The Charter Oath As Officially Published
The Charter Oath As Officially Published
The Charter Oath As Officially Published
Charter Oath
The Charter Oath (五箇条の御誓文 Gokajō no Goseimon, more literally, the
Oath in Five Articles) was promulgated at the enthronement of Emperor
Meiji of Japan on 6 April 1868 in Kyoto Imperial Palace. [1][2] The Oath
outlined the main aims and the course of action to be followed during
Emperor Meiji's reign, setting the legal stage for Japan's modernization. This
also set up a process of urbanization as people of all classes were free to move
jobs so people went to the city for better work. It remained influential, if less
for governing than inspiring, throughout the Meiji era and into the twentieth
century, and can be considered the first constitution of modern Japan. [3]
Contents
Rules
Origin and subsequent influence
See also
Notes
References
The Charter Oath as officially
Further reading published.
Rules
As the name implies, the text of the Oath consists of five clauses:
By this oath, we set up as our aim the establishment of the national wealth on a broad basis and the
framing of a constitution and laws.
1. Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters decided by open discussion.
2. All classes, high and low, shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of
state.
3. The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their
own calling so that there may be no discontent.
4. Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon the just laws of Nature.
5. Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.[4]
Origin and subsequent influence
The first draft of the Oath was written by junior councilor Yuri Kimimasa in January 1868, containing progressive
language that spoke to the frustrations that the radical but modestly born Meiji leaders had experienced in "service to
hereditary incompetents."[5] Yuri's language was moderated by his colleague Fukuoka Takachika in February to be
"less alarming," and Kido Takayoshi prepared the final form of the Oath, employing "language broad enough to
embrace both readings."[5] The Oath was read aloud by Sanjō Sanetomi in the main ceremonial hall of the Kyoto
Imperial Palace in the presence of the Emperor and more than 400 officials. After the reading, the nobles and daimyōs
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present signed their names to a document praising the Oath, and swearing to do their utmost to uphold and
implement it. Those not able to attend the formal reading afterwards visited the palace to sign their names, bringing
the total number of signatures to 767. [6]
The purpose of the oath was both to issue a statement of policy to be followed by the postTokugawa shogunate
government in the Meiji period, and to offer hope of inclusion in the next regime to proTokugawa domains. This
second motivation was especially important in the early stages of the Restoration as a means to keep domains from
joining the Tokugawa remnant in the Boshin War. Later, military victory "made it safe to begin to push court nobles
and daimyō figureheads out of the way". [7]
The promise of reform in the document initially went unfulfilled: in particular, a parliament with real power was not
established until 1890, and the Meiji oligarchy from Satsuma, Chōshū, Tosa and Hizen retained political and military
control well into the 20th century. In general, the Oath was purposely phrased in broad terms to minimize resistance
from the daimyōs and to provide "a promise of gradualism and equity":[8]
"Deliberative councils" and "public discourse" were, after all, terms that had been applied to cooperation
between lords of great domains. That "all classes" were to unite indicated that there would continue to be
classes. Even "commoners" were to be treated decently by "civil and military" officers, the privileged
ranks of the recent past. No one was likely to be in favor of the retention of "evil customs"; a rather
Confucian "Nature" would indicate the path to be chosen. Only in the promise to "seek knowledge
throughout the world" was there a specific indication of change; but here, too, late Tokugawa activists
had deplored the irrationality of Japan's twoheaded government as the only one in the world. Moreover
the search would be selective and purposeful, designed to "strengthen the foundations of imperial
rule". [9]
The Oath was reiterated as the first article of the constitution promulgated in June 1868, and the subsequent articles
of that constitution expand the policies outlined in the Oath. [10] Almost eighty years later, in the wake of the Second
World War, Emperor Hirohito paid homage to the Oath and reaffirmed it as the basis of "national polity" in his
Humanity Declaration. [11] The ostensible purpose of the rescript was to appease the American occupiers with a
renunciation of imperial divinity, but the emperor himself saw it as a statement of the existence of democracy in Meiji
era. [12]
See also
Five Public Notices
Seventeenarticle constitution
Notes
1. Keene, p. 137. Other translations are seen in the literature, such as FiveArticle Oath or Charter Oath in Five
Articles.
2. http://www.meijijingu.or.jp/about/33.html 慶応4年(明治元年)3月14日、明治天皇は京都御所紫宸殿に公卿・諸
侯以下百官を集め、維新の基本方針を天地の神々にお誓いになりました。The Charter Oath was promulgated on
the fourteenth day of the third month by the old calendar, equivalent to April 6.
3. Keene, p. 340, notes that one might "describe the Oath in Five Articles as a constitution for all ages."
4. McLaren, p. 8, quoted in De Bary et al., p. 672.
5. Jansen (2002), p. 338.
6. Keene, Meiji and His World, page 140
7. Jansen (2002), 342.
8. Jansen (2002), p. 339
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9. Jansen (2002), p. 339.
10. De Bary et al., pp. 672–673.
11. De Bary et al., p. 1029. Jansen (2002), p. 339.
12. Dower, 1999, pp. 314, 317.
References
De Bary, William; and Arthur Tiedemann (eds.) (2005) [1958]. Sources of Japanese Tradition, Vol. II: 1600 to 2000
(2nd ed.). New York: Columbia. ISBN 023112984X.
Dower, John W. (2000). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: Norton. ISBN 0393
046869.
Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600 (http://www.worldcat.org/title/makingofmodernjapan/oclc/44090600&refer
er=brief_results)
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 18521912. New York: Columbia University Press.
ISBN 9780231123402; OCLC 46731178 (http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/46731178)
McLaren, W. W. (1979). Japanese Government Documents. Bethesda, Md.: University Publications of America.
ISBN 0313269122.
Further reading
Akamatsu, Paul (1972). Meiji 1868: Revolution and CounterRevolution in Japan (in Japanese). Miriam Kochan
(trans.). New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0060100443.
Akita, George (1967). Foundations of Constitutional Government in Modern Japan 18681900. Cambridge: Harvard.
ISBN 0674312503.
Beasley, William G. (1995). The Rise of Modern Japan: Political, Economic and Social Change Since 1850. New
York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312233736.
Breen, John, "The Imperial Oath of April 1868: ritual, power and politics in Restoration Japan," Monumenta
Nipponica, 51, 4 (1996)
Jansen, Marius B.; Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: From Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton:
Princeton. ISBN 0691102457.
Murphey, Rhoades (1997). East Asia: A New History. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0321421418.
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