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    Unit-6: Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology For Diploma Studies

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    Hinal Shah
    The document discusses C++ stream classes and input/output operations. It describes the ios, istream, ostream, and iostream classes and their functions. It also discusses unformatted I/O functions like cout, cin, get(), put(), getline(), and write(). Finally, it covers formatted I/O using ios class functions like width(), precision(), fill(), setf(), and unsetf(); and manipulators like setw(). An example is given to demonstrate various formatting techniques.

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    Unit-6: Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology For Diploma Studies

    Uploaded by

    Hinal Shah
    256 views4 pages
    The document discusses C++ stream classes and input/output operations. It describes the ios, istream, ostream, and iostream classes and their functions. It also discusses unformatted I/O functions like cout, cin, get(), put(), getline(), and write(). Finally, it covers formatted I/O using ios class functions like width(), precision(), fill(), setf(), and unsetf(); and manipulators like setw(). An example is given to demonstrate various formatting techniques.

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    CPP_Unit-6_04082015_083659AM.pdf

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    The document discusses C++ stream classes and input/output operations. It describes the ios, istream, ostream, and iostream classes and their functions. It also discusses unformatted I/O functions like cout, cin, get(), put(), getline(), and write(). Finally, it covers formatted I/O using ios class functions like width(), precision(), fill(), setf(), and unsetf(); and manipulators like setw(). An example is given to demonstrate various formatting techniques.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    256 views4 pages

    Unit-6: Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology For Diploma Studies

    Uploaded by

    Hinal Shah
    The document discusses C++ stream classes and input/output operations. It describes the ios, istream, ostream, and iostream classes and their functions. It also discusses unformatted I/O functions like cout, cin, get(), put(), getline(), and write(). Finally, it covers formatted I/O using ios class functions like width(), precision(), fill(), setf(), and unsetf(); and manipulators like setw(). An example is given to demonstrate various formatting techniques.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 4

    Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology for Diploma Studies Unit-6

    1. C++ Stream Classes


    Class Name Contents
    ios (General • Contains basic facilities that are used by all other input and output classes.
    I/O stream • Also contains a pointer to a buffer object.
    class) • Declares constants and functions that are necessary for handling formatted
    input and output functions.
    istream (Input • Inherits the properties of ios.
    stream) • Declares input functions such as get(), getline() and read()
    • Contains overloaded extraction operator >>
    ostream • Inherits the properties of ios.
    (output stream) • Declares output functions such as put() and write()
    • Contains overloaded insertion operator <<
    iostream (I/O • Inherits the properties of ios, istream and ostream through multiple
    stream) inheritance and thus contains all the input and output functions.
    streambuf • Provides an interface to physical devices through buffers.
    • Acts as a base for filebuf class used ios files.

    2. Unformatted I/O Operations.


    • C++ language provides a set of standard built-in functions which will do the work of reading and
    displaying
    data or information on the I/O devices during program execution.
    • Such I/O functions establish an interactive communication between the program and user.
    Function Syntax Use
    cout cout<<” ”<<” ”; To display character, string and number on output
    device.
    Cin cin>> var1>>var2; To read character, string and number from input device.
    get(char*) char ch; To read character including blank space, tab and
    cin.get(ch);
    newline character from input device. It will assign input
    character to its argument.
    get(void) char ch; To read character including blank space, tab and
    ch=cin.get();
    newline character from input device. It will returns
    input character.
    put() char ch; To display single character on output device. If we use
    cout.put(ch);
    a number as an argument to the function put(), then it
    will convert it into character.
    getline() char name[20]; It is used to reads a whole line of text that ends with a
    int size=10;
    newline character or size -1 character. First argument
    cin.getline(name,size);
    represents the name of string and second argument
    indicates the number of character to be read.
    write() char name[20]; It is used to display whole line of text on output device.
    int size=10;
    First argument represents the name of string and second
    cout.write(name,size);
    argument indicates the number of character to be
    display.
    • Example of cin and cout:
    #include <iostream.h>
    int main()
    {
    int a;
    cout<<"Enter the number";
    cin>>a;
    cout<<"The value of a="<<a;

    1 Dept: CE Programming In C++ (3330702) Nitin Rola


     
    Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology for Diploma Studies Unit-6

    return 0;
    }

    • Example of get(char*), char(void) and put():


    #include <iostream.h>
    int main()
    {
    int a=65;
    char ch;
    cin.get(ch); //get(char*)
    cout.put(ch); //put()
    ch=cin.get(); //get(void)
    cout.put(ch);
    cout.put(a);
    return 0;
    }

    • Example of getline() and write():


    #include <iostream.h>
    int main()
    {
    int size=5;
    char name[50];
    cin.getline(name,size); //getline()
    cout.write(name,size); //write
    return 0;
    }

    3. Formatted I/O operations.


    • We can format input and output by following methods.
    1. ios class funstions and flags.
    2. Manipulators.
    3. User-defined output functions.
    • Now we will see each method in detail.
    • The ios format functions are shown in below table:
    Function Syntax Use
    width() cout.width(size); To specify the required field size for displaying an
    output value.
    precision() cout.precision(2); To specify the number of digits to be displayed after the
    decimal point of a float value.
    fill() cout.fill('character'); To specify a character that is used to fill the unused
    portion of a field.
    setf() cout.setf(arg1, arg2); To specify format flags that can control the form of
    output display such as left or right justification.
    unsetf() cout.resetiosflags() To clear the flags specified.
    • In setf() we can provide one or two argument.
    cout.setf(arg1, arg2);
    • The arg1 is formatting flags defined in the ios class. And arg2 is known as bit field specifies the
    group to which the formatting flags belong.
    • The flags and bit field are shown below
    Format required Flag (arg1) Bit-field (arg2)
    Left justified output ios::left ios::adjustfield
    ios::right ios::adjustfield
    Right justified output

    2 Dept: CE Programming In C++ (3330702) Nitin Rola


     
    Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology for Diploma Studies Unit-6

    Padding after sign or base ios::internal ios::adjustfield


    indicator (like +##20)
    Scientific notation ios::scientific ios::floatfield
    ios::fixed ios::floatfield
    Fixed point notation
    Decimal base ios::doc ios::basefield
    ios::oct ios::basefield
    Octal base
    ios::hex ios::basefield
    Hexadecimal base

    • The flags without field bit are shown below


    Flag Meaning
    ios::showbase Use base indicator on output.
    ios::showpos
    Print + before positive numbers.
    ios::showpoint
    ios::uppercase Show trailing decimal point and zeros.
    Use uppercase letters for hex output.
    ios::skipus Skip white space on input.
    ios::unitbuf Flush all streams after insertion.
    ios::stdio
    Flush stdout and stderr after insertion.
    • Example of ios functions:
    #include <iostream.h>
    #include <math.h>
    int main()
    {
    cout.fill('*');
    cout.setf(ios::left,ios::adjustfield);
    cout.width(10);
    cout<<"value";
    cout.setf(ios::right,ios::adjustfield);
    cout.width(15);
    cout<<"SQRT OF VALUE"<<"\n";
    cout.fill('.');
    cout.precision(4);
    cout.setf(ios::showpoint);
    cout.setf(ios::showpos);
    cout.setf(ios::fixed,ios::floatfield);

    for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
    {
    cout.setf(ios::internal, ios::adjustfield);
    cout.width(5);
    cout<<i;

    cout.setf(ios::right, ios::adjustfield);
    cout.width(20);
    cout<<sqrt(i)<<"\n";
    }
    cout.setf(ios::scientific, ios::floatfield);
    cout<<"\nSQRT(100)="<<sqrt(100)<<"\n";
    return 0;
    }
    /* OUTPUT
    value*******SQRT OF VALUE
    +...1.............+1.0000
    +...2.............+1.4142
    +...3.............+1.7321
    +...4.............+2.0000

    3 Dept: CE Programming In C++ (3330702) Nitin Rola


     
    Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology for Diploma Studies Unit-6

    +...5.............+2.2361
    +...6.............+2.4495
    +...7.............+2.6458
    +...8.............+2.8284
    +...9.............+3.0000
    +..10.............+3.1623
    SQRT(100)=+1.0000e+01 */
    • The manipulators are shown in below table:
    Manipulators Use
    setw() To specify the required field size for displaying an output value.
    setprecision() To specify the number of digits to be displayed after the decimal
    point of a float value.
    setfill() To specify a character that is used to fill the unused portion of a
    field.
    setiosflags() To specify format flags that can control the form of output
    display such as left or right justification.
    resetiosflags() To clear the flags specified.
    • Manipulators are used to manipulate the output in specific format.
    • Example for manipulators
    #include <iostream.h>
    #include <iomanip.h>
    int main()
    {
    cout.setf(ios::showpoint);
    cout<<setw(5)<<"n"
    <<setw(15)<<"Inverse of n"
    <<setw(15)<<"Sum of terms\n\n";

    double term,sum=0;

    for(int n=1;n<=10;n++)
    {
    term=1.0/float(n);
    sum=sum+term;

    cout<<setw(5)<<n
    <<setw(14)<<setprecision(4)
    <<setiosflags(ios::scientific)<<term
    <<setw(13)<<resetiosflags(ios::scientific)
    <<sum<<endl;
    }
    return 0;
    }
    /* Output
    n Inverse of n Sum of terms
    1 1.0000e+00 1.0000
    2 5.0000e-01 1.5000
    3 3.3333e-01 1.8333
    4 2.5000e-01 2.0833
    5 2.0000e-01 2.2833
    6 1.6667e-01 2.4500
    7 1.4286e-01 2.5929
    8 1.2500e-01 2.7179
    9 1.1111e-01 2.8290
    10 1.0000e-01 2.9290 */
     

    4 Dept: CE Programming In C++ (3330702) Nitin Rola


     

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