Experiment - 2: Heat Loss by Natural Convection From Ice Plate

Heat loss by Natural convection from Ice plate
Experiment – 2
AIM:
To determine the value of Nusselt number and convective heat transfer
coefficient for ice plate loosing heat by natural convection experimentally and by using empirical
correlation.
DESCRIPTION:
The stagnate layer of fluid in immediate vicinity of hot body receives heat
energy by conduction. The energy transfer by this, increases temperature and internal energy of
fluid particles. Because of temperature rise particles become less dance and hence lighter. The
lighter particles move upward in low temperature region. These particles mix with the cool
particles and transfer a part of energy. Simultaneously cool heavier particles moves downward to
fill the space vacated by warm particles
The circulation pattern, upward movement of hot particles and downward
movement of cool particles causes convective currents. These currents are set up naturally due to
gravitational force only.
The Nusselt is the ratio of thermal resistance to the conduction to the
thermal resistance to the convection.
𝐿
𝑅𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝐿
𝑁𝑢 = = =
𝑅𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒 1 𝑘
ℎ𝐴
The higher the value of Nu batters the convective heat transfer. Nu also may
be defined as the ratio of convective heat flux rate under the unit temperature gradient to the
conductive heat flux rate for a thickness of L meter.
𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒 ℎ ℎ𝐿
𝑁𝑢 = = =
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑘
𝐿
Nu is the convenient measure for h. For given value of Nu, h is directly
prepositional to the k and inversely prepositional to the characteristic length L.
Heat Transfer Lab. Manual M.E.D., S.S.A.S. Institute of Technology, Surat 7

APPARATUS:

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
 As shown in figure hang the ice plate vertically inside the apparatus. After some time,
the natural convective current will set up inside the container. Note the temperature by
thermometer inserted in container.
 Ice starts loosing heat by convection as well as radiation to the atmosphere and
converted in water. Collect the finite amount of water and measure the mass flow rate
and thus heat loss.
OBESRVATIONS:
Wall temperature, Tw = _________ °C Ice Plate: Width W = _________ m

Ambient air temperature, Tα = _________ °C Height H = _________ m
Tα + Tw
The mean film temperature, Tf = Total Area A = 2 x W x H
2
Tf = ___________ °C = ____________ m2
 The Properties of fluid (air) at Tf
Where β = thermal expansion coefficient

α = thermal diffusivity
v = kinematic viscosity
Cp = Specific heat at constant pressure
k = thermal conductivity of air
Pr = Prendtle Number
Here only two faces of plate is taken under consideration. And thinness is neglected.

CALCULATIONS:
 Total Heat loss from ice plate Q,

Q = Qconvection + QRadiation
Q = ṁhfusion ….….W * Where,

ṁ = mass flow rate Kg/Sec
hfusion = 333.4 X 103 J/Kg @ 1 atm pressure
QRadiation = ε б A (Tα4 − Tw4 ) Where, ε = emissivity = 1 (for Ice)

б = Plank Constant = 5.61 X 10-8 W/m2K4
= _____________ W
Qconvection = 𝐐 − 𝐐𝐑𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ….….W *
Qconvection = h X A X (Ts - Tα)

= h 𝑋 (2 W. H) 𝑋 (Tw - Tα) Where,
= k 𝑋 Nu 𝑋 (2 W) 𝑋 (Tw - Tα) h = convective heat transfer coefficient
A = Total Surface area
𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Nu =
𝐤 𝐚𝐢𝐫 𝐗 (𝟐 𝐖) 𝐗 (𝐓𝐰 − 𝐓𝛂)
* Note: find the value for each observation.

Observation Table:
Volume m t 𝒎̇
Sr.
X 10-3 X 10-5 Nu
No.
mL Kg Sec kg/s
1 5 5
2 5 5
3 5 5
4 5 5
5 5 5
6 5 5
7 5 5
8 5 5
9 5 5
10 5 5
Avg 5 5
 Average Nusselt Number from Experiment,
̅̅̅̅ =
𝑵𝒖
̅̅̅̅
Average convective heat transfer coefficient by 𝑵𝒖
̅̅̅̅
𝐍𝐮 𝐗 𝐤 𝐚𝐢𝐫
𝒉̅ =
H
= ____________ W/m2 k

 Calculation by empirical co relation,
= Where, RaL = Rayleigh Number

Pr = Prandtl Number
= ______________
Nusselt Number, ̅̅̅̅̅̅

𝐍𝐮𝐇 =
Average convective heat transfer coefficient by ̅̅̅̅

𝑵𝒖
̅̅̅̅
𝐍𝐮 𝐗 𝐤 𝐚𝐢𝐫
𝒉̅ = =
H
= ____________ W/m2 k
CONCLUSION:

Properties of Air
Temp Kinematic Prandtl Thermal Specific Thermal Coefficient

0C Viscosity e Diffusivit Heat Cp Conductiv of
V x 106 m2 Number y m2/s J/Kg K ity K x 103 Viscosity x
/s Pr 106 Ns/m2
or Kg/m
10 14.16 0.705 72.2 1005 25.12 17.65
20 15.06 0.703 77.1 1005 25.93 18.14
30 16.00 0.701 82.3 1005 26.75 18.63

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Heat loss by Natural convection from Ice plate

Heat Transfer Lab. Manual M.E.D., S.S.A.S. Institute of Technology, Surat 7

Heat Transfer Lab. Manual M.E.D., S.S.A.S. Institute of Technology, Surat 8

Wall temperature, Tw = _________ °C Ice Plate: Width W = _________ m

 The Properties of fluid (air) at Tf

Where β = thermal expansion coefficient

Heat Transfer Lab. Manual M.E.D., S.S.A.S. Institute of Technology, Surat 9

 Total Heat loss from ice plate Q,

Q = ṁhfusion ….….W * Where,

QRadiation = ε б A (Tα4 − Tw4 ) Where, ε = emissivity = 1 (for Ice)

Qconvection = 𝐐 − 𝐐𝐑𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ….….W *

Qconvection = h X A X (Ts - Tα)

* Note: find the value for each observation.

Heat Transfer Lab. Manual M.E.D., S.S.A.S. Institute of Technology, Surat 10

 Average Nusselt Number from Experiment,

Heat Transfer Lab. Manual M.E.D., S.S.A.S. Institute of Technology, Surat 11

 Calculation by empirical co relation,

= Where, RaL = Rayleigh Number

Nusselt Number, ̅̅̅̅̅̅

Average convective heat transfer coefficient by ̅̅̅̅

Heat Transfer Lab. Manual M.E.D., S.S.A.S. Institute of Technology, Surat 12

Temp Kinematic Prandtl Thermal Specific Thermal Coefficient

Heat Transfer Lab. Manual M.E.D., S.S.A.S. Institute of Technology, Surat 13

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Wall temperature, Tw = _ °C Ice Plate: Width W = _ m