Optimization of Logistics I 2 Typical Problems r20 PDF

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/267755263
Chapter 2. Typical Base Optimization Problems
Chapter · November 2014
CITATION READS
1 213
1 author:
Turkay Yildiz
Izmir Institute of Technology
94 PUBLICATIONS 37 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Turkay Yildiz on 24 August 2015.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Chapter 2. Typical Base Optimization
Problems
This chapter briefly introduces typical pure base optimization problems of
logistics systems. These problems are namely the assignment problem,
knapsack problem, facility location problem, lot sizing problem, vehicle
routing problem, scheduling problem, shortest path problem, and travelling
salesman problem. Typical optimization problems are not limited to these
mentioned pure base problems in this chapter. Indeed, the real world
problems usually require much more complicated problem definitions and
utilization of sophisticated solvers for finding optimal solutions.
In each section of this chapter, mathematical representation of the

optimization problem is shown. Additionally, the literature on this subject is
so vast. Therefore in each section the titles of the most recent and highly
cited studies are shown in tables. Readers might take a look at these studies
and further familiarize themselves for the recent studies on the optimization
topic.
2.1 Assignment Problem
Assignment problem is a special case of transportation problem and the

transportation problem is a special case of linear programming problem, so
it is a special case of linear programming problem (Mishra and Agarwal
2009). The assignment problem can be considered as a special case of
transportation problem (Williams 2013). It can be considered a problem
with n sources and sinks n (Williams 2013). Each source has an availability
of one unit and each well apply for 1 unit (Williams 2013). The objective of
the assignment problem is to assign a number of tasks or jobs to an equal
number of persons or the machine to a minimum or maximum cost profit
(Mishra and Agarwal 2009). Basically assignment problem is a minimization
problem (Mishra and Agarwal 2009).
The assignment problem is to find a maximum profit assignment of n tasks

to n machines such that each task (i = 1, 2, ..., n) is assigned to exactly one
machine (j= 1, 2, ..., n) and each machine is assigned to exactly one task.
The general assignment problem (GAP) is a generalization of the
assignment problem that finds a maximum profit assignment of m tasks to
n (m > n) machines such that each task is assigned to exactly one machine
and that each machine is allowed to be assigned to more than one task,
subject to its capacity limitation (Chen et al. 2011).
The GAP is also known as the maximum weighted bipartite matching

problem. Given a bipartite graph G(V,U,E) where V and U are two
partitions and E edges between two partitions, the problem is the selection
of a subset of the edges with maximum sum of weights such that each node
v V or u U is connected to at most one edge.
The problem is finding a minimal cost (or maximal profit) assignment of n

tasks over m capacity-constrained servers, whereby each task has to be
processed by only one server.
Objective function
n m
Minimize Z =  C x
i 1 j 1
ij ij
Subject to
x
j 1
ij  1, i  1,..., n
a x
j 1
ij ij  bj , j  1,..., n
xij  0,1 , i  1,..., n, j  1,..., m
where parameters are
n = number of tasks
m = number of servers
Cij = cost of assigning task i to server j
bj = units of resource available to server j
aij = units of resource required to perform task i by server j
and variables
xij = 1 if task i is assigned to server j, 0 otherwise
GAP is to find a minimal cost (or maximum profit) assignment of n tasks

on servers with limited capabilities m, each task should be handled by a
single server (Sarker 2008). The general assignment problem has a wide
range of relevant fields. For example, one such area is the situation causing
in container terminals (Cheung et al 2002; Zhang et al 2002). Given an n
tasks on servers with limited capacity m can be considered assignment of n
number of straddle carriers (SC) or trailers with special containers to
minimize the total time (t) consumed or cost (c) when handling the
containers.
An assignment problem is a discrete optimization problem (Subbu and

Sanderson 2004). Discrete optimization problems incur a heavy penalty
because of dimentionality, because the size of the problems grow
exponentially with the number of options along each dimension (Subbu and
Sanderson 2004).
An extension of the complex assignment problem is the quadratic

assignment problem (Williams 2013). This problem occurs when the "cost
of an assignment" is not independent from other assignments. The resulting
problem can be seen as a problem of assigning a quadratic objective
function (Williams 2013).
Various algorithms exist for the solution of general assignment problem. To

solve the problems of assignment in a container terminal, two algorithms,
ie, Jonker-Volgenant and Hungarian algorithms are considered. Both
algorithms provide the same solutions and the solutions are considered to
be the best possible optimal solutions for the given probability matrix. For
a performance comparison of the both algorithms, see Figure 2.1.
The most recent and highly cited studies about the assignment problem are
shown in table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Studies in the literature about the assignment problem
A computational study of exact knapsack separation for the generalized assignment problem (Avella et
al. 2010).
Solving the class responsibility assignment problem in object-oriented analysis with multi-objective
genetic algorithms (Bowman et al. 2010).
The multi-unit assignment problem: theory and evidence from course allocation at harvard (Budish and
Cantillon 2012).
The wiener maximum quadratic assignment problem (cela et al. 2011).
An efficient solution algorithm for solving multi-class reliability-based traffic assignment problem
(Chen et al. 2011).
The storage location assignment problem for outbound containers in a maritime terminal (Chen and
Lu 2012).
An ant colony optimisation algorithm for solving the asymmetric traffic assignment problem
(D’acierno et al. 2012).
Exploiting group symmetry in semidefinite programming relaxations of the quadratic assignment
problem (de Klerk and Sotirov 2010).
State covariance assignment problem (Khaloozadeh and Baromand 2010).
A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for the deployment and power assignment problem in
wireless sensor networks (Konstantinidis et al. 2010).
Reliability optimization of component assignment problem for a multistate network in terms of
minimal cuts (Lin and Yeh 2011).
Stability of user-equilibrium route flow solutions for the traffic assignment problem (Lu and Nie 2010).
Grasp with path-relinking for the generalized quadratic assignment problem (Mateus et al. 2011).
Multiobjective genetic algorithms for solving the impairment-aware routing and wavelength assignment
problem (Monoyios and Vlachos 2011).
A class of bush-based algorithms for the traffic assignment problem (Nie 2010).
A cell-based merchant-nemhauser model for the system optimum dynamic traffic assignment problem
(Nie 2011).
Solving the dynamic user optimal assignment problem considering queue spillback (Nie and Zhang
2010).
Bees algorithm for generalized assignment problem (Ozbakir et al. 2010).
A two phase method for multi-objective integer programming and its application to the assignment
problem with three objectives (Przybylski et al. 2010).
Partial eigenvalue assignment problem of high order control systems using orthogonality relations
(Ramadan and El-Sayed 2010).
A due-date assignment problem with learning effect and deteriorating jobs (Wang and Guo 2010).
Single-machine due-window assignment problem with learning effect and deteriorating jobs (Wang and
Wang 2011).
Effective formulation reductions for the quadratic assignment problem (Zhang et al. 2010).
Routing and wavelength assignment problem in pce-based wavelength-switched optical networks
(Zhao et al. 2010).
A novel global harmony search algorithm for task assignment problem (Zou et al. 2010).
Hungarian (Munkres) algorithm versus Jonker-Volgenant algorithm
16
Hungarian
14 Jonker-Volgenant
12
10
Time to complete (t)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Dimension of the matrix (nxn)
Figure 2.1 Hungarian (Munkres) algorithm versus Jonker-Volgenant

algorithm
2.2 Knapsack Problem
The “knapsack” stems from the rather artificial application to try to fulfill a
hiker's knapsack at the total maximum value (Williams 2013) application.
Each item it considers taking with it has a certain value and a certain weight
(Williams 2013). Limiting overall weight is the single constraint (Williams
2013).
The knapsack problem the has received considerable attention in the

literature during the early development of operations research algorithms
(1950-1970), mainly because it can be used as a sub problem in the
development of an decomposition algorithm to the well-known stock cut
(or trim loss) problem and because of a general linear integer problem can
be converted into a knapsack problem (Chen et al. 2011). Dozens of
specialized algorithms for knapsack problems have been developed, which
includes dynamic programming, enumeration, Lagrange multiplier, and the
network approaches (Chen et al. 2011).
The knapsack problem takes a set of items, each with a weight and profit,
and tries to fit as many of these items in the knapsack to maximize profit
while not exceeding the maximum weight the knapsack may contain
(Rondeau and Bostian 2009).
The name is derived from a problem of decision facing a hiker who is to

select a set of given elements to be included in his backpack (or knapsack)
within a specified weight (Chen et al. 2011). Each selected element
contributes a value (relative) for hiking and the purpose of this decision
problem is to maximize the total value of all the selected items (Chen et al.
2011).
The problem of the knapsack is sometimes called the problem of loading

cargo when shipments of different weights are selected for loading on a
vessel with a weight capacity limited (Chen et al. 2011).
Objective function
m n
Maximize Z   v j xij
i 1 j 1
Subject to
m
x
i 1
ij  1, j
n
w x
j 1
j ij  Ci , j
xij  {0,1}, i, j
m = number of containers (index i)

n = number of items (index j)
wj = weight of item j
vj = value of item j
Ci = capacity of container i (weight)
The most recent and highly cited studies about the knapsack problem are
shown in table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Studies in the literature about the knapsack problem
Kernel search: a general heuristic for the multi-dimensional knapsack problem (Angelelli et al. 2010).
Identifying preferred solutions to multi-objective binary optimisation problems, with an application to
the multi-objective knapsack problem (Argyris et al. 2011).
A multi-level search strategy for the 0-1 multidimensional knapsack problem (Boussier et al. 2010).
A knapsack problem as a tool to solve the production planning problem in small foundries (Camargo
et al. 2012).
A column generation method for the multiple-choice multi-dimensional knapsack problem (Cherfi and
Hifi 2010).
A heuristic approach for allocation of data to rfıd tags: a data allocation knapsack problem (dakp)
(Davis et al. 2012).
Revenue maximization in the dynamic knapsack problem (Dizdar et al. 2011).
Development of core to solve the multidimensional multiple-choice knapsack problem (Ghasemi and
Razzazi 2011).
Sensor selection in distributed multiple-radar architectures for localization: a knapsack problem
formulation (Godrich et al. 2012).
A ptas for the chance-constrained knapsack problem with random item sizes (Goyal and Ravi 2010).
Improved convergent heuristics for the 0-1 multidimensional knapsack problem (Hanafi and Wilbaut
2011).
Problem reduction heuristic for the 0-1 multidimensional knapsack problem (Hill et al. 2012).
An ant colony optimization approach for the multidimensional knapsack problem (Ke et al. 2010).
Fully polynomial approximation schemes for a symmetric quadratic knapsack problem and its
scheduling applications (Kellerer and Strusevich 2010).
Upper bounds for the 0-1 stochastic knapsack problem and a b&b algorithm (Kosuch and Lisser
2010).
Assessing solution quality of biobjective 0-1 knapsack problem using evolutionary and heuristic
algorithms (Kumar and Singh 2010).
Reoptimization in lagrangian methods for the 0-1 quadratic knapsack problem (Letocart et al. 2012).
Interdicting nuclear material on cargo containers using knapsack problem models (Mclay et al. 2011).
The multidimensional knapsack problem: structure and algorithms (Puchinger et al. 2010).
Fusing ant colony optimization with lagrangian relaxation for the multiple-choice multidimensional
knapsack problem (Ren et al. 2012).
Dynamic programming based algorithms for the discounted {0-1} knapsack problem (Rong et al.
2012).
A two state reduction based dynamic programming algorithm for the bi-objective 0-1 knapsack
problem (Rong et al. 2011).
A cooperative local search-based algorithm for the multiple-scenario max-min knapsack problem (Sbihi
2010).
An effective hybrid eda-based algorithm for solving multidimensional knapsack problem (Wang 2012).
Solving 0-1 knapsack problem by a novel global harmony search algorithm (Zou et al. 2011).
2.3 Facility location problem
Facility location problems deal with the number, location, equipment and
size of new plants as well as the sale, removal or reduction of existing
facilities (Ghiani 2013). In the logistics business, the process of site
planning is to design the entire facility through which revenue from
suppliers to demand points, while in the public sector, it is to determine all
facilities from which users are served (Ghiani 2013).
One of the most important aspects of logistics is deciding where to locate

new facilities such as retailers, warehouses or factories (Bramel and Simchi-
Levi, 1997). These strategic decisions are a key determinant of whether the
materials circulate efficiently in the distribution system (Bramel and Simchi-
Levi, 1997). When location decisions are needed: the location of the
installation decisions must obviously be taken when a logistics system is
started from zero (Ghiani 2013). They are also required as a result of
variations in the pattern of demand or the spatial distribution, or due to
changes in materials, energy and labor costs.
Mathematical models of location are designed to address a number of

issues, including (Daskin 2013)
(a) How many facilities should be located?
(b) Where each facility should be located?
(c) How large should each facility be?
(d) How should require the services of facilities allocated to
installations?
In general, the goal is to find a set of facilities so that the total cost is
minimized subject to a number of constraints that could include (Bramel
and Simchi-Levi, 1997):
• each warehouse has a capacity that limits the area that can
provide.
• Each retailer receives deliveries of one and only one
warehouse.
• each retailer must be at a fixed distance from the warehouse
that supplies it, so that a reasonable delivery lead time is
guaranteed.
Facility location is a wide range of mathematical models, methods and
applications in operations research (Chvátal 2011). This is an interesting
topic for theoretical studies, experimental research and real-world
applications (Chvátal 2011).
The most recent and highly cited studies about the facility location problem
are shown in table 2.3.
Table 2.3 Studies in the literature about the facility location problem
A computational comparison of several formulations for the multi-period incremental service facility
location problem (Albareda-Sambola et al. 2010).
The facility location problem with bernoulli demands (Albareda-Sambola et al. 2011).
P-hub approach for the optimal park-and-ride facility location problem (Aros-Vera et al. 2013).
Semi-lagrangian relaxation applied to the uncapacitated facility location problem (Beltran-Royo et al.
2012).
Solving conflicting bi-objective facility location problem by nsga ii evolutionary algorithm
(Bhattacharya and Bandyopadhyay 2010).
An optimal bifactor approximation algorithm for the metric uncapacitated facility location problem
(Byrka and Aardal 2010).
A computational study of a nonlinear minsum facility location problem (Carrizosa et al. 2012).
Strategic closed-loop facility location problem with carbon market trading (Diabat et al. 2013).
A primal-dual approximation algorithm for the facility location problem with submodular penalties
(Du et al. 2012).
An approximation algorithm for the k-level capacitated facility location problem (Du et al. 2010).
A new approximation algorithm for the multilevel facility location problem (Gabor and van Ommeren
2010).
A generalized weiszfeld method for the multi-facility location problem (Iyigun and Ben-Israel 2010).
The ordered capacitated facility location problem (Kalcsics et al. 2010).

Competitive facility location problem with attractiveness adjustment of the follower a bilevel
programming model and its solution (Kucukaydin et al. 2011).
Integrated use of fuzzy c-means and convex programming for capacitated multi-facility location
problem (Kucukdeniz et al. 2012).
An efficient genetic algorithm for solving the multi-level uncapacitated facility location problem (Maric
2010).
The discrete facility location problem with balanced allocation of customers (Marin 2011).
An integer decomposition algorithm for solving a two-stage facility location problem with second-stage
activation costs (Penuel et al. 2010).
On the structure of the solution set for the single facility location problem with average distances
(Puerto and Rodriguez-Chia 2011).
The reliable facility location problem: formulations, heuristics, and approximation algorithms (Shen et
al. 2011).
A tabu search heuristic procedure for the capacitated facility location problem (Sun 2012).
An improved benders decomposition algorithm for the logistics facility location problem with capacity
expansions (Tang et al. 2013).
A genetic algorithm for the uncapacitated facility location problem (Tohyama et al. 2011).
An approximation algorithm for the k-level stochastic facility location problem (Wang et al. 2010).
A cut-and-solve based algorithm for the single-source capacitated facility location problem (Yang et al.
2012).
2.4 Lot sizing problem
Once the levels of inventory are determined, the next step is to calculate in
what quantities the inventory will be replaced. This is called lot sizing. The
lot size is the amount of material to be ordered from a supplier or produced
internally to meet demand.
There are nine major types of lot-size methods, which fit into the following
two categories:
Demand-based methods (static): Order quantities are kept constant.

• Fixed order quantity: min/max
• Economic order quantity (EOQ): is calculated periodically and
used as fixed order quantity during interim
Discrete method (dynamic): Order quantities vary.

• Period order quantity
• Lot-for-lot
• Periods of supply
• Least unit cost
• Least total cost
• Part-period balancing
• Wagner-Whitin algorithm
Selecting the appropriate combination of methods will help reduce the

ordering, setup and transportation costs, and reduce overall inventory levels
of products being manufactured (Viale and Carrigan, 1996):
• Fixed Order Quantity: method of fixed order quantity orders will
always suggest planned to be released for a predetermined fixed
amount. The predetermined amount can be determined on the
basis of experience and / or the use of the technique of the
economic order quantity.
• The economic order quantity (EOQ) is the other type of
formula based on demand or static. This calculation determines the
amount to be purchased or made by determining the minimum
cost of purchase or construction with the cost to carry inventory.
The formula can be used to determine the minimum units to be
built or purchased, or the minimum cost in dollars.
• Period Order Quantity Period order quantity is a lot-sizing
technique where the lot size is equal to the requirements of a given
number of periods in the future. The period order quantity is
similar to the period of supply, with the exception of the order
cycle is based on the calculation EOQ. The order frequency and
the order quantities are scheduled using this method.
• Lot-for-Lot This is a technique commonly used in MRP lot-sizing
technique in just-in-time (JIT) situations, in collaboration with the
safety stock. In this method, the planned orders are generated at
the height of the net requirements in each period.
• Periods of supply This method establishes- mainly by experience-
an amount of the order to cover a predetermined period of time.
• Least unit cost The least unit cost method adds the cost of
ordering and inventory-carrying cost for each trial lot size and
divides the number of units in the lot size. Lot size with the lowest
unit cost is chosen.
• Least total cost The least total cost lot-sizing technique calculates
the order quantity by comparing the set (or order) costs and
carrying costs for different lot sizes and selects the lot size where
these costs are nearest equal.
• Part-Period Balancing This technique is similar to the method in
the least cost method. However, this method uses a routine called
look forward / looking back. When the function look forward /
looking back is used, a lot quantity is calculated, and before it is
firmed up, the next or previous period is examined to determine
whether it would be economical to fit in the current lot.
• Wagner-Whitin Algorithm The last method is the algorithm of
Wagner-Whitin. This is a very complex process that evaluates all
possible means to meet the needs of each period of the planning
horizon.
The most recent and highly cited studies about the lot-sizing problem are
shown in table 2.4.
Table 2.4 Studies in the literature about the lot sizing problem
Uncapacitated lot-sizing problem with production time windows, early productions, backlogs and lost
sales (Absi et al. 2011).
Adaptive genetic algorithm for lot-sizing problem with self-adjustment operation rate: a discussion
(Cardenas-Barron 2010).
A volume flexible economic production lot-sizing problem with imperfect quality and random machine
failure in fuzzy-stochastic environment (Das et al. 2011).
A particle swarm optimization for solving joint pricing and lot-sizing problem with fluctuating demand
and unit purchasing cost (Dye and Hsieh 2010).
A particle swarm optimization for solving joint pricing and lot-sizing problem with fluctuating demand
and trade credit financing (Dye and Ouyang 2011).
Solving single-product economic lot-sizing problem with non-increasing setup cost, constant capacity
and convex inventory cost in o(n log n) time (Feng et al. 2011).
A heuristic approach for a multi-product capacitated lot-sizing problem with pricing (Gonzalez-
Ramirez et al. 2011).
Stochastic lot-sizing problem with inventory-bounds and constant order-capacities (Guan and Liu
2010).
A robust lot sizing problem with ill-known demands (Guillaume et al. 2012).
A simulation metamodelling based neural networks for lot-sizing problem in mto sector (Hachicha
2011).
A fix-and-optimize approach for the multi-level capacitated lot sizing problem (Helber and Sahling
2010).
A robust block-chain based tabu search algorithm for the dynamic lot sizing problem with product
returns and remanufacturing (Li et al. 2014).
Integrating run-based preventive maintenance into the capacitated lot sizing problem with reliability
constraint (Lu et al. 2013).
A new algorithmic approach for capacitated lot-sizing problem in flow shops with sequence-dependent
setups (Mohammadi et al. 2010).
Grasp heuristic with path-relinking for the multi-plant capacitated lot sizing problem. (Nascimento et
al. 2010).
A simple fptas for a single-item capacitated economic lot-sizing problem with a monotone cost
structure (Ng et al. 2010).
An o(t-3) algorithm for the capacitated lot sizing problem with minimum order quantities (Okhrin and
Richter 2011).
The economic lot-sizing problem with remanufacturing and one-way substitution (Pineyro and Viera
2010).
Solving the stochastic dynamic lot-sizing problem through nature-inspired heuristics (Piperagkas et al.
2012).
A new silver-meal based heuristic for the single-item dynamic lot sizing problem with returns and
remanufacturing (Schulz 2011).
An efficient computational method for a stochastic dynamic lot-sizing problem under service-level
constraints (Tarim et al. 2011).
Stochastic dynamic lot-sizing problem using bi-level programming base on artificial intelligence
techniques (Wong et al. 2012).
An hnp-mp approach for the capacitated multi-item lot sizing problem with setup times (Wu et al.
2010).
An mip-based interval heuristic for the capacitated multi-level lot-sizing problem with setup times (Wu
et al. 2012).
A lagrangian relaxation based approach for the capacitated lot sizing problem in closed-loop supply
chain (Zhang et al. 2012).
2.5 Vehicle routing problems
Given the fluctuations and the upward trend in the price of oil,
transportation costs represent a share of more and more of the final cost
charged to the customer (about 10-20% of the overall cost of doing
business) it becomes essential to control these costs within global supply
chains (Jarboui et al. 2013). The class of problems that result from these
studies is commonly called the vehicle routing problem (VRP) (Jarboui et al.
2013). The classic problem of the development of vehicle routing is to
construct roads with minimal cost to a set of vehicles can visit a set of
customers geographically distributed exactly once (Jarboui et al. 2013).
The problem is to ascertain the operation plan satisfying the demand at

various zones at minimum cost (Bish et al. 2001; Kim and Bae, 1998; Vis
and De Koster 2003).
Objective function is
G Z F
Minimize f obj   C
i 1 j 1 k 1
x
ijk ijk
Subject to
G F
 L x
i 1 k 1
k ijk  D j j
Z F
 L x
j 1 k 1
k ijk  S j i
L x
j 1
k ijk  U ki k , i
xijk  0i, j, k
G = Number of source locations (index i)

Z = Number of receiving nodes for containers (index j)
F = Number of trailers available (index k)
Lk = Load capacity of trailer k
Si = Quantity of available containers for transportation from location
i
Dj = Quantity of containers required by zone j
Cijk = Unit cost of transporting from location i to zone j by trailer k
U ik = Maximum allowable containers that can be transported from
location i by trailer k in a given period
and variables
xijk = the number of trips required by trailer k from location i to zone j
In the area of freight transport, both activities are generally distinguished

(Jarboui et al 2013):
• Full-load Transportation, the activity of a vehicle consists of a
series of movements between the origins and destinations of the
goods transported. For each movement, the goods to one customer
is on board the vehicle.
• Less-than-truckload (LTL) transportation, each vehicle serves a
range of customers from a warehouse where the goods are loaded.
One of the central problems in the transportation of LTL is the
vehicle routing problem (VRP)
Freight activities are essential in planning logistics systems. The reason is

twofold (Ghiani 2013)
• First, they determine the most important part (often between one
third and two thirds) of logistics costs; and,
• Second, they significantly affect the level of service provided to
customers (Ghiani 2013).
Providing efficient a cost effective transport freight services results in an
increase of the distance to the facilities of logistics system can be
implemented economically (Ghiani 2013).
Problems related to the determination of the optimal routes for vehicles of

one or more depots for a set of locations / customers are known as the
vehicle routing problem (VRP) (Pop 2012). They have many practical
applications in the field of distribution and logistics (Pop 2012).
The vehicle routing problem is, in practice, the most important extension of
the traveling salesman problem where you have to schedule a number of
vehicles, limited capacity, around a number of clients (Williams 2013). Thus,
in addition to the sequence of customers to visit (the traveling salesman
problem) one need to decide which vehicles visiting which customers
(Williams 2013). Each customer has a known demand (assumed to be a
commodity, but it can easily be extended to more than one product)
(Williams 2013). Therefore, the limited capacities of vehicles need to be
taken into account.
The distribution problem or vehicle routing (VRP) is often described as the

problem in which vehicles based on a central depot need to visit
geographically dispersed customers to meet the known demands of
customers (Pardalos et al. 2002). The problem is to build a low-cost,
feasible set of routes - one for each vehicle (Pardalos et al 2002). A route is
a sequence of locations that the vehicle has to go along with an indication
of the service it provides (Pardalos et al. 2002). The vehicle must begin and
end his tour at the station (Pardalos et al. 2002). We can say that the
problem is a generalization of the traveling salesman problem (Pardalos et
al. 2002). The traveling salesman problem (TSP) requires the determination
of a minimum cost cycle that passes through each node of a given once
(Pardalos et al. 2002) graph.
Due to the simplicity of the VRP, variations of the VRP, built on the basic
VRP with additional features, proved more attractive to many researchers
(Pop 2012):
1. The Capacitated VRP, wherein each vehicle has a finite capacity
and each location has a finite demand.
2. The VRP with time windows, in which there is a specific
opportunity in which to visit each location time window.
3. VRP with multiple depots, which generalizes the idea of a depot, in
such a way that there are several depots from which each customer
can be served.
4. The multi-commodity VRP wherein each location has associated
demand for various commodities and each vehicle has a set of
compartments in a single product which can be loaded. The
problem then becomes one of deciding which products to place in
which compartments to minimize the distance traveled.
5. The general routing problem (GVRP) vehicles is the problem of
the design of delivery or collection of optimal routes, one given to
a number of nodes, predefined sets, mutually exclusive and
exhaustive node-sets (clusters) subject to capacity restrictions. The
GVRP can be seen as a particular kind of location-routing problem
(see, eg Laporte, Nagy and Salhi) for which several heuristic
algorithms, mostly exist.
The most recent and highly cited studies about the vehicle routing problem
Table 2.5 Studies in the literature about the vehicle routing problem
An exact algorithm for a vehicle routing problem with time windows and multiple use of vehicles (Azi
et al. 2010).
Some applications of the generalized vehicle routing problem (Baldacci et al. 2010).
New route relaxation and pricing strategies for the vehicle routing problem (Baldacci et al. 2011).
Metaheuristics for the waste collection vehicle routing problem with time windows, driver rest period
and multiple disposal facilities (Benjamin and Beasley 2010).
A tabu search algorithm for the heterogeneous fixed fleet vehicle routing problem (Brandao 2011).
Iterated variable neighborhood descent algorithm for the capacitated vehicle routing problem (Chen et
al. 2010).
Branch-and-price-and-cut for the split-delivery vehicle routing problem with time windows
(Desaulniers 2010).
A multi-start evolutionary local search for the two-dimensional loading capacitated vehicle routing
problem (Duhamel et al. 2011).
An iterative route construction and improvement algorithm for the vehicle routing problem with soft
time windows (Figliozzi 2010).
An improved multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for the vehicle routing problem with time
windows (Garcia-najera and Bullinaria 2011).
Using simulated annealing to minimize fuel consumption for the time-dependent vehicle routing
problem (Kuo 2010).
Application of genetic algorithms to solve the multidepot vehicle routing problem (Lau et al. 2010).
An enhanced ant colony optimization (eaco) applied to capacitated vehicle routing problem (lee et al.
2010).
A hybrid genetic - particle swarm optimization algorithm for the vehicle routing problem (Marinakis
and Marinaki 2010).
A hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm for the vehicle routing problem (Marinakis et al. 2010).
A memetic algorithm for the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem with stochastic demands
(Mendoza et al. 2010).
A penalty-based edge assembly memetic algorithm for the vehicle routing problem with time windows
(Nagata et al. 2010).
An effective memetic algorithm for the cumulative capacitated vehicle routing problem (Ngueveu et al.
2010).
The two-echelon capacitated vehicle routing problem: models and math-based heuristics (Perboli et al.
2011).
A hybrid evolution strategy for the open vehicle routing problem (Repoussis et al. 2010).
An adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic for the cumulative capacitated vehicle routing
problem (Ribeiro and Laporte 2012).
A parallel heuristic for the vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery
(Subramanian et al. 2010).
An artificial bee colony algorithm for the capacitated vehicle routing problem (Szeto et al. 2011).
An ant colony optimization model: the period vehicle routing problem with time windows (Yu and
Yang 2011).
A parallel improved ant colony optimization for multi-depot vehicle routing problem (Yu et al. 2011).
2.6 Scheduling problem
The main activity of an industrial company in the short term is to organize

production on a time frame (Yalaoui et al. 2013). Scheduling of production
orders is to decide which machine(s) to use and in what order to achieve the
production (Yalaoui et al. 2013). Because of the diversity in production
processes and management styles that vary across industries, many methods
for optimizing the allocation of tasks have been developed (Yalaoui et al.
2013).
In a scheduling problem, four basic concepts are involved: tasks (jobs),

resources, constraints and objectives (Yalaoui et al 2013). A job is defined
by a set of operations that must be performed (Yalaoui et al. 2013). It is
characterized in time by a start date and end date. A resource is a machine
or a human involved in performing the work (Yalaoui et al. 2013).
Constraints represent limitations in time, technology and resources. The
objectives are the criteria to be optimized in terms of time, resources, costs
or output (Yalaoui et al. 2013).
The purpose of the supply chain scheduling is to optimize short-medium

term decisions in supply chains, taking into account the balance between
the tangible economic objectives such as cost reduction or profit
maximization and less tangible goals such as customer satisfaction or level
of customer service (Sawik 2011). In addition to production scheduling,
scheduling for the supply chain considering the manufacture and supply of
materials and distribution of finished products, and includes other decisions
related to the functional, spatial, and intertemporal integration and
coordination of schedules for these activities (Sawik 2011).
The scheduling problem is known to be intractable computation in many

cases (El-Abd and Rewini-El-Barr 2005). Fast optimal algorithms can only
be obtained when restrictions are imposed on models representing the
program and the distributed system (El-Abd and Rewini-El-Barr 2005).
Solving the general problem in a reasonable time requires the use of
heuristic algorithms (El-Abd and Rewini-El-Barr 2005). These heuristics do
not guarantee optimal solutions to the problem, but they are trying to find
solutions near optimal (El-Abd and Rewini-El-Barr 2005).
Quay Crane/Yard Crane Scheduling
The scheduling problem with the assumption is that there are n jobs and m
machines. Each job must be processed on all machines (i.e. cranes) in a
given order. A machine (i.e. crane) can only process one job at a time, and
once a job is started on any machine (i.e. crane), it must be processed to
completion. The objective is to minimize the sum of the completion times
of all the jobs.
Objective function
n
Minimize Z = t j ( m ), j
j 1 19
Subject to
t j ( r 1), j  t j ( r ), j  Pj ( r ), j for r  1, 2,..., m  1 and j

tij  tik   Pij  U (1  xijk ) i, j , k
tik  tij   Pik  Uxijk i, j , k
t ij  0 i, j
xijk  0,1 i, j , k
n = the number of jobs

m = the number of machines
Pij = the processing time of job j on machine i
j(r) = the order of machines/operations for job j (for example, job j
must be processed on machine 2 first (r=1,i=2), and then machine
4 (r=2, i=4), and so on). For any job j, r = m means the last
operation of the job.
and variables:
tij = the start time of job j on machine i

xijk = 1 if job j precedes job k on machine i, 0 otherwise (i.e., if job k
precedes job j on machine i)
Scheduling (Employees, Stevedore, etc.)
The problem is to determine the number of employees required to meet the

different daily work force necessities of seaport terminal while minimizing
the general scheduling cost.
Objective function
N
Minimize Z = C x
i 1
i i
Subject to
x
iM j
i  Rj j
xi  0 i
N = the total number of roster type

Mj = the set of roster types that will allow working on a day j
Rj = the number of employees required on each day j
Ci = weekly cost per employee assigned to roster type i
and variables
xi = the number of employees assigned to roster type i
The most recent and highly cited studies about the scheduling problem are
shown in table 2.6.
Table 2.6 Studies in the literature about the scheduling problem
A neurogenetic approach for the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (Agarwal et al.
2011).
An artificial immune algorithm for the flexible job-shop scheduling problem (Bagheri et al. 2010).
A two-agent single-machine scheduling problem with truncated sum-of-processing-times-based
learning considerations (Cheng et al. 2011).
An improved genetic algorithm for the distributed and flexible job-shop scheduling problem (de
Giovanni and Pezzella 2010).
New multi-objective method to solve reentrant hybrid flow shop scheduling problem (Dugardin et al.
2010).
A novel competitive co-evolutionary quantum genetic algorithm for stochastic job shop scheduling
problem (Gu et al. 2010).
A proactive approach for simultaneous berth and quay crane scheduling problem with stochastic arrival
and handling time (Han et al. 2010).
A survey of variants and extensions of the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (Hartmann
and Briskorn 2010).
A two-machine flowshop scheduling problem with deteriorating jobs and blocking (Lee et al. 2010).
A single-machine scheduling problem with two-agent and deteriorating jobs (Lee et al. 2010).
A single-machine learning effect scheduling problem with release times (Lee et al. 2010).
A hybrid tabu search algorithm with an efficient neighborhood structure for the flexible job shop
scheduling problem (Li et al. 2011).
A pareto approach to multi-objective flexible job-shop scheduling problem using particle swarm
optimization and local search (Moslehi and Mahnam 2011).
A local-best harmony search algorithm with dynamic sub-harmony memories for lot-streaming flow
shop scheduling problem (Pan et al. 2011).
A discrete artificial bee colony algorithm for the lot-streaming flow shop scheduling problem (Pan et al.
2011).
An iterated greedy algorithm for the flowshop scheduling problem with blocking (Ribas et al. 2011).
The hybrid flow shop scheduling problem (Ruiz and Vazquez-Rodriguez 2010).
Total flow time minimization in a flowshop sequence-dependent group scheduling problem (Salmasi et
al. 2010).
A genetic algorithm for the unrelated parallel machine scheduling problem with sequence dependent
setup times (Vallada and Ruiz 2011).
A genetic algorithm for the preemptive and non-preemptive multi-mode resource-constrained project
scheduling problem (van Peteghem and Vanhoucke 2010).
A multi-objective genetic algorithm based on immune and entropy principle for flexible job-shop
scheduling problem (Wang et al. 2010).
A multi-objective ant colony system algorithm for flow shop scheduling problem (Yagmahan and
Yenisey 2010).
An efficient ant colony system based on receding horizon control for the aircraft arrival sequencing
and scheduling problem (Zhan et al. 2010).
An effective genetic algorithm for the flexible job-shop scheduling problem (Zhang et al. 2011).
A hybrid immune simulated annealing algorithm for the job shop scheduling problem (Zhang and Wu
2010).
2.7 Shortest Path Problems
A shortest path in a graph defines the shortest possible edges that can be
traversed to reach a target node and minimize cost (Mastorakis 2011).
Shortest path problems can be classified into Single Source Shortest Path,
where the problem of finding a path between two vertices such that the
sum of the weights of its constituent edges is minimized (Mastorakis 2011).
The solution to a shortest path problem must contain both information

(Daskin 2013): the cost of the shortest path between origin s and
destination t and the actual sequence of links (or nodes) that are traversed
in going from s to t (Daskin 2013).
Shortest path problem at one short time fraction with an intense terminal
traffic conditions and thus, dynamically assigned path nodes for dynamic
yard operations (nodes network) can be modeled by a graph G  (V , E )
where it comprises a set of vertices or nodes V and a set of E of edges or
lines. A tour at the yard area within the dynamically assigned path nodes can
be represented via a permutation   (1 , 2 ,..., n ) . The shortest distance
at yard area is formulated as,
Minimize Z = 
( i , j )A
Cij xij
Subject to
 x ji   xij  1 if i  s, 0 if i  s or d i  N , 1 if i  d
 j:( j ,i )A i:( i , j )A
xij  0 (i, j )  A
where
N set of number of nodes at seaport terminal (seaside nodes and yard

area/stacking area nodes)
A set of existing arcs (i,j)
Cij arc length (or arc cost) united with each arc (i,j)
i = s for source node, or i = d for destination node
xij is the flow from node i to node j
The objective function is to minimize the total distance that is dynamically
defined on the seaside and yard area. Constraints ensure that the every
point (nodes) visited only once and all these points are included in a tour.
The most recent and highly cited studies about the shortest path problem
Table 2.7 Studies in the literature about the shortest path problem
An evolutionary solution for multimodal shortest path problem in metropolises (Abbaspour and
Samadzadegan 2010).
An extended shortest path problem: a data envelopment analysis approach (Amirteimoori 2012).
An enhanced exact procedure for the absolute robust shortest path problem (Bruni and Guerriero
2010).
Bicriterion shortest path problem with a general nonadditive cost (Chen and Nie 2013).
Fuzzy dijkstra algorithm for shortest path problem under uncertain environment (Deng et al. 2012).
Tight analysis of the (1+1)-ea for the single source shortest path problem (Doerr et al. 2011).
Solving the fuzzy shortest path problem using multi-criteria decision method based on vague similarity
measure (Dou et al. 2012).
New models for the robust shortest path problem: complexity, resolution and generalization (Gabrel et
al. 2013).
Shortest path problem with uncertain arc lengths (Gao 2011).
An ant colony optimization algorithm for the bi-objective shortest path problem (Ghoseiri and Nadjari
2010).
Exploring the runtime of an evolutionary algorithm for the multi-objective shortest path problem
(Horoba 2010).
The shortest path problem on a fuzzy time-dependent network (Huang and Ding 2012).
An aggregate label setting policy for the multi-objective shortest path problem (Iori et al. 2010).
Solving the constrained shortest path problem using random search strategy (Li et al. 2010).
On an exact method for the constrained shortest path problem (Lozano and Medaglia 2013).
An efficient dynamic model for solving the shortest path problem (Nazemi and Omidi 2013).
On algorithms for the tricriteria shortest path problem with two bottleneck objective functions (Pinto
and Pascoal 2010).
A computational study of solution approaches for the resource constrained elementary shortest path
problem (Pugliese and Guerriero 2012).
Dynamic programming approaches to solve the shortest path problem with forbidden paths (Pugliese
and Guerriero 2013).
Shortest path problem with forbidden paths: the elementary version (Pugliese and Guerriero 2013).
A shortest path problem in an urban transportation network based on driver perceived travel time
(Ramazani et al. 2010).
K constrained shortest path problem (Shi 2010).
A simplified algorithm for the all pairs shortest path problem with o(n(2) log n) expected time
(Takaoka 2013).
A physarum polycephalum optimization algorithm for the bi-objective shortest path problem (Zhang
et al. 2014).
A novel algorithm for all pairs shortest path problem based on matrix multiplication and pulse coupled
neural network (Zhang et al. 2011).
2.7.1 Snapshot of an example solved by using Dijkstra’s
algorithm for the shortest path problem
The solution is depicted in Figure 2.1.

Shortest Distance from 40 to 97 equals 262.5677
300
52 36
86 74 75
58
72 20 41
17 91
54 7 84
49 73 10 19
250 40
12
25 14 48 1
28
83 98 34 51
18 22 85 61 11
88 23 99
200 63 29 95
56 24 76 93
96
26 66
82
65 21
150 46
Y
69
89 77
87 60 64
62
47 3 78
33 79
55 57 59
100 80 44 67
50
43 32
71 92 30
1581 39 16
70 97 35
50 27 94 31 38
37 53
8 9
5 6
45 42
0 2 90 4
68
13 100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
X
Figure 2.1 The Dijkstra’s algortihm’s solution for the shortest distance
from node 40 to node 97.
Solution parameters are below.
start id = 40
finish id = 97
distance = 262.5677
path = [40 61 11 93 69 78 32 97]
2.8 Travelling Salesman Problem
The traveling salesman problem is a problem in the field of operations

research that is reminiscent of Hamiltonian cycles; again, we know of no
general solution method (Ore and Wilson, 1990). Suppose a traveling
salesman must visit a number of cities before returning home (Ore and
Wilson, 1990). Naturally, it is interested in doing this in the shortest
possible time, or perhaps he may be concerned to do as cheap as possible
(ore and Wilson, 1990).
The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is to find a route of a salesman

starting from a location of the house, went to a prescribed set of cities and
returns to the original location so that the total distance is minimum and
each city is visited exactly once (Gutin and Punnen 2002).
Traveling salesman problem (TSP) is an optimization problem for a given

number of cities (eg, n) and their locations (Yang 2008). The cities are
represented by nodes of a graph and the distance between the two cities are
represented as the weight of an edge or route made between the two cities
(Yang 2008). The goal is to find a path that visits each city once and return
to the departure city, minimizing the total distance (Yang 2008).
Routing problem I: The problem is to ascertain the operation plan satisfying

the demand at various zones at minimum cost.
G Z F
Minimize f obj   C
i 1 j 1 k 1
x
ijk ijk
Subject to
G F
 L x
i 1 k 1
k ijk  D j j
Z F
 L x
j 1 k 1
k ijk  S j i
Z
L x
j 1
k ijk  U ki k , i
xijk  0i, j, k
G = Number of source locations (index i)

Z = Number of receiving nodes for containers (index j)
F = Number of trailers available (index k)
Lk = Load capacity of trailer k
Si = Quantity of available containers for transportation from location
i
Dj = Quantity of containers required by zone j
Cijk = Unit cost of transporting from location i to zone j by trailer k
U ik = Maximum allowable containers that can be transported from
location i by trailer k in a given period
and variables
xijk = the number of trips required by trailer k from location i to zone j
Routing Problem II: A generic model that practitioners encounter in many

planning and decision processes. For instance, the delivery and collection of
containers/cargos, etc.
K
Minimize Z = 
k 1 ( i , j )A
Cij xkij
Subject to
n
y
i 1
ij  1, j  2,3,..., n
n
y
j 1
ij  1, i  2,3,..., n
y
j 1
1j K
y
j 1
i1 K
n n
 D x
i 1 j  2
j kij U, k  1, 2,..., K
x
k 1
kij  yij i, j

( i , j )SxS
yij  S  1, for all subsets S of 2,3,..., n
xkij  0 or 1 (i, j )  A and k

yij  0 or 1 (i, j )  A
 A fleet of M capacitated vehicles located in a depot (i=1)
 A set of target zones (of size N-1), each having a demand Dj
(j=2,…,N)
 A cost Cij of traveling from location i to location j
 The problem is to find a set of routes for delivering / picking up
goods to/from the target zones at minimum possible cost.
The vehicle fleet is homogeneous and that each vehicle has a capacity of U
units.
and variables:
xkij = 1 if the vehicle k travels on the arc i to j, 0 otherwise

yij = 1 if any vehicle travels on the arc (i,j), 0 otherwise
The TSP is known to be NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem,
which implies that there is no algorithm to solve all cases of problems in
polynomial time (Mester et al. 2010). Heuristics are often the only
alternative for providing high-quality, but not necessarily optimal solutions
(Mester et al. 2010).
The most recent and highly cited studies about the travelling salesman
problem are shown in table 2.8. Various example TSP problems with their
optimal solutions are depicted in Figures 2.2 through 2.8.
Table 2.8 Studies in the literature about the traveling salesman problem
Development a new mutation operator to solve the traveling salesman problem by aid of genetic
algorithms (Albayrak and Allahverdi 2011).
Amoeba-based neurocomputing for 8-city traveling salesman problem (Aono et al. 2011).
Estimation-based metaheuristics for the probabilistic traveling salesman problem (Balaprakash et al.
2010).
The traveling salesman problem with pickups, deliveries, and handling costs (Battarra et al. 2010).
A memetic algorithm with a large neighborhood crossover operator for the generalized traveling
salesman problem (Bontoux et al. 2010).
Experimental demonstration of a quantum annealing algorithm for the traveling salesman problem in a
nuclear-magnetic-resonance quantum simulator (Chen et al. 2011).
Parallelized genetic ant colony systems for solving the traveling salesman problem (Chen et al. 2011).
Solving the traveling salesman problem based on the genetic simulated annealing ant colony system
with particle swarm optimization techniques (Chen and Chien 2011).
Branch-and-cut for the pickup and delivery traveling salesman problem with fifo loading (Cordeau et
al. 2010).
A branch-and-cut algorithm for the pickup and delivery traveling salesman problem with lifo loading
(Cordeau et al. 2010).
The traveling salesman problem with pickup and delivery: polyhedral results and a branch-and-cut
algorithm (Dumitrescu et al. 2010).
An application of the self-organizing map in the non-euclidean traveling salesman problem (Faigl et al.
2011).
Eugenic bacterial memetic algorithm for fuzzy road transport traveling salesman problem (Foldesi et al.
2011).
Solving the traveling salesman problem based on an adaptive simulated annealing algorithm with
greedy search (Geng et al. 2011).
Verification and rectification of the physical analogy of simulated annealing for the solution of the
traveling salesman problem (Hasegawa 2011).
A concise guide to the traveling salesman problem (Laporte 2010).
Different initial solution generators in genetic algorithms for solving the probabilistic traveling
salesman problem (Liu 2010).
Two-phase pareto local search for the biobjective traveling salesman problem (Lust and Teghem 2010).
A hybrid multi-swarm particle swarm optimization algorithm for the probabilistic traveling salesman
problem (Marinakis and Marinaki 2010).
Honey bees mating optimization algorithm for the euclidean traveling salesman problem (Marinakis et
al. 2011).
Traveling salesman problem heuristics: leading methods, implementations and latest advances (Rego et
al. 2011).
An ensemble of discrete differential evolution algorithms for solving the generalized traveling salesman
problem (Tasgetiren et al. 2010).
Solving traveling salesman problem in the adleman-lipton model (Wang et al. 2012).
Chaotic ant swarm for the traveling salesman problem (Wei et al. 2011).
A parallel immune algorithm for traveling salesman problem and its application on cold rolling
scheduling (Zhao et al. 2011).
Locations Total Distance = 64.6901
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
Y
Y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X X
Solution History
200
150
Total Distance
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10
Iteration
Figure 2.2 Multiple Traveling Salesmen Problem (MTSP) – Each salesman

travels to a unique set of cities and completes the route by returning to the
city he started from. Each city is visited by exactly one salesman – 7
salesmen, 50 locations

10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
Y
Y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X X
Solution History
250
200
Total Distance
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10
Iteration
Figure 2.3 Fixed Multiple Traveling Salesmen Problem (MTSPF) – Each

salesman starts at the first point, and ends at the first point, but travels to a
unique set of cities in between. Except for the first, each city is visited by
exactly one salesman – 7 salesmen, 50 locations
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
Y
Y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X X
Solution History
250
200
Total Distance
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10
Iteration
Figure 2.4 Fixed Start Open Multiple Traveling Salesmen Problem

(MTSPOFS) – Each salesman starts at the first point and travels to a unique
set of cities after that. Except for the first, each city is visited by exactly one
salesman – 7 salesmen, 50 locations

10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
Y
Y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X X
Solution History
100
90
80
70
Total Distance
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10
Iteration
Figure 2.5 Open Traveling Salesman Problem (TSPO) – A single salesman

travels to each of the cities but does not close the loop by returning to the
city he started from. Each city is visited by the salesman exactly once.
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
Y
Y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X X
Solution History
100
80
Total Distance
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10
Iteration
Figure 2.6 Fixed Open Traveling Salesman Problem (TSPOF) – A single

salesman starts at the first point, ends at the last point, and travels to each
of the remaining cities in between. Each city is visited by the salesman
exactly once.

9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
Y
Y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X X
Solution History
100
80
Total Distance
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10
Iteration
Figure 2.7 Fixed Start Open Traveling Salesman Problem (TSPOFS) – A

single salesman starts at the first point and travels to each of the remaining
cities but does not close the loop by returning to the city he started from.
Each city is visited by the salesman exactly once.
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
Y
Y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X
X
Solution History
100
90
80
70
Total Distance
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10
Iteration
Figure 2.8 Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) – A single salesman travels

to each of the cities and completes the route by returning to the city he
started from. Each city is visited by the salesman exactly once.
References
Abbaspour, R. A., & Samadzadegan, F. (2010). An Evolutionary Solution

for Multimodal Shortest Path Problem in Metropolises. Computer
Science and Information Systems, 7(4), 789-811. doi:
10.2298/csis090710024a
Absi, N., Kedad-Sidhoum, S., & Dauzere-Peres, S. (2011). Uncapacitated
lot-sizing problem with production time windows, early productions,
backlogs and lost sales. International Journal of Production Research,
49(9), 2551-2566. doi: 10.1080/00207543.2010.532920
Agarwal, A., Colak, S., & Erenguc, S. (2011). A Neurogenetic approach for
the resource-constrained project scheduling problem. Computers &
Operations Research, 38(1), 44-50. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2010.01.007
Albareda-Sambola, M., Alonso-Ayuso, A., Escudero, L. F., Fernandez, E.,
Hinojosa, Y., & Pizarro-Romero, C. (2010). A computational
comparison of several formulations for the multi-period incremental
service facility location problem. Top, 18(1), 62-80. doi:
10.1007/s11750-009-0106-3
Albareda-Sambola, M., Fernandez, E., & Saldanha-da-Gama, F. (2011). The
facility location problem with Bernoulli demands. Omega-International
Journal of Management Science, 39(3), 335-345. doi:
10.1016/j.omega.2010.08.002
Albayrak, M., & Allahverdi, N. (2011). Development a new mutation
operator to solve the Traveling Salesman Problem by aid of Genetic
Algorithms. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(3), 1313-1320. doi:
10.1016/j.eswa.2010.07.006
Amirteimoori, A. (2012). An extended shortest path problem: A data
envelopment analysis approach. Applied Mathematics Letters, 25(11),
1839-1843. doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2012.02.042
Angelelli, E., Mansini, R., & Speranza, M. G. (2010). Kernel search: A
general heuristic for the multi-dimensional knapsack problem.
Computers & Operations Research, 37(11) 2017-2026. doi:
10.1016/j.cor.2010.02.002
Aono, M., Zhu, L. P., & Hara, M. (2011). Amoeba-based Neurocomputing
for 8-City Traveling Salesman Problem. International Journal of
Unconventional Computing, 7(6), 463-480.
Argyris, N., Figueira, J. R., & Morton, A. (2011). Identifying preferred
solutions to Multi-Objective Binary Optimisation problems, with an
application to the Multi-Objective Knapsack Problem. Journal of Global
Optimization, 49(2), 213-235. doi: 10.1007/s10898-010-9541-9
Aros-Vera, F., Marianov, V., & Mitchell, J. E. (2013). p-Hub approach for
the optimal park-and-ride facility location problem. European Journal of
Operational Research, 226(2), 277-285. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2012.11.006
Avella, P., Boccia, M., & Vasilyev, I. (2010). A computational study of exact
knapsack separation for the generalized assignment problem.
Computational Optimization and Applications, 45(3), 543-555. doi:
10.1007/s10589-008-9183-8
Azi, N., Gendreau, M., & Potvin, J. Y. (2010). An exact algorithm for a
vehicle routing problem with time windows and multiple use of vehicles.
European Journal of Operational Research 202(3), 756-763. doi:
10.1016/j.ejor.2009.06.034
Bagheri, A., Zandieh, M., Mahdavi, I., & Yazdani, M. (2010). An artificial
immune algorithm for the flexible job-shop scheduling problem. Future
Generation Computer Systems-the International Journal of Grid
Computing and Escience, 26(4), 533-541. doi:
10.1016/j.future.2009.10.004
Balaprakash, P., Birattari, M., Stutzle, T., & Dorigo, M. (2010). Estimation-
based metaheuristics for the probabilistic traveling salesman problem.
Computers & Operations Research, 37(11), 1939-1951. doi:
10.1016/j.cor.2009.12.005
Baldacci, R., Bartolini, E., & Laporte, G. (2010). Some applications of the
generalized vehicle routing problem. Journal of the Operational
Research Society, 61(7), 1072-1077. doi: 10.1057/jors.2009.51
Baldacci, R., Mingozzi, A., & Roberti, R. (2011). New Route Relaxation and
Pricing Strategies for the Vehicle Routing Problem. Operations
Research, 59(5), 1269-1283. doi: 10.1287/opre.1110.0975
Battarra, M., Erdogan, G., Laporte, G., & Vigo, D. (2010). The Traveling
Salesman Problem with Pickups, Deliveries, and Handling Costs.
Transportation Science, 44(3), 383-399. doi: 10.1287/trsc.1100.0316
Beltran-Royo, C., Vial, J. P., & Alonso-Ayuso, A. (2012). Semi-Lagrangian
relaxation applied to the uncapacitated facility location problem.
Computational Optimization and Applications, 51(1), 387-409. doi:
10.1007/s10589-010-9338-2
Benjamin, A. M., & Beasley, J. E. (2010). Metaheuristics for the waste
collection vehicle routing problem with time windows, driver rest period
and multiple disposal facilities. Computers & Operations Research,
37(12), 2270-2280. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2010.03.019
Bhattacharya, R., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (2010). Solving conflicting bi-
objective facility location problem by NSGA II evolutionary algorithm.
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 51(1-4),
397-414. doi: 10.1007/s00170-010-2622-6
Bontoux, B., Artigues, C., & Feillet, D. (2010). A Memetic Algorithm with a
large neighborhood crossover operator for the Generalized Traveling
Salesman Problem. Computers & Operations Research, 37(11), 1844-
1852. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2009.05.004
Boussier, S., Vasquez, M., Vimont, Y., Hanafi, S., & Michelon, P. (2010). A
multi-level search strategy for the 0-1 Multidimensional Knapsack
Problem. Discrete Applied Mathematics, 158(2), 97-109. doi:
10.1016/j.dam.2009.08.007
Bowman, M., Briand, L. C., & Labiche, Y. (2010). Solving the Class
Responsibility Assignment Problem in Object-Oriented Analysis with
Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms. Ieee Transactions on Software
Engineering, 36(6), 817-837. doi: 10.1109/tse.2010.70
Bramel, Julien; Simchi-Levi, David. Logic of Logistics : Theory, Algorithms,
and Applications for Logistics Management. Secaucus, NJ, USA:
Springer, 1997. p 203.
Brandao, J. (2011). A tabu search algorithm for the heterogeneous fixed
fleet vehicle routing problem. Computers & Operations Research, 38(1),
140-151. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2010.04.008
Bruni, M. E., & Guerriero, F. (2010). An enhanced exact procedure for the
absolute robust shortest path problem. International Transactions in
Operational Research, 17(2) 207-220. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-
3995.2009.00702.x
Budish, E., & Cantillon, E. (2012). The Multi-unit Assignment Problem:
Theory and Evidence from Course Allocation at Harvard. American
Economic Review, 102(5), 2237-2271. doi: 10.1257/aer.102.5.2237
Byrka, J., & Aardal, K. (2010). An Optimal Bifactor Approximation
Algorithm For The Metric Uncapacitated Facility Location Problem.
Siam Journal on Computing, 39(6), 2212-2231. doi: 10.1137/070708901
Camargo, V. C. B., Mattiolli, L., & Toledo, F. M. B. (2012). A knapsack
problem as a tool to solve the production planning problem in small
foundries. Computers & Operations Research, 39(1), 86-92. doi:
10.1016/j.cor.2010.10.023
Cardenas-Barron, L. E. (2010). Adaptive genetic algorithm for lot-sizing
problem with self-adjustment operation rate: A discussion. International
Journal of Production Economics, 123(1), 243-245. doi:
10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.07.007
Carrizosa, E., Ushakov, A., & Vasilyev, I. (2012). A computational study of
a nonlinear minsum facility location problem. Computers & Operations
Research, 39(11), 2625-2633. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2012.01.009
Cela, E., Schmuck, N. S., Wimer, S., & Woeginger, G. J. (2011). The Wiener
maximum quadratic assignment problem. Discrete Optimization, 8(3),
411-416. doi: 10.1016/j.disopt.2011.02.002
Chen, B. Y., Lam, W. H. K., Sumalee, A., & Shao, H. (2011). An efficient
solution algorithm for solving multi-class reliability-based traffic
assignment problem. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 54(5-6),
1428-1439. doi: 10.1016/j.mcm.2011.04.015
Chen, Der-San; Batson, Robert G.; Dang, Yu. Applied Integer
Programming Modeling and Solution. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley 2011.
p 30-345.
Chen, H. W., Kong, X., Chong, B., Qin, G., Zhou, X. Y., Peng, X. H., &
Du, J. F. (2011). Experimental demonstration of a quantum annealing
algorithm for the traveling salesman problem in a nuclear-magnetic-
resonance quantum simulator. Physical Review A, 83(3). doi:
10.1103/PhysRevA.83.032314
Chen, L., & Lu, Z. Q. (2012). The storage location assignment problem for
outbound containers in a maritime terminal. International Journal of
Production Economics, 135(1), 73-80. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.09.019
Chen, P., & Nie, Y. (2013). Bicriterion shortest path problem with a general
nonadditive cost. Transportation Research Part B-Methodological, 57,
419-435. doi: 10.1016/j.trb.2013.05.008
Chen, P., Huang, H. K., & Dong, X. Y. (2010). Iterated variable
neighborhood descent algorithm for the capacitated vehicle routing
problem. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(2), 1620-1627. doi:
10.1016/j.eswa.2009.06.047
Chen, S. M., & Chien, C. Y. (2011). Parallelized genetic ant colony systems
for solving the traveling salesman problem. Expert Systems with
Applications, 38(4), 3873-3883. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2010.09.048
Chen, S. M., & Chien, C. Y. (2011). Solving the traveling salesman problem
based on the genetic simulated annealing ant colony system with particle
swarm optimization techniques. Expert Systems with Applications,
38(12), 14439-14450. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.163
Cheng, T. C. E., Cheng, S. R., Wu, W. H., Hsu, P. H., & Wu, C. C. (2011).
A two-agent single-machine scheduling problem with truncated sum-of-
processing-times-based learning considerations. Computers & Industrial
Engineering, 60(4), 534-541. doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2010.12.008
Cherfi, N., & Hifi, M. (2010). A column generation method for the
multiple-choice multi-dimensional knapsack problem. Computational
Optimization and Applications, 46(1), 51-73. doi: 10.1007/s10589-008-
9184-7
Chvátal, V. (Editor). Combinatorial Optimization : Methods and
Applications. Amsterdam, NLD: IOS Press 2011. p 97.
Cordeau, J. F., Dell'Amico, M., & Iori, M. (2010). Branch-and-cut for the
pickup and delivery traveling salesman problem with FIFO loading.
10.1016/j.cor.2009.08.003
Cordeau, J. F., Iori, M., Laporte, G., & Gonzalez, J. J. S. (2010). A Branch-
and-Cut Algorithm for the Pickup and Delivery Traveling Salesman
Problem with LIFO Loading. Networks, 55(1), 46-59. doi:
10.1002/net.20312
D'Acierno, L., Gallo, M., & Montella, B. (2012). An Ant Colony
Optimisation algorithm for solving the asymmetric traffic assignment
problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 217(2), 459-469.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2011.09.035
Das, D., Roy, A., & Kar, S. (2011). A volume flexible economic production
lot-sizing problem with imperfect quality and random machine failure in
fuzzy-stochastic environment. Computers & Mathematics with
Applications, 61(9), 2388-2400. doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2011.02.015
Daskin, Mark S.. Network and Discrete Location : Models, Algorithms, and
Applications (2nd Edition). Somerset, NJ, USA: Wiley 2013. p 3-66.
Davis, L., Samanlioglu, F., Jiang, X. C., Mota, D., & Stanfield, P. (2012). A
heuristic approach for allocation of data to RFID tags: A data allocation
knapsack problem (DAKP). Computers & Operations Research, 39(1),
93-104. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2011.01.019
De Giovanni, L., & Pezzella, F. (2010). An Improved Genetic Algorithm
for the Distributed and Flexible Job-shop Scheduling problem.
10.1016/j.ejor.2009.01.008
de Klerk, E., & Sotirov, R. (2010). Exploiting group symmetry in
semidefinite programming relaxations of the quadratic assignment
problem. Mathematical Programming, 122(2), 225-246. doi:
10.1007/s10107-008-0246-5
Deng, Y., Chen, Y. X., Zhang, Y. J., & Mahadevan, S. (2012). Fuzzy
Dijkstra algorithm for shortest path problem under uncertain
environment. Applied Soft Computing, 12(3), 1231-1237. doi:
10.1016/j.asoc.2011.11.011
Desaulniers, G. (2010). Branch-and-Price-and-Cut for the Split-Delivery
Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows. Operations Research,
58(1), 179-192. doi: 10.1287/opre.1090.0713
Diabat, A., Abdallah, T., Al-Refaie, A., Svetinovic, D., & Govindan, K.
(2013). Strategic Closed-Loop Facility Location Problem With Carbon
Market Trading. Ieee Transactions on Engineering Management, 60(2),
398-408. doi: 10.1109/tem.2012.2211105
Dizdar, D., Gershkov, A., & Moldovanu, B. (2011). Revenue maximization
in the dynamic knapsack problem. Theoretical Economics, 6(2), 157-
184. doi: 10.3982/te700
Doerr, B., Happ, E., & Klein, C. (2011). Tight Analysis of the (1+1)-EA for
the Single Source Shortest Path Problem. Evolutionary Computation,
19(4), 673-691.
Dou, Y. L., Zhu, L. C., & Wang, H. S. (2012). Solving the fuzzy shortest
path problem using multi-criteria decision method based on vague
similarity measure. Applied Soft Computing, 12(6), 1621-1631. doi:
10.1016/j.asoc.2012.03.013
Du, D. L., Lu, R. X., & Xu, D. C. (2012). A Primal-Dual Approximation
Algorithm for the Facility Location Problem with Submodular Penalties.
Algorithmica, 63(1-2), 191-200. doi: 10.1007/s00453-011-9526-1
Du, D. L., Wang, X., & Xu, D. C. (2010). An approximation algorithm for
the k-level capacitated facility location problem. Journal of
Combinatorial Optimization 20(4), 361-368. doi: 10.1007/s10878-009-
9213-1
Dugardin, F., Yalaoui, F., & Amodeo, L. (2010). New multi-objective
method to solve reentrant hybrid flow shop scheduling problem.
10.1016/j.ejor.2009.06.031
Duhamel, C., Lacomme, P., Quilliot, A., & Toussaint, H. (2011). A multi-
start evolutionary local search for the two-dimensional loading
capacitated vehicle routing problem. Computers & Operations Research,
38(3), 617-640. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2010.08.017
Dumitrescu, I., Ropke, S., Cordeau, J. F., & Laporte, G. (2010). The
traveling salesman problem with pickup and delivery: polyhedral results
and a branch-and-cut algorithm. Mathematical Programming, 121(2),
269-305. doi: 10.1007/s10107-008-0234-9
Dye, C. Y., & Hsieh, T. P. (2010). A particle swarm optimization for solving
joint pricing and lot-sizing problem with fluctuating demand and unit
purchasing cost. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 60(7),
1895-1907. doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2010.07.023
Dye, C. Y., & Ouyang, L. Y. (2011). A particle swarm optimization for
solving joint pricing and lot-sizing problem with fluctuating demand and
trade credit financing. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 60(1), 127-
137. doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2010.10.010
El-Rewini, Hesham; Abd-El-Barr, Mostafa. Advanced Computer
Architecture and Parallel Processing. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley 2005. p
251-252.
Faigl, J., Kulich, M., Vonasek, V., & Preucil, L. (2011). An application of
the self-organizing map in the non-Euclidean Traveling Salesman
Problem. Neurocomputing, 74(5), 671-679. doi:
10.1016/j.neucom.2010.08.026
Feng, Y., Chen, S. X., Kumar, A., & Lin, B. (2011). Solving single-product
economic lot-sizing problem with non-increasing setup cost, constant
capacity and convex inventory cost in O(N log N) time. Computers &
Figliozzi, M. A. (2010). An iterative route construction and improvement
algorithm for the vehicle routing problem with soft time windows.
Transportation Research Part C-Emerging Technologies, 18(5), 668-679.
doi: 10.1016/j.trc.2009.08.005
Foldesi, P., Botzheim, J., & Koczy, L. T. (2011). Eugenic Bacterial Memetic
Algorithm For Fuzzy Road Transport Traveling Salesman Problem.
International Journal of Innovative Computing Information and
Control, 7(5B), 2775-2798.
Gabor, A. F., & van Ommeren, J. (2010). A new approximation algorithm
for the multilevel facility location problem. Discrete Applied
Mathematics, 158(5), 453-460. doi: 10.1016/j.dam.2009.11.007
Gabrel, V., Murat, C., & Wu, L. (2013). New models for the robust shortest
path problem: complexity, resolution and generalization. Annals of
Operations Research 207(1), 97-120. doi: 10.1007/s10479-011-1004-2
Gao, Y. (2011). Shortest path problem with uncertain arc lengths.
Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 62(6), 2591-2600. doi:
10.1016/j.camwa.2011.07.058
Garcia-Najera, A., & Bullinaria, J. A. (2011). An improved multi-objective
evolutionary algorithm for the vehicle routing problem with time
windows. Computers & Operations Research, 38(1), 287-300. doi:
10.1016/j.cor.2010.05.004
Geng, X. T., Chen, Z. H., Yang, W., Shi, D. Q., & Zhao, K. (2011). Solving
the traveling salesman problem based on an adaptive simulated
annealing algorithm with greedy search. Applied Soft Computing, 11(4),
3680-3689. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2011.01.039
Ghasemi, T., & Razzazi, M. (2011). Development of core to solve the
multidimensional multiple-choice knapsack problem. Computers &
Industrial Engineering, 60(2), 349-360. doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2010.12.001
Ghiani, Gianpaolo. Wiley Essentials in Operations Research and
Management Science : Introduction to Logistics Systems Management
(2nd Edition). Somerset, NJ, USA: Wiley 2013. p 146-342.
Ghoseiri, K., & Nadjari, B. (2010). An ant colony optimization algorithm
for the bi-objective shortest path problem. Applied Soft Computing,
10(4), 1237-1246. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2009.09.014
Godrich, H., Petropulu, A. P., & Poor, H. V. (2012). Sensor Selection in
Distributed Multiple-Radar Architectures for Localization: A Knapsack
Problem Formulation. Ieee Transactions on Signal Processing, 60(1),
247-260. doi: 10.1109/tsp.2011.2170170
Gonzalez-Ramirez, R. G., Smith, N. R., & Askin, R. G. (2011). A heuristic
approach for a multi-product capacitated lot-sizing problem with
pricing. International Journal of Production Research, 49(4), 1173-1196.
doi: 10.1080/00207540903524482
Goyal, V., & Ravi, R. (2010). A PTAS for the chance-constrained knapsack
problem with random item sizes. Operations Research Letters, 38(3),
161-164. doi: 10.1016/j.orl.2010.01.003
Gu, J. W., Gu, M. Z., Cao, C. W., & Gu, X. S. (2010). A novel competitive
co-evolutionary quantum genetic algorithm for stochastic job shop
scheduling problem. Computers & Operations Research, 37(5), 927-937.
doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2009.07.002
Guan, Y. P., & Liu, T. M. (2010). Stochastic lot-sizing problem with
inventory-bounds and constant order-capacities. European Journal of
Operational Research 207(3), 1398-1409. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2010.07.003
Guillaume, R., Kobylanski, P., & Zielinski, P. (2012). A robust lot sizing
problem with ill-known demands. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 206, 39-57.
doi: 10.1016/j.fss.2012.01.015
Gutin, Gregory; Punnen, Abraham P.. Travelling Salesman Problem and Its
Variations. Secaucus, NJ, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers 2002. p 20.
Hachicha, W. (2011). A Simulation Metamodelling Based Neural Networks
For Lot-Sizing Problem In Mto Sector. International Journal of
Simulation Modelling, 10(4), 191-203. doi: 10.2507/ijsimm10(4)3.188
Han, X. L., Lu, Z. Q., & Xi, L. F. (2010). A proactive approach for
simultaneous berth and quay crane scheduling problem with stochastic
arrival and handling time. European Journal of Operational Research
207(3), 1327-1340. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2010.07.018
Hanafi, S., & Wilbaut, C. (2011). Improved convergent heuristics for the 0-
1 multidimensional knapsack problem. Annals of Operations Research,
183(1), 125-142. doi: 10.1007/s10479-009-0546-z
Hartmann, S., & Briskorn, D. (2010). A survey of variants and extensions of
the resource-constrained project scheduling problem. European Journal
of Operational Research 207(1), 1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2009.11.005
Hasegawa, M. (2011). Verification and rectification of the physical analogy
of simulated annealing for the solution of the traveling salesman
problem. Physical Review E, 83(3). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.83.036708
Helber, S., & Sahling, F. (2010). A fix-and-optimize approach for the multi-
level capacitated lot sizing problem. International Journal of Production
Economics, 123(2), 247-256. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.08.022
Hill, R. R., Cho, Y. K., & Moore, J. T. (2012). Problem reduction heuristic
for the 0-1 multidimensional knapsack problem. Computers &
Horoba, C. (2010). Exploring the Runtime of an Evolutionary Algorithm
for the Multi-Objective Shortest Path Problem. Evolutionary
Computation, 18(3), 357-381. doi: 10.1162/EVCO_a_00014
Huang, W., & Ding, L. X. (2012). The Shortest Path Problem on a Fuzzy
Time-Dependent Network. Ieee Transactions on Communications,
60(11), 3376-3385. doi: 10.1109/tcomm.2012.090512.100570
Iori, M., Martello, S., & Pretolani, D. (2010). An aggregate label setting
policy for the multi-objective shortest path problem. European Journal
of Operational Research 207(3), 1489-1496. doi:
10.1016/j.ejor.2010.06.035
Iyigun, C., & Ben-Israel, A. (2010). A generalized Weiszfeld method for the
multi-facility location problem. Operations Research Letters, 38(3) 207-
214. doi: 10.1016/j.orl.2009.11.005
Jarboui, Bassem (Editor); Siarry, Patrick (Editor); Teghem, Jacques (Editor).
Metaheuristics for Production Scheduling. Somerset, NJ, USA: Wiley-
ISTE 2013. p 373-433.
Kalcsics, J., Nickel, S., Puerto, J., & Rodriguez-Chia, A. (2010). The ordered
capacitated facility location problem. Top, 18(1) 203-222. doi:
10.1007/s11750-009-0089-0
Ke, L. J., Feng, Z. R., Ren, Z. G., & Wei, X. L. (2010). An ant colony
optimization approach for the multidimensional knapsack problem.
Journal of Heuristics, 16(1), 65-83. doi: 10.1007/s10732-008-9087-x
Kellerer, H., & Strusevich, V. A. (2010). Fully Polynomial Approximation
Schemes for a Symmetric Quadratic Knapsack Problem and its
Scheduling Applications. Algorithmica, 57(4), 769-795. doi:
10.1007/s00453-008-9248-1
Khaloozadeh, H., & Baromand, S. (2010). State covariance assignment
problem. Iet Control Theory and Applications, 4(3), 391-402. doi:
10.1049/iet-cta.2008.0359
Konstantinidis, A., Yang, K., Zhang, Q. F., & Zeinalipour-Yazti, D. (2010).
A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for the deployment and power
assignment problem in wireless sensor networks. Computer Networks,
54(6), 960-976. doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2009.08.010
Kosuch, S., & Lisser, A. (2010). Upper bounds for the 0-1 stochastic
knapsack problem and a B&B algorithm. Annals of Operations
Research, 176(1), 77-93. doi: 10.1007/s10479-009-0577-5
Kucukaydin, H., Aras, N., & Altinel, I. K. (2011). Competitive facility
location problem with attractiveness adjustment of the follower A
bilevel programming model and its solution. European Journal of
Operational Research 208(3) 206-220. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2010.08.009
Kucukdeniz, T., Baray, A., Ecerkale, K., & Esnaf, S. (2012). Integrated use
of fuzzy c-means and convex programming for capacitated multi-facility
location problem. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(4), 4306-4314.
doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2011.09.102
Kumar, R., & Singh, P. K. (2010). Assessing solution quality of biobjective
0-1 knapsack problem using evolutionary and heuristic algorithms.
Applied Soft Computing, 10(3), 711-718. doi:
10.1016/j.asoc.2009.08.037
Kuo, Y. Y. (2010). Using simulated annealing to minimize fuel
consumption for the time-dependent vehicle routing problem.
Computers & Industrial Engineering, 59(1), 157-165. doi:
10.1016/j.cie.2010.03.012
Laporte, G. (2010). A concise guide to the Traveling Salesman Problem.
Journal of the Operational Research Society, 61(1), 35-40. doi:
10.1057/jors.2009.76
Lau, H. C. W., Chan, T. M., Tsui, W. T., & Pang, W. K. (2010). Application
of Genetic Algorithms to Solve the Multidepot Vehicle Routing
Problem. Ieee Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering,
7(2), 383-392. doi: 10.1109/tase.2009.2019265
Lee, C. Y., Lee, Z. J., Lin, S. W., & Ying, K. C. (2010). An enhanced ant
colony optimization (EACO) applied to capacitated vehicle routing
problem. Applied Intelligence, 32(1), 88-95. doi: 10.1007/s10489-008-
0136-9
Lee, W. C., Shiau, Y. R., Chen, S. K., & Wu, C. C. (2010). A two-machine
flowshop scheduling problem with deteriorating jobs and blocking.
International Journal of Production Economics, 124(1), 188-197. doi:
10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.11.001
Lee, W. C., Wang, W. J., Shiau, Y. R., & Wu, C. C. (2010). A single-machine
scheduling problem with two-agent and deteriorating jobs. Applied
Mathematical Modelling, 34(10), 3098-3107. doi:
10.1016/j.apm.2010.01.015
Lee, W. C., Wu, C. C., & Hsu, P. H. (2010). A single-machine learning
effect scheduling problem with release times. Omega-International
Journal of Management Science, 38(1-2), 3-11. doi:
10.1016/j.omega.2009.01.001
Letocart, L., Nagih, A., & Plateau, G. (2012). Reoptimization in Lagrangian
methods for the 0-1 quadratic knapsack problem. Computers &
Li, J. Q., Pan, Q. K., Suganthan, P. N., & Chua, T. J. (2011). A hybrid tabu
search algorithm with an efficient neighborhood structure for the
flexible job shop scheduling problem. International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, 52(5-8), 683-697. doi: 10.1007/s00170-010-
2743-y
Li, K. P., Gao, Z. Y., Tang, T., & Yang, L. X. (2010). Solving the
constrained shortest path problem using random search strategy. Science
China-Technological Sciences, 53(12), 3258-3263. doi: 10.1007/s11431-
010-4105-2
Li, X. Y., Baki, F., Tian, P., & Chaouch, B. A. (2014). A robust block-chain
based tabu search algorithm for the dynamic lot sizing problem with
product returns and remanufacturing. Omega-International Journal of
Management Science, 42(1), 75-87. doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2013.03.003
Lin, Y. K., & Yeh, C. T. (2011). Reliability Optimization Of Component
Assignment Problem For A Multistate Network In Terms Of Minimal
Cuts. Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization, 7(1), 211-
227. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2011.7.211
Liu, Y. H. (2010). Different initial solution generators in genetic algorithms
for solving the probabilistic traveling salesman problem. Applied
Mathematics and Computation, 216(1), 125-137. doi:
10.1016/j.amc.2010.01.021
Lozano, L., & Medaglia, A. L. (2013). On an exact method for the
constrained shortest path problem. Computers & Operations Research,
40(1), 378-384. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2012.07.008
Lu, S., & Nie, Y. (2010). Stability of user-equilibrium route flow solutions
for the traffic assignment problem. Transportation Research Part B-
Methodological, 44(4), 609-617. doi: 10.1016/j.trb.2009.09.003
Lu, Z. Q., Zhang, Y. J., & Han, X. L. (2013). Integrating run-based
preventive maintenance into the capacitated lot sizing problem with
reliability constraint. International Journal of Production Research,
51(5), 1379-1391. doi: 10.1080/00207543.2012.693637
Lust, T., & Teghem, J. (2010). Two-phase Pareto local search for the
biobjective traveling salesman problem. Journal of Heuristics, 16(3),
475-510. doi: 10.1007/s10732-009-9103-9
Maric, M. (2010). An Efficient Genetic Algorithm For Solving The Multi-
Level Uncapacitated Facility Location Problem. Computing and
Informatics, 29(2), 183-201.
Marin, A. (2011). The discrete facility location problem with balanced
allocation of customers. European Journal of Operational Research,
210(1), 27-38. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2010.10.012
Marinakis, Y., & Marinaki, M. (2010). A hybrid genetic - Particle Swarm
Optimization Algorithm for the vehicle routing problem. Expert
Systems with Applications, 37(2), 1446-1455. doi:
10.1016/j.eswa.2009.06.085
Marinakis, Y., & Marinaki, M. (2010). A Hybrid Multi-Swarm Particle
Swarm Optimization algorithm for the Probabilistic Traveling Salesman
Problem. Computers & Operations Research, 37(3), 432-442. doi:
10.1016/j.cor.2009.03.004
Marinakis, Y., Marinaki, M., & Dounias, G. (2010). A hybrid particle swarm
optimization algorithm for the vehicle routing problem. Engineering
Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 23(4), 463-472. doi:
10.1016/j.engappai.2010.02.002
Marinakis, Y., Marinaki, M., & Dounias, G. (2011). Honey bees mating
optimization algorithm for the Euclidean traveling salesman problem.
Information Sciences, 181(20), 4684-4698. doi:
10.1016/j.ins.2010.06.032
Mastorakis, Nikos E.. Computer Science, Technology and Applications :
Pathway Modeling and Algorithm Research. New York, NY, USA:
Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2011. p 46.
Mateus, G. R., Resende, M. G. C., & Silva, R. M. A. (2011). GRASP with
path-relinking for the generalized quadratic assignment problem. Journal
of Heuristics, 17(5), 527-565. doi: 10.1007/s10732-010-9144-0
McLay, L. A., Lloyd, J. D., & Niman, E. (2011). Interdicting nuclear
material on cargo containers using knapsack problem models. Annals of
Operations Research, 187(1), 185-205. doi: 10.1007/s10479-009-0667-4
Mendoza, J. E., Castanier, B., Gueret, C., Medaglia, A. L., & Velasco, N.
(2010). A memetic algorithm for the multi-compartment vehicle routing
problem with stochastic demands. Computers & Operations Research,
37(11), 1886-1898. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2009.06.015
Menlo Park, CA, USA: Course Technology / Cengage Learning, 1996. p
51-56.
Mester, D. (Editor); Ronin, D. (Editor); Frenkel, M. (Editor). Genetics -
Research and Issues : Discrete Optimization for Some TSP-like
Genome Mapping Problems. New York, NY, USA: Nova Science
Publishers, Inc. 2010. p 6.
Mishra, D.N.; Agarwal, S.K.. Operation Research. Lucknow, IND: Global
Media 2009. p 107.
Mohammadi, M., Torabi, S. A., Ghomi, S., & Karimi, B. (2010). A new
algorithmic approach for capacitated lot-sizing problem in flow shops
with sequence-dependent setups. International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, 49(1-4) 201-211. doi: 10.1007/s00170-009-
2366-3
Monoyios, D., & Vlachos, K. (2011). Multiobjective Genetic Algorithms for
Solving the Impairment-Aware Routing and Wavelength Assignment
Problem. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 3(1), 40-
47. doi: 10.1364/jocn.3.000040
Moslehi, G., & Mahnam, M. (2011). A Pareto approach to multi-objective
flexible job-shop scheduling problem using particle swarm optimization
and local search. International Journal of Production Economics, 129(1),
14-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.08.004
Nagata, Y., Braysy, O., & Dullaert, W. (2010). A penalty-based edge
assembly memetic algorithm for the vehicle routing problem with time
windows. Computers & Operations Research, 37(4), 724-737. doi:
10.1016/j.cor.2009.06.022
Nascimento, M. C. V., Resende, M. G. C., & Toledo, F. M. B. (2010).
GRASP heuristic with path-relinking for the multi-plant capacitated lot
sizing problem. European Journal of Operational Research 200(3), 747-
754. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2009.01.047
Nazemi, A., & Omidi, F. (2013). An efficient dynamic model for solving the
shortest path problem. Transportation Research Part C-Emerging
Technologies, 26, 1-19. doi: 10.1016/j.trc.2012.07.005
Ng, C. T., Kovalyov, M. Y., & Cheng, T. C. E. (2010). A simple FPTAS for
a single-item capacitated economic lot-sizing problem with a monotone
cost structure. European Journal of Operational Research 200(2), 621-
624. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2009.01.040
Ngueveu, S. U., Prins, C., & Calvo, R. W. (2010). An effective memetic
algorithm for the cumulative capacitated vehicle routing problem.
10.1016/j.cor.2009.06.014
Nie, Y. (2010). A class of bush-based algorithms for the traffic assignment
problem. Transportation Research Part B-Methodological, 44(1), 73-89.
doi: 10.1016/j.trb.2009.06.005
Nie, Y. (2011). A cell-based Merchant-Nemhauser model for the system
optimum dynamic traffic assignment problem. Transportation Research
Part B-Methodological, 45(2), 329-342. doi: 10.1016/j.trb.2010.07.001
Nie, Y., & Zhang, H. M. (2010). Solving the Dynamic User Optimal
Assignment Problem Considering Queue Spillback. Networks & Spatial
Economics, 10(1), 49-71. doi: 10.1007/s11067-007-9022-y
Okhrin, I., & Richter, K. (2011). An O(T-3) algorithm for the capacitated
lot sizing problem with minimum order quantities. European Journal of
Ore, Oystein; Wilson, Robin J. (Revised by). Anneli Lax New Mathematical
Library, Volume 34 : Graphs and Their Uses. Washington, DC, USA:
Mathematical Association of America, 1990. p 33.
Ozbakir, L., Baykasoglu, A., & Tapkan, P. (2010). Bees algorithm for
generalized assignment problem. Applied Mathematics and
Computation, 215(11), 3782-3795. doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2009.11.018
Pan, Q. K., Suganthan, P. N., Liang, J. J., & Tasgetiren, M. F. (2011). A
local-best harmony search algorithm with dynamic sub-harmony
memories for lot-streaming flow shop scheduling problem. Expert
10.1016/j.eswa.2010.08.111
Pan, Q. K., Tasgetiren, M. F., Suganthan, P. N., & Chua, T. J. (2011). A
discrete artificial bee colony algorithm for the lot-streaming flow shop
scheduling problem. Information Sciences, 181(12), 2455-2468. doi:
10.1016/j.ins.2009.12.025
Pardalos, Panos M. (Editor); Migdalas, Athanasios (Editor); Burkard, Rainer
E. (Editor). Combinatorial and Global Optimization. River Edge, NJ,
USA: World Scientific 2002. p 10p.
Penuel, J., Smith, J. C., & Yuan, Y. (2010). An Integer Decomposition
Algorithm for Solving a Two-Stage Facility Location Problem with
Second-Stage Activation Costs. Naval Research Logistics, 57(5), 391-
402. doi: 10.1002/nav.20401
Perboli, G., Tadei, R., & Vigo, D. (2011). The Two-Echelon Capacitated
Vehicle Routing Problem: Models and Math-Based Heuristics.
Transportation Science, 45(3), 364-380. doi: 10.1287/trsc.1110.0368
Pineyro, P., & Viera, O. (2010). The economic lot-sizing problem with
remanufacturing and one-way substitution. International Journal of
Production Economics, 124(2), 482-488. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.01.007
Pinto, L. L., & Pascoal, M. M. B. (2010). On algorithms for the tricriteria
shortest path problem with two bottleneck objective functions.
10.1016/j.cor.2010.01.005
Piperagkas, G. S., Konstantaras, I., Skouri, K., & Parsopoulos, K. E. (2012).
Solving the stochastic dynamic lot-sizing problem through nature-
inspired heuristics. Computers & Operations Research, 39(7), 1555-
1565. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2011.09.004
Pop, P. C. (2012). Generalized Network Design Problems: Modeling and
Optimization. Berlin, De Gruyter.
Pop, Petrica C.; Versita (Contribution by). De Gruyter Series in Discrete
Mathematics and Applications, Volume 1 : Network Design Problems :
Modeling and Optimization of Generalized Network Design Problems.
Hawthorne, NY, USA: Walter de Gruyter 2012. p 128.
Przybylski, A., Gandibleux, X., & Ehrgott, M. (2010). A two phase method
for multi-objective integer programming and its application to the
assignment problem with three objectives. Discrete Optimization, 7(3),
149-165. doi: 10.1016/j.disopt.2010.03.005
Puchinger, J., Raidl, G. R., & Pferschy, U. (2010). The Multidimensional
Knapsack Problem: Structure and Algorithms. Informs Journal on
Computing, 22(2), 250-265. doi: 10.1287/ijoc.1090.0344
Puerto, J., & Rodriguez-Chia, A. M. (2011). On the structure of the solution
set for the single facility location problem with average distances.
Mathematical Programming, 128(1-2), 373-401. doi: 10.1007/s10107-
009-0308-3
Pugliese, L. D., & Guerriero, F. (2012). A computational study of solution
approaches for the resource constrained elementary shortest path
problem. Annals of Operations Research 201(1), 131-157. doi:
10.1007/s10479-012-1162-x
Pugliese, L. D., & Guerriero, F. (2013). Dynamic programming approaches
to solve the shortest path problem with forbidden paths. Optimization
Methods & Software, 28(2), 221-255. doi:
10.1080/10556788.2011.630077
Pugliese, L. D., & Guerriero, F. (2013). Shortest path problem with
forbidden paths: The elementary version. European Journal of
Ramadan, M. A., & El-Sayed, E. A. (2010). Partial eigenvalue assignment
problem of high order control systems using orthogonality relations.
Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 59(6), 1918-1928. doi:
10.1016/j.camwa.2009.07.063
Ramamurthy, P.. Operations Research. Daryaganj, Delhi, IND: New Age
International 2007. p 214.
Ramazani, H., Shafahi, Y., & Seyedabrishami, S. E. (2010). A Shortest Path
Problem in an Urban Transportation Network Based on Driver
Perceived Travel Time. Scientia Iranica Transaction a-Civil Engineering,
17(4), 285-296.
Rego, C., Gamboa, D., Glover, F., & Osterman, C. (2011). Traveling
salesman problem heuristics: Leading methods, implementations and
latest advances. European Journal of Operational Research, 211(3), 427-
441. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2010.09.010
Ren, Z. G., Feng, Z. R., & Zhang, A. M. (2012). Fusing ant colony
optimization with Lagrangian relaxation for the multiple-choice
multidimensional knapsack problem. Information Sciences, 182(1), 15-
29. doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2011.07.033
Repoussis, P. P., Tarantilis, C. D., Braysy, O., & Ioannou, G. (2010). A
hybrid evolution strategy for the open vehicle routing problem.
10.1016/j.cor.2008.11.003
Ribas, I., Companys, R., & Tort-Martorell, X. (2011). An iterated greedy
algorithm for the flowshop scheduling problem with blocking. Omega-
International Journal of Management Science, 39(3), 293-301. doi:
10.1016/j.omega.2010.07.007
Ribeiro, G. M., & Laporte, G. (2012). An adaptive large neighborhood
search heuristic for the cumulative capacitated vehicle routing problem.
10.1016/j.cor.2011.05.005
Rondeau, Thomas W.; Bostian, Charles W.. Artificial Intelligence in
Wireless Communications. Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House 2009. p
78.
Rong, A. Y., Figueira, J. R., & Klamroth, K. (2012). Dynamic programming
based algorithms for the discounted {0-1} knapsack problem. Applied
10.1016/j.amc.2011.12.068
Rong, A. Y., Figueira, J. R., & Pato, M. V. (2011). A two state reduction
based dynamic programming algorithm for the bi-objective 0-1
knapsack problem. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 62(8),
2913-2930. doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2011.07.067
Ruiz, R., & Vazquez-Rodriguez, J. A. (2010). The hybrid flow shop
scheduling problem. European Journal of Operational Research 205(1),
1-18. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2009.09.024
Salmasi, N., Logendran, R., & Skandari, M. R. (2010). Total flow time
minimization in a flowshop sequence-dependent group scheduling
problem. Computers & Operations Research, 37(1), 199-212. doi:
10.1016/j.cor.2009.04.013
Sawik, Tadeusz. Scheduling in Supply Chains Using Mixed Integer
Programming. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley 2011. p 29.
Sbihi, A. (2010). A cooperative local search-based algorithm for the
Multiple-Scenario Max-Min Knapsack Problem. European Journal of
Operational Research 202(2), 339-346. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2009.05.033
Schulz, T. (2011). A new Silver-Meal based heuristic for the single-item
dynamic lot sizing problem with returns and remanufacturing.
International Journal of Production Research, 49(9), 2519-2533. doi:
10.1080/00207543.2010.532916
Shen, Z. J. M., Zhan, R. L., & Zhang, J. W. (2011). The Reliable Facility
Location Problem: Formulations, Heuristics, and Approximation
Algorithms. Informs Journal on Computing, 23(3), 470-482. doi:
10.1287/ijoc.1100.0414
Shi, N. (2010). K Constrained Shortest Path Problem. Ieee Transactions on
Automation Science and Engineering, 7(1), 15-23. doi:
10.1109/tase.2009.2012434
Subbu, Raj; Sanderson, Arthur C.. Network-Based Distributed Planning
Using Coevolutionary Algorithms. River Edge, NJ, USA: World
Scientific 2004. p 3.
Subramanian, A., Drummond, L. M. A., Bentes, C., Ochi, L. S., & Farias, R.
(2010). A parallel heuristic for the Vehicle Routing Problem with
Simultaneous Pickup and Delivery. Computers & Operations Research,
37(11), 1899-1911. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2009.10.011
Sun, M. H. (2012). A tabu search heuristic procedure for the capacitated
facility location problem. Journal of Heuristics, 18(1), 91-118. doi:
10.1007/s10732-011-9157-3
Szeto, W. Y., Wu, Y. Z., & Ho, S. C. (2011). An artificial bee colony
algorithm for the capacitated vehicle routing problem. European Journal
of Operational Research, 215(1), 126-135. doi:
10.1016/j.ejor.2011.06.006
Takaoka, T. (2013). A simplified algorithm for the all pairs shortest path
problem with O(n(2) log n) expected time. Journal of Combinatorial
Optimization, 25(2), 326-337. doi: 10.1007/s10878-012-9550-3
Tang, L. X., Jiang, W., & Saharidis, G. K. D. (2013). An improved Benders
decomposition algorithm for the logistics facility location problem with
capacity expansions. Annals of Operations Research, 210(1), 165-190.
doi: 10.1007/s10479-011-1050-9
Tarim, S. A., Dogru, M. K., Ozen, U., & Rossi, R. (2011). An efficient
computational method for a stochastic dynamic lot-sizing problem
under service-level constraints. European Journal of Operational
Research, 215(3), 563-571. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2011.06.034
Tasgetiren, M. F., Suganthan, P. N., & Pan, Q. K. (2010). An ensemble of
discrete differential evolution algorithms for solving the generalized
traveling salesman problem. Applied Mathematics and Computation,
215(9), 3356-3368. doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2009.10.027
Tohyama, H., Ida, K., & Matsueda, J. (2011). A Genetic Algorithm for the
Uncapacitated Facility Location Problem. Electronics and
Communications in Japan, 94(5), 47-54. doi: 10.1002/ecj.10180
Vallada, E., & Ruiz, R. (2011). A genetic algorithm for the unrelated parallel
machine scheduling problem with sequence dependent setup times.
European Journal of Operational Research, 211(3), 612-622. doi:
10.1016/j.ejor.2011.01.011
Van Peteghem, V., & Vanhoucke, M. (2010). A genetic algorithm for the
preemptive and non-preemptive multi-mode resource-constrained
project scheduling problem. European Journal of Operational Research
201(2), 409-418. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2009.03.034
Viale, J. David; Carrigan, Christopher (Editor). Inventory Management :
From Warehouse to Distribution Center. Menlo Park, CA, USA: Course
Technology / Cengage Learning, 1996. p 50-57.
Wang, J. B., & Guo, Q. (2010). A due-date assignment problem with
learning effect and deteriorating jobs. Applied Mathematical Modelling,
34(2), 309-313. doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2009.04.020
Wang, J. B., & Wang, C. (2011). Single-machine due-window assignment
problem with learning effect and deteriorating jobs. Applied
Mathematical Modelling, 35(8), 4017-4022. doi:
10.1016/j.apm.2011.02.023
Wang, L., Wang, S. Y., & Xu, Y. (2012). An effective hybrid EDA-based
algorithm for solving multidimensional knapsack problem. Expert
10.1016/j.eswa.2011.11.058
Wang, X. J., Gao, L., Zhang, C. Y., & Shao, X. Y. (2010). A multi-objective
genetic algorithm based on immune and entropy principle for flexible
job-shop scheduling problem. International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, 51(5-8), 757-767. doi: 10.1007/s00170-010-
2642-2
Wang, Z. C., Zhang, Y. M., Zhou, W. H., & Liu, H. F. (2012). Solving
traveling salesman problem in the Adleman-Lipton model. Applied
10.1016/j.amc.2012.08.073
Wang, Z., Du, D. L., Gabor, A. F., & Xu, D. C. (2010). An approximation
algorithm for the k-level stochastic facility location problem. Operations
Research Letters, 38(5), 386-389. doi: 10.1016/j.orl.2010.04.010
Wei, Z., Ge, F. Z., Lu, Y., Li, L. X., & Yang, Y. X. (2011). Chaotic ant
swarm for the traveling salesman problem. Nonlinear Dynamics, 65(3),
271-281. doi: 10.1007/s11071-010-9889-x
Williams, H. Paul. Model Building in Mathematical Programming (5th
Edition). Somerset, NJ, USA: Wiley 2013. p 109-220.
Wong, J. T., Su, C. T., & Wang, C. H. (2012). Stochastic dynamic lot-sizing
problem using bi-level programming base on artificial intelligence
techniques. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 36(5) 2003-2016. doi:
10.1016/j.apm.2011.08.017
Wu, T., Shi, L. Y., & Duffie, N. A. (2010). An HNP-MP Approach for the
Capacitated Multi-Item Lot Sizing Problem With Setup Times. Ieee
Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 7(3), 500-511.
doi: 10.1109/tase.2009.2039134
Wu, T., Shi, L. Y., & Song, J. (2012). An MIP-based interval heuristic for
the capacitated multi-level lot-sizing problem with setup times. Annals
of Operations Research, 196(1), 635-650. doi: 10.1007/s10479-011-
1026-9
Yagmahan, B., & Yenisey, M. M. (2010). A multi-objective ant colony
system algorithm for flow shop scheduling problem. Expert Systems
with Applications, 37(2), 1361-1368. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2009.06.105
Yalaoui, Alice;Chehade, Hicham;Yalaoui , Farouk;Amodeo, Lionel. (2013).
Optimization of Logistics. Wiley-ISTE.
Yang, Xin-She. Introduction to Mathematical Optimization : From Linear
Programming to Metaheuristics. Cambridge, GBR: Cambridge
International Science Publishing 2008. p 93.
Yang, Z., Chu, F., & Chen, H. X. (2012). A cut-and-solve based algorithm
for the single-source capacitated facility location problem. European
Journal of Operational Research, 221(3), 521-532. doi:
10.1016/j.ejor.2012.03.047
Yu, B., & Yang, Z. Z. (2011). An ant colony optimization model: The
period vehicle routing problem with time windows. Transportation
Research Part E-Logistics and Transportation Review, 47(2), 166-181.
doi: 10.1016/j.tre.2010.09.010
Yu, B., Yang, Z. Z., & Xie, J. X. (2011). A parallel improved ant colony
optimization for multi-depot vehicle routing problem. Journal of the
Operational Research Society, 62(1), 183-188. doi:
10.1057/jors.2009.161
Zhan, Z. H., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Liu, O., Kwok, S. K., Ip, W. H., & Kaynak,
O. (2010). An Efficient Ant Colony System Based on Receding Horizon
Control for the Aircraft Arrival Sequencing and Scheduling Problem.
Ieee Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 11(2), 399-412.
doi: 10.1109/tits.2010.2044793
Zhang, G. H., Gao, L., & Shi, Y. (2011). An effective genetic algorithm for
the flexible job-shop scheduling problem. Expert Systems with
Applications, 38(4), 3563-3573. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2010.08.145
Zhang, H. Z., Beltran-Royo, C., & Constantino, M. (2010). Effective
formulation reductions for the quadratic assignment problem.
Computers & Operations Research, 37(11) 2007-2016. doi:
10.1016/j.cor.2010.02.001
Zhang, R., & Wu, C. (2010). A hybrid immune simulated annealing
algorithm for the job shop scheduling problem. Applied Soft
Computing, 10(1), 79-89. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2009.06.008
Zhang, X. G., Wang, Q., Chan, F. T. S., Mahadevan, S., & Deng, Y. (2014).
A Physarum Polycephalum Optimization Algorithm for the Bi-objective
Shortest Path Problem. International Journal of Unconventional
Computing, 10(1-2), 143-162.
Zhang, Y. D., Wu, L. N., Wei, G., & Wang, S. H. (2011). A novel algorithm
for all pairs shortest path problem based on matrix multiplication and
pulse coupled neural network. Digital Signal Processing, 21(4), 517-521.
doi: 10.1016/j.dsp.2011.02.004
Zhang, Z. H., Jiang, H., & Pan, X. Z. (2012). A Lagrangian relaxation based
approach for the capacitated lot sizing problem in closed-loop supply
chain. International Journal of Production Economics, 140(1), 249-255.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2012.01.018
Zhao, J., Liu, Q. L., Wang, W., Wei, Z. Q., & Shi, P. (2011). A parallel
immune algorithm for traveling salesman problem and its application on
cold rolling scheduling. Information Sciences, 181(7), 1212-1223. doi:
10.1016/j.ins.2010.12.003
Zhao, Y. L., Zhang, J. E., Ji, Y. F., & Gu, W. Y. (2010). Routing and
Wavelength Assignment Problem in PCE-Based Wavelength-Switched
Optical Networks. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking,
2(4), 196-205. doi: 10.1364/jocn.2.000196
Zou, D. X., Gao, L. Q., Li, S., & Wu, J. H. (2011). Solving 0-1 knapsack
problem by a novel global harmony search algorithm. Applied Soft
Computing, 11(2), 1556-1564. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2010.07.019
Zou, D. X., Gao, L. Q., Li, S., Wu, J. H., & Wang, X. (2010). A novel global
harmony search algorithm for task assignment problem. Journal of
Systems and Software, 83(10), 1678-1688. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.04.070
View publication stats

Optimization of Logistics I 2 Typical Problems r20 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Optimization of Logistics I 2 Typical Problems r20 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Optimization of Logistics I 2 Typical Problems r20 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

Chapter 2. Typical Base Optimization Problems

Chapter · November 2014

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

In each section of this chapter, mathematical representation of the

2.1 Assignment Problem

Assignment problem is a special case of transportation problem and the

The assignment problem is to find a maximum profit assignment of n tasks

The GAP is also known as the maximum weighted bipartite matching

The problem is finding a minimal cost (or maximal profit) assignment of n

xij  0,1 , i  1,..., n, j  1,..., m

where parameters are

xij = 1 if task i is assigned to server j, 0 otherwise

GAP is to find a minimal cost (or maximum profit) assignment of n tasks

An assignment problem is a discrete optimization problem (Subbu and

An extension of the complex assignment problem is the quadratic

Various algorithms exist for the solution of general assignment problem. To

Figure 2.1 Hungarian (Munkres) algorithm versus Jonker-Volgenant

The knapsack problem the has received considerable attention in the

The name is derived from a problem of decision facing a hiker who is to

The problem of the knapsack is sometimes called the problem of loading

xij  {0,1}, i, j

where parameters are

m = number of containers (index i)

One of the most important aspects of logistics is deciding where to locate

Mathematical models of location are designed to address a number of

The ordered capacitated facility location problem (Kalcsics et al. 2010).

Demand-based methods (static): Order quantities are kept constant.

Discrete method (dynamic): Order quantities vary.

Selecting the appropriate combination of methods will help reduce the

The problem is to ascertain the operation plan satisfying the demand at

where parameters are

G = Number of source locations (index i)

In the area of freight transport, both activities are generally distinguished

Freight activities are essential in planning logistics systems. The reason is

Problems related to the determination of the optimal routes for vehicles of

The distribution problem or vehicle routing (VRP) is often described as the

The main activity of an industrial company in the short term is to organize

In a scheduling problem, four basic concepts are involved: tasks (jobs),

The purpose of the supply chain scheduling is to optimize short-medium

The scheduling problem is known to be intractable computation in many

t j ( r 1), j  t j ( r ), j  Pj ( r ), j for r  1, 2,..., m  1 and j

n = the number of jobs

tij = the start time of job j on machine i

Scheduling (Employees, Stevedore, etc.)

The problem is to determine the number of employees required to meet the

where parameters are

N = the total number of roster type

xi = the number of employees assigned to roster type i

The solution to a shortest path problem must contain both information

N set of number of nodes at seaport terminal (seaside nodes and yard

The solution is depicted in Figure 2.1.

Solution parameters are below.

The traveling salesman problem is a problem in the field of operations

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is to find a route of a salesman

Traveling salesman problem (TSP) is an optimization problem for a given

Routing problem I: The problem is to ascertain the operation plan satisfying

where parameters are

G = Number of source locations (index i)