated for 40 dB, this
30 dB 87.5 % type of glass only lets about 6%
40 dB 94.25 % of external noise inside.
6.3 Sound ratings for buildings

A building component (e.g. glass) When working with buildings, it
with a noise-reduction capacity is not possible to consider the
rating of 40 dB will reduce the building itself in terms of noise
70 dB of outside noise to 30 dB level. One must take the entire
on the inside of the building, periphery around the building
which is a noticeable reduction into account to get the total dB
that is one sixteenth the outdoor possible for sound reduction.
noise level.
6.3.1 Medium noise reduction factor (Rw)

The noise for solid objects is de- This is done by measuring and
fined acc. to EN 20 140, EN ISO comparing a reference curve.
717 and EN ISO 140, and is stat- Rw represents an average sound
ed as Rw in dB. insulation over the relevant fre-
quencies.
60
One-third octave noise level [dB]
Road noise
Noise level outdoors =
50 69 dB (A)
40 Standard insulation
(4/16/4)
Rw,P = 30 dB
30
Interior sound level in
20 standard insulating glass
Noise level indoors =
10 43 dB (A)
Acoustic insulating glass
0 (44.1/14/6)
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 Rw,P = 43 dB
Frequency [Hz] Interior sound levels in
acoustic insulating glass
Gain in sound insulation between the standard Noise level indoors =
insulating and acoustic insulating glass. 30 dB (A)
Comparison soundproofing between standard insulating and acoustic insulation
Here, the reference curve is The value of the ordinates of

moved vertically as long as the the moved reference curve at
centre part of the underflow is 5,000 Hz complies then with the
not more than 2 dB. Exceed- average assessed noise reduction
ing the curve is not considered. value of Rw. Additionally, espe-
66
cially in Germany, DIN 4109 has R’w, res

= resulting sound reduc-
to be considered. It follows the tion index in db of the
following nomenclature: entire structural com-
ponent (e.g. entire wall
Rw =
assessed noise reduc-
incl. Windows consisting
tion extent in dB with no
of frames with glass and
noise transfer over the
structural connections)
adjacent components
(just the net glass value, Rw,P = weighted sound reduc-
for example) tion index in dB, deter-
mined on the test station
R’w =
weighted sound reduc-
tion index in dB with Rw,R = weighted sound reduc-
sound transmission via tion index in dB, calcula-
adjacent structural com- tion value
ponents (for example
Rw,B = weighted sound reduc-
windows)
tion index in dB, values
measured on the con-
struction
6.3.2 Correction factors (C, Ctr)

This correlation can be used to source for these Rw mean values,
compare and calculate individual there are certain correction fac-
acoustic components to arrive at tors that must be taken into con-
the total sound level. However, sideration, which are also defined 6
real-life application has shown in the EN.
that, depending on the noise
Source of the noise Spectrum
adaptation value
Normal frequency noise levels such as talking, listening to music,
radio and TV
Children playing
C
Railcars moving at a average and high speeds*
Highway traffic travelling at over 80 km/hr*
Airplanes using jet propulsion from a short distance
Production plants, which emit predominantly medium-to high-
Spectrum 1
frequency noise
Inner city street noise
The sound made by railcars moving at a slow speed
Prop planes Ctr
Airplanes using jet propulsion from a great distance
Disco music
Manufacturing companies with predominantly low-frequency noise
Spectrum 2
radiation
Spectrum adaptation value
67
GUARDIAN GlassTime
* In several EU countries, there are com- rail traffic noise. These can be used for
putational methods for the fixation of comparison with the spectra of 1 and 2.
octave-width sound levels for road and
These correction factors, i.e. (C,Ctr) = 40 (-2,-8) has an average

spectrum adaptation values C insulating capacity of 40 dB, es-
and Ctr, reduce the sound reduc- pecially for noise sources at high-
tion index Rw of the component if er pitches. However, the noise re-
the noise sources acc. to the EN duction is 2 dB lower, and mainly
list are causative. This means that for those with lower frequencies,
a component with the values Rw the reduction is even 8 dB lower.
6.4 Influence factors and production varieties

The following parameters affect
noise reduction via glazing.
6.4.1 Weight of the pane

It generally follows that the thick- Therefore, insulation efficiency
er the pane per surface unit is, increases as glass thickness rises.
the greater the noise reduction.
Sound insulation value Rw [dB]
50
45
40
Glass thickness
35
30
20
20
2 4 6 8 10 12
Glass thickness [mm]
Insulating performance as a function of the glass thickness
6.4.2 Insulating structure / Interspace

Double or triple insulating glass noise reduction. But this is only
is a mass-spring-mass system: possible to a limited degree, since
both outer panes (masses) are this process not only reduces ther-
separated from each other by the mal insulation (Þ chapter 3.3) but
air or gas that fills the interspace. also increases the climate’s impact
The interspace muffles the vibra- on the unit. If you moderately
tions from the outer pane before increase the interspace with an
they reach the inner, second pane, asymmetrical insulating structure,
with the rule being the bigger the the glazing will provide excellent
interspace, the more effective the noise reducing values.
68
Interspace
Variation of the Asymmetrical
insulating glass insulating glass
interspace construction
Valid insulating glass constructions
60
Rw [dB]
Interspace [mm]
50
24
16
40 12
30
20
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 30
Total glass thickness [mm]
6
Rw of double insulated glass
69
GUARDIAN GlassTime
6.4.3 Decoupled single panes

The noise-reducing effect of this solution, the thickness and
thicker, heavier glass may be fur- space weight remain the same;
ther optimized by using a flexi the pane, however gets “softer”
ble interlayer (PVB) to connect and thus increases its insulating
two single panes of glass. With capacity in terms of sound waves.
Amplitude [V]
Glass PVB Glass

Standard PVB film film
reduced
LamiGlass® Sound Control vibration
Time [s]
Decoupling of single panes
Special noise-protection films are nated safety glass for many years.
also used in addition to the usual In addition to the safety aspect,
commercial PVB films that have they furthermore increase noise
been utilized to produce lami- protection.
8 mm float glass
60
Sound reduction level R [dB]
LamiGlass® Sound
Control consisting of
50 2 x 4 mm glass and
acoustic PVB interlayer
40
Insulating glass consist-
ing of 2 x 4 mm glass
30
20
10
0
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Frequency [Hz]
Comparison soundproofing
70
6.5 GUARDIAN sound protection glass

The GUARDIAN base line of safety glass products that pro-
products uses two different ver- vide improved sound insulation
sions for manufacturing noise because they are made using the
control products. The first version proven polyvinyl butyral (PVB)
is for manufacturing laminated (Þ chapter 7.4).
LamiGlass® Sound
60 Control 44.2
Sound insulating value Rw [dB]
Rw = 37 dB
50 LamiGlass®
Standard 44.2
40 Rw = 34 dB
30
20
10
0
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Frequency [Hz]
Comparison between LamiGlass® Standard and LamiGlass® Sound Control
Another improvement to the ments of the building, you can

products is that standard films choose between different types
have been replaced with sound- of glass since a wide range of 6
optimized versions. Depend- functional glass is manufactured
ing on the structural require- (Þ chapter 10).
71
GUARDIAN GlassTime
International House of Music, Moskow

Architects Yuriy P. Gnedovski + Vladlen D. Krasilnikov
72
7. Transparent safety........................................................74
7.1 Fully tempered glass...............................................................74
7.1.1 Production................................................................................74
7.1.3 Resistance to impact and shock.............................................76
7.1.5 Resistance to ball-impacts......................................................76
7.1.6 Heat influence..........................................................................76
7.1.7 Anisotropies (strain pattern)....................................................77
7.1.8 Optical quality..........................................................................77
7.1.9 Moisture film on tempered glass...........................................77
7.1.10 Identification............................................................................77
7.2 Heat-soaked and tempered glass.........................................77
7.3 Partially tempered glass (heat strengthened glass)............79
7.3.1 Production................................................................................79
7.3.3 Heat influence..........................................................................80
7.4 Laminated safety glass...........................................................80
7.4.1 Production................................................................................81
7.4.3 Impact resistance.....................................................................82
7.5 Safety with and through glass...............................................82
7.5.1 Active safety.............................................................................82
Impact Resistance (ball drop) acc. to EN 356 | Impact Resistance (axe)
acc. to EN 356 | Bullet resistance acc. to EN 1063 | Explosion resistance
acc. to EN 13 541
7
7.5.2 Passive safety...........................................................................85
Protection against injury | Glazing for protecting people against falling
out | Overhead glazing | Post - glass breakage performance / residual
strength
7.6 Recommendations for certain glass implementations........88

7.6.1 Vertical glazing without protection against crashing...........88
7.6.2 Horizontal / overhead glazing................................................90
7.6.3 Fall protection glazing.............................................................91
7.6.4 Glazing in buildings used for special purposes....................93
7.6.5 Glazing for interior works without fall protection.................95
7.6.6 Special safety glasses..............................................................96
7.6.7 Structural glass construction...................................................97
73
GUARDIAN GlassTime
A component must be reliable if able that is used either individu-

it is going to be safe to use. Glass ally or in combination with other
manufacturers recognized this types of glass in building con-
fact more than 100 years go, and struction. The three main types of
apply this principle to automo- glass are tempered safety glass,
tive glass manufacturing today. A laminated safety glass and heat-
wide range of safety glass is avail- strengthened glass.
7.1 Fully tempered glass

“Transparent insulation” was However, should failure occur
therefore designed to offer due to overloading, then the
unique economic and environ- glass will fracture into a blunt-
mental benefits, while providing edged mass of loosely connect-
both comfort and convenience. ed pieces that pose a lesser risk
In this process, the basic glass of injury than the sharp-edged
is thermally treated (tempered), shards produced by shattered
which gives it three outstanding conventional glass.
characteristics: it has a four to
five times greater tensile strength
than annealed glass of the same
thickness and can therefore han-
dle much higher suction or blunt
impact forces. Tempering also
makes glass more resistant to
severe, short-term fluctuations
in hot and cold temperatures, as
well as more able to handle large
differences in temperature within
the pane of glass itself. Fracture tempered glass
7.1.1 Production
The only glass panes that reach These panes are heated to ap-
the tempering unit are those cut prox. 600 °C using controlled
from basic glass. These glasses and even heating, are then next
are precisely measured, the edges rapidly cooled using cold air, and
have already been worked, and finally “quenched” by quickly be-
drilled holes and boundary cuts ing brought back to room tem-
have already been made. perature.
74
Transparent safety
Applying
the glass Heating Quench Cooling Lift off, stacking
> 600 °C
Manufacturing process of tempered glass (schematic representation)
This “quenching” or, stated in Tension

professional terms, “blowing Compression
off”, makes the glass surface cool
down faster that the centre of the
glass, which creates a durable
tensile strength in the glass. The
tensile stress increases from glass
No load applied
surface, which is under compres-
sion stress, to the core of the Tension
glass section. Compression1
Compressive Nominal tensile Compression2

strength strength Slight bending pressure applied
Tension dynamic Tension

7
Compression
This tension structure gives the
glass its outstanding features,
and also explains why all machin-
ing must be carried out on the
glass in advance. If drilling, for ex-
ample, is carried out on the glass
Increased bending pressure applied
after it has been tempered, the
entire glass will shatter. The rea- Tensile strength distribution
son is that the drilling procedure
breaks up, or interrupts, the ten-
sion structure, which causes the
glass to break apart. The tension
zones are visible under polarized
light and can be viewed at cer-
tain angles as coloured, optical
effects. Tension dynamic – visible
75
GUARDIAN GlassTime
7.1.2 Building physical characteristics

Thermal conductivity, light and weight, the sound insulation char-
energy permeability, thermal ex- acteristics as well as the chemical
pansion, compressive strength properties. Other parameters,
and elastic modulus remain iden- however, will vary tremendously.
tical in the basic glass, as do the
7.1.3 Resistance to impact and shock

Fully tempered glass is resistant pendulum impact test for glass in
to shocks from soft, deformable buildings). The respective field
objects like the human body, of application determines the re-
and is in acc. with EN 12 600 (the quired glass thickness.
7.1.4 Tensile bending strength

Fully tempered glass can be
made out of various basic types
of glass and is additionally coated
with ceramic colours. The tensile
bending strength must therefore
be classified as per the design:
• Tempered glass made from
float glass • Tempered glass made from
s = 120 MPa enamelled plane glass,
whereby the enamelled side is
• Tempered glass made from
under tensile stress
ornamental glass
s = 75 MPa
s = 90 MPa
7.1.5 Resistance to ball-impacts

At 6 mm thick, fully tempered glass
glass is especially suitable for use
in large surface glass applications
in gyms and sports halls as is typi-
cal in countries such as Germany
(in acc. with DIN 18 032 “Test for
safety against throwing balls”).
7.1.6 Heat influence

Fully tempered glass is capable temperature differences within a
of resisting temperatures exceed- glass pane, between the centre
ing 300 °C for brief periods of and the edge of the pane, for ex-
time, and temperatures exceed- ample, is very high, at 200 Kelvin
ing 250 °C for extended periods (K), compared with 40 K for float
of time. The resistance versus glass.
76
Transparent safety
7.1.7 Anisotropies (strain pattern)

These are unavoidable irisation Depending on the angle of view,
appearances on thermally tem- dark-coloured rings or stripes are
pered glass due to the internal visible in polarized light.
stress distribution in each pane.
7.1.8 Optical quality

Minor surface changes can occur and cannot be prevented. This is
in the tempered glass, since it will the same reason why, in excep-
be moved about on wheels dur- tional cases, dots – “roller pick-
ing manufacturing. These minor up” – can also form on the glass
surface changes are referred to as surface, and are visible under ad-
“roller waves”, and have a physi- verse lighting conditions.
cal basis due to technical reasons
7.1.9 Moisture film on tempered glass

The wettability of the surface can a moisture film on the glass sur-
be toughened by different im- face, this varying wettability with-
pressions from rolls, suction cups, in a glass surface is visible, but
trowelling compounds or lubri- does not indicate any deficiency.
cants. In subsequent formation of
7.1.10 Identification
or produ
rk
Each tempered piece of glass
Tradema
ct
Manufacturer
name
must be clearly and permanent- app. Manufacturing plant

Certificate Authority
ly marked in accordance with
EN 12150. EN 12150 7
Identification of tempered glass
7.2 Heat-soaked tempered glass

In each basic glass there are ex-
tremely low quantities of nickel
sulphide crystals that are inevita-
bly introduced into the glass via
the raw materials. In normal float
or patterned glass, these crystals
do not have any relevance.
100 mm
Nickel sulphide – particel in float glass with

mechanical stress
77
GUARDIAN GlassTime
The extremely fast cooling off

period during the tempering pro-
cess “freezes” the NiS particles in
a high temperature crystal modifi-
cation. When heat is later applied
through solar energy absorption,
for example, this crystal structure
may change because the volume
of the crystals change, i.e. in-
creases, and this may cause the
glass to suddenly burst apart as
soon as the particles exceed a
critical size.
Therefore, all safety-relevant
glazing and panes such as façade
glass, that are going to be ex- Heat-soak oven
posed to high temperature alter-
nations must be subjected to the For that purpose, the tempered
additional heat-soak test. glass panes are heated to a de-
fined 290 °C ± 10 % for at least
This test is carried out acc. to
2 hours – in Germany, this test is
EN 14 179 and has to be docu-
carried out according to the local
mented. This test forces the nick-
list of construction rules, so that
el-sulphide crystals that may be
the test may even go for as long
present to react quickly. Those
as 4 hours – in order to achieve
panes of glass that do have these
the regulated building product
invisible crystals are intention-
“tempered – heat soaked glass”.
ally destroyed during this test.
Heat Hold Cooling

Temperature [°C]
320
300
280
70
U
0 t1 t2 Time [h]
Batch of glass that reaches 280 °C t1: Batch of glass reaches 280 °C
Last batch of glass that reaches t2: Last batch of glass reaches 280 °C
280 °C U: Ambient temperature
Glass temperature
Temperature curve heat-soak test
78
Transparent safety
This process is controlled using in-

– heat soa
ternal and external controllers; and ered Manufacturer ked gla
mp app. Manufacturing
each supplied pane has to be per- plant
Te
ss
Certificate Authority
manently documented. Moreover Tra EN 14179-1
d am
e
em a
these panes have to be declared r k o r p ro d u c t n
additionally to the tempered glass
standard identification visibly. Identification of tempered – heat soaked glass
7.3 Partially tempered glass

(heat strengthened glass)
According to EN 1863, as single as a combination element, indis-
pane, heat strengthened glass is pensable in the glazing construc-
not classified as safety glass, but tion business.
7.3.1 Production
Production is the same as for fully
tempered glass, but the cooling-
off process is slower, which means
that the stress differences in the
glass are lower. You could even
rank heat strengthened glass be- Laminated safety glass made of 2 x
tween float and fully tempered tempered glass – top pane broken
glass glass. The values for the
alternating temperature resist-
ance as well as the flexural tensile
strength are proof of this. The
structure after a fracture occurs is
similar to that of a float glass pane. 7
The fracture radiates outward Laminated safety glass made of 2 x heat
strengthened glass – top pane broken
from the point where the impact/
fracture occurred to the edges of
the pane.
Thanks to fracture characteristics
of heat strengthened glass, which
are different from tempered glass,
a single unit of laminated safety Laminated safety glass made of 2 x
tempered glass – both panes broken
glass made of heat strengthened
glass has excellent residual load-
bearing properties.
In case of failure of one pane out
of two heat strengthened panes
in laminated safety glass there is
only a minor deflection, contrary Laminated safety glass made of 2 x heat
to the sagging of laminated safety strengthened glass – both panes broken
79
GUARDIAN GlassTime
glass made of tempered glass. A slower cooling down during the

That is why heat strengthened reproduction process avoids the risk
places tempered glass more and of a spontaneous breakage by NiS
more in laminated glass when in- inclusions.
creased flexural tensile strength
and alternating temperature load-
ing are required.
7.3.2 Tensile bending strength

• Heat strengthened glass made • Heat strengthened glass
of float glass made of enamelled plane
s = 70 MPa glass whereby the enamelled
side is under tensile stress
• Heat strengthened glass made
s = 45 MPa
of ornamental glass
s = 55 MPa
7.3.3 Heat influence

The failure strength of a heat perature differences in the glass
strengthened glass against tem- space can be assessed at 100 K.
7.4 Laminated safety glass

Since its invention in 1909, and The safety effect of laminated
after more than a century of con- safety glass is based on the ex-
tinuous improvement, laminated tremely high tensile strength of
safety glass is a key component the PVB interlayer and its excel-
in the realization of modern archi- lent adhesion to the adjacent
tecture. The permanent connec- glass surface. In terms of me-
tion of two or more single pane chanical stress such as shock, im-
glasses with sticky, elastic, highly pact or influence from other forc-
tear-resistant polyvinyl-butyral- es breaking the glass, though,
foils (PVB) makes a multi function- the fragments adhere to the PVB
al element from the glass, which layer, so that the laminated safety
can handle high static forces and glass will usually retain its stability
constructive tasks in addition to under load.
its given transparency. Any con-
This leaves the glazed opening
ceivable type of plate glass can
closed, which sharply reduces the
be laminated to laminated safety
risk of injury due to chips adher-
glass, no matter whether it is float
ing. Depending on the use of
or flat structural patterned glass,
laminated safety glass, multiple
coated or printed.
PVB interlayers can be placed be-
tween two glass in order to meet
needs that have tougher require-
ments.
80
Transparent safety
7.4.1 Production
Laminated safety glass is pro- Optional additional films / panes
duced according to the rules and Float / tempered / heat
regulations governing EN 14 449. strengthened
Two or more thoroughly cleaned PVB interlayer
panes with each one or more PVB Float / tempered /
heat strengthened
interlayers are mounted on each
other in a clean-room. This sand-
wich is then pre-strengthened
in a rolling process at approx.
200 °C heat. This is referred to as
a mechanical pre-bonding unit.
The resulting transparent glass-
foil unit is now transported with
many others on a glass rack to
the autoclave, a high pressure Construction of laminated safety glass
aggregate, where the transparent heated to 130 °C, producing an

pre-bonding unit is subjected to absolutely transparent laminated
approx. 10 bar of pressure and safety glass.
Applying Laminate Mechanically De-stacking

the glass Cleaning (clean room) pre-bonding Autoclave the glass
app. 200 °C app. 130 °C / 10 bar 7

Production prozess of laminated safety glass (schematic representation)
Production of laminated safety glass – clean room
81
GUARDIAN GlassTime
7.4.2 Building physical characteristics

Compressive strength, thermal Depending on the thickness of
conductivity, thermal expansion, the assembly, the light transmis-
modulus of elasticity and mass sion is between 90 - 70 %. The
per unit area and chemical char- light transmission as well as the
acteristics are similar to individual colour rendering impression – es-
basic glass properties. The light pecially when the assemblies are
transmission is also a result of thicker with several panes and
the values of the processed basic many foils – can be improved by
glass and the PVB foils. using Float ExtraClear® and main-
ly Float UltraClear™.
7.4.3 Impact resistance

To simulate the impact of a hu- The audited constructions by
man body, EN 12 600 regulates a GUARDIAN that meet these re-
pendulum test for glass for build- quirements, see Þ chapter 10.6.
ings.
7.5 Safety with and through glass

In the past, large glass surfaces when working with glass is bro-
could be a weak link in a build- ken down into using glass prop-
ing’s outer shell against attacks erly within the building structure
of any kind. Modern, new-age and using it on the outside of
glazing have now taken reme- the building. Details are listed in
dial measures. Basically, safety Þ chapter 7.6.
7.5.1 Active safety

The task is to use glass as an active, short term peak loads. To
tive barrier against dynamic at- resist such forces in case of emer-
tacks. Main targets are to prohibit gency, the EN norms prescribe
a pervasion over a defined period test criteria which the individual
of time but also in case of selec- types of glass have to fulfil.
82
Transparent safety
7.5.1.1 Impact Resistance (ball drop) acc. to EN 356

Break-resistant glass is tested with
a steel ball weighing 4 kg with
a diameter of 10 cm (ball drop
test). To distinguish between dif-
ferent resistance classes, this ball
is dropped in a free fall from dif-
ferent heights and several times
onto the same point. Following
specifications result from this test:
Resistance class Drop height
acc. to EN 356 (hits)
P1 A 1,500 mm (3)
P2 A 3,000 mm (3)
P3 A 6,000 mm (3)
P4 A 9,000 mm (3)
P5 A 9,000 mm (9)
Qualified types of glass see

Þ chapter 10.6.
7.5.1.2 Impact Resistance (axe) acc. to EN 356

Another test method is used to
meet the increased demands of
penetration prevention. Depend- 7
ing on the resistance class, the
test glass must resist a number of
defined hits at the same spot with
a mechanically driven 2 kg axe.
After having reached the defined
number of hits, only a maximum
opening of ≤ 400 x 400 mm is al-
lowed.
Resistance class Number of hits
acc. to EN 356 by axe
P6 B 30
P7 B 51
P8 B 70
83
GUARDIAN GlassTime
7.5.1.3 Bullet resistance acc. to EN 1063

EN 1063 governs the rules for glass is not allowed to be pen-
the safety of people and goods etrated in this test. In case of
in case of direct fire by different people being directly behind
arms and calibres from different such glazing in case of an attack,
distances. Each test pane with a there is a differentiation between
defined hit-picture is fired three “shatterproof” (NS) and “non-
times at room temperature. The shatterproof” (S).
Calibre Projectile
Type
.22 LR L/RN Lead round-nose bullet
9 mm x 19 VMR/Wk Full metal jacket flat nose bullet with soft core
.357 Magn. VMKS/Wk Full metal jacket cone pointed nose bullet with soft core
.44 Magn. VMF/Wk Full metal jacket flat nose bullet with soft core
5.56 x 45 FJ/PB/SCP 1 Full jacket pointed bullet with lead core with steel insert
7.62 x 51 VMS/Wk Full jacket pointed bullet with soft core
7.62 x 51 VMS/Hk Full jacket pointed bullet with a hard core
Shotgun 12/70* Brenneke
Shotgun 12/70 Brenneke
* The test is performed using a single shot
7.5.1.4 Explosion resistance acc. to EN 13 541

This European requirement spec- of a specimen of about 1 m².
ifies the qualifications and the Here also, that is automatically
methods for blast resistant secu- achieved in parallel with the
rity glazing products for building types of glass supplied an excel-
applications. The classification lent penetration resistance.
applies only to the dimension
Type Characteristics of a flat compression wave
classification Minimum values for the
number Pos. max. compression Pos. specific impulse Pos. pressure phase
of the reflected shock (i+) period (t+)
wave (Pr)
[kPa] [kPa x ms] [ms]
ER 1 50 ≤ Pr < 100 370 ≤ i+ < 900 ≥ 20
ER 2 100 ≤ Pr < 150 900 ≤ i+ < 1,500 ≥ 20
ER 3 150 ≤ Pr < 200 1,500 ≤ i+ < 1,500 ≥ 20
ER 4 200 ≤ Pr < 250 2,200 ≤ i+ < 3,200 ≥ 20
In accordance with EN 13 541
84
Transparent safety
All laminated safety glass types

used in this application have lam-
inated, asymmetric assemblies,
and automatically have outstand-
ing penetration prevention.
F iring class F iring distance Speed

Weight [g] Splintering No splintering [m] [m/s]
2.6 ± 0,10 BR1-S BR1-NS 10 360 ± 10

8.0 ± 0,10 BR2-S BR2-NS 5 400 ± 10
10.25 ± 0,10 BR3-S BR3-NS 5 430 ± 10
15.55 ± 0,10 BR4-S BR4-NS 5 440 ± 10
4.0 ± 0,10 BR5-S BR5-NS 10 950 ± 10
9.45 ± 0,10 BR6-S BR6-NS 10 830 ± 10
9.75 ± 0,10 BR7-S BR7-NS 10 820 ± 10
31.0 ± 0,50 SG1-S * SG1-NS * 10 420 ± 20
31.0 ± 0,50 SG2-S SG2-NS 10 420 ± 20
7.5.2 Passive safety

In contrast to active safety glass, passive safety glass is more likely
which is more likely to fail as a re- to fail due to mechanical contrac-
sult of a huge, deliberate impact, tions. 7
7.5.2.1 Protection against injury

In each application, whether its
full glass doors, showers, parts
of furniture or large-scale glaz-
ing in public areas, glass should
not be applied in a way to create
sharp-edged shards that could
cause massive injuries in case of
breakage or shatter. That is why
the tempered, heat strengthened
and laminated safety types of
glass are supplied in very differ-
ent assemblies, depending on
their intended use.
85
GUARDIAN GlassTime
7.5.2.2 Glazing for protecting people against falling out

Clear regulation parameters are
linked with the installation of
glass elements in areas where
they could cave in. These areas
cover simple railings and barriers
up to room-high glazing installed
more than approx. one meter
above solid ground. In Germany,
“Technical rules for safety barrier
glazing – TRAV” governs these
types of installations, which DIN
18 008, part 4, will soon replace.
This new DIN is based on Euro-
pean unified standards, which all of application. Glazing that devi-
EU countries will have to imple- ates from this legal specification
ment in the short- to medium- is of course allowed, but must be
term.This legal specification man- inspected and tested in each sin-
dates the kind of glass and the gle case and be accepted by an
assembly, depending on its area official party (Þ chapter 7.6).
7.5.2.3 Overhead glazing

Any glazing installed on an incline The “Technical rules for the use of
of ± 10° relative to the vertical is linear-supported glazing – TRLV
referred to as overhead glazing. currently governs these types
In addition to having to withstand of installations in Germany. This
the usual types of forces, such technical rule will be replaced
as wind, varying weather condi- soon by DIN 18 008, part 2. This
tions and snow, the glass must new DIN is indeed a national
be able to hold up under its own norm but is based on European
construction load. Therefore, constituted standards that have
these types of glass have to be to be implemented in the medi-
treated differently than those that um-term by all EU-countries.
are installed vertically. It is critical
It is a general rule that today’s
that in case of failure, this type of
overhead glazing must be exclu-
overhead glazing can be guaran-
sively made of laminated safety
teed not to shower down glass
glass, with a minimum of 0.76
splinters, shards or huge jagged
mm PVB for the lower pane. Stat-
pieces.
ic requirements may even require
higher standards.
86
Transparent safety
The specifications for “walk-on

glazing” are similar to those for
overhead glazing. These are
glass constructions that can be
walked on for a short period of
time for cleaning and mainte-
nance purposes. The area under-
neath the glassed-in walk-on area
on is blocked off (Þ chapter 7.6).
7.5.2.4 Post - glass breakage performance / residual strength

Residual stability refers to the bear its own weight over a de-
characteristic of an installed glass fined period of time. The re-
element to remain standing for a quirements and the installation
defined, limited period of time situations always determine the
without exerting any load. This respective kind of glazing that
applies only to vertical glazing. must be used. The following
Overhead glazing’s residual ca- charts give a broad overview of
pacity refers to the fact that in this type of implementation.
case of failure, the glass must
7
87
GUARDIAN GlassTime
7.6 Recommendations for certain glass

implementations
Detailed specifications for glass example, they have to be ob-
construction and the measuring served in addition.
of glass are based on the respec-
The following recomandations
tive rules and are not stated here
may partially exceed the legal
in detail. If there are additional
requirements, based on practical
specifications, fire protection or
experience.
object specific requirements, for
Key for the tables below

Colour Explanation
Minimum required type of glass
Recommended type of glass
Alternative type of glass
Inadmissible type of glass
Colors used
Abbreviation Explanation
EG Single-pane glass
MIG MIG Multi-pane insulated glass
abZ General approval by a construction supervising body
ZiE Approval on individual case basis
TG Tempered glass
TG-H Tempered – heat soaked glass
HSG Heat strengthened glass
LSG Laminated safety glass
Abbreviations used
7.6.1 Vertical glazing without protection against crashing

LSG made of
TG-H
F loat
F loat
HSG
TG1
TG2
Application Note
Window above railing height
Shop/display window A minimum glass thickness of 10 mm float

glass and/or 12 mm laminated safety glass
is recommended due to lack of a cor-
responding regulation
88
Transparent safety
LSG made of
TG-H
F loat
F loat
HSG
TG1
TG2
Application Note
Level glazing3 e.g. French doors, front doors (for
burglar-resistant glazing see sec. “Specific
safety glass”)
Noise protection wall Technical rules for the use of linear-

supported glazing – TRLV, ZTV-Lsw 06
All-glass door system “Points of sale“ govern of the Occupational

Health and Safety Executive (BGR 202),
and/or Workplace Directive (ArbStättV)
with ASR 10/5
Cladding for external walls DIN 18516-4

Application of laminated safety glass only
with a general approval (abZ) or approval in
specific case (ZiE)
Sealant glass facade3 ETAG 002 “Structural sealant glazing

internal
systems (SSGS)”
7
external
Point-supported facade According to abZ or ZiE Important: accord-

ing to TRPV only laminated safety glass
EG
made of tempered or heat strengthened

glass!
MIG
Important! According to technical rules

1 2
Important! laminated safety glass made
for the use of linear-supported glazing of 2 x tempered glass does not have
– TRLV: non heat-soaked single-pane residual load-bearing capacity. The in-
safety glass only for an installation height stallation requirements must particularly
above public area < 4 m and no persons be observed.
standing directly under the glazing, 3
Glass used according to sec. “Glazing
otherwise tempered – heat soaked glass in buildings used for special purposes”
must be used! takes priority.
89
GUARDIAN GlassTime
7.6.2 Horizontal / overhead glazing

LSG made of
TG-H
F loat
F loat
HSG
TG2
TG
Application Note
Skylights Only for flats and rooms of similar type of
use (e.g. hotel and office rooms) with a light
surface (internal frame dimension) < 1,6 m2,
otherwise see horizontal glazing
Horizontal glazing Technical rules for the use of linear-supported

oben
glazing – TRLV/DIN 18008

Other glasses possible provided that falling
of larger glass parts on public areas is
unten
avoided by suitable measures (z. B. nets with

mesh width ≤ 40 mm)
Projecting glass roof Linearly supported according to
TRLV/DIN 18 008
Point-supported according to TRPV/
DIN 18008: only laminated safety glass
made of tempered glass or heat strength-
ened glass! lamps not allowed
Glass slats Linearly supported according to TRLV/

DIN 18008
Point-supported according to TRPV/
DIN 18008: only laminated safety glass
made of tempered glass or heat strength-
ened glass! Clamps not allowed
Walk-on glass Technical rules for the use of linear-

supported glazing – TRLV/DIN 18008
Top pane of the 3 panes made of Tempered
glass or Heat strengthened glass;
sufficient skid resistance must be ensured;
deviating design: abZ or ZiE
Tread-on glass ZiE generally required,

less requirements compared to walk-on
glass

2
of 2 x tempered glass does not have

residual load-bearing capacity. The in-
stallation requirements must particularly
be observed.
90
Transparent safety
7.6.3 Glazing for protecting people against falling out

LSG made of
TG-H
F loat
F loat
HSG
TG1
TG2
Application Note
Room-height glazing Technical rules for safety barrier glazing –
EG
TRAV/DIN 18008
Applies to pane of glass on the attack, or
side most likely to absorb the impact; pane on
MIG
non-attack side variable; If laminated safety

glass on non-attack side then tempered glass
(category A according to TRAV) or laminated safety glass on attack side;
All-glass balustrade with fitted rail Technical rules for safety barrier glazing –
TRAV/DIN 18008
Laminated safety glass made of F loat glass
only with abZ or ZiE
(category B according to TRAV)
Balustrade with glass bracing Technical rules for safety barrier glazing –
linearly supported TRAV/DIN 18008
If not linearly supported on all sides,
laminated safety glass must be used.
Free edges must be protected by the
balustrade structure or adjacent panes from
unintended shocks.
(category C1 according to TRAV)
Balustrade with glass bracing Technical rules for safety barrier glazing –
point-supported TRAV/DIN 18008
Edge protection is not necessary.

Balustrade with glass bracing According to abZ or ZiE
supported with clamp Free edges must be protected by the
balustrade structure or adjacent panes from
unintended shocks;
Tempered glass can be used if approved
by abZ.
(not regulated according to TRAV)
Glazing under cross bars Technical rules for safety barrier glazing –
TRAV/DIN 18 008; If not linearly supported on
EG
all sides, laminated safety glass must be used.

MIG

(category C2 according to TRAV) glass on non-attack side then tempered glass
or laminated safety glass on attack side;
91
GUARDIAN GlassTime
LSG made of
TG-H
F loat
F loat
HSG
TG1
TG2
Application Note
Room-height glazing Rail at the required height according to
with superior rail building requirements.
EG
MIG

glass on non-attack side then tempered glass
or laminated safety glass on attack side;
Double facade Internal facade without fall protection,
internal3
consultation with the local building control

authority and principal recommended
External facade as fall protection, Technical
external
rules for safety barrier glazing – TRAV

according to category A or C
Lift shaft Technical rules for safety barrier glazing –
TRAV/DIN 18008 and EN 81
French balcony3 Building component on impact op-

posite side of the glazing fully acts as fall
protection

1 2
TRLV: non heat-soaked single-pane residual load-bearing capacity. The in-
standing directly under the glazing, 3
Glass used according to sec. “Glazing
otherwise tempered – heat soaked glass in buildings used for special purposes”
must be used! takes priority.
92
Transparent safety
7.6.4 Glazing in buildings used for special purposes

LSG made of
TG-H
F loat
F loat
HSG
TG1
TG2
Application Note
Office, walls or doors made of glass Workplace Directive (ArbStättV) GUV-I 8713
Administration
Entrance halls/foyers Rule of the Occupational Health and Safety

Executive (BGR 202) and/or Workplace
Directive (ArbStättV) with ASR 10/5
School GUV-SR 2002; up to a height of 2.00 m

safety glass or sufficient screening
Playschool GUV-SR 2002; up to a height of 1.50 m

safety glass or sufficient screening
Hospital/care facilit According to the Ordinance governing

Hospital Buildings (KhBauVO) for particular
areas (e.g. in stairwells) and for special pur-
7
poses (e.g. children’s ward) BGI/GUV-I 8681
Shopping centre “Points of sale” rule of the Occupational

Health and Safety Executive (BGR 202)
Retail Workplace Directive (ArbStättV) “Points of

sale” rule of the Occupational Health and
Safety Executive (BGR 202) or sufficient
screening
93
GUARDIAN GlassTime
LSG made of
TG-H
F loat
F loat
HSG
TG1
TG2
Application Note
Car park Workplace Directive (ArbStättV) annex
1.7 (4);
ASR 8/4 and ASR 10/5
Bus parking Workplace Directive (ArbStättV) annex

1.7 (4);
ASR 8/4 and ASR 10/5
Swimming pool GUV-R 1/111, DIN 18361; up to a height of

2 m safety glass or sufficient screening
In case of sports pool additionally safety
against ball throwing (water polo) according
to DIN 18032-3
Gymnasium DIN 18032-1; up to a height of 2 m planar,

closed and shatterproof;
safety against ball throwing according to
DIN 18032-3
Squash hall Glass parts of the rear wall must be made of

min. 12 mm tempered glass

1 2
standing directly under the glazing,
otherwise tempered – heat soaked glass
must be used!
94
Transparent safety
7.6.5 Glazing for interior works without fall protection

LSG made of
TG-H
F loat
F loat
HSG
TG1
TG2
Application Note
Walk-on glass/glass stairs ZiE required
TRLV, list of technical building regulations;
admissible tensions according to horizontal
glazing pursuant to TRLV;
laminated safety glass with PVB foils of the
minimum nominal thickness = 1.5 mm
Shower wall EN 14428/A1
All-glass door Workplace Directive (ArbStättV) with ASR

10/5, „Points of sale“ rule of the Occupa-
tional Health and Safety Executive (BGR
202), if required
Door opening Workplace Directive (ArbStättV) with ASR

10/5, „Points of sale“ rule of the Occupa-
tional Health and Safety Executive (BGR
202), if required
Office separating wall ASR 8/4

7
Draft lobbies „Points of sale“ rule of the Occupational

Health and Safety Executive (BGR 202),
and/or Workplace Directive (ArbStättV)
with ASR 10/5

1 2
standing directly under the glazing,
otherwise tempered – heat soaked glass
must be used!
95
GUARDIAN GlassTime
7.6.6 Special safety glasses

LSG made of
TG-H
F loat
F loat
HSG
TG
TG
Application Note
Burglar resistance EN 1627
F ling resistance EN 356

VdS regulation 2163
Break resistance EN 356 and/or EH VdS regulation
Shot resistance EN 1063, EN 1522
Explosion resistance EN 13541, EN 13123
96
Transparent safety
7.6.7 Structural glass construction

LSG made of
TG-H
F loat
F loat
HSG
TG2
TG
Application Note
Glass sword, supporting glass ZiE required
All-glass structures ZiE required
Special glass structures ZiE required

2
of 2 x tempered glass does not have

residual load-bearing capacity. The in-
stallation requirements must particularly
be observed.
GUARDIAN appropriate glasses

and glass combinations of these
application areas can be found in 7
Þ chapter 10.
97
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Central Station, Berlin

SunGuard® HP Neutral 60/40
Van Gerkan, Marg und Partner Architects
98
8. Transparent glass construction.........................100
8.1 Facades...................................................................................100
8.1.1 Façade functions....................................................................101
Warm façade | Cold façade | Double skin façade
8.1.2 Façade constructions.............................................................104

Stick-System-Façade | Structural glazing façade | Point supported
façade | Membrane façades
8.2 Parapet glass (Spandrels).....................................................110

8.2.1 Colour application on SunGuard®-coatings........................110
8.2.2 Roll technique (Roller Coating).............................................111
8.2.3 Screen-Print technique..........................................................111
8.2.4 More production techniques................................................112
8.3 Design glasses.......................................................................112
8.3.1 Production techniques..........................................................113
Screen-print directly onto the glass | Transfer colour print on glass |
Design laminated safety glass | Coloured foils in laminated glass |
Decorative laminated glass
8.4 Bent architectural glass........................................................116

8.4.1 Requirements.........................................................................116
8.4.2 Glass types.............................................................................117
8.4.3 Kinds of bending...................................................................117
8.4.4 Determination of shape........................................................118
8.4.5 Specifics..................................................................................119
Local optical distortions | Outline precision | Torsion | Edge displace-
ment | Tangential junctions
8.4.6 Static specifics........................................................................121

8.5 Special glass applications.....................................................122
8.5.1 Walk-on glazing......................................................................122
8.5.2 Glass elevators.......................................................................123
8.5.3 Switchable glasses.................................................................124 8
Radar reflection damping glass............................................124
8.5.5 Anti-reflection-glazing...........................................................126
99
GUARDIAN GlassTime
For centuries, generations have conditions also impact the glass’s

used glass for filling “light holes” appearance from the outside.
in massive outer walls. This has Glass façades are generally com-
drastically changed in the last posed of transparent and opaque
three decades. Today glass itself areas that can be produced so
forms and shapes the space and that interior spaces are visible,
creates room enclosures, thus or are “optically neutralized” and
creating transparent architecture rendered “invisible” by using a
that allows people to feel close specific type of glass. Reflections
to nature. Experts use the ge- during the day time also influ-
neric term “façade” to describe ence whether a person on the
any external architectural con- street can see into the interior.
struction that serves as protec-
The coloured adjustment be-
tion against weather and dangers
tween a translucent window and
of any kind.
an opaque balustrade is only
In addition to science, research nearly possible as the colour im-
and technology, art and archi- pression of the translucent pane
tecture in particular have given is always affected by the room
rise to a host of possibilities of fa- behind the pane and its light con-
çades made from glass. Aesthet- ditions. In addition to the original
ics, functionality and construction function of a façade, to provide
are the most important aspects protection, further decisive cri-
of using glass as an architectural teria concerning the functional-
element, and all of these factors ity are in the focus, especially for
must be precisely defined at the glass façades. There is not only
start of planning. A glass’s finish the possibility of culling energy
on a façade always influences its from the façade, but one must
reflective properties, which can also consider protection from
range from being produced so heat during the summer (Þ chap-
that the glass is very reflective, ter 5.5). Concerning the construc-
reflects an overall color, or has a tive periphery out of concrete,
weak reflection. The change of steel or aluminium it must always
the daylight due to weather, the be assured that in addition to the
sun’s changing position in the sky, static loads due to wind, suction
the colour of the sky and the sea- and snow also the glass weight
sonal change of vegetation influ- can be considered.
ence reflection, and interior light
100
8.1 Facades
Generally, glass façades must be namely, function and construc-
looked at from two perspectives, tion.
8.1.1 Façade functions

The façade function describes building shell. There are gener-
the mode of operation of the ally three different possibilities:
8.1.1.1 Warm façade

The insulated cladding system
describes a single-shell in which
Insulating glass
thermal insulation is connected
to an interior vapour barrier to
a balustrade panel (sandwich
panel). This single-shell system is Sandwich
located behind an opaque pane panel
of glass that protects it from the
weather.
This sandwich panel is installed
in the façade construction as a
whole below the transparent in-
sulating glass and attached using
clamping strips. The sill’s vapour
diffusion resistance is achieved
by applying a sealer and edge
lipping. Thus, the opaque and
transparent elements serve not
only to enclose the room and
protect it against weather, but Warm façade
also to protect the room from
excessive heat, noise and, if need
8
be, to keep fire from penetrat-
ing into the room. These opaque
panels need a four-sided frame in
the form of post-and-beam con-
struction.
101
GUARDIAN GlassTime
8.1.1.2 Cold façade

The physical construction and
technical functions are performed Insulating glass
in the sill area of a two-shell con-
struction. The outer shell is used
for weather protection as well as Ventilated
the visual design. It is designed pane
with a ventilated glass window so

that trapped heat and moisture
can be removed. This pane is usu-
ally made of glass and solar con-
trol is color coordinated with the
transparent window. This pane
is generally made out of sun-
protection glass and its colour is
coordinated with the transpar-
ent windows. Installation options
range from all-sided, two-sided
to supporting systems attached
at various points, which allows for
a broad spectrum of individual
design. Underneath the transpar- Cold façade
ent insulating glass windows, the wall areas behind these parapet
thermal insulation of the wall area planes.
is taken over by isolating opaque
8.1.1.3 Double skin façade

This kind of façade goes by many tached façade can hereby be
names; it is also referred to as installed outside in front of an
“second skin” or “attached fa- existing façade for visual and
çade”. This construction method acoustic reasons. This design is
principally consists of a flash-off called an interactive façade. The
façade similar to the cold façade interspace is generally used to
described above, but the inter- install additional solar protec-
space between the two shells tion devices such as blinds. The
for the railing is broader and potential hot air and condensate
the transparent façade construc- are gradually transported to the
tion parts, i.e. insulation glass environment.
windows are integrated. The at-
102
Insulating
glass
Built-in sun
protection
Attached
façade
Interactive façade
The alternative is an inner skin

additional solar protection in the
interspace. This construction,
however, allows the warmair gen-
erated by solar radiation to es-
cape with purpose; the air is then
transmitted via adequate aggre-
gates to the energy management
of the building. This method is
called active double skin façade Double skin façade
and can reduce the operational
costs of the building. The function of a glass façade is
strongly affected by the glass
that is used. In the past, “sim-
pler” glass was preferred due
to production reasons. Today,
GUARDIAN offers a broad range
of suitable solar control glass with
highly effective coatings.
This range is generally based on
8
ExtraClear® float glass in order
to give the outer shell in a ven-
tilated façade as much neutral-
ity as possible. This combination
Active façade reduces the transmission of short
wave solar energy by reflection
In the past, inner skin shells were
but ensures the unhindered emis-
mostly made out of solar protec-
sion of the long wave heat radia-
tion single-pane safety glass. The
tion from the interspace to the
tendency today is to use laminat-
environment. The stronger these
ed safety glass consisting of two
reflections the less additional
pre-tempered glasses due to the
sun protection devices between
increased structural stability that
the glass panes are needed and
is present in case of failure.
103
GUARDIAN GlassTime
unobstructed views are possible. mous competitive advantages

This pallet is listed in Þ chapter and new impulses for façade
10. construction. A large number
of these types of glass can be
With this development of high-
finished with many design com-
tech coatings on glass and their
ponents to individualize them
tempering and laminating possi-
(Þ Kapitel 8.3).
bilities as well as their bendabil-
ity we offer our customers enor-
8.1.2 Façade constructions

Joining the glass to the building addition to function.
and the shell has importance in
8.1.2.1 Stick-System-Façade (Mullion-Transom-System)

The majority of today’s glass fa- weight of the glass and convey
cade still consists of post and it into the posts. After installing
beam. Here, the load-bearing the glass and precisely placing
posts extend from the founda- the glazing blocks, pressure pads
tion to the roof of the building are fixed with screws, both on
in a fixed, aesthetically pleas- the posts and on the beams. The
ing, and statically determined pressure pads fasten the glass
and technically feasible distance. elements and seal them. In order
These posts are anchored to the to derive the built up humidity
building design and manage all caused by condensation water in
applied loads. The “long fields” the rebate area, an inner drain-
that thus react to the top are then age is installed with an opening
intersected by a defined number to the outside. The optical clos-
of horizontal beams that bear the ing is generally made by cover
Stick-System-Façade
104
strips which have to be fixed by

clips, and which are available in
nearly all eloxal colours. These
strips influence mostly the outer
colour scheme.
A large number of systems are
available on the market. They
range from extremely small to
very large, depending on the de-
sired visual façade’s appearance
and function. Generally, the ex-
tremely small profiles do not have
an obvious window function, and
are installed in ventilated or air-
conditioned buildings in order
not to interrupt the sophisticated Stick-System-Façade
Intersection – visual impression
grid design. Post and beam con-
structions are approved systems
and mostly applicable without
any legal restrictions.
8.1.2.2 Structural glazing façade

Whereas clamping and cover
strips project from the glass sur- Insulating glass
face on the stick-system-façade
described above, the benefit of
this bonded façade is that it ap-
pears absolutely even. In this Splice
design, an aluminium adapter
frame, into which the glass ele-
ment is bonded, invisibly bears Splice
8
the glass load. This module is Structural glaz-
then mounted in front of a post ing seal
and beam construction into

Splice
which the loads are conveyed.
The complexity of this façade
technique, together with the long
Splice
term experience of leading glue
and sealant producers, make it
feasible that structural glazing Insulating glass
façades can only be executed
as integral systems. The manu-
facturers of such systems have
the concession of the building Structural glazing façade
105
GUARDIAN GlassTime
inspection. Otherwise, an accept-

ance test has to be made in an in-
dividual case before installation.
The glass weight, as well as the
weight of the outer pane which
appears not to be fixed, has to
be distributed generally via me-
chanical fastening angles into
the construction. Such façades,
even without the mechanical
holding of the outer pane, can
be installed in countries such as
Germany up to a total building
height of eight meters.
In this case, most glazing con- Structural glazing façade
sists of a special stepped insulat- Intersection – visual impression
ing glass with UV resistant edge
bonding (Þ chapter 3.4) which tant to ensure the adhesion from
can absorb arising loads and con- silicone with the glass edges and
vey them. As outer pane, a one the compatibility of all used ma-
pane safety glass with a thickness terials (Þ chapter 9.10).
of at least 6 mm has to be used.
The final visual appearance is a
Because of this construction,
plain glassy area, in which the
there are all sided free glass edg-
“silicone-seams” nearly disap-
es which stand in a determined
pear. Especially for this façade
distance to the next element and
system, GUARDIAN offers a vari-
are sealed with special structural
ety of coated glass with the ap-
glazing silicone. It is very impor-
propriate authorizations.
Phönix, Brussels
SunGuard® Solar Silver Grey 32
106
8.1.2.3 Point supported façade

This façade technique, of recent Insulating glass
development, is based on point-
fixed bearing connections as sin-
gle holders. In this system, the
active strengths of the glazing are Point fixing
transmitted to a mostly move- Plastic liners
able mounted point supporting
button that transports the active
strengths via a metallic conjunc-
tion into the massive substruc- Silicone seam
ture. Profile seal
In the conventional method, an-

chor bolts are mounted through Crosshead
the glazing, covered with an
elastic core to avoid glass/metal
contacts and fixed with counter
panes. These covering and fixing
panes project from the surface.
An alternative are conical perfo-
Insulating glass
rations that obtain the stability
with special, conical fittings by Point supported façade
the clamping power on the edges
of the boreholes. This form allows Another development are hold-
even façade surfaces without any ing points, which are placed on
outstanding elements. the level of PVB foils and thus
form a laminated safety glass,
of which the outer pane is plain
and the backside pane has out-
standing connecting threads for
mounting. The dimensions of
the glazing for such construc-
8
tion accounts for the allowed
deformation of the panes and
the flexibility of the fittings. The
arising stresses by loads are in-
duced through the holding but-
tons without any restraint into
the load bearing construction.
The joints between the individ-
ual glassy façade elements are
sealed with UV-resistant closing
systems. In this fashion attached
façades out of monolithic glasses
Point supported façade
can be built as well as insulating
107
GUARDIAN GlassTime
glazing façades. In the latter, the Point-supported façades in coun-

glass rebate is ventilated through tries such as Germany do not
appropriate systems and enables belong to the regulated con-
the condensation water to be di- struction products (as to the le-
verted. gal construction regulations) and
therefore need approval for con-
struction in each particular case.
8.1.2.4 Membrane façade

A variation of the point-support- tings into the cables from where
ed façade with drill holes in the they are conducted into the bear-
glazing was developed in the ing frame construction. Thanks to
past several years. Like a tennis the sealing of the joints, similar to
racket, the whole façade is strung the point supported, the network
with a network of steel cables in of cables disappears optically be-
the grid dimension of the glass hind the glass edges and offers
panes. a construction free perspective
through the façade.
The joints of the horizontal and
vertical cables are fixed with fas- The corner positioning of the
teners, which serve at the same glass elements without boreholes
time as fittings for the façade avoids increased stress concen-
glass in the relevant four corners. trations and enables more free
The façade affecting loads are dimensioning.
transported through these fit-
Membrane façade from construction site
108
The pre-stressing of the ropes

will be done in such a way that
the whole area can be deformed
under load and all functions
are maintained before the load
peaks are conveyed via the verti-
cal ropes into the grounding and
the roof frame. This construction
needs always an approbation in
particular cases.
Membrane façade
Insulating glass
Steel cable Atrium

Glass holder
Compression spring
element
Membrane façade
109
GUARDIAN GlassTime
8.2 Parapet glass (Spandrels)

Spandrels are often complete age. The opacity of these glasses
glass panels which hide construc- can be achieved through various
tive and functional parts of the production modes depending
building, for example, paving which optical intentions are to be
tiles, pillars, heating-, ventilation achieved. Regardless of the pro-
and air-conditioning elements duction technique, the adhesion
but also electrical wire ducts and and compatibility of the typical
tubes. Therefore opaque parapet colours on the particular glass
glasses are often in front of inter- coating are important, as well as
mediate ceilings on each floor of their tempering capability.
a building in the façade and inter-
GUARDIAN has broad experi-
rupt thereby the transparent glass
ence both in coating of float
elements. So the wanted optical
glass and their further processing
aspect can be aligned with the
ability as to bending, tempering,
transparent glazing or be con-
laminating and various colour ap-
trary.
plications to achieve opacity or
For larger projects it is recom- also translucency. The mostly fre-
mended to make a 1:1 sam- quently used colours are ceramic
ple presentation to be able to colours which can be coated in
achieve the desired optical ap- different technics on the back
pearance in the later façade. side of the pane. Various technics
The outer parapet is normally a are available, namely, roller coat-
single pane safety glass to avoid ing, spraying, printing or curtain
thermally influenced glass break- coating.
8.2.1 Colour application on SunGuard®-coatings

SunGuard® coatings with the spe- ency, tightness). Moreover, each
cial Silacoat® coating system can printing of a coated surface can
be printed with ceramic paints. generate colour drifting after the
Ceramic paints can react with the burning-in process. Therefore
glass coating during the burning- adequate sampling should be
in process and that may lead to made, as the processor is respon-
building of a cloud, cloudiness sible for the final product and has
or, in the worst case, complete to control its quality.
degradation of the layer. It is
Detailed information as to the
therefore very important to test
production of SunGuard® glasses
the compatibility of the particular
for spandrels and special notes
paint type and the coating under
concerning the choice of col-
production conditions. Improper
ours an be found in the technical
tempering conditions may also
manual “Ceramic print – spandrel
cause poor results (penetration,
glass”.
colour, homogeneity, consist-
110
8.2.2 Roll technique (Roller Coating)

The colour application with roll colour which joins firmly with the
threads from the roll technique glass surface and coating in the
provides an outstanding and following tempering process.
equal visual appearance, both This technology is adopted for
subsequent varnish coating and larger quantities and is ideal for
also the application of ceramic parapet glasses.
Roll technique, schematic representation
8.2.3 Screen-Print technique

The screen-print which is mainly components is less suitable for
dedicated for painting partial ar- larger areas and homogeneous
eas and used for specific design painting (Þ chapter 8.3.1).
Print technique, schematic representation
111
GUARDIAN GlassTime
8.2.4 More production techniques

Another technology is based on an alternative. This method is
a constantly and permanently mainly used when working with
over the whole pane width flow- varnish and guarantees a nearly
ing curtain of colours. Hereby the homogeneous application thick-
pane is led constantly under this ness and thus a good visual ap-
colour curtain and is homoge- pearance.
neously covered by the curtain.
Parapet panes can be fixed in
This process is mainly used for
many ways and used as single
large sized colour applications,
pane in attached version, cold
to achieve the highest possible
or as parapet panel on warm fa-
homogeneity with thicker paint
çades (Þ chapter 8.1). A large
application over the whole pane.
pallet of such glasses from
This method generates an ex-
GUARDIAN is found in Þ chap-
tremely high material usage and
ter 10, where – depending on the
is therefore rarely applied today.
project – alternative adaptations
The spray technique for colour
can be made at any time after
application on small series and
agreement.
individual panes like samples is
8.3 Design glasses

Not only are the parapet panes The areas which can be designed
artistically processed in modern with decoration glass are multi-
architecture, also the transparent faceted. In modern apartments,
elements can become more and offices, restaurants and hotels,
more visual and functional deco- for example, design glasses as
ration facets. Glass offers a vari- partition and covering keep the
ety unlike any other construction balance between separating and
material. From etching and shot joining with individual emphasis.
blasting over the ceramic screen- Glasses with such design compo-
print up to laminated glass with nents achieve a high aesthetic ef-
inside foils, the design can be a fect and additional solar protec-
decorative ornament or symbol tion. In addition, they guarantee,
or also an all over illustration or at the same time,consistency and
matting. colourfastness. In combination
with solar control glass, they offer
extensive, individual impulses for
modern façades design.
112
8.3.1 Production techniques

The production of design glasses, There are certainly additional
besides edging and shot blast- possibilities, which may be, how-
ing, can be described in five dif- ever, too technical or not yet fully
ferent processes. technically mature.
8.3.1.1 Screen-print directly onto the glass

The one colour screen-print di- The open sections generate
rectly onto the glass has a long hereby the motive which has to
tradition. The enamel or ceramic be printed with the help of the
paint which is a mixture of small colour. In the following pre-tem-
milled glass and joining col- pering process the motive will be
our pigments is pressed with a permanently joined with the glass
scraper through the open parts surface by melting.
of the sieve onto the glass. First,
Many coatings from type Sun-
this sieve is photo technically
Guard® are compatible with ce-
prepared in open, i.e. sections to
ramic paint and can be printed
be printed and closed, not to be
on (Þ Kapitel 8.2.1)
printed areas.
113
GUARDIAN GlassTime
8.3.1.2 Transfer colour print on glass

The transfer print offers an alter- are going to be tempered. Dur-
native to achieve a multi colour ing the tempering process these
print instead of the single colour transfer foils will burn residue-free
screen-print. Also enamel and ce- and the painted colours will join
ramic colours can be transferred as previously described. Besides
via digital print on transfer foils all kinds of ornaments, this meth-
and can thus reproduce multi col- od can also generate illustrations
our motives. These printed foils which have the same quality as
will then be fixed on glasses that coloured photos.
8.3.1.3 Design laminated safety glass

Large sized illustrations, like the
photographic slides technology
of the past, are produced with
the same digital print method
but with other paint components
and foils. The illustrations are in-
serted between the PVB foils of
the laminated safety glass and
then compressed. Colours and
foils are lightfast and UV resistant
and generate a decorative pane
which keeps its individuality. De-
spite this additionally added lam-
inate, the laminated glass keeps
its outstanding characteristics
(Þ chapter 7.4.2) supplemented
by the individual design compo-
nent.
114
8.3.1.4 Coloured foils in laminated glass

Within the same lamination pro- translucency, products such as
cess exists a large pallet of dif- colourful blinds can be envisoned
ferent colour foils, which can be and produced.. These foils are
combinedof to achieve each im- also UV resistant for outside use,
aginable color in laminated glass. in order to emit everlasting its
With this method one can create colour effect, however, without
transparency with coloured glass. affecting the characteristics of the
In addition, with supplementary laminated glass.
dispersion foils to further define
8.3.1.5 Decorative laminated glass

An alternative to these safety
glasses are laminated glasses,
which are produced by filling the
interface of two panes with resin.
Decorative elements - for exam-
ple mesh wire or other plain ac-
cessories- can be integrated into 8
the resin and give the resulting
glass sandwich a unique decora-
tive configuration. These laminat-
ed glasses are typically not safety
glasses (in the sense of applica-
ble laws relating to safety glass)
and may be installed as such only
when they are legally approved
for construction.
115
GUARDIAN GlassTime
8.4 Bent architectural glass

Architects and designers love
to interrupt straightness, cor- [1]
ners and curves with soft curves. Build a bending
That’s why there are in addition to mould and place-
ment of the flat
round interior glass products and glass
accessories curved glass façades.
By the middle of the 19th centu-
ry, architects were bending glass
developed in England and this
exists today in a slightly modified [2]
Heating the
version. glass
In the applications of the build- 550 to 620 °C
ing envelope, glass is generally
bent through a thermal gravity
process.
The procedure is as follows: a
[3]
glass pane is laid over a bend- The glass sinks
ing form and in the bending oven to the bending
heated up to 550 - 620 °C. Aft mould
er having reached the softening

point the plain pane descends
(through gravity) slowly into the
bending mould and adopts its
shape. The following cooling
down defines the shape of the [4]
glass. Slow cooling, free from • Slow cooling
residual stress, produces a glass of float glass
(several hours)
which can be further processed, • Rapid cooling
whereas fast cooling creates a for tempered
glass
partial or fully tempered glass
which is not applicable for further
processing (Þ chapter 7.1).
Fabrication steps
8.4.1 Requirements
Generally, bent glass is not a To prove this and thus to be al-
regulated building material, and lowed to install bent glasses,
must guarantee functionality like manufacturers must supply an
thermal insulation, solar- and AbZ (general approval by a con-
noise protection glass. In addi- struction supervising body), in
tion, it must meet the require- Europe an ETA (European Tech-
ments of building laws, such as nical Approval) or a permittance
fall prevention measurements has to be obtained in each single
and load bearing regulations . case before the construction can
116
begin. Comprehensive norms for present, nevertheless the full us-

bent glasses are not available at ability has to be stated.
8.4.2 Glass types

Principally, all plane types of glass for the installation. It must also
which are used in constructions be generally taken account of
are bendable. Also such types in varying reflection characteristics
slightly restricted quantity which of plain and bent glasses. Same
are equipped with high perfor- glasses standing side by side can
mance functional coatings. The have slightly different optical ap-
individual parameters like bend- pearance. For larger projects it
ing radius, bending forms as well is recommended to make a 1:1
as glass thicknesses and coatings sampling. Also the design pos-
have to be aligned in advance. sibilities for the glass areas men-
Bent glasses are indeed high tech tioned under 8.9 may be applied
special products and need there- with some restriction, depending
fore already in the early planning on the bending.
stadium very careful preparation
Basically all coated architec-
and consensus of all people in-
tural glass from GUARDIAN
volved. In addition to the already
SunGuard® and many from
mentioned types of glass, normal
GUARDIAN ClimaGuard® can be
glass, laminated glass and tem-
bent or have a bendable alterna-
pered glass, also bent laminated
tive. GUARDIAN will directly in-
glass and insulating glasses can
form you about the restrictions of
be produced. Especially for the
the individual types concerning
last two mentioned increased
ways and shapes of bending.
tolerances have to be considered
8.4.3 Kinds of bending

A distinction is generally made Moreover there is a difference
between bent glass, slightly bent between glass which is bent cylin-
glazing with a small radius of drically and the one which is bent
8
more than two meters and heav- spherically. Cylindrically species
ily bent glass with small radii. bending over one axis and spher-
ically over two axes.
Cylindrical Spherical Conical
Kinds of bending
117
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Float glass allows for all these production and is therefore nor-
bending shapes. Due to the pro- mally unsuitable to be used for
duction technology, fully tem- some coated glass types.
pered and heat strengthened
The smallest possible bend-
glass allow for mainly cylindrical
ing radius is approx 100 mm for
bending only. This process is
glasses with a thickness < 10 mm
also recommended for glasses
and about 300 mm for > 10 mm
with coating, as the production
thick glasses. These possibilities
process is short and thereby
depend on the manufacturer and
more gentle. Spherical and coni-
have to be checked in advance.
cal bending requires long lasting
8.4.4 Determination of shape

Exact descriptions of the dimen- be determined in the following
sions are required for the shape drawing for inner and outer exe-
determination of bent glass. In cution. It always has to be consid-
addition to thickness of the glaz- ered that, with the exception of
ing, the height of the panes and the opening angle, all data refer
the width of at least another two to the same surface (concave =
of the five dimensions needs to inside, convex = outside).
l l
ab
ib
ar
ah
ir
ih
as
is
a a
d d
ir Bending radius ih Pitch height ar Bending radius ah Pitch height
ib Processing d Glass thickness ab Processing d Glass thickness
is Filament length a Bending angle as Filament length a Bending angle
Interior Dimensions External dimensions
118
The standard bending is the cylin-

drical execution referred to in the
l
ab
definitions. All other geometrical
shapes, such as spherical bends,
must be estimated by an exact
ab
k
drawing, so that shape and size b2
can be well-determined. Linear a
elongations of cylindrical shapes
(b1, b2) are to be displayed sepa-
b1
rately.
Arch with straight extensions
8.4.5 Specifics
Special tolerances and produc- which must be strictly consid-
tion technical shape conditions, ered, apply to bent glasses:
8.4.5.1 Local optical distortions

The local distortions of fully tem- may have more influence on
pered and heat strengthened bending than on plain design.
glass may differ from the specifi- In any case, they must be settled
cations for plain glasses, as glass with the manufacturer.
geometry, -size and -thickness
8.4.5.2 Outline precision

Outline precision means the planned outline, in order to get
accuracy of the bending. This further processed without any
should be within a tolerance problems.
range of ± 3 mm in relation to the
8
RB
PC
m
PC 1000 m
d Glass thickness
Contour accuracy (PC) Straightness of the edge height (RB)
119
GUARDIAN GlassTime
8.4.5.3 Torsion
Torsion describes the exactness this case, the largest irregularity
to the plane parallelism of the after bending should not exceed
edges or unbent edges. Also in ± 3 mm per m glass edge.
1000 mm
Twist (V)
8.4.5.4 Edge displacement

Diverging from the specifications ing. It is absolutely necessary to
of plain laminated and insulating find common conformity in ad-
glass, the displacement at the vance.
edges may increase after bend- A, H
d
d d
A, H
d
A, H
Displacement in laminated glass (d height) Displacement in insulating glass (d height)
8.4.5.5 Tangential junctions

The tangent is the straight line there would be a sharp angle at
which has its origin in a certain this spot which is feasible with
point of the curve. Thereby the glass but not advisable. Thera are
line is perpendicular compared normaly larger tolerances at the
with the bent radius of the curve. sharp angle in camparison wth
Without this tangetial transition tangential transitions.
120
Tangent
90° < 90°
R
R Arc center R Arc center
With tangential transition No tangential transition
8.4.6 Static specifics

Deformation and mechanical Due to the coving of the glass,
stress of a bent can be defined the bending strength is increased
through finite-elements mod- and thus extremely high climatic
els with the aid of the theory of loads can arise. This has to be
shells. The coving, depending on considered, especially when units
the conditions in the construction have tangential attachment piec-
of monolithic glass, can have a es at a coving. The result can be
positive consequence thanks to broader edge seals, which thus
the shell bearing impact, namely affect later glass installation.
in the direction of thinner glasses.
Insulating glass, however, does
not fully have this effect.
121
GUARDIAN GlassTime
8.5 Special glass applications

Thanks to permanent improve- constructions and controlled by
ments of engineers’ and archi- climatic zones. The following
tects’ know-how, construction gives a small access to the tech-
with glass knows hardly any nologically ambitious regions of
limits. Even high safety relevant building with glass.
areas are built today with glass
8.5.1 Walk-on glazing

Walk-on glazing are gener- In order to be allowed to install this
ally horizontal glass installations pane according to TRLV (techni-
which are dedicated to personnel cal guidelines for linear supported
and heavy load traffic. They have glazing), it must consist of at least
to be evaluated differently from 10 mm fully tempered or heat
tread-on glazing, which is only strengthened glass. The laminated
dedicated to be accessed short safety glass unit, coupled under-
term for cleaning and mainte- neath, with at least 2 panes of
nance purposes. 12 mm thickness, forms the bear-
ing capacity which may be consid-
Walk-on glass superstructures are
erably thicker or have more panes,
generally built up of laminated
depending on demand and execu-
safety glass with an additional
tion. Mostly float glass panes with
upper protective pane. This cou-
each 1.52 mm PVB foil interlayers
pled protective pane is made out
are used for this unit. The basis for
of at least 6 mm fully tempered or
the installation of walk-on glazing
heat strengthened glass, is stati-
are an absolute bending rigidity
cally not to be considered and
substructure, an elastomer bear-
very often has a permanent anti-
ing material with 60 - 70 shore A-
skid-coating.
hardness and a minimum bearing
with a width of 30 mm.
Sealing
Glazing tape
Distance block
Supporting material
Framing all sides
≥ 30 mm
Glass coposition from top to bottom:

protective pane covers the supporting glass composite from damage. Min. thickness
of 6 mm tempered or heat strengthened with / without ceramic print. Supporting glass
composite of two or three glass panes, which are connected together with PVB inter
layers. Hardness of the elastomeric support material: 60 ° to 70 ° Shore A
Requiring approval glazing recommendation
122
8.5.2 Glass elevators

One highlight of today’s archi- which are fixed and mounted on
tecture is transparent elevators, all sides create different demands
which gives the users the feel- on the characteristics of the lami-
ing of floating. In this application nated glass which has to be used.
the shafts, the lifts and the cars If the glazing goes from bottom
are made of glass. These types to the ceiling, a holm which has
of constructions have to meet a not to be joined with the glass
number of safety-relevant and has to be installed in the area
mechanical requirements that are from 0.90 - 1.10 m.
regulated in the European eleva-
The doors, in turn, meet special
tors directives 95/16 EG 7/99 and
specifications which have to be
EN 81 02/99
assessed depending on fixture,
There may be additional national mechanism and dimensions. Lifts
requirements such as the build- made of glass are always custom-
ing regulations for the respective made products which can only be
federal state. For a glass shaft realized together with all people
a proof of stability for an ap- concerned. All glass components
plied force of 300 N on an area of a lift must generally have a per-
of 5 cm² is required. Depending manent and visible identification
on the size of the cars, the walls marking.
123
GUARDIAN GlassTime
8.5.3 Switchable glasses

A recent development is switch-
able, electrochromic glasses.
A special magnetron coating is
made to change its solar energy
transmission when electric ten-
sion changes. The g-value of the
glazing can be adapted accord-
ing to the season or caused by
the weather relevance (summary
heat protection Þ chapter 5.5).
The g-values of such glasses are
integrated into a two pane insu-
lating glass construction, under
electric voltage, approx. 35 %
and at 6 % under tension at the
utmost. Naturally, the light trans-
mission changes as well. This de-
velopment will certainly continue
in the next years and thus gener-
ate even more possibilities for
façade constructions with glass.
Please address inquiries refer-
ring to your project directly to
GUARDIAN.

Radar reflection damping glass
Modern wireless communica- ble and sometimes unwanted
tion is based on electromagnetic radiation. That can be done in
waves. In addition, high-voltage tap-proof rooms, in high secu-
power lines and ordinary electri- rity areas even up to a complete
cal equipment emit these waves shielding, nearby airports, how-
as well. Thereofre, it is more of- ever, reduction is applicable in
ten necessary, in certain edificial order not do generate wrong sig-
areas, to reduce this indispensa- nal in the radar communication of
aircrafts.
124
The determination of the elec- This damping is achieved by spe-

tro magnetic waves is similar to cial, different glass coating on
sound waves according to a loga- outer and inner panes which lead
rithmic scale: to phase displacements through
a determined distance of the in-
Damping [dB] Reduction [%]
terface, and that effects an erase-
5 app. 38
ment of the resulting, reflecting,
10 app. 90 electromagnetic radiation.
15 app. 97
20 app. 99
Outside d Inside
incident
radar waves
reflected
radar waves
SunGuard® anti radar coating ClimaGuard®

Partial reflection Full-reflection
Behavior of radar waves in a solar control glass
GUARDIAN offers a range of spe- (GSM 1800 mobile service). In

cial coated solar control glass, contrast to that, a simple dou-
some constructions of which con- ble glazing with only one sun
tain properties for reducing the protection coating achieves a
radar reflection. A summary is HF transmission reduction of ap-
provided in Þ Kapitel 10.3. prox 32 dB at 900 MHz and about
28 dB at 1900 MHz. It has to be
Please contact GUARDIAN for
considered, that only system so-
further information and advice.
lutions in the closed window with,
But also normal heat protection for example, steel reinforced
glass from ClimaGuard® Premium frames and posts and grounding
8
or ClimaGuard® 1.0 and solar of the system will grant an effi-
control glasses from SunGuard® cient protection against electric
HP or SunGuard® High Selective smog.
with a sheet resistance of the
GUARDIAN is also able to offer
coating < 5 Ohm reduce very
additional options.
well high frequent radiation up to
approx. 30 dB (99,9 %). Glass structures with these spe-
cial coatings and corresponding
A triple glazing with two heat
edge connections are able today
protection coatings achieved
to make their contribution in the
HF-transmission reductions of ap-
transparent façade area. There
prox. 42 dB for 900 MHz (GSM
is, however, no defined product
900 mobile service) and about
pallet available but only a glass
47 dB in the area of 1900 MHz
125
GUARDIAN GlassTime
combination which has to be de- • Which other functions must

termined in advance as to: the glass comply with, for ex-
ample, heat-, noise- and solar
• What must be shielded and
protection, etc?
where?
Electro damping glazing there-
• Which frequency ranges must
fore always refers to a glass ele-
be damped and to what ex-
ment that has to be used in a
tent?
certain object and that has to be
• How can the edge parameters defined at the beginning of the
for glass windows and window planning.
brickwork be realized?
8.5.5 Anti-reflection-glazing
Despite best transparency of • items displayed in show win-
modern glazing the view – de- dows
pending on the angle of vision
• glazed openings in control
and light incidence – from the
rooms and visitor terraces
light outside to the darker inte-
rior is hindered by reflection. In • show boxes and object pro-
particular, shop window glaz- tecting panes in museums
ing can decrease the observa-
• separating glazing in stadiums
tion of items behind the glazing
by the presence of reflections. • interior separating glazing in
A newly developed coating by hospitals and cleanrooms
GUARDIAN remediates this. The
• zoological gardens and aquari-
coating on both glass surfaces
ums
reduces the reflection degree of
the glazing with one pane below • protection glazing for directo-
1 %. This type of glazing is espe- ries and display panels
cially appropriate for:
Generally, it must be taken into
consideration that isolating glaz-
ing is only efficient when all in-
stalled glass areas in the system
are coated in this manner. This
new coating is also compatible
and can be pretempered as tem-
pered glass. For more informa-
tion and the availability of anti-
reflection-coated glass, please
contact GUARDIAN.
126
Hanseatic Trade Center, Hamburg

NHT Nägele, Hoffmann, Tiedemann Architects
127
GUARDIAN GlassTime
MAIN TOWER, Frankfurt/M.

Schweger + Partner Architects
9. Standards, guidelines, tips..................................130

9.1 European-relevant norms for glass.....................................130
9.2 Tolerances for standardised requirements.........................132
9.2.1 Basic glass..............................................................................132
9.2.2 Cutting....................................................................................132
General | Possible break-off for float glass | Acute angle of tempered
glass, laminated safety glass, IGU – cutback – zone not to be assessed |
Length, width and perpendicularity
9.2.3 Processing..............................................................................134
Edge processing qualities | Edits | Drilled holes

and heat-strengthened glass................................................141
General distortion – valid for float glass units | Local distortion – valid
for float glass units
9.2.5 Insulating glass units (IGU)....................................................142

Edge seal | Thickness tolerances in the edge area of the unit |
Dimension tolerance / offset
9.2.6 Laminated safety glass units.................................................144

Dimension tolerances | Displacement tolerance (offset) | Thickness
tolerance
128
9.3 Glass edges............................................................................145
9.3.1 Edge types.............................................................................145
9.3.2 Edge processing....................................................................146
9.3.3 Edges presentation and typical application........................147
9.4 Glass corners and joints.......................................................148
stripping for double insulating glass...................................148
stripping for triple insulating glass.......................................148
seal for double insulating glass............................................148
seal for triple insulating glass...............................................149
9.4.5 All-glass corner with double-stepped glazing unit ...........149
9.4.6 All-glass corner with triple-stepped glazing unit................149
double-insulated glass with stepped edges.......................149
triple-insulated glass with stepped edges..........................150
9.5 Dimensioning of glass thickness..........................................150
9.6 Surface damage to glass......................................................151
of glass in buildings...............................................................151
9.7.1 Scope......................................................................................151
9.7.2 Testing.....................................................................................152
9.7.3 Permitted discrepancies for the
visible quality of glass in buildings.......................................153
9.7.4 General comments................................................................154
Visible properties of glazing products
9.8 Glass breakage......................................................................157

9.9 CE qualification......................................................................162
9.10 Materials compatibility.........................................................163
9.10.1 Compatible insulating glass sealant and
structural glazing silicone for SunGuard® (HP)....................164 9
9.11 Glass cleaning........................................................................166
9.12 Transport and storing...........................................................167
129
GUARDIAN GlassTime
The rapid development of glass guidelines that are appropriate

as a building material, of course, depending on the application.
means that the rules for its use Regardless of the testing direc-
are becoming more stringent and tives and usage regulations, pure
comprehensive. European stand- glass-specific parameters must
ards now cover most aspects re- also be observed, and this can
garding application and testing have a huge impact on the func-
various types of glass in the con- tion and longevity of glass prod-
struction industry. But beyond ucts, as has been shown in previ-
that, there are a host of national, ous chapters.
country-specific regulations and
9.1 European-relevant norms for glass

The most important international use of glass in connection with
norms for the assessment and the buildings are:
EN 81 Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts
EN 101 Ceramic tiles; Determination of scratch hardness of surface
according to Mohs
EN 356 Glass in building – Security glazing – Testing and classification
of resistance against manual attack
EN 410 Glass in building – Determination of luminous and solar charac-
teristics of glazing
EN 572 Glass in building – Basic soda lime silicate glass products
EN 673 Glass in building – Determination of thermal transmittance (U
value) - Calculation method
EN 674 Glass in building – Determination of the thermal transmittance
(U value) - Guarded hot plate method
of resistance against bullet attack
EN 1096 Glass in building – Coated glass
EN 1279 Glass in building – Insulated glass units
EN 1363 F ire resistance tests
EN 1364 F ire resistance tests on non load-bearing elements
EN 1522/1523 Windows, doors, shutters and blinds – Bullet resistance
EN 1627 - 1630 Burglar resistant construction products – Requirements and
classification, test methods for the determination of resistance
under static and dynamic loading and to manual burglary
attempts
EN 1748 Glass in building – Special basic products
EN 1863 Glass in building – Heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass
EN 10204 Metallic products – Types of inspection documents
EN 12150 Glass in building – Thermally-tempered soda lime silicate safety
glass
EN 12207 Windows and doors – Air permeability – Classification
EN 12208 Windows and doors – Watertightness – Classification
EN 12412 Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters
130
EN 12488 Glass in building – Glazing requirements – Assembly rules

EN 12600 Glass in building – Pendulum tests
EN 12758 Glass in building – Glazing and airborne sound insulation
EN 12898 Glass in building – Determination of the emissivity
EN 13022 Glass in building – Structural sealant glazing
EN 13123, Teile 1 - 2 Windows, doors and shutters – Explosion resistance
EN 13501 F ire classification of construction products and building ele-
ments
of resistance against explosion pressure
EN 14179 Glass in building – Heat soaked thermally tempered soda lime
silicate safety glass
EN 14449 Glass in building – Laminated glass and laminated safety glass
EN 15434 Glass in building – Product standard for structural and/or ultra-
violet resistant sealant
EN 15651 joint sealants for non load bearing applications in buildings and
on pedestrian paths
EN 20 140 Acoustics – Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and
of building elements
EN ISO 140- 3 Acoustics – Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and
of building elements – Laboratory measurements of airborne
sound insulation of building elements
EN ISO 717-1 Acoustics – Rating of sound insulation …
EN ISO 1288, Glass in building – Bending strength of glass
Teile 1 - 5
EN ISO 9050 Glass in building – Determination of light transmittance, solar
direct transmittance, total solar energy transmittance, ultravio-
let transmittance and related glazing factors
EN ISO 10077 Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters
EN ISO 12543 Glass in building – Laminated glass and laminated safety glass
EN ISO 13788 Hygrothermal performance of building components and build-
ing elements
131
GUARDIAN GlassTime
9.2 Tolerances for standardised requirements

The basic principles for toler- • Standard tolerances
ances are specified in the ap- Standard tolerances are tol-
plicable standards. However, erances that can be ensured
these standards are not always during the normal course of
sufficient in actual practice. This production.
chapter therefore describes those
• Special tolerances
applications that are listed in the
Special tolerances can be re-
standards where they are not
alised during production with
clearly defined or are not speci-
additional precautionary meas-
fied at all, and breaks them down
ures and must be agreed upon
into two categories:
on a case-by-case basis.
9.2.1 Basic glass

EN 572 is a normative standard Nominal thickness Deviation limit
[mm] [mm]
for basic glass.
2 ± 0.2
These standards specify the de- 3 ± 0.2
viation limits for nominal thick- 4 ± 0.2
nesses for various glass products.
5 ± 0.2
Furthermore, requirements for
6 ± 0.2
quality as well as optical and vis-
8 ± 0.3
ible flaws in basic glass products
10 ± 0.3
are defined in these standards.
12 ± 0.3
The following tolerances of the 15 ± 0.5
nominal thickness also apply: 19 ± 1.0
Tab. 1: Deviation limits for glass thick-
nesses
No differentiations are made

between standard and special
tolerances when considering the
deviation limits.
9.2.2 Cutting
EN 572 is also valid for ± 0.2 mm / m edge length.
overall length dimensions of

9.2.2.1 General
The angular break must be taken Specified Specified
into consideration! This type of dimension dimension
break depends on glass thickness
and the quality of the basic glass.
F ig. 1: Upper break F ig. 2: Lower break
132
Glass thickness Maximum value These factors must be taken into

[mm] [mm]
consideration when stating infor-
2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ± 1.0 mation on tolerances, i. e. glass
8, 10 ± 1.5 dimensions may change with a
12 ± 2.0 raised edge by twice the value of
15 ± 2.0 the angular break.
19 + 5.0 / - 3.0
As for non-rectangular elements,
Tab. 2: Angular break values
the following tolerances shown in
Tab. 2a can apply to the given an-
gles (similar to cutback). The ge-
ometry of the elements remains
the same.
9.2.2.1.1 Possible break-off for float glass

a x
≤ 12.5° - 30 mm
≤ 20° - 18 mm a
≤ 35° - 12 mm
≤ 45° - 8 mm x
Tab. 2a: cutback F ig. 3: cutback
9.2.2.1.2 Acute angle of tempered glass, laminated safety glass,

IGU – cutback – zone not to be assessed
Due to manufacturing reasons, a x
the glass manufacturer reserves ≤ 12.5° - 65 mm
the right to cut back, according to ≤ 20° - 33 mm
Table 2b. If such a cutback is not Tab. 2b: cutback
performed, the measurements
listed in Table 2b are considered If the angle is > 25°, the cut-
zones that are not to be assessed. back equals the break-off. The
In this case, unevenness at the tolerances listed in Þ chapter
edges (e.g. upper breaks) and on 9.2.3.1.4, Table 6 must not be
the surface may occur and are not added to the tolerances men-
a reason for complaint. tioned above in Tables 2a and 2b.
133
GUARDIAN GlassTime
9.2.2.2 Length, width and perpendicularity

Based on the nominal dimen-
sions of the length H and the
B-5
width W, the glass pane must fit
B+5
into a rectangle that has been
enlarged in size by the upper de- H-5
viation limit where the nominal
dimensions are used as the base
H+5
dimensions. The glass pane must
circumscribe a rectangle that has F ig. 4: Angularity
been reduced in size by the lower
common centre (see fig. 4). These
deviation limit where the nominal
rectangles also describe the lim-
dimensions are used as the basis
its of perpendicularity. The devia-
The sides of the given rectangle tion limits for the nominal dimen-
must be parallel to each other sions of length H and width W are
and the rectangles must have a ± 5 mm.
9.2.3 Processing
The tolerances depend on the In addition, the applicable EN
respective type of edge process- 1863, EN 12 150 and EN 14 179
ing. and national requirements, as in
Germany as DIN 1249, Part 11.
9.2.3.1 Edge processing qualities

(Þ chapter 9.3.2)
9.2.3.1.1 Standard tolerances

Edge processing is divided • The tolerance with angular
into bordered, ground, smooth break given in the “cutting“ (Þ
ground and polished. Therefore, chapter 9.2.2) applies to bor-
there are two tolerance catego- dered edges.
ries:
• The following table applies
to smooth ground / polished
edges.
Edge length [mm] t ≤ 12 mm [mm] t = 19 mm [mm]
≤ 1000 ± 1.5 ± 2.0
≤ 2000 ± 2.0 ± 2.5
≤ 3000 + 2.0 / - 2.5 ± 3.0
≤ 4000 + 2.0 / - 3.0 + 3.0 / - 4.0
≤ 5000 + 2.0 / - 4.0 + 3.0 / - 5.0
≤ 6000 + 2.0 / - 5.0 + 3.0 / - 5.0
Tab. 3: Rectangle – standard deviations
134
1,5 Ö 45° The deviation of the diagonal

± 1 mm/ ± 5°
1,5 Ö 45°
results from b2 + h2
Example:
glass pane b x h
= 1,000 x 3,000 mm
F ig. 5: edge processing
therefore:
plus dimension: 1,5 + 2,0
2 2
= +2,5 mm
minus dimension: 1,5 + 2,5
2 2
= -2,9 mm;
therefore:
diagonal deviation: + 2,5 / - 3,0 mm
9.2.3.1.2 Special tolerances

The tolerances listed in Table 4 because the first glass pane must
are available according to the be measured exactly. Unground
following limits subject to extra glass panes must be recut.
processing, which is required,
Edge length [mm] t ≤ 12 mm [mm] t = 15 + 19 mm [mm]
≤ 1000 + 0.5 – 1.5 + 0.5 – 1.5
≤ 2000 + 0.5 – 1.5 + 0.5 – 2.0
≤ 3000 + 0.5 – 1.5 + 0.5 – 2.0
≤ 4000 + 0.5 – 2.0 + 0.5 – 2.5
≤ 5000 + 0.5 – 2.5 + 0.5 – 3.0
≤ 6000 + 1.0 – 3.0 + 1.0 – 3.5
Tab. 4: Rechteck Sonderabmaße
9.2.3.1.3 Special shapes

The following table applies to
15 and 19 mm glass:
Edge length t ≤ 12 mm
Standard [mm] Special (CNC) [mm]
9
≤ 1000 ± 2.0 + 1.0 / - 1.0
≤ 2000 ± 3.0 + 1.0 / - 1.5
≤ 3000 ± 4.0 + 1.0 / - 2.0
≤ 4000 ± 5.0 ≤ 3900 + 1.0 / - 2.5
≤ 5000 + 5.0 / - 8.0 ≤ 5000 + 2.0 / - 4.0
≤ 6000 + 5.0 / - 10.0 ≤ 6000 + 2.0 / - 5.0
Tab. 5: Sonderformen
135
GUARDIAN GlassTime
9.2.3.1.4 Edge processing

a x
≤ 12.5° - 15 mm
≤ 20° - 9 mm
≤ 35° - 6 mm
≤ 45° - 4 mm
Tab. 6
9.2.3.2 Processings
Processings can be corner cut- As for corner and edge cut-outs,
outs, surface cut-outs and edge the minimum radius of the pro-
cut-outs in a glass pane. Positions cessing tool must be considered.
and dimensions of the process- The hole position and/or posi-
ings must be agreed upon indi- tion tolerances of the processings
vidually and in consideration of equal the edge processing toler-
production. ances.
9.2.3.2.1 Corner cut-off, bordered < 100 x 100 mm

Standard deviation ± 4 mm
9.2.3.2.2 Edge cut-out, bordered

Standard deviation ± 4 mm to position/deviations
9.2.3.2.3 Edge cut-out, bordered

9.2.3.2.3.1 Standard deviation for manual processing –
cut-out dimensions
Cut-out length Deviation
[mm] [mm]
≤ 1000 ± 6.0
Tab. 7: Edge cut-out deviation HB,
bordered
9.2.3.2.3.2 Standard deviation for CNC processing –

cut-out dimensions
Important: Minimum dimension Cut-out length Deviation
[mm] [mm]
with internal radiuses: 15 mm
≤ 2000 ± 4.0
≤ 3400 ± 4.0
≤ 6000 ± 5.0
Tab. 8: Edge cut-out deviation CNC pro-
cessing centre, arrissed
136
9.2.3.2.4 Edge cut-off, bordered

Standard deviation ± 2 mm Special deviation ± 1,5 mm
(Edge cut-off < 100 x 100 mm, Production performed in CNC
otherwise special shape) processing centre.
9.2.3.2.5 Edge cut-off, polished – CNC processing centre

9.2.3.2.5.1 Standard
Standard deviation ± 2 mm
(Edge cut-off < 100 x 100 mm,
otherwise special shape)
F ig. 6: Special shape
9.2.3.2.5.2 Special deviation

Deviation ± 1,5 mm
9.2.3.2.6 Corner cut-out, bordered

Depending on the glass thick- ≤ 10 mm: R 10
ness, minimum distance with in- ≤ 12 mm: R 15
ternal radiuses: Deviation of size ± 2 mm
Deviation of position ± 3 mm

Minimum dimension with inter- Special processing is performed
nal radiuses: 17.5 mm, deviation in the CNC processing centre.
1.5 mm.
9.2.3.2.7 Corner cut-out, polished – CNC processing centre

Minimum dimension with internal 9
radiuses: 17.5 mm
Deviation ± 2 mm
137
GUARDIAN GlassTime

Deviation ± 1,5 mm
9.2.3.2.8 Edge cut-out, smooth ground or polished –

CNC processing centre
9.2.3.2.8.1 Standard deviation
Minimum dimension with internal Cut-out length Deviation
[mm] [mm]
radiuses: 17.5 mm
< 500 ± 2.0
≤ 1000 ± 3.0
≤ 2000 ± 3.0
≤ 3400 ± 4.0
Tab. 9: Edge cut-out deviation CNC pro-
cessing centre, smooth ground or polished

Minimum dimension with inter-
nal radiuses: 17.5 mm, Deviation
± 1.5 mm
9.2.3.3 Drilled holes

The hole position and/or posi- equal the edge processing toler-
tion tolerances of the processings ances.
9.2.3.3.1 Diameters of drilled holes

The diameters Ø of drilled holes separately from the manufactur-
should not be smaller than the er regarding small diameters of
glass thickness. Please enquire drilled holes.
9.2.3.3.2 Limitation and position of the drilled hole

The position of the drilled hole
(edge of the hole) relative to the
glass edge, glass corner and next
hole depends on: a
a ≥ 2t
• glass thickness (t) The distance of the well shall not be less
than 2 x t
• diameter of the drill hole
F ig. 7: Position of hole relative to edge
• form of the glass pane
• number of drill holes
138
2d
b
c
b ≥ 2t 2d
c ≥ 6t
The distance of the borehole edge to
The distance of the holes to each other the corner of the glass should not be
should not be less than 2 x t less than 6 x t
F ig. 8: Position of adjacent holes F ig. 9: Position of hole relative to corner
Nominal diameter Deviation

t [mm] [mm]
4 < t < 20 ± 1.0
20 < t < 100 ± 2.0
100 < t Request from
manufacturer
Tab. 10: Drill hole deviations
9.2.3.3.3 Deviations in drill hole positions

Deviations in the position of in- of width (W) and length (H) from
dividual drill holes equal those Tab 11.
Nominal dimensions Deviation t [mm]
of side W or H [mm]
Nominal thickness t ≤ 12 Nominal thickness t > 12
≤ 2000 ± 2.5 (horizontal ± 3.0
manufacturing processes)
± 3.0 (vertical
manufacturing processes)
2000 < W oder H ≤ 3000 ± 3.0 ± 4.0
> 3000 ± 4.0 ± 5.0
Tab. 11
The position of the holes is The position of the holes (X, Y) is

measured in perpendicular co- (x ± t, y ± t), where x & y are the
ordinates (X & Y-axis) from the required distances and t is the
reference point to the centre of deviation.
the hole. The reference point is 9
generally an existing corner or an
assumed fixed point.
139
GUARDIAN GlassTime
y
x x
y
y
F ig. 10: Hole position
9.2.3.3.4 Drilled hole positions

> 4500 ± 4
≤ 4500 ± 3
≤ 3000 ± 2
≤ 1000 ± 1
≤ 1000 ± 1
> 1000 ± 2
All measurements in mm
F ig. 11: Drilled hole positions
9.2.3.3.5 Drilled countersunk hole in diameters

Diameter: 90° ± 2°
≤ 30 mm ± 1 mm,
> 30 mm ± 2 mm. Ø + 1,5
- 1,0
F ig. 12: Countersunk hole deviation
140
9.2.3.3.6 Drilled counter-sunk holes in laminated safety glass

The cylindrical drilled hole of the Outer
90°
opposite glass pane must have a
4 mm larger diameter compared X X
min. 2 mm
to the core diameter of the drilled
countersunk hole.
X
countersunk hole Ø - core Ø
X=
2
min. glass thickness = X + 2 mm
2 mm Core Ø 2 mm
F ig. 13: Drilled countersunk holes in

laminated safety glass

and heat-strengthened glass
Single-pane safety glass, ad- for tempered – heat-soaked glass
ditionally valid: EN 12 150-1/-2 and EN 1863 for heat strength-
for temeperd glass. EN 14 179 ened glass.
9.2.4.1 General distortion – valid for float glass units

Standard 0.3 % of the measured With square formats with side
length. ratios between 1:1 and 1:1.3 and
with glass thicknesses ≤ 6 mm,
To be measured at the edges
the deviation from the straight-
and diagonal, where none of the
ness is larger compared to nar-
measured values may exceed 0.3
row rectangular formats due to
% of the measured length.
the toughening process.
9.2.4.2 Local distortion – valid for float glass units

Standard 0.3 mm over 300 mm of The measurement must be per-
the measured length. formed with a min. distance of 25
mm to the edge. 9
9.2.4.2.1 Recommended minimum glass thicknesses depending
on the external glass pane dimension
Due to the thermal tempering glass thicknesses. In this context,
process, we recommend the fol- application requirements are not
lowing size-dependent minimum considered.
141
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Min. glass thickness t Max. external pane dimension

4 mm 1000 x 2000 mm
5 mm 1500 x 3000 mm
6 mm 2100 x 3500 mm
8 mm 2500 x 4500 mm
10 mm 2800 x 5000 mm
12 mm 2800 x 5900 mm
Tab. 12: Minimum glass thicknesses
9.2.5 Insulating glass units (IGU)

Basis, the standards supplemented by national
EN 1279-1 to -6, EN 1096-1, requirements.
9.2.5.1 Edge seal

The structure of the edge seal The maximum deviation of the
corresponds to the system speci- edge seal width is ± 2.5 mm
fications of the manufacturer.
9.2.5.2 Thickness tolerances in the edge area of the unit

The actual thickness must be The thickness tolerances of in-
measured at each corner and sulating glass units with multiple
near the midpoints of the edges pane cavities are ensured by ad-
between the outer glass surfaces. hering to the following rules:
The measured values must be
a) determine the tolerances of
determined to an accuracy of
every single glass/cavity/glass
0.1 mm. The measured thickness
formation according to Table
values may not deviate from the
13
nominal thickness specified by
the manufacturer of the insulat- b) calculate the squares of these
ing glass units by more than the values
deviations specified in Table 13.
c) sum the square values
d) take the square root of this sum
142
F irst pane* Second pane* IGU thickness

deviation [mm]
a annealed glass annealed glass ± 1.0
b annealed glass tempered or heat-strength- ± 1.5
ened glass**
c annealed glass, tempered Laminated glass with foils*** ± 1.5
glass or heat-strengthened Total Thickness ≤ 12 mm
glass
thickness ≤ 6 mm
other cases ± 2.0
d annealed glass patterned glass ± 1.5
e tempered or heat-strength- tempered or heat-strength- ± 1.5
ened glass ened glass
f tempered or heat-strength- glass/plastic composite**** ± 1.5
ened glass
g tempered or heat-strength- patterned glass ± 1.5
ened glass
h Glass/plastic composite glass/plastic composite ± 1.5
i Glass/plastic composite patterned glass ± 1.5
* Pane thicknesses given as nominal values.
** Thermally tempered safety glass, heat-strengthened glass or chemically-tempered
glass.
*** Laminated glass or laminated safety glass, consisting of two annealed float glass
panes (maximum thickness 12 mm each) and one plastic foil interlayer. For laminated
glass or laminated safety glass of varying composition, see EN ISO 12 543-5 and the
calculation rule according to 9.2.5.2 should be applied subsequently.
**** Glass/plastic composites are a type of composite glass that contains at least one
pane of a plastic glazing material; see EN ISO 12 543-1.
Tab. 13: Thickness tolerances of IGU when using float glass
9.2.5.3 Dimension tolerance / offset

The dimension tolerances are cal- ing glass units plus the possible
culated from the tolerances of the offset dimensions from insulating
primary products used in insulat- glass unit assembly.
2000 mm ≥ Edge length 2.0 mm
3500 mm ≥ Edge length > 2000 mm 2.5 mm
Edge length > 3500 mm 3.0 mm
Tab. 14: Maximum offset dimension – rectangles
2000 mm ≥ Edge length 2.0 mm

9
3500 mm ≥ Edge length > 2000 mm 3.0 mm
Edge length > 3500 mm 4.0 mm
Tab. 15: Maximum offset dimension – special shapes
143
GUARDIAN GlassTime
9.2.6 Laminated safety glass units

Laminated safety glass units con- A distinction is made between
sist of two or more glass panes glass with a PVB foil thickness of
that are connected to an insepa- 0.38 mm and glass with a PVB foil
rable unit by means of one or sev- thickness of at least 0.76 mm.
eral polyvinyl butyral (PVB) foils.
9.2.6.1 Dimension tolerances

The tolerances generally comply
with EN ISO 12 543.
B-t
Laminated safety glass is distin- B+t
guished according to its struc- H-t
ture: Laminated safety glass 0.38
PVB, laminated safety glass from
0.76 PVB, laminated safety glass H+t
with sound protection foil (sound F ig. 14: Limit sizes for dimensions of
control laminated safety glass) rectangular panes
and laminated safety glass with
colour foil (coloured PVB foils). Example:
Laminated safety glass made of
The respective dimension toler-
6 mm tempered glass / 0.76 PVB
ances of the semi-finished prod-
/ 6 mm heat-strengthened glass;
ucts used in the laminated safety
polished edges. Deviation of the
glass element apply, and addi-
single pane: ± 1.5 mm, additional
tionally the permissible displace-
offset tolerance: ± 2.0 mm.
ment tolerances as shown in Ta-
The permissible offset tolerance
bles 16 and 17.
adds up to ± 3.5 mm
9.2.6.2 Displacement tolerance (offset)

The individual panes might be B, H ± t
displaced during the laminating
process for manufacturing rea-
sons. With laminated safety glass
consisting of two or more glass
d d
panes, every single pane is pro-
cessed according to DIN 1249, F ig. 15: Offset
Part 11 as standard.
The cutting tolerances are added
to the displacement tolerances.
The longest edge of the element
is used in Tables 16 and 17.
144
Edge length l Permissible maximum dimensions for displacement per

[mm] laminated safety glass nominal thickness
≤ 8 mm ≤ 20 mm > 20 mm
l ≤ 2000 1.0 2.0 3.0
2000 < l ≤ 4000 2.0 2.5 3.5
l > 4000 3.0 3.0 4.0
Tab. 16: Permissible maximum dimensions for displacement: rectangles
Edge length l Permissible maximum dimensions for displacement per

[mm] laminated safety glass nominal thickness
≤ 8 mm ≤ 20 mm > 20 mm
l ≤ 2000 1.5 3.0 4.5
2000 < l ≤ 4000 3.0 4.0 5.5
l > 4000 4.5 5.0 6.0
Tab. 17: Permissible maximum dimensions for offset: special shapes
9.2.6.3 Thickness tolerance

The thickness deviation of lami- the intermediate layer must not
nated safety glass must not ex- be taken into account if the thick-
ceed the sum of the individual ness of the intermediate layer is
glass panes, which is specified < 2 mm. For intermediate layers
in the standards for basic glass ≥ 2 mm a deviation of ≤ 0.2 mm
(EN 572). The tolerance limit of is taken into account.
9.3 Glass edges

The quality of glass edges of fects and can lead in an extreme
single panes that are built into case to breakage. The quality de-
a glass system has enormous in- pends on the status of the cutting
fluence on the longevity of the tools as well as on further edge
product. Glass edges without fur- processing. Definitions must be
ther processing may show micro found in EN 12 150.
cracks, which have negative ef-
9.3.1 Edge types

• Round edges (RK)
This edge surface grinding is 9
somewhat rounded. The most
popular type by far is the “C
edge”. The “flat-round” or “half-
round” types of edges can be
made on agreement.
• Straight edge (K)
The straight edge forms an angle
of 90° to the glass surface.
145
GUARDIAN GlassTime
• Mitre edge (GK)

The mitre edge forms an angel
between < 90° and ≥ 45° to the
glass surface. There will be no
sharp edge but always a bevel of
90° to the glass surface.
• Facet edge (FK) < 90°
In this case, there will be an op-
≤2
tional angle deviating from 90° to
the glass surface. Depending on
the facet width, differentiations
are made between flat and steep
facets. In addition, the faceted
edge runs towards a remaining
90° edge, thus a bevel that may
also be rounded.
9.3.2 Edge processing

Indication Definition according to EN 12150
Cut edge (KG) The cut edge (cut edge) is an unprocessed glass edge
that is produced when flat glass is cut. The margins
of the cut edge are sharp-edged. The edge has slight
wave lines (so-called Wallner lines) which are running
transversely to its margins. Generally, the cut edge has
a clean break but there may also be irregular breakages
caused at contact points of cutting tools which is the
case with thick glass panes and non-straight format
glass panes. Other processing characteristics may result,
for example, from breaking the glass by means of tongs.
Projecting unevennesses may be levelled (ground). A
laminated safety glass comprising of glass panes with
cut edges normally has an edge mismatch
complying with the cutting tolerance.
Arrissed edge (KGS) The cut edges are trimmed. The glass edge can be
smooth ground in full or in part.
Ground edge (KMG) The cut edges are trimmed. The glass edge can be
smooth ground in full or in part.
Smooth ground edge (KGN) The edge surface is smooth ground by means of a fine
grinding wheel getting a frosted (satined) surface finish.
Blank spots and shells are not admissible.
146
Indication Definition according to EN 12150

Polished edge (KPO) The polished edge is a smooth ground edge refined by
polishing. Frosted spots are not admissible. Visible and
noticeable polishing marks and scorings are admissible.
Due to manufacturing reasons, the edges of a glass
pane can be processed by different or several machines.
This may result in a different appearance of smooth
ground and polished edges. This is not a reason for
complaint.
9.3.3 Edges presentation and typical application

Edge diagram Description Typical application
Smooth ground edge, KGN Structural glazing
with exposed edges
Ground
Ground
Edge polished, KPO Structural glazing
where edge condition
Polished is critical for aestethic
Ground purposes
Round edge (C edge) Mirrors, decorative

smooth ground, RK furniture glass
Ground
Round edge (C edge) Mirrors, decorative

polished, RK furniture glass
Polished
Facet edge, steep smooth Structural glazing

ground
Ground
a = 22°, 45°, 67°
Facet edge, flat polished Mirrors, decorative
furniture glass
Polished
a = 5°
Arrissed edge, KGS Normal edge treatment for
hard-treated glass
Natural cut
Seamed
9
147
GUARDIAN GlassTime
9.4 Glass corners and joints

This form of modern architecture ements for sealing are identical
is characterized by the fact that with those glazing held in frames.
there is no vertical stud, header The same applies for the statical
or load-bearing beam behind proof and for the specifications
the corner or the joint to hide concerning heat – and eventually
them, nor is there a front cover. noise reduction.
Therefore, the glass that is used
The constructive possibilities are
must generally have UV-resistant
multifaceted and must be de-
edge seals (Þ chapter 3.4) and all
fined clearly when the planning
used materials must be compliant
stars. Following are some exam-
amongst them. The conditions
ples for possible implementa-
for the forming of the rebates
tions.
between the adjoining glass el-
9.4.1 Glass joint with sealant joint and weather stripping for
double insulating glass
Suitable for vertical use, not for
roof glazing as there is no venti-
lation or drainage in the rebate
area.
9.4.2 Glass joint with sealant joint and weather stripping for
triple insulating glass
Suitable for vertical use, not for
roof glazing as there is no venti-
lation nor drainage in the rebate
area.
9.4.3 Glass joint with sealant joint and preformed seal for
double insulating glass
Ventilation and drainage of the
rebate fold are available and fol-
lowing the construction to the
outside, especially in the joint in-
tersections.
148
9.4.4 Glass joint with sealant joint and preformed seal for
triple insulating glass
Ventilation and drainage of the
rebate fold are available and fol-
lowing the construction to the
outside, especially in the joint in-
tersections.
9.4.5 All-glass corner with double-stepped glazing unit

No ventilation and drainage of
the rebate area possible, there-
fore not suitable for angular glaz-
ing.
9.4.6 All-glass corner with triple-stepped glazing unit

No ventilation and or rain in the
rebate area. Possible, therefore
not suitable for angular glazing.
9.4.7 All-glass corner with preformed seal for double-insulated

glass with stepped edges
Humidity removal as well as ven-
tilation of the rebate area possi- 9
ble and constructed so that it is
conveyed to the outside; there-
fore, suitable for vertical as well
as for angular glazing.
149
GUARDIAN GlassTime
9.4.8 All-glass corner with preformed seal for triple-insulated glass

with stepped edges
Humidity removal and ventilation
of the rebate area possible and
constructed so that it is conveyed
to the outside; therefore, suitable
for vertical as well as for angular
glazing.
Detailed explanations for this
subject matter regarding national
rules –e.g. in Germany – are locat-
ed in the consultative document
V.07 of the federation window +
façade – or, this can be defined
together with GUARDIAN during
the planning stage.
9.5 Dimensioning of glass thickness

The installed glass are subject • pane interface-contraction and
to different loads and have thus -expansion due to fluctuating
to be dimensioned according weather conditions (changes in
to the conditions. In addition to temperature and air pressure)
positive/negative wind and snow
• glass bearing on all sides or
loads, its own weight, and when
partially
using insulating glass, the cli-
matic loads in the interface must • thermally increased glass stress
also be considered. The follow-
National guidelines and rules ap-
ing variants should generally be
ply for precisely estimating glass
considered when figuring dimen-
that must be introduced and
sions.. GUARDIAN would also
adapted gradually in the medi-
be pleased to help you with the
um-term in all EU-countries. Ger-
following:
many is therefore transferring its
• geographical location and in- existing various technical rules to
stallation position of the glaz- the new DIN 18 008. These types
ing of calculations are only allowed to
be made by engineering compa-
• load distribution, if it is not
nies and must be checked by the
50:50
associated “Construction Control
Board”.
150
9.6 Surface damage to glass

Like all other high-quality plate is left behind after these types of
glass, glass surfaces can be ex- materials have dried on the glass
posed to mechanical, thermal or surface and are then removed.
chemical stressors. Past experi-
Thermal damage, however, can
ence has shown that this level
occur when welding work or met-
of damage generally occurs dur-
al cutting that is carried out near
ing the construction period and
glass that is not protected against
seldom once the building has
flying sparks. In addition, unsuit-
been completed. Mechanical
able sealing material may cause
surface damage is generally due
irreparable streaking, as with ag-
to inappropriate transport at the
gressive cleaning agents, which
construction site, storage or in-
may possibly contain hydrofluoric
stallation, by the sliding of one
acid, an agent that is often used
side against another when there
for cleaning brick façades.
is dust from the construction site
on the panes. To prevent these possible sce-
narios, the glass should be
In addition, using unsuitable tools
protected with foils if it is in-
like glass planers or blades to re-
stalled at an early stage of the
move persistent dirt on glass can
building phase and later be
cause mechanical damage to the
cleaned exclusively with suit-
surface. The most frequent cause
able cleaning agents and an ap-
of this type of damage on con-
propriate amount of clean water
struction sites is that the glass
(Þ chapter 9.11).
comes into contact with fresh ce-
ment, mortar or chalk. Corrosion

of glass in buildings
(Extract from „Guideline to assess buildings“ BIV/BF/VFF 2009)
the visibility quality of glass in
9.7.1 Scope
9
This guideline applies to as- ancies listed in the table in Sec-
sessment of the visibility qual- tion 9.7.3.
ity of glass in buildings (used in
Glass surfaces that remain visible
building shells and in finishing
after installation are subject to
of buildings / structures). The as-
assessment. Glass products con-
sessment is made according to
structed with coated glass panes,
the following testing principles,
tinted glass, laminated glass or
along with the permitted discrep-
tempered glass (single safety
151
GUARDIAN GlassTime
glass, heat-strengthened glass) Assessing the visible quality of

can also be assessed using the the edges of glass products is not
table in Section 9.7.3. the subject of this guideline. The
rebate zone does not apply as
The guideline does not apply to
an assessment criterion to edges
specially constructed glass units,
without frames in constructions
such as glass units with elements
that are not framed on all sides.
installed in the gas-filled cavity or
The intended use must be indi-
in the laminate, glass products us-
cated in the order.
ing patterned glass, wired glass,
special safety glazing, fire-resist- Special conditions should be
ant glazing and non-transparent agreed upon for inspecting the
glass products. These glass prod- outward appearance of glass in
ucts must be assessed taking into facades.
consideration the materials used,
the production processes and
the relevant information from the
manufacturer.
9.7.2 Testing
In testing visibility through the Glazing units in rooms (indoor
pane, i.e. the view of the back- glazing) must be inspected with
ground, is the generally applica- normal (diffused) illumination in-
ble criterion, not the appearance tended for the use of the rooms
in reflection. The discrepancies at a viewing angle that is prefer-
may not be specially marked. ably vertical to the surface.
The glazing units must be tested If glazing is assessed from the
according to the table in section outside, they must be examined
9.7.3 from a distance of minimum in installed condition, taking into
1 metre from the inside to the consideration the usual viewing
outside at an angle which cor- distance. Inspection conditions
responds to the normal usage of and viewing distances taken from
the room. The test is carried out requirements in product stand-
under diffused daylight condi- ards for the viewed glazing may
tions (e.g. overcast sky), without differ from these and are not
direct sunlight or artificial illumi- taken into consideration in this
nation. guideline. The inspection condi-
tions described in these product
standards often cannot adhered
to at the building.
152
9.7.3 Permitted discrepancies for the visible quality of glass in

buildings
Table prepared for coated or uncoated float glass, single-pane safety
glass, heat-strengthened glass, laminated glass, laminated safety glass
Zone The following are permitted per unit:
External shallow damage to the edge or conchoidal fractures which do not affect
the glass strength and which do not project beyond the with of the edge seal.
R Internal conchoidal fractures without loose shards, which are filled by the
sealant.
Unlimited spots or patches of residue or scratches.
Inclusions, bubbles, spots, stains, etc.:
Pane area ≤ 1 m²: max. 4 cases, each < 3 mm Ø
Pane area > 1 m²: max. 1 cases, each < 3 mm Ø
per metre of perimeter
Residues (spots) in the gas-filled cavity:
E Pane area ≤ 1 m²: max. 4 cases, each < 3 mm Ø
Pane area > 1 m²: max. 1 cases, each < 3 mm Ø
per metre of perimeter
Residues (patches) in the gas-filled cavity: max. 1 case ≤ 3 cm²
Scratches: Total of individual lengths: max. 90 mm – individual length: max. 30 mm
line scratches: not allowed in higher concentration
Inclusions, bubbles, spots, stains etc.:
Pane area ≤ 1 m²: max. 2 cases, each < 2 mm Ø
1 m² < Pane area ≤ 2 m²: max. 3 cases, each < 2 mm Ø
M Pane area > 2 m²: max. 5 cases, each < 2 mm Ø
Scratches: Total of individual lengths: max. 45 mm – individual length: max. 15 mm
Hair-line scratches: not allowed in higher concentration.
Maximum number of permitted discrepancies as in zone E
Inclusions, bubbles, spots, stains etc. of 0.5 to 1.0 mm are permitted without
any area-related limitation, except when they appear in higher concentration.
E+M
„Higher concentration“ means at least 4 inclusions, bubbles, spots, stains, etc.
are located within a diameter of ≤ 20 cm.
Comments: Single-pane safety glass, heat-strengthened

glass, laminated glass and laminated safety
Discrepancies ≤ 0.5 mm will not be taken glass made from single-pane safety glass
into account. The optically distorted fields and/or heat-strengthened glass:
they cause may not be more than 3 mm in
diameter. 1. Local roller wave distortion on the glass
surface (except for patterned single
Allowances for triple-layer thermal insulat- safety glass and patterned heat-strength- 9
ing glass, laminated glass and laminated ened glass) may not exceed 0.3 mm in
safety glass: relation to a length of 300 mm.
The permitted frequency of discrepancies in 2. The warp relative to the all-glass edge
the E and M zones increases by 25 % of the length (except for patterned single-pane
aforementioned values per additional glass safety glass and patterned heat-strength-
unit and per laminated glass pane. The ened glass) may not be greater than
results are always rounded up. 3 mm per 1000 mm glass edge length.
Greater warps may occur for square or
near square formats (up to 1:1.5) and for
single panes with a nominal thickness <
6 mm.
153
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Pane width
R Minimum clear width w R
E Main Zone M E
R E
Minimum clear height h
Main Zone M
Pane height
R M
R = Rebate zone: E = Edge zone: E R

the visually concealed area in the installed Area around edge with width w/10 or h/10
state (no limits on discrepancies, with the respectively – see diagram (less stringent
exception of mechanical damage to the assessment)
edges) M = Main zone:
(most stringent assessment)
F ig.: Zones in glass
9.7.4 General comments

The guideline is a measure for tions, installation types and exter-
assessing the visible quality of nal influences can result in differ-
glass in building. In assessing ences to the specified values and
an installed glazing product, it is optical impressions.
assumed that, in addition to the
The multitude of diverse glazing
visible quality, the characteristics
products means that the table in
required for the glazing product
section 9.7.3 cannot be applied
to fulfil its function will also be
without restrictions. In some cir-
taken account.
cumstances an assessment re-
The characteristic values of glaz- ferring to the specific product
ing products such as sound insu- is necessary. In such cases, e.g.
lation, thermal conductivity and for special safety glazing, the
light transmission values which particular specifications must be
are documented for the corre- assessed on the basis of the func-
sponding function, refer to test tion and the installation situation.
panes as specified by the ap- In assessing certain properties,
plicable testing standard. Other the product-specific characteris-
pane dimensions and combina- tics must be observed.
154
9.7.4.1 Visible properties of glazing products

9.7.4.1.1 Intrinsic colour
All materials used in glazing the coating is transmitting and/
products have an intrinsic colour, or reflecting. Fluctuations in the
which is determined by the raw colour impression are possible
materials and which becomes due to the iron oxide content in
increasingly evident as the thick- the glass, the coating process,
ness increases. Coated glass the coating itself, variation in the
is used for functional reasons. glass thickness and the unit con-
Coated glass also has its own in- struction, none of which can be
trinsic colour. This intrinsic colour avoided.
can vary, depending on whether
9.7.4.1.2 Differences in coating colours

An objective assessment of the been exactly defined (glass type,
differences in colour with coat- colour, illuminant). Such an as-
ings requires the difference in sessment cannot be the subject
colour to be measured or exam- of this guideline.
ined under conditions that have
9.7.4.1.3 Assessment of the visible section of the edge seal of the

insulating glass unit
Features on the glass and spacer The permissible deviation of the
resulting from production pro- spacer(s) in relation to the paral-
cesses can be recognised in in- lel straight glass edge or to other
sulating glass units in the visible spacers (e.g. in triple insulating
section of the edge seal. By defi- glass) is 4 mm up to an edge
nition, this section is not included length of 2.5 m. For longer edge
in the area between the sight lengths, the permissible devia-
lines that is subject to assess- tion is 6 mm. For double insulat-
ment. If the edge seal of the in- ing glass, the tolerance of the
sulating glass unit is exposed on spacer is 4 mm up to an edge
one or more sides due to design length of 3.5 m, and 6 mm for
requirements, features resulting longer edge lengths.
from production processes may
be visible in the area of edge
If the edge seal on the insulat- 9
ing glass unit is exposed due
seal.
to design requirements, typical
features of the edge seal may be-
come visible that are not covered
by this guideline. In such cases,
individual arrangements must be
agreed on.
155
GUARDIAN GlassTime
9.7.4.1.4 Insulating glass units with internal muntins

Due to climatic influences (e.g. the glazing zones, the manufac-
insulated glass effect), shocks or turing and installation tolerances
manually created vibrations, tem- and the overall impression must
porary clapping noise may occur be taken into account.
in the muntins. The production
Effects due to temperature-re-
process produced visible saw
lated changes in the lengths of
cuts and the slight removal of
muntins in the gas-filled cavity
paint near the saw cuts.
are basically unavoidable. Mis-
In assessing deviations from right alignment of muntins caused by
angles and misalignment within production cannot be ruled out.
9.7.4.1.5 Damage to external surfaces

The cause of mechanical or according to the criteria of sec-
chemical damage to the external tion 9.7.3.
surfaces recognised after installa-
In other respects, national stand-
tion must be determined. These
ards and guidelines.
discrepancies can be assessed
156
9.8 Glass breakage

Glass is a brittle construction ma- due to mechanical or thermal
terial and therefore does not al- influences immediately leads to
low for excessive deformations. breakage.
Exceeding the elasticity border
Kind of glass breakage Representation
Example: Edge breakage float glass Pane view
Mechanical point load
• short term
• weak to medium intensity
Happens with float glass, laminated safety glass,
Laminated glass, cast resin panes and
ornamental glass
Reason: Little stones between glass panes,
Hammer blow on glazing bead,
Other blow and collision effects
Characteristics: Feeding angle all directions, out of square,
Continuous angle out of square,
Origin to be seen in the edge area, Fracture cross section
Shells possible in the breakage center
Example: Edge breakage heat strengthened glass Pane view

• short term
Happens only with partially prestressed glass per
DIN EN 1863
Reason: Little stones between glass panes,
hammer blow on glazing bead,
other blow and collision effects
Origin to be seen in the edge area,
Shells to be found often in the breakage center Fracture cross section
157
GUARDIAN GlassTime

Example: Clamping crack Pane view
Mechanical point or line load
• short term dynamic
• long lasting static
Laminated glass,
cast resin panes and ornamental glass
Reason: Too small or wrong blocks and very high glass
weight,
Wrong handling of the block lever,
Length change of glass/frame not considered
Continuous angle out of square, Fracture cross section
Origin to be seen in the edge area,
Shells possible in the breakage center
Example: Torsion breakage Pane view

Mechanical line load
• short term
• dynamic
To be found at float glass, laminated safety
glass,
ornamental glass
Reason: Glass thickness not sufficient, specially when
mounted on two sides,
Twisted and jamming casement frames,
Movements in the structure with load transfer
to the pane Fracture cross section
Generally not clearly allocated
Example: Area pressure breakage Pane view

Mechanical distributed load
• long lasting
• dynamic/statical
glass,
Laminated glass, cast resin panes and ornamen-
tal glass
Reason: Too high load of the insulating glass by tempera-
ture, air pressure and/or
Altitude differences between production and
installation location,
Undersized aquarium pane supported on four Fracture cross section
sides
No breakage center to be seen,
Continuous angle rectangular,
No shells at glass edge
158

Example: Hybrid crack Pane view
Thermal/mechanical loads
• overlapping mechanically

glass,
Laminated glass, cast resin panes and ornamen-
tal glass
Reason: Several effects by area load (squall) on under- thermally
sized and already thermally,
Charged pane
Characteristics: Feeding pane rectangular,
No edge shells, Fracture cross section
No breakage center to be seen
Example: Thermal normal crack Pane view

Thermal line load
glass,
ornamental glass,
Wired glass may differ due to the network.
Reason: Partial covering of the pane in the interior during
solar irradiation,
Glazing depth too low, as package stored
sound-, heat- and solar protection glazing
(especially insulating glass) without protection Fracture cross section
against direct solar irradiation.
Characteristics: Feeding angle rectangular,
Edge shells not to be found at incoming
Example: Delta breakage Pane view
Mechanical line load
• long lasting
• static/dynamic
• two sides bearing
laminated glass, ornamental and wired glass.
Reason: Long-lasting, high snow load on overhead glaz- 9
ing being mounted on two or three sides
Characteristics: Feeding angle out of square,
No shells on glass edge,
Breakage center on non mounted edge Fracture cross section
159
GUARDIAN GlassTime

Example: Thermal line crack Pane view
Thermal line load
• weak to strong intensity
to be found at float glass, laminated safety glass,
laminated glass, cast resin panes and ornamental
glass,
wired glass differs possibly due to wire net work
Reason: Partial covering of the glass pane with interior
decoration,
dark spots (stickers, advertisements) on the
glass pane,
a large plant leaf or likewise inside directly on
the glass pane Fracture cross section
Characteristics: Feeding angle rectangular,
Edge shells not to be found at incoming
Example: Edge joint breakage Pane view

Mechanic point load
• short term
• weak to strong intensity
to be found at float glass, laminated safety glass,
laminated glass,
Reason: Placing panes on stone or metal parts,
Edges hit by metal part,
Mishandling of tensioning strips of transport
racks
Characteristics: Feeding angles all directions, out of square,
continuous angle out of square, Fracture cross section
edge shells to be seen at crack in different sizes
depending on the power of force effect,
Very obvious center seen at the edge
Example: Edge pressure breakage Pane view

• short term or long term aggressive
to be seen at float glass, laminated safety glass,
laminated glass,
Reason: undersized blocks for high glass weight,
too high clamping pressure by screw connection,
too high clamping pressure by using nails for
wood strips without preformed tape
Characteristics: Feeding angle out of square,
continuous angle out of square, Fracture cross section
shells of edge not or seldom present,
origin at edge to be seen
160
The defined guidelines referring sembly need the thinner pane as

to this must be followed pre- an tempered glass version in or-
cisely. For thermal load, the nor- der to prevent breakage.
mal float glass used for facades,
Glass breakage that used to be
which are partially in a shadow,
caused by residual stress is nearly
may be exposed to a maximum
excluded due to today’s glass
temperature delta of 40 K. If the
production. But both unqualified
glass will be exposed to tem-
finishing of edges with nearly in-
perature changes exceeding 40
visible micro cracks and mechani-
K, then this float glass must be
cal surface damages may lead to
replaced with tempered glass in
medium-term pane failure. The
order to increase this delta. This is
same applies to incorrect trans-
especially essential in case of ab-
port und edge damage. In such a
sorbing solar protection glasses.
case, the failure may not become
Another danger which may lead obvious immediately, but only at
to glass breakage is on the con- a later point Breakage out of the
struction site when modern, material itself can only happen
coated insulating glass packages with tempered glass, so-called
on racks are unprotected versus “spontaneous” breakage occurs
the sun. The sun heats the glass when there are nickel sulphide
packs and due to the coatings inclusions (Þ chapter 7.2).
the heat cannot get out. This re-
Generally, it can be said that
sults inevitably in a glass break-
glass breakage can be almost
age. Therefore glass packs stand-
100 % prevented if it is handled
ing in the open must be covered
appropriately with advance plan-
with opaque material. Also small-
ning, correct dimensioning and
sized insulating glass panes with
adequate use and maintenance
unfavourable proportions of the
are considered.
sides and with asymmetric as-
161
GUARDIAN GlassTime
9.9 CE qualification
CE is the abbreviation for Com-
munautés Europeene. Products
are identified with CE when they
correspond with the coordinated
European product norms. It is Proof of this compliance is made
neither an emblem of origin nor a on very different levels, two of
quality signet but rather declares them are relevant for glass:
that a particular product complies
• Level 1:
with the Building Products Direc-
First check with own and
tive (BPR). This BPR confirms that
foreign control
the product can be marketed
in all EU countries without any • Level 3:
reservation. National special Producer declaration after first
requests, however, may define check with own control
additional specifications for use
The requirements of the BPR are
of these products. This is for ex-
defined in the following product
ample the Construction Rules List
rules:
in Germany. With the CE identifi-
cation the manufacturer declares
that the product complies with
the underlying product norms.
Product Titel Level
standard
EN 572 Basic soda lime silicate glass products 3
(e.g. float glass)
EN 1096 Coated glass 3
EN 1279 Multi-pane insulated glass 3
EN 1863 Heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass 3
EN 12150 Thermally tempered single-pane safety glass 3
EN 14179 Heat soaked thermally tempered soda lime silicate safety 3
glass
EN 14449 Laminated glass and laminated safety glass 3 or 1
The introduction of these rules • Asking for a new management

have replaced the national norms quality system
which were valid so far. These EN
• Definition of quality character-
norms have common characteris-
istics
tics like:
• To define quality characteristics
162
9.10 Materials compatibility

As a building material, glass gets
into direct or indirect contact with
a number of other materials like
PVB foils, insulating glass edge
seal, blocks, press sealing of the
pressure glazing or sealing mass
and elements at joint gaps and
glass corners. Preconditions must
be checked as to whether the in-
dividual materials have no harm-
ful interactions between them.
Interactions are all physical,

physical-chemical or chemical Decomposition of the butyl sealing
through migration
processes that may lead short-,
medium- or long term to chang-
es in the structure, the colour or
the consistency. Even materials
which have no direct contact but
are only in proximity, can gener- Block after harmful interactions
ate interactions by migration. Since during the construction

Especially those products which phase the utilized components
contain softener, may cause in rarely come from the same pro-
the case of incompatibility that ducer, these compatibilities must
adjacent other materials absorb be checked – by test, if neces-
these softeners as solvents so sary. Generally it is a must to plan
that their consistency is com- carefully and perform work with
pletely changed. the help of all participants and
their product information. The
more complex the installed glass
systems, the more essential this
requirement is in order to guar-
antee longevity and lasting func-
tionality.
A broad range of tested products
and their mutual compatibility is 9
available.
163
GUARDIAN GlassTime
9.10.1 Compatible insulating glass sealant and structural glazing

silicone for SunGuard® (HP)
This list is for information purpos- All SunGuard® Solar types can
es only whereby GUARDIAN has be worked with each sealant and
no responsibility as to content SG-Silicone. Thereby the sealant
and completeness. GUARDIAN can be applied directly on the
grants a limited product guaran- coating or an adequate edge
tee for SunGuard®, but not for enamelling. Appropriate ETAG
a planned further processing nor test results are available.
for the final product. The fabrica-
tor is fully responsible in this re-
gard.
Bright Green 40/29

Royal Blue 41/29
Royal Blue 38/31

Light Blue 62/52
Neutral 60/40
Neutral 52/41
Neutral 50/32
Neutral 41/33
Bronze 40/27
Amber 41/29
Silver 43/32
Silver 35/26
Manufac-
turer Sealant type Application
DOW- DC 993 Structural
Corning silicone
• • • • • • * • * • • •
DOW- DC 791 Weather-seal

Corning (silicone)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
DOW- DC 895 Structural

Corning silicone
• • • • • • * • * • • •
DOW- DC 991 Weather-seal

Corning (silicone)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
DOW- DC 3362 IG sealant

Corning (silicone)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
SIKA SG 500 Structural

(Wacker) silicone
• • • • • • * • * • • •
SIKA SG 20 Structural
(Wacker) silicone
• • • • • • * • * • • •
SIKA IG 25 IG sealant
(Wacker) (silicone)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
SIKA IG 25 HM IG sealant
(Wacker) (silicone)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Tremco Proglaze II Structural

silicone
• • • • • • * • * • • •
Tremco Spectrem 2 Structural

silicone
• • • • • • * • * • • •
Tremco Proglaze Vec 90 Structural

silicone
• • • • • • * • * • • •
Tremco Proglaze Vec 99 Structural

silicone
• • • • • • * • * • • •
Tremco Proglaze 580 IG sealant

(silicone)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Tremco JS 562 Structural

silicone
• • • • • • * • * • • •
Tremco Proglaze LMA Weather-seal

(silicone)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
164
Bright Green 40/29

Royal Blue 41/29
Royal Blue 38/31

Light Blue 62/52
Neutral 60/40
Neutral 52/41
Neutral 50/32
Neutral 41/33
Bronze 40/27
Amber 41/29
Silver 43/32
Silver 35/26
Manufac-
turer Sealant type Application
Tremco JS 442 IG sealant
(polyurethane)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Momentive SSG 4000 E Structural

silicone
• • • • • • * • * • • •
Momentive SSG 4400 Structural

silicone
• • • • • • * • * • • •
Momentive IGS 3723 IG sealant

(silicone)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Ramsauer Neutral 120 IG sealant

(silicone)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Ramsauer Alkoxy 130 IG sealant

(silicone)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Ramsauer Structural 350 Structural

silicone
• • • • • • * • * • • •
Ramsauer Randverbund 380 IG sealant

(silicone)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
H.B. Fuller PS-998R IG sealant (poly-

sulfide height)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Fenzi Thiover IG sealant (poly-

sulfide height)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Fenzi Hotver 2000 IG sealant

(hot melt height)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Kömmer- GD 116 IG IG sealant (poly-

ling sulfide height)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Kömmer- GD 677 IG IG sealant

ling (polyurethane)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Kömmer- GD 920 IG IG sealant

ling (silicone)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Kömmer- Ködiglaze S Structural

ling silicone
• • • • • • * • * • • •
Kömmer- Isomelt IG sealant

ling (hot melt height)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Bostik Sealomelt IG sealant

(hot melt height)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Bostik Evo-Stik Hiflo IG sealant

(hot melt height)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Bostik Evo-Stik Hotmelt IG sealant

(hot melt height)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Bostik Bostik 5000 IG sealant

• • • • • • • • • • • •
IGK IGK 130

(hot melt height)
IG sealant
9
(polyurethane)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
MC Emcepren 200 IG sealant

Bauchemie (polyurethane)
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Kadmar Polikad-M IG Dichtstoff IG

sealant (poly- • • • • • • • • • • • •
sulfide height)
• Compatible sealant / silicone - SunGuard® HP successfully combined

* For edge deletion corresponding SunGuard® HP product necessary
165
GUARDIAN GlassTime
9.11 Glass cleaning

No matter what the area of ap- Professional cleaning using clean
plication is, glass can be fascinat- water, and is carried out in a man-
ing to look at and through – if ner suitable for the particular
it is clean. Regular cleaning is glazing, must be done through-
therefore absolutely essential. out the useful life of the build-
During and immediately after the ing. Tools may include soft, clean
construction phase, building ma- sponges, cloths or leather as well
terial on the glass surfaces, e.g. as properly handled rubber wip-
fresh cement, plaster etc. must ers and neutral household clean-
be swabbed off with clean water ing agents that contain no aggres-
in order to avoid corrosion. Dust sive substances. Stubborn soiling
or other sediments must never be as well as fat or sealant remnants
removed when they are in a dry can be removed using alcohol or
state. The best protection during spirits in connection with water,
the construction phase is to cover but never alkaline leach or acid.
the glass using protection foils. Pointed and sharp metallic ob-
This considerably facilitates the jects such as blades and planers
initial cleaning once construction must not ever be used. If soiling
has been completed. cannot be removed using the
methods described, an expert
should be contacted, since fur-
ther attempts on one’s own may
irreparably damage the glass.
166
9.12 Transport and storing

Glass must generally be trans- Panes must be stored on edge,
ported standing on edge. This just as they are during transport.
edge stands parallel on two cush- Warehousing must be dry and, if
ioned supports. Each contact possible, not be exposed to di-
spot the glass makes with metal rect solar radiation. If stored out-
or with each other is damaging. doors, it is recommended that the
Therefore, panes in glass packets glass packet be covered with an
must be separated using suitable opaque awning. If stapled glass
spacers. is exposed to humidity, there is a
risk that natrium hydroxide could
If insulating glass is transported
be generated, which irreparably
over height differences of more
damages the panes during pro-
than 500 metres, a special insu-
longed exposure. Therefore, the
lating glass production unit must
staples must be opened and the
be made. And the distances be-
individual panes of glass must be
tween the stapled panes must be
dried out and restapled. Moreo-
enlarged.
ver, our storing instructions for
the individual glass products
must always be taken into consid-
eration.
167
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Tour Madou Plaza, Brussels

SunGuard® Solar Neutral 67
Robert Goffaux Architect
Assar Architects
Archi 2000 Architects
168
10. GUARDIAN products at a glance...................170
10.1 Float glass..............................................................................171
10.2 Thermal insulating glass.......................................................174
10.3 Solar control glass.................................................................175
10.4 Parapets..................................................................................185
10.5 Sound protection glass.........................................................187
10.6 Safety glass............................................................................191
10
169
GUARDIAN GlassTime
The previous chapters show the Deviating requests, as well as a

variety of production-, process- permanent future development,
ing- and application possibilities may create alternatives at any
using glass. GUARDIAN offers time.
concrete products for all these
depictions with the relevant data
for planning and applications. In
this chapter is an assortment of
the important ones listed in table
form.
170
Thickness Light Light Colour Direct Energy Energy Solar Factor Shading UV
Transmission Reflection Rendering Energy Reflection Absorption (g) Coefficient transmission
Index Transmission EN 410 [g / 0.87]
Table 1:
Ra
[mm] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%]
2 91 8 100 88 8 4 89 1.02 78
3 90 8 99 86 8 6 88 1.01 73
4 90 8 99 84 8 8 86 0.99 69
10.1 F loat glass
5 89 8 99 82 8 10 85 0.98 66
6 89 8 98 82 7 11 85 0.97 64
8 88 8 98 79 7 14 82 0.95 61
10 87 8 97 76 7 17 80 0.92 58
12 86 8 97 73 7 20 78 0.90 54
The performance values shown are nominal and subject to variations due to manufacturing tolerance. Spectra-photometric values according to EN 410 ;
U-values according to EN 673.
All information regarding further processing is for general information only. For further information please consult GUARDIAN processing directives for
„Clear“ float glass , 2 - 12 mm
coated glass or contact GUARDIAN’s technical department.

171
10
172
Table 2:
Ra
[mm] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%]
2 91 8 100 89 8 3 90 1.03 81
3 91 8 99 88 8 4 89 1.02 77
4 91 8 99 87 8 5 88 1.01 74
5 90 8 99 86 8 6 87 1.00 71
6 90 8 99 84 8 8 86 0.99 69
8 90 8 99 83 8 9 85 0.98 65
10 89 8 98 80 8 12 83 0.95 61
12 88 8 98 78 8 14 82 0.94 59
15 87 8 97 74 7 19 79 0.91 55
„ExtraClear®“ float glass, 2 - 15 mm
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Table 3:
Ra
[mm] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%]
2 92 8 100 91 8 1 91 1.05 85
3 91 8 100 90 8 1 91 1.04 83
4 91 8 100 90 8 1 90 1.04 81
5 91 8 100 90 8 2 90 1.04 79
6 91 8 100 89 8 3 90 1.03 77
8 91 8 100 89 8 4 89 1.03 74
10 91 8 100 88 8 4 89 1.02 71
12 90 8 99 87 8 5 88 1.01 69
All GUARDIAN flat glass products correspond to the EN 572-2: 1994 “Glass in Building - Basic Soda Lime Silicate Glass Products - Part 2: Float Glass”
and DIN 1249-10: 1990 “Glass in Building: Chemical and Physical Properties” standards.
„UltraClear™“ float glass, 2 - 12 mm
173
10
Visible light Solar energy U value (EN 673)
174
Table 4:
Transmission
Reflection
outside
Reflection
inside
Colour ren-
dering index
Direct
transmission
Refelction
outside
Absorption
Solar factor (g)
EN 410
Shad. Coefficient
g EN / 0.87
Air
Krypton2
Argon
Glass
Heat treatable
Bendable
Edge deletion
Ceramic print on
coating
Product substrate Colour [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [W/m2K] [W/m2K]
Double Glazing 4 - 16 - 4, coating on surface #3
nrG ExtraClear neutral 81 13 13 98 66 19 15 74 0.85 1.5 1.3 HT HT1 Yes No
PREMIUM ExtraClear neutral 80 12 12 97 55 29 16 63 0.72 1.4 1.1 HT HT1 Yes No
1.0 ExtraClear neutral 70 20 23 98 45 38 17 53 0.61 1.3 1.0 No No Yes No
Triple Glazing 4 - 14 - 4 - 14 - 4, coating on surface #2 + #5
nrG ExtraClear neutral 73 16 16 96 54 22 24 62 0.71 0.62 0.7 HT HT1 Yes No
PREMIUM ExtraClear neutral 71 15 15 96 42 32 26 49 0.56 0.52 0.6 HT HT1 Yes No
1.0 ExtraClear neutral 55 30 30 96 30 46 24 37 0.42 0.42 0.6 No No Yes No
1
The performance values shown are nominal and subject to variations due to manu- Consult GUARDIAN processing directives or contact
10.2 Thermal insulating glasses
facturing tolerance. Spectra-photometric values according to EN 410 ; U-values GUARDIAN

2
according to EN 673. Krypton
All information regarding further processing is for general information only. For
further information please consult GUARDIAN processing directives for coated glass
or contact GUARDIAN’s technical department.
ClimaGuard® – Thermal insulating glass
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Table 5:
Transmission
Reflection
outside
Reflection
inside
Colour ren-
dering index
Direct
transmission
Refelction
outside
Absorption
g value (EN 410)
Shad. Coefficient
g EN / 0.87
Air
Krypton2
Argon
Glass
Heat treatable
Bendable
Edge deletion
Ceramic print on
coating
SNX 60/28 3
ExtraClear neutral 60 12 14 93 26 40 34 28 0.30 1.3 1.0 HT Yes No
SN 70/41 ExtraClear neutral 70 11 12 97 39 34 27 41 0.47 1.4 1.1 HT HT1 Yes No
10.3 Solar control glass

SN 40/23 ExtraClear neutral blue 40 16 32 92 21 36 43 23 0.26 1.3 1.0 HT HT1 Yes No
Triple Glazing 6 - 12 - 4- 12 - 4, SunGuard High Selective on surface #2 + ClimaGuard® Premium on surface #5
SunGuard® High Selective
SNX 60/28 3
ExtraClear neutral 53 14 17 92 22 41 37 26 0.30 0.52 0.7 HT Yes No
SN 40/23 ExtraClear neutral blue 36 16 31 90 18 37 45 21 0.24 0.52 0.7 HT HT1 Yes No
1
2
according to EN 673. Krypton
3
All information regarding further processing is for general information only. For Available on request. Please contact GUARDIAN
175
10
176
Table 6:
Transmission
Reflection
outside
Reflection
inside
Colour ren-
dering index
Direct
transmission
Refelction
outside
Absorption
Solar factor (g)
EN 410
Shad. Coefficient
g EN / 0.87
Air
Krypton2
Argon
Glass
Heat treatable
Bendable
Edge deletion
ceramic print on
coating
Light Blue 62/52 ExtraClear blue neutral 62 16 11 96 48 17 35 52 0.60 1.7 1.5 Yes Yes No1 Yes1
Neutral 60/404 ExtraClear neutral 60 25 20 96 38 35 27 40 0.46 1.4 1.1 Yes Yes No1 Yes1
SunGuard® HP
Neutral 52/41 ExtraClear neutral blue 52 18 10 94 38 21 41 41 0.47 1.6 1.4 Yes Yes No1 Yes1
Silver 43/31 ExtraClear silver 43 32 13 96 29 36 35 31 0.36 1.4 1.2 Yes Yes No1 Yes1
Royal Blue 41/29 ExtraClear deep blue 41 26 32 94 26 27 47 29 0.33 1.4 1.1 Yes Yes No1 Yes1
Amber 41/29 1
ExtraClear light bronze 41 25 17 87 27 36 37 29 0.33 1.4 1.1 Yes Yes No Yes1
Bright Green 40/29 ExtraClear bright green 40 37 24 96 26 24 50 29 0.33 1.4 1.1 Yes Yes No1 Yes1
Bronze 40/27 ExtraClear dark bronze 40 15 26 90 24 27 49 27 0.31 1.4 1.1 Yes Yes No1 Yes1
1
4
according to EN 673. Values after heat treatment (Tempered glass, heat strengthened
All information regarding further processing is for general information only. For glass, bending)
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Continued
Table 6:
Transmission
Reflection
outside
Reflection
inside
Colour ren-
dering index
Direct
transmission
Refelction
outside
Absorption
Solar factor (g)
EN 410
Shad. Coefficient
g EN / 0.87
Air
Krypton2
Argon
Glass
Heat treatable
Bendable
Edge deletion
ceramic print on
coating
Triple Glazing 6 - 12 - 4 - 12 - 4, coating on surface #2 + ClimaGuard® Premium on surface #5
Light Blue 62/52 ExtraClear blue neutral 55 17 15 94 34 45 30 41 0.47 0.62 0.8 Yes Yes No1 Yes1
SunGuard® HP
Neutral 52/41 ExtraClear neutral blue 46 19 14 92 28 23 49 34 0.39 0.62 0.8 Yes Yes No1 Yes1
Royal Blue 41/29 ExtraClear deep blue 36 27 31 92 21 28 51 26 0.30 0.52 0.7 Yes Yes No1 Yes1
Amber 41/29 ExtraClear light bronze 36 26 19 86 21 37 42 27 0.31 0.52 0.7 Yes Yes No1 Yes1
Bright Green 40/29 ExtraClear bright green 36 38 25 94 20 25 55 25 0.29 0.52 0.7 Yes Yes No1 Yes1
Bronze 40/27 2 1
ExtraClear dark bronze 36 16 26 88 19 27 54 24 0.28 0.5 0.7 Yes Yes No Yes1
1
2
according to EN 673. Krypton 90 %

4
All information regarding further processing is for general information only. For Values after heat treatment (Tempered glass, heat strengthened
further information please consult GUARDIAN processing directives for coated glass glass, bending)
177
10
178
Table 7:
Transmission
Reflection
outside
Reflection
inside
Colour ren-
dering index
Direct
transmission
Refelction
outside
Absorption
Solar factor (g)
EN 410
Shad. Coefficient
g EN / 0.87
Air
Argon
Glass
Heat treatable
Bendable
Edge deletion
ceramic print on
coating
Single Glazing 6 mm. coating on surface #2
HD Neutral 67 ExtraClear neutral 66 16 18 99 63 13 24 69 0.79 5.6 - Yes Yes No Yes1
Double glazing 6-16-4, SunGuard® Solar on surface #2
Neutral 67 ExtraClear neutral 61 20 21 98 54 16 30 59 0.68 2.7 2.6 Yes Yes No Yes1
SunGuard® Solar

Light Blue 52 ExtraClear neutral blue 47 15 17 94 38 13 49 44 0.51 2.6 2.4 Yes Yes No Yes1
Silver Grey 32 ExtraClear light grey 30 23 21 90 23 20 57 29 0.33 2.4 2.2 Yes Yes No Yes1
Royal Blue 20 ExtraClear deep blue 20 18 36 96 17 18 65 23 0.26 2.2 2.0 Yes Yes No Yes1
Silver 20 ExtraClear silver 20 35 25 88 15 33 52 20 0.23 2.2 2.1 Yes Yes No Yes1
Double Glazing 6 - 16 - 4, SunGuard® Solar coating on surface #2, ClimaGuard® Premium on surface #3
1
according to EN 673.
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Continued
Table 7:
Transmission
Reflection
outside
Reflection
inside
Colour ren-
dering index
Direct
transmission
Refelction
outside
Absorption
Solar factor (g)
EN 410
Shad. Coefficient
g EN / 0.87
Air
Argon
Glass
Heat treatable
Bendable
Edge deletion
ceramic print on
coating
SunGuard® Solar

Double Glazing 6 - 16 - 4, SunGuard® Solar coating on surface #2, ClimaGuard® 1.0 on surface #3
1

179
10
Visible light Solar energy
180
Table 8:
Transmission
Reflection
outside
Reflection
inside
Colour ren-
dering Index
Direct
transmission
Reflection
outside
Absorption
Solar factor (g)
EN 410
Shad. Coefficient
g EN / 0.87
Glass
Heat treatable /
Bendable
Edge deletion
ceramic print on
coating
General approval²
Product Substrate Colour [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%]
Laminated Glass 88.4, coating on surface #2
Neutral 67 ExtraClear neutral 69 12 10 97 53 10 37 62 0.71 Yes No Yes1 Yes
Neutral 60 ExtraClear neutral 63 16 8 96 48 12 40 57 0.65 Yes No Yes1 Yes
Light Blue 52 ExtraClear neutral blue 52 14 8 95 38 12 50 49 0.57 Yes No Yes1 Yes
Silver Grey 32 ExtraClear light grey 32 24 14 93 23 21 56 36 0.41 Yes No Yes1 No
Royal Blue 20 ExtraClear deep blue 22 24 28 98 16 21 63 31 0.35 Yes No Yes1 No
Silver 20 ExtraClear silver 19 32 25 92 14 29 57 27 0.31 Yes No Yes1 No
1
2
according to EN 673. DIBt regulated product in Germany
SunGuard® Solar Laminated Glass
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Visible light Solar energy
Table 9:
Transmission
Reflection
outside
Reflection
inside
Colour ren-
dering Index
Direct
transmission
Reflection
outside
Absorption
Solar factor (g)
EN 410
Shad. Coefficient
g EN / 0.87
Glass
U value (EN 673)

Argon 90 % [W/m²K]
Heat treatable /
Bendable
Edge deletion
ceramic print on
coating
General approval²
Product Substrate Colour [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%]
Double Glazing 88.2-16-6, SunGuard® laminated glass on surface #2, ClimaGuard® Premium on surface #5
RD 60 ExtraClear neutral 56 18 12 94 33 18 49 39 0.45 1.1 Yes No Yes1 Yes
Light Blue 52 RD ExtraClear neutral blue 53 15 13 94 32 16 52 38 0.44 1.1 Yes No Yes1 Yes
SunGuard® for
RD 50 ExtraClear neutral blue 46 15 12 92 27 15 58 33 0.37 1.1 Yes No Yes1 Yes

1
2
according to EN 673. DIBt regulated product in Germany
Radar reflection damping
Coatings on green float glass on request.
181
10
182
Table 10:
Transmission
Reflection
outside
Reflection
inside
Colour
rendering
index
Direct
transmission
Reflection
outside
Absorption
Solar factor (g)
EN 410
Shad. Coefficient
g EN / 0.87
Air
Argon
Product [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [W/m2K] [W/m2K]
Double Glazing 6 - 16 - 4. SunGuard® Dry on surface #1, SunGuard® High Selective or HP on surface #2
High Selective SNX 60/28 58 14 15 93 25 36 39 27 0.32 1.3 1.0
High Selective SN 70/41 68 12 13 96 37 30 33 40 0.46 1.4 1.1
SunGuard® Dry

HP Neutral 60/40 59 25 21 94 36 32 32 39 0.45 1.4 1.1
HP Neutral 50/32 49 24 22 95 28 34 38 31 0.36 1.4 1.1
HP Silver 43/31 42 32 16 95 28 34 38 31 0.36 1.4 1.2
HP Royal Blue 41/29 40 27 33 94 25 26 49 28 0.32 1.4 1.1
HP Bright Green 40/29 39 38 24 96 25 24 51 28 0.32 1.4 1.1
HP Bronze 40/27 39 16 24 90 23 24 53 26 0.30 1.4 1.1
HP Silver 35/26 34 44 24 98 23 40 37 26 0.30 1.4 1.2
The performance values shown are nominal and subject to variations due All information regarding further processing is for general information
to manufacturing tolerance. Spectra-photometric values according to EN only. For further information please consult GUARDIAN processing direc-
410 ; U-values according to EN 673. tives for coated glass or contact GUARDIAN’s technical department.
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Continued
Table 10:
Transmission
Reflection
outside
Reflection
inside
Colour
rendering
index
Direct
transmission
Reflection
outside
Absorption
Solar factor (g)
EN 410
Shad. Coefficient
g EN / 0.87
Krypton
Argon
Product [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [W/m2K] [W/m2K]
Triple Glazing 6 - 12 - 4 - 12 - 4. SunGuard® Dry on surface #1, SunGuard® High Slective or HP on surface #2,
®
ClimaGuard Premium on surface #5
High Selective SNX 60/28 52 15 18 91 22 37 39 25 0.29 0.5 0.7
SunGuard® Dry

HP Neutral 60/40 52 27 22 92 29 34 37 34 0.39 0.5 0.7
HP Neutral 50/32 43 25 23 93 23 35 42 28 0.32 0.5 0.7
HP Silver 43/31 37 33 18 94 21 35 44 26 0.30 0.5 0.7
HP Royal Blue 41/29 35 28 31 93 20 27 53 25 0.29 0.5 0.7
HP Bright Green 40/29 35 38 25 94 20 25 55 24 0.28 0.5 0.7
HP Bronze 40/27 34 17 26 89 19 25 56 23 0.26 0.5 0.7
HP Silver 35/26 30 44 24 96 18 41 41 22 0.25 0.5 0.7

The performance values shown are nominal and subject to variations due All information regarding further processing is for general information
to manufacturing tolerance. Spectra-photometric values according to EN only. For further information please consult GUARDIAN processing direc-
410 ; U-values according to EN 673. tives for coated glass or contact GUARDIAN’s technical department.
183
10
Visible light Solar factor (g) U value (EN 673)
184
EN410
Transmission Reflection Argon
Product [%] [%] [%] [W/m2K]
Double Glazing 4 - 16 Ar - 4 Table 11:
ClimaGuard Premium (on surface #3) 78 13 60 1.1
ClimaGuard 1.0 (on surface #3) 68 24 51 1.0
ClimaGuard Premium T (on surface #2) 75 15 53 1.1
Triple Glazing 4 - 12 Ar - 4 - 12 Ar - 4
ClimaGuard Premium T (on surface #3)
67 18 49 0.7
ClimaGuard Premium (on surface #5)
ClimaGuard® Dry
ClimaGuard Premium T (on surface #2)

67 19 46 0.7
ClimaGuard Premium (on surface #5)
ClimaGuard nrG T (on surface #2)
71 18 59 0.8
ClimaGuard nrG (on surface #5)
ClimaGuard nrG T (on surface #3)
71 18 61 0.8
ClimaGuard nrG (on surface #5)
The performance values shown are nominal and subject to variations due to manu-
facturing tolerance. Spectra-photometric values according to EN 410 ; U-values
GUARDIAN GlassTime
SunGuard® Vision Ceramic Frit - Monolithic Glass Ceramic Frit - Insulating Glass
Neutral 67 SSG 52 on #2 + Ferro System140 12 4061 on #2 SG Solar Neutral 67 on #2 + Frit on #4
Light Blue 52 SSG 52 on #2 + Ferro System140 12 4061 on #2 SG Solar Light Blue 52 on #2 + Frit on #4
Silver Grey 32 SG Solar Silver Grey 32 on #2 + Ferro System140 15 4001 on #2 SG Solar Silver Grey 32 on #2 + Frit on #4 Table 12:
Royal Blue 20 SG Solar Royal Blue 20 on #2 + Ferro System140 12 4060 on #2 SG Solar Royal Blue 20 on #2 + Frit on #4
10.4 Parapets
Silver 20 SG Solar Silver 20 on #2 + Ferro System140 15 4001 on #2 SG Solar Silver 20 on #2 + Frit on #4

Bright Green 20 SG Solar Bright Green 20 on #2 + Ferro System140 15 4001 on #2 SG Solar Bright Green 20 on #2 + Frit on #4
SunGuard® Solar
Bronze 20 SG Solar Bronze 20 on #2 + Ferro System 140 15 4001 on #2 SG Solar Bronze 20 on #2 + Frit on #4
Gold 20 - SG Solar Gold 20 on #2 + Frit on #4
Silver 08 SG Solar Silver 08 on #2 + Ferro System140 15 4001 on #2 SG Solar Silver 08 on #2 + Frit on #4
for SunGuard® spandrels
Recommended enamel combinations
185
10
SunGuard® Vision Ceramic Frit - Monolithic Glass Ceramic Frit - Insulating Glass
186
Light Blue 62/52 - SG HP Light Blue 62/52 on #2 + Frit on #4
Continued
Neutral 60/40 SG Solar Silver Grey 32 on #2 + Ferro System140 15 4001 on #2 SG HP Neutral 60/40 on #2 + Frit on #4
Neutral 52/41 SSG 52 on #2 + Ferro System140 12 4061 on #2 SG HP Neutral 52/41 on #2 + Frit on #4 Table 12:
Silver 43/31 - SG HP Silver 43/31 on #2 + Frit on #4
Royal Blue 41/29 SG Solar Royal Blue 20 on #2 + Ferro System140 12 4060 on #2 SG HP Royal Blue 41/29 on #2 + Frit on #4
Amber 41/29 - SG HP Amber 41/29 on #2 + Frit on #4
SunGuard® HP
Bright Green SG Solar Green 07 on #2 + Ferro System140 15 4001 on #2
SG HP Bright Green 40/29 on #2 + Frit on #4
40/29 SG Solar Bright Green 20 on #2 + Ferro System140 15 4001 on #2
Bronze body tinted glass + Ferro System140 15 4001 on #2
Bronze 40/27 SG HP Bronze 40/27 on #2 + Frit on #4
SG Solar Bronze 20 on #2 + Ferro System 140 15 4001 on #2
for SunGuard® spandrels
Silver 35/26 SG Solar Silver 08 on #2 + Ferro System140 15 4001 on #2 SG HP Silver 35/26 on #2 + Frit on #4
snX 60/28 - SG HS SNX 60/28 on #2 + Frit on #4
sn 70/41 SSG 52 on #2 + Ferro System140 15 4001 on #2 SG HS SN 70/41 on #2 + Frit on #4
Recommended enamel combinations
SunGuard®
sn 51/28 SG Solar Royal Blue 20 on #2 + Ferro System140 15 4001 on #2 SG HS SN 51/28 on #2 + Frit on #4
High Selective
sn 40/23 SG Solar Royal Blue 20 on #2 + Ferro System140 15 4001 on #2 SG HS SN 40/23 on #2 + Frit on #4
Increased energy absorption in IGU spandrels may result in both lites requiring heat treatment. The air gap should be limited, where possible, to 8 mm.
It must be ensured that SunGuard® spandrels are not exposed to any aggressive media before, during and after installation.
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Thickness Rw C Ctr Ug value Safety level
EN 673 Ball drop Pendulum
EN 356 impact
Table 13:
EN 12600
Type Design Interlayer [mm] [dB] [dB] [dB] [W/m2K]
Single Glazing
SR 33.1 3/0.50/3 SR 6 36 -1 -4 5.7 - 1(B)1
SC 44.2 4/0.76/4 SC 9 37 -1 -3 5.7 P1A 1(B)1
SR 44.1 4/0.50/4 SR 8 38 -1 -4 5.7 P1A 1(B)1
SR 44.2 4/0.76/4 SR 9 38 -1 -4 5.7 P2A 1(B)1
SR 44.4 4/1.52/4 SR 10 38 -1 -4 5.7 P4A 1(B)1
SR 55.1 5/0.50/5 SR 10 39 -1 -4 5.6 P1A 1(B)1
SR 55.2 5/0.76/5 SR 11 39 -1 -3 5.6 P2A 1(B)1
SR 66.1 6/0.50/6 SR 12 39 -1 -3 5.6 P1A 1(B)1
SR 66.2 6/0.76/6 SR 13 39 0 -3 5.6 P2A 1(B)1
10.5 Sound protection glass
LamiGlass® Sound Control
SR 88.2 8/0.76/8 SR 17 41 -1 -3 5.4 P2A 1(B)1

SR 1010.2 10/0.76/10 SR 21 43 -1 -3 5.2 P2A 1(B)1
187
10
188
EN 356 impact
Continued
Table 13:
EN 12600
Double Glazing1
25/36 44.2/12/4 PVB 25 36 -2 -5 1.3 (Ar) P2A 1(B)1
27/37 33.4/16 /4 PVB 27 37 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P4A 1(B)1
32/39 44.4/16/6 PVB 32 39 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P4A 1(B)1
29/39 44.2/16/4 SC 29 39 -1 -5 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
31/41 44.2/16/6 SC 31 41 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
33/41 44.2/18/6 SC 33 41 -2 -7 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
31/42 44.2/16/6 SR 31 42 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P2A 1(B)1
30/42 44.1/16/6 SR 30 42 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
35/42a 44.2/16/8 SR 35 42 -3 -7 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
35/42b 55.2/16/8 SC 35 42 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1

33/42 44.2/16/8 SC 33 42 -2 -7 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
29/43 44.1/14/6 SR 29 43 -3 -8 1.1 (Kr) P1A 1(B)1
34/43 44.1/20/6 SR 34 43 -2 -7 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
37/43a 55.2/18/8 SC 37 43 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
37/43b 55.2/18/8 SR 37 43 -1 -6 1.1 (Ar) P2A 1(B)1
37/43c 66.2/16/8 SC 37 43 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
37/43d 66.3/16/8 SC 37 43 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
34/44 44.1/16/10 SR 34 44 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
35/44b 44.2/16/10 SC 35 44 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
36/44 44.1/20/8 SR 36 44 -3 -7 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
GUARDIAN GlassTime
EN 356 impact
Continued
Table 13:
EN 12600
36/45 44.1/18/10 SR 36 45 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
36/46 44.4/16/55.2 PVB/SC 36 46 -3 -8 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
39/45a 44.2/20/10 SC 39 45 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
39/45b 66.3/16/10 SC 39 45 -1 -4 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
37/45 55.2/16/10 SC 37 45 -2 -7 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
34/46 55.1/16/44.1 SR/SR 34 46 -2 -7 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
43/46 66.2/20/10 SR 43 46 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P2A 1(B)1
38/47 44.2/16 /66.2 SC / SC 38 47 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
38/48 44.2/16/66.3 SC /SC 38 48 -3 -8 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
46/49 88.2/20/44.2 SC/SC 46 49 -1 -5 1.4 (Air) P1A 1(B)1
41/49 44.2/20/66.2 SC/SC 41 49 -2 -7 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1

38/49 44.3/16/ 66.3 SC/SC 38 49 -3 -7 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
44/49 66.2/20/55.2 SR 44 49 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P2A 1(B)1
42/50 44.3 /20 / 66.3 SC / SC 42 50 -2 -7 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
46/50 88.2/20 /44.2 SC / SC 46 50 -1 -6 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
46/51 88.2/16/66.2 SC /SC 46 51 -1 -5 1.1 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
48/51 88.4/20/55.2 SR 48 51 -2 -6 1.1 (Ar) P4A 1(B)1
189
10
190
EN 356 impact
Continued
Table 13:
EN 12600
Triple Glazing1
48/37 6 /14/ 44.1/14 /6 SR 48 37 -2 -5 0.6 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
45/42 44.2 /12/4/12/8 SC 45 42 -2 -6 0.7 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
53/42 44.2/18/4/16/6 PVB 53 42 -1 -5 0.5 (Ar) P2A 1(B)1
55/42 44.2/18/4/16/44.1 PVB 55 42 -2 -5 0.5 (Ar) P2A 1(B)1
46/43 44.2/12/5/12/8 SC 46 43 -3 -7 0.7 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
47/43 44.1/14/4/14/6 SR 47 43 -1 -7 0.6 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
47/44 44.1/12/6 /12/ 8 SR 47 44 -2 -7 0.7 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
48/46 44.1/12/6/12/10 SR 48 46 -2 -7 0.7 (Ar) P1A 1(B)1
48/47 44.1 /12/6/12/10 SR 48 47 -2 -7 0.5 (Kr) P1A 1(B)1
1
(PVB) Polyvinyl-Butyral film (Ar) Argon filling With ClimaGuard® Premium – coating on #3 (Triple Glazing: #2+5).
(SR) Acoustic PVB film (Kr) Krypton filling LamiGlass® Sound Control can be combined with all GUARDIAN insulated
(SC) Sound control PVB film RWP value per EN ISO 140-3 and 717 coatings.
The displayed function values are nominal values. Individual values might deviate due to production and manufacturing tolerances.
The specifications for lighting, solar energy and thermal properties were determined and in accordance with European standards EN 673 and EN 410.
Numerous other tests and glass available.
GUARDIAN GlassTime
10.6 Safety glass

Table 14: Safety barrier glass
to EN 12 600 – pendulum impact
Type Design Safety level

EN 12600
LamiGlass 22.1 F loat glass 2+2; 0.38 mm PVB 2(B)2
LamiGlass Sound Control 44.2 SC F loat glass 4+4; 0.76 mm PVB-SC 1(B)1
LamiGlass Sound Control 33.1 SR F loat glass 3+3; 0.50 mm PVB-SR 1(B)1
10
GUARDIAN audited designs (As of 07/2012). Products delivered by GUARDIAN are

compliant with the building regulations A, part 1, n°11.14 (Edition 2012/1).
1
asymmetrical designs are examined on both sides.
191
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Table 15: Break-resistant glass acc. to EN 356

EN 356
LamiGlass 33.2 F loat glass 3+3; 0.76 mm PVB P2A
LamiGlass Sound Control 44.2 SC F loat glass 4+4; 0.76 mm PVB-SR P1A
LamiGlass Sound Control 33.2 SR F loat glass 3+3; 0.76 mm PVB-SR P2A
GUARDIAN audited designs (As of 07/2012).
192
Table 16: Ball resistant glazing –

according to DIN 18032-3

EN 356
LamiGlass 44.2 F loat glass 4+4; 0.76 mm PVB ball resistant
GUARDIAN audited designs (As of 07/2012).
10
193
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Burj Khalifa, Dubai

SunGuard® Solar Silver 20
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP architects
194
11. Search and find............................................................196
11.1 Service offer...........................................................................196
11.1.1 Electronic support for actual use in the field......................196
Production comparison tool | Configurator
11.1.2 Glass-relevant calculations....................................................197
11.1.3 Technical customer service...................................................197
11.1.4 Competence transfer.............................................................198
11.1.5 GUARDIAN contact persons at a glance.............................198
11.2 Subject index.........................................................................198
11.3 Abbreviations commonly......................................................204
11.4 Greek symbols.......................................................................209
11
195
GUARDIAN GlassTime
Various elements that range from We do not claim completeness

searching certain service offers but do want to provide just an
through finding special technical insight into the different possibili-
terms or abbreviations are sum- ties and conditions.
marized in this chapter.
11.1 Service offer

GUARDIAN supplements its tions and assist you over a broad
high-quality products, practical range of products. GUARDIAN
glass solutions and functional dis- is just as focused on providing
tribution with a wide range of ser- fast response times as we are in
vices. Highly qualified and moti- providing support in the areas of
vated GUARDIAN employees are marketing, technology, construc-
available to answer your ques- tion and logistics.
11.1.1 Electronic support for actual use in the field

GUARDIAN’s home page makes
it easy to find what you need:
11.1.1.1 Production comparison tool

This is an internet application The customer defines parameters
that, based on various criteria, can such as appearance and/or value
locate specific products from our specifications, and the software
broad range of products, or use it finds and displays the products
to compare various products. that fall within these parameters
online within seconds.
ÝÝ www.sunguardglass.com
11.1.1.2 GUARDIAN Configurator

The downloadable configura- norms. The results are generated
tor tool can calculate the light as pdf files for simple distribution
and energy values for any type and storage.
of glass, or a combination of dif-
These calculation methods were
ferent types and thicknesses for
verified by the accredited KIWA
two-and triple-glazed units.
institute. The calculations are
The calculation results describe based on spectra the independ-
the photometric, energy and ent institutes defined and estab-
thermal characteristics of the lished. This means that you and
glazing in accordance with the your team can have confidence
EN 410 and EN 673 European in the accuracy of the calculated
196
Search and find
results when using this data to The GUARDIAN Configurator can

design your building and its envi- be downloaded or you can re-
ronmental control systems. quest it directly from GUARDIAN.
ÝÝ www.sunguardglass.com
11.1.2 Glass-relevant calculations

In many cases, various calcula- handled by top-notch special-
tions are required as early as ists provides the required values
the planning and/or quotation quickly and reliably, providing
phases before a precise,further efficient and effective assistance
course of action can be deter- in working in the everyday com-
mined. Whether static loads have mercial glass business.
to be determined for deciding
It must, however, be categori-
the proper glass dimensions, or
cally stated that these value in-
isothermal lines for façades and
dicators are given without any
windows have to be defined, or
kind of guarantee, and are only
solar-relevant values have to be
recommendations that must still
determined for certain complicat-
be confirmed by designated and
ed assemblies that the configura-
authorized experts when placing
tor is no longer able to indicate.
an order.
State-of-the-art software that is
11.1.3 Technical customer service

In addition to a multitude of vari- and production facilities, or you
ous documents that are available would like a personal introduc-
to customers to view items such tion to new GUARDIAN products
as test certificates, manufacturer and test runs.
statements and other technical
GUARDIAN actively promotes
documents, we also have em-
high-quality and efficient produc-
ployees on staff who can provide
tion processes and operations
on-site support, if necessary.
at the customer site âs this also
Whether you are a new customer enhances their own image and
who needs a professional as- professional reputation.
sessment made of your storage
11
197
GUARDIAN GlassTime
11.1.4 Competence transfer

The more broad-based and var- es in our boundary parameters or
ied the knowledge, the more effi- sales and support. Training semi-
cient are the consulting and sales. nars that are offered throughout
Our experts believe in this motto Europe on a regular basis are one
and use it to instruct our custom- of the contributing factors to our
ers with everything they need to mutual success. Because only
know regarding our entire range highly qualified customer support
of products, no matter whether personnel are able to produce
questions and problems are in re- the various glass applications in
gard to what’s new in our product and on your building, and to po-
portfolio or areas of application, sition them effectively and profit-
or their inquiries relate to chang- ably on the market.
11.1.5 The GUARDIAN contact persons at a glance

We do not list the numerous con- and their pertinent contact data
tact persons for the individual ar- at any time on our Homepage.
eas and countries in this publica- Take that opportunity to person-
tion for reasons of timeliness. But ally contact our staff and get to
you can find the contact persons know them.
ÝÝ www.guardian-europe.com
11.2 Subject index

A Absorption ................................................................... 33, 57, 59
Acid resistance ......................................................................... 25
Active safety ............................................................................. 82
Alkali resistance ....................................................................... 25
Alkaline substances.................................................................. 25
Alkaline substances.................................................................. 25
Angularity............................................................................... 134
Anisotropies.............................................................................. 77
Architectural glass................................................................... 116
B Basic types of glass.................................................................. 21
Bent architectural glass.......................................................... 116
Bullet resistance........................................................................ 84
C CE qualification...................................................................... 162
Certification........................................................................ 51, 56
Coated glass ............................................................... 27, 59,155
Cold facade............................................................................ 102
Colour application.................................................................. 110
Colour rendering index ........................................................... 46
Coloured foil .......................................................................... 115
198
Search and find
Coloured glass ......................................................................... 59

Colouring.................................................................................. 22
Comfort.............................................................................. 51, 56
Compatibility.......................................................................... 163
Condensation .......................................................................... 43
Convection............................................................................... 38
Corner cut....................................................................... 136, 137
Correction factors..................................................................... 67
Correction factors ©................................................................. 67
Curved glass........................................................................... 116
Cut.......................................................................................... 132
Cut back................................................................................. 133
D Damage to external surfaces................................................. 156
Decibel .................................................................................... 64
Decoupled single panes.......................................................... 70
Density ..................................................................................... 23
Design Glass .......................................................................... 112
Design laminated safety glass................................................ 114
Detection.................................................................................. 65
Dew point ................................................................................ 43
Dew Point Temperature .......................................................... 43
Differences in coating colours................................................ 155
Dimension tolerances............................................................. 144
Dimensioning of Glass Thickness........................................... 150
Distortions ............................................................................. 119
Double skin façade................................................................. 102
Double-stepped glazing........................................................ 149
Drilled countersunk hole........................................................ 140
Drilled holes .......................................................................... 138
E Ecology............................................................................... 51, 56
Edge cut......................................................................... 136, 138
Edge displacement................................................................ 120
Edge processing .................................................... 135, 136, 146
Elasticity module ..................................................................... 23
Electromagnetic Damping .................................................... 124
Electromagnetic damping glasses......................................... 124
Emissivity ................................................................................. 23
EN standards.................................................................. 130, 162
Energy flow............................................................................... 57
Energy flow......................................................................... 57, 59
Explosion resistance ................................................................ 84
11
199
GUARDIAN GlassTime
F Facades.................................................................................. 101
Fall Protection.................................................................... 92, 95
Fall protection glazing ............................................................. 91
Float Glass........................................................................ 20, 171
Fracture pictures......................................................... 74, 79, 159
Frequencies ............................................................................. 65
Fully tempered glass................................................................ 74
G Glass breakage ...................................................................... 157
Glass cleaning ....................................................................... 166
Glass edges............................................................................ 145
Glass elevators....................................................................... 123
Glass joint .............................................................................. 148
Global Radiation Distribution .................................................. 31
Greenhouse effect.................................................................... 45
H Hardcoating ............................................................................. 26
Heat capacity............................................................................ 25
Heat conduction....................................................................... 38
Heat influence.................................................................... 76, 80
Heat insulation ......................................................................... 40
Heat radiation......................................................... 32, 38, 45, 56
Heat strengthened glass.......................................................... 79
Heat transmittance coefficient .......................................... 25, 40
Heat-soak test .......................................................................... 78
Heat-soaked tempered glass................................................... 77
Horizontal glazing..................................................................... 90
Human aspects......................................................................... 64
I Identification..................................................................... 77, 162
Impact resistance ..................................................................... 83
Impact resistance ............................................................... 76, 82
Insulated glass terminology..................................................... 37
Insulating glass......................................................... 37, 142, 174
Insulating glass effect ........................................................ 47, 59
Insulating structure................................................................... 68
Interference Phenomena ......................................................... 46
Intrinsic colour ....................................................................... 155
K Kinds of bending.................................................................... 117
L Laminated glass.............................................................. 112, 115
Laminated safety glass ................................................... 80, 144
Length expansion coefficient................................................... 25
Light ......................................................................................... 30
Limit ......................................................................................... 64
Local distortions..................................................................... 119
Low-E ....................................................................................... 36
200
Search and find
M Magnetron process.................................................................. 26
Materials Compatibility ......................................................... 163
Medium noise reduction factor................................................ 66
Membrane façade.................................................................. 108
Minimum glass thicknesses.................................................... 141
Moisture film............................................................................. 77
N Noise level ............................................................................... 66
Noise protection ...................................................................... 67
Noise spectrum ....................................................................... 64
Nominal value ......................................................................... 41
O Offs................................................................................. 143, 144
Optical quality.......................................................................... 77
Outline precision.................................................................... 119
Outside condensation ............................................................. 44
Overhead glazing............................................................... 86, 90
P Parapet glass.................................................................. 110, 185
Partially tempered glass........................................................... 79
Passive safety ........................................................................... 85
Photovoltaics............................................................................ 33
Physical characteristics....................................................... 76, 82
Plastic spacers.......................................................................... 40
Point supported façade.......................................................... 107
Printing................................................................................... 110
Processing.............................................................................. 134
Production techniques........................................................... 112
Properties............................................................. 23, 76, 82, 155
PVB interlayer........................................................................... 80
Pyrolytic method...................................................................... 26
Q Quality ................................................................................... 151
R Radar reflection damping glass.............................................. 124
Rated values....................................................................... 40, 42
Reflection.................................................................................. 57
Requirements......................................................................... 116
Residual strength...................................................................... 87
Resistance classes .................................................................... 83
Resistance to alternating temperature .................................... 24
Resistance to impact and shock ...................................... 76, 193
Resulting sound reduction index ............................................ 67
Risk of injury ............................................................................. 80
Roll technique......................................................................... 111
11
201
GUARDIAN GlassTime
S Safety ....................................................................................... 74
Screen printing ...................................................................... 113
Sealant joint............................................................................ 148
Selectivity classification figure.................................................. 46
Shading coefficient................................................................... 45
Shape determination.............................................................. 118
Silicone .................................................................................. 164
Softening temperature............................................................. 24
Solar Energy............................................................................. 31
Solar factor (g value)................................................................. 45
Solar Gains ............................................................................... 45
Solar input factor S .................................................................. 58
Solar protection glass .............................................................. 56
Sound insulation....................................................................... 66
Sound level............................................................................... 64
Sound rating............................................................................. 66
Spacer............................................................................... 36, 155
Special safety glasses............................................................... 96
Special tolerances.......................................................... 132, 135
Specific heat capacity............................................................... 25
Stability............................................................................. 87, 123
Stainless steel........................................................................... 39
Standard Tolerances....................................................... 132, 134
Standards ............................................................................... 130
Static specifics........................................................................ 121
Stick-System-Façade.............................................................. 104
Structural glass construction.................................................... 97
Structural Glazing................................................................... 105
Sun protection isummer........................................................... 58
Surface damage..................................................................... 151
Surface temperature ................................................................ 51
Switchable glass .................................................................... 124
Switchable insulated glass ..................................................... 124
T Tangential transitions.............................................................. 120
Tempered................................................................................. 74
Tempering ............................................................................... 74
Thermal insulation.................................................................... 53
Thermoplastic systems (TPS).................................................... 40
Thermo-technical function....................................................... 38
Thickness tolerances.............................................................. 142
Tolerances .............................................................................. 132
Transfer colour print.............................................................. 114
Transformation area.................................................................. 24
Transparent glass construction............................................... 101
Transport and storing ............................................................ 167
202
Search and find
U U value ..................................................................................... 40
UV radiation ............................................................................. 33
V Vertical glazing......................................................................... 88
Visibility quality of glass......................................................... 151
W Walk-on glazing ..................................................................... 122
Warm facade.......................................................................... 101
Water resistance ...................................................................... 25
Weighted sound....................................................................... 67
11
203
GUARDIAN GlassTime
11.3 Abbreviations commonly

a �� Year
A �� Ampere
abP �� German National test certificate
AbZ �� General approval by a construction supervising body
AGB �� Terms and conditions
ATV �� General technical specifications
AufzV �� Lift ordinance
b �� Factor of mean transition
BauPG �� German Building Products Act
BM �� Ribbon dimension
BPR �� Construction Products Directive
BRL �� Building Regulations List
BW �� Rated value
c �� Specific heat capacity
C �� Spectrum adjustment value
CE �� Communautés Europeennes
CEN �� Comité Européen de Normalisation
CENELEC �� Commité Européen de Normalisation Électrotechnique
CiO �� Degree of gas filling
cm �� Centimetre
CO2 �� Carbon dioxide
Ctr �� Spectrum adjustment value
dB �� Decibel
dB(A) �� Weighted sound reduction index
DIBt �� German Institute for Civil Engineering
DIN �� German Institute for Standardization
E �� Emissivity
E �� Young module (Modulus of elasticity)
EN �� European standards
EnEV �� Energy Conservation Regulation
204
Search and find
EOTA �� European Organisation for Technical Approvals

EPBD �� Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
ETA �� European Technical Approval
ETAG �� European Technical Approval Guideline
ETZ �� Europäische technische Zulassung
EU �� European Union
Fc �� Reducing coefficient for solar protection equipment
FEM �� Finite-Element Method
Fg �� Coincidence frequencies
fg,h �� Characteristic tensile bending strength
fR �� Resonance frequency
g �� Total energy transmittance degree
G �� Heating degree days
GBM �� Split ribbon dimensions
GHz �� Gigahertz (109 Hertz)
GPa �� Giga pascals
GWp �� Maximum reachable power (from photovoltaicmo
dules) in Gigawatt (peak)
H �� Hour
H �� Calorific value of oil
hEN �� European harmonised standards
HK �� Knoop hardness test
HSG �� Heat strengthened glass
HVBG �� Federation of the legal professional associations
Hz �� Hertz
Ift �� Institute for Window Technology, Rosenheim
ISO �� International Organization for Standardization
J �� Joule
k �� Kilo
K �� Kelvin
K �� Correction value (at sound insulation)
11
205
GUARDIAN GlassTime
kF �� Heat conductivity coefficient window (old)

kg �� Kilogram
kHz �� Kilohertz (103 Hertz)
kPa �� Kilopascals
LBO �� Building regulation
LSG �� Laminated safety glass
LTB �� List of acknowledged technical rules for works
m �� Surface mass
m �� Meter
M �� Mega (109)
m2 �� Square meter
m3 �� cubic meters
mbar �� Millibar
MBO �� Model Building Regulation
MDCA �� Labels for special glasses in the U.S.
MHz �� Megahertz
MIG �� Insulating glass
MLTB �� Model List of Technical Building
mm �� Millimeter
MPA �� Material control authorities
ms �� Millisecond
n �� Nano
N �� Newton
N �� medium light calculation index
nm �� Nanometer (10-9 m)
P �� Sound power
Pa �� Pascal
PAR �� Photo-synthetically Active Radiation
prEN �� Draft European standard
PU; PUR �� Polyurethane
PV �� Photovoltaics
206
Search and find
PVB �� Polyvinyl butyral

PVC �� Polyvinyl chloride
P1A bis P8B �� Resistance categories
qi; qa �� Secondary heat dissipation
R �� Sound reduction index
R �� Electrical resistance
Ra; Ra,D; Ra,R �� Colour rendition index
RAL �� German Institute for Quality Assurance and
Certification
Re �� Solar energy reflection
RL �� Degree of light reflection
RLT �� Ventilation and air conditioning systems for indoor
climate
Rw,B �� weighted sound reduction, values measured on the
construction
Rw,P �� weighted sound reduction, determined on the test sta-
tion
Rw,R �� weighted sound reduction, calculation value
R’w,res �� resulting sound reduction index of the entire structural
component
Rw; R’w �� weighted sound reduction
S �� Selectivity factor
S �� solar input factor
SC �� Shading coefficient
SZR �� Pane interspace
TG �� Single-pane safety glass (tempered glass)
TG-H �� Heat-soak single pane safety glass
TR �� Technical rules
TRAV �� Technical rules for safety barrier glazing
TRLV �� Technical rules for the use of linearly supported glazing
TRPV �� Technical rules for the design and specification of
point-fixed glazing
TUV �� UV radiation transmission 11
207
GUARDIAN GlassTime
U �� Heat transmittance coefficient

UCW �� Heat transmittance coefficient, facade
Uf; Um; Ut �� Heat transmittance coefficient of frames, post-and-
beam profiles
Ug, BW �� Heat transmittance coefficient, glass, measured value
Ug; Up �� Heat transmittance coefficient of gas and filling
ÜH �� Declaration of conformity of the manufacturer
ÜHP �� Declaration of conformity of the manufacturer after test
ÜHZ �� Certificate of conformity
UV �� Ultraviolet
UW �� Heat transmittance coefficient, window
VDI �� Association of German Engineers
VdS �� Association of Property Insurers, damage prevention
VG �� Laminated glass
VOB �� Procurement and construction contract procedures
W �� Watt
W �� Window (Fenster)
WPK �� Factory production control
ZiE �� Approval on a case-by-case basis
208
Search and find
11.4 Greek symbols

a Drop height of the pendulum impact
a Average linear thermal expansion coefficient
a Angle
ae Energy absorption
b Fracture behaviour in pendulum impact
g global safety factor
D Difference
Du Temperature difference
e Emissivity
q Temperature
l Wavelength of sound and light
l Thermal conductivity
m Micro
m Poission number
m Poission´s ratio
mm Micrometer (= 10–6 m)
r Density
re Solar energy reflection
S Sum
s Tensile bending strength
te Solar energy transmission
tL Degree of light transmittance
tV Degree of light transmittance
tV,BW Degree of light transmittance, measured value
j Drop height in pendulum impact
y Heat transfer coefficient, related to length
W Ohm
11
209
GUARDIAN GlassTime
210
Notes
11
211
GUARDIAN InGlass – Design and
In addition to the broad production pallet typically associated with the building en
Guardian InGlass offers the equivalent for living with glass inside the building struc
Guardian InGlass offers hundreds of colours, textures and surfaces to unfetter you
imagination and provide the foundation for the creation of today‘s interior spaces
Within this space we can only introduce you to the possibilities with our InGlass c
ection. Specific documents and a large assortment of samples and possiblities are
ble at your Guardian InGlass-Support.
Please send us an email at [email protected].
A B C
D E F
G H I
More information is available at

GuardianInGlass.com
Design forward.
d function for all areas of life
nvelope, GUARDIAN InGlass collection:
cture.
A DiamandGuard®
ur
All glass starts out beautiful. Ours stays that way. Diamond-
s.
Guard® glass, fused with the strength of carbon, has an
coll- extremely low coefficient of friction that permanently protects
e availa- it from scratching, smudging and hazing.
B ShowerGuard®
Special glass for the bath – preserves the glass from stains
caused by hard water, heat, humidity and cleaning products,
maintaining its stunning clarity for years to come.
C DecoCristal®
The lacquered float glass adapts to any interior, shines with
colors and reflections for each wall panel.
D UltraClear™
Extremely white glass for clear design and unsurpassed light
transmission.
E SatinDeco®
The satin-smooth, translucent finish of SatinDeco® obscures the
view through the glass while maintaining a high level of light
transmittance.
F Ornamental glass
Standard textures put a variety of opacities and patterns at
your fingertips. Find something for virtually every application
and aesthetic, from traditional to modern.
G Berman Glass Edition

The edition of the production of Joel Berman Glass Studios
inspires with a very unique look at affordable prices.
H UltraMirror®
Highly reflective mirror with always the same protection
against corrosion, chemicals, moisture and abrasion.
I Laminated Glass
Whether you are looking for transparent color or enhanced
performance like safety and security, Guardian laminated
glass offers true performance and extensive design flexibility.
GUARDIAN GlassTime
212
Disclaimer: The information contained in this publication is a gene-
ral description of Guardian products. Guardian hereby disclaims all
liability arising from any inaccuracy in or omissions from this pub-
lication and all the consequences of relying on it. It is the respon-
sibility of the users of this information to ensure that the intended
application of Guardian products are appropriate and complie with
all relevant laws, regulations, standards, codes of practices and
other requirements. It is recommended that fabricators of Guardian
products consult the Processing Guidelines provided by Guardian
for specific instructions on how to handle, store, treat, process, use
and install all products successfully. The Processing Guidelines are
provided with the first delivery of Guardian products or can be ob-
tained directly from Guardian:
GUARDIAN Flachglas GmbH GUARDIAN Czestochowa Sp zo.o.

Germany Poland
Tel: 00 49 (0) 3494 361 800 Tel. 00 48 (0) 34 323 9200
E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected]
GUARDIAN Industries U.K. Ltd. GUARDIAN Glass Espana, S.L.
Great Britain Spain
Tel. 00 44 (0) 800 032 6322 Tel. 00 34 948 817255
GUARDIAN Orosháza Kft. GUARDIAN Steklo Tyazan LLC
Hungary Russia
Tel. 00 36 (0) 68 887 200 Tel. 007 (8) 4912 956600
GUARDIAN Luxguard I, S.A.
Luxembourg
Tel. 00 352 50301
E-Mail: [email protected]
www.guardian.com
GUARDIAN Europe
Referenzcode: Handbook / GB-EU / 09-12
©2012 GUARDIAN Industries Corp.

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GlassTime

T ECH NI CAL MA NUA L

Opera house Copenhagen

1st Edition 2012

It is impossible to imagine our world nication, as well as solar thermal

1 GUARDIAN Luxguard I 7 GUARDIAN Czestochowa

From humble beginnings

GUARDIAN Industries began as With hundreds of new patents,

1. Basic Types of Glass...................................................18

1.3 Coatings on float glass...........................................................26

2 Light, Energy and Heat............................................28

3. Insulated Glass terminology.................................34

3.6 Dew point and condensation.................................................43

4. Translucent thermal insulation............................48

5. Transparent solar protection................................54

6. Transparent noise protection...............................62

6.3 Sound ratings for buildings....................................................66

7.5.2 Passive safety...........................................................................85

7.6 Recommendations for certain glass implementations........88

8. Transparent glass construction...........................98

8.1.2 Façade constructions.............................................................104

8.2 Parapet glass (Spandrels).....................................................110

8.4 Bent architectural glass........................................................116

8.4.6 Static specifics........................................................................121

9. Standards, guidelines, tips..................................128

9.2.4 Tempered glass, tempered – heat-soaked glass

9.2.5 Insulating glass units (IGU)....................................................142

9.2.6 Laminated safety glass units.................................................144

9.3 Glass edges............................................................................145

9.7 Guidelines for assessing the visibility quality

9.8 Glass breakage......................................................................157

10. GUARDIAN products at a glance...................168

11. Search and find............................................................194

Basic Types of Glass

Light, Energy and Heat

Insulated Glass terminology

Translucent thermal insulation

Transparent solar protection

Transparent noise protection

Transparent glass construction

Standards, guidelines, tips

GUARDIAN products at a glance

Search and find

History | Float glass | Colouring | Properties | Density | Elasticity module | Transforma-

Light | Solar energy | Heat | UV radiation | Photovoltaics 2

Economy | Ecology | Comfort | GUARDIAN product range for thermal insulation 4

Lotte Plaza, Moscow

1.3 Coatings on float glass...........................................................26

1.2 F loat glass

Batch Melting Forming Cooling Controling, cutting,

app. 1.200 °C app. 600 °C

F loating process (schematic representation)

Pre-cuts are usually 6 metres or An average float glass line is

Clear float glass ExtraClear UltraClear

our neutrality, irrespective of the certain production floating line

1.2.2.2 Elasticity module

1.2.2.4 Compressive strength

1.2.2.5 Tensile bending strength

1.2.2.6 Resistance to alternating temperature