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THE LIBRARY OF CHRISTIAN
CLASSICS
GENERAL EDITORS
JOHN BAILLIE
Principal, New College,
Edinburgh
JOHN T. McNEILL
Auburn Professor of Church History,
Union Theological Seminary,
New York
HENRY P. VAN DUSEN

President, Union Theological Seminary,
New York
THE LIBRARY OF CHRISTIAN CLASSICS
Volume
I. Early Christian Fathers, Editor: CYRIL C. RICHARDSON,
Washburn Professor of Church History, Union Theological
Seminary, New York.
II. Alexandrian Christianity. Editor:HENRY CHADWICK, Fellow
and Dean of Queens' College, Cambridge; J.Ê. L. OULTON,
Professor of Divinity, Trinity College, Dublin.
III. Christology of the Later Fathers. Editor: EDWARD ROCHIE

HARDY, Professor of Church History, Berkeley Divinity
School, New Haven, Connecticut,
IV, Cyril of Jerusalem and Nemesius of Ernesa. Editor: WILLIAM
TELFER, Master of Selwyn College, Cambridge.
V. Early Latin Theology. Editor: S, L. GREENSLADE, Van
Mildert Professor of Divinity, University of Durham.
VL Augustine: Earlier Writings, Editor; J. H. S, BURLEIGH,
Professor of Ecclesiastical History, University of Edin-
burgh.
VII. Augustine: Confessions and Enchiridion. Editor: ALBERT
COOK OUTLER, Professor of Theology, Perkins School of
Theology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.
VIII. Augustine: Later Works. Editor: JOHN BURNABY, Fellow of
Trinity College, and Regius Professor of Divinity, Univer-
sity of Cambridge.
IX. Early Medieval Theology. Editor: GEORGE E. MCCRACKEN,
Professor of Classical Languages, Drake University, Des
Moines, Iowa.
X. A Scholastic Miscellany: Anselm to Ockham. Editor: EUGENE R.
FAIRWEATHER, Associate Professor of Dogmatic Theology
and Ethics, Trinity College, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada.
XL Nature and Grace:Selections from the Sumrna Theologica of
Thomas Aquinas. Editor: A. M. FAIRWEATHER, Lecturer
in Philosophy, University of Edinburgh.
XII. Western Asceticism. Editor: OWEN CHADWICK, Fellow of

Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
XIII. Late Medieval Mysticism. Editor: RAY C. PETRY, Professor
of Church History, The Divinity School, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina.
4 LIST OF TITLES
XIV. Advocates of Reform: from Wyclif to Erasmus. Editor:

MATTHEW SPINKA, Waldo Professor of Church History,
Hartford Theological Seminary, Hartford, Connecticut.
XV. Luther. Lectures on Romans. Editor: WILHELM PAUCK, Pro-
fessor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary,
New York.
XVI. Luther: Early Theological Works. Editor: T. F. TORRANGE,
Professor of Christian Dogmatics, University of Edinburgh.
XVIL Luther and Erasmus on Free Will Editor: E. GORDON RUPP,

Lecturer in Modern Church History, University of
Cambridge.
XVIII. Luther:Letters of Spiritual Counsel Editor: THEODORE
G. TAPPERT, Schieren Professor of the Synod of New York
and New England, Church History, Lutheran Theo-
logical Seminary, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
XIX. Melanchthon and Bucer. Editor: F. J. TAYLOR, Principal of
Wycliffe Hall, Oxford.
XX. Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion. Editor: JOHN T.
XXI. McNEiLL, lately Auburn Professor of Church History,
Union Theological Seminary, New York.
XXII, Calvin: Theological Treatises. Editor: J. K, S. REID, Professor
of Theology, University of Leeds.
XXIII. Calvin: Commentaries and Letters. Editor: JOSEPH HAROU-
TUNIAN, Cyrus H. McCormick Professor of Systematic

Theology, McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago,
Illinois.
XXIV. %wingli and Bullinger. Editor: G.W, BROMILEY, Rector of

St. Thomas' Episcopal Church, Edinburgh.
XXV. Spiritual and Anabaptist Writers. Editor: GEORGE HUNTSTON
WILLIAMS, Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History,The
Divinity School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts; ANGEL M. MERGAL, Professor of Theology,
Evangelical Seminary of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto
Rico.
XXVI. English Reformers. Editors: R. D. WHITEHORN, Professor
of Church History, Westminster College, Cambridge;
NORMAN SYKES, Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History,
University of Cambridge.
VOLUME XXV
SPIRITUAL AND
ANABAPTIST WRITERS
THE LIBRARY OF CHRISTIAN CLASSICS
Volume XXV
SPIRITUAL AND
ANABAPTIST
WRITERS
Documents Illustrative of
the Radical Reformation
Edited by
GEORGE HUNTSTON WILLIAMS., A.B., B.D., TH.D., D.D.
Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History
The Divinity School, Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
and
Evangelical Catholicism as
represented by Juan de Vaides
Edited by
ANGEL M. MERGAL, A.B., B.D., Thjx
Professor of Theology, Evangelical Seminary of Puerto Rico
Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
PHILADELPHIA
THE WESTMINSTER PRESS
Published simultaneously in. Great Britain and the United States of America
by the S.C.M. Press, Ltd., London, and The Westminster Press, Philadelphia.
First published MCML VII
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. :

57-5003
Typeset in Great Britain

Printed in the United States of America
GENERAL EDITORS' PREFACE
The Christian Church possesses in its literature an abundant

and incomparable treasure. But it is an inheritance that
must be reclaimed by each generation. THE LIBRARY OF
CHRISTIAN CLASSICS is designed to present in the English
language, and in twenty-six volumes of convenient size, a
selection of the most indispensable Christian treatises written
prior to the end of the sixteenth century.
The practice of giving circulation to writings selected for
superior worth or special interest was adopted at the beginning
of Christian history. The canonical Scriptures were themselves
a selection from a much wider literature. In the Patristic
era there began to appear a class of works of compilation (often
designed for ready reference in controversy) of the opinions
of well-reputed predecessors, and in the Middle Ages many
such works were produced. These medieval anthologies actually
preserve some noteworthy materials from works otherwise lost.
In modern times, with the increasing inability even of those
trained in universities and theological colleges to read Latin
and Greek texts with ease and familiarity, the translation of
selected portions of earlier Christian literature into modern
languages has become more necessary than ever; while the
wide range of distinguished books written in vernaculars such
as English makes selection there also needfuL The efforts that
have been made to meet this need are too numerous to be noted
here, but none of these collections serves the purpose of the
reader who desires a library of representative treatises spanning
the Christian centuries as a whole. Most of them embrace
only the age of the Church Fathers, and some of them have
long been out of print. A fresh translation of a work already
9
5
10 GENERAL EDITORS PREFACE
translated may shed much new light upon Its
meaning. This
is true even of Bible translations despite the work of many
experts through the centuries. In some instances old translations
have been adopted in this series, but wherever necessary or
desirable, new ones have been made. Notes have been supplied
where these were needed to explain the author's meaning. The
introductions provided for the several treatises and extracts
will, we believe, furnish welcome guidance.
JOHN BAILLIE
JOHN T. MGNEILL
HENRY P. VAN DUSEN
CONTENTS
PART ONE
ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . 14
PREFACE . . . . . . .
15
DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE RADICAL

REFORMATION
INTRODUCTION . . . . . .
19
I. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE ANABAPTIST REFORMA-
TION
Text
......
REMINISCENCES OF GEORGE BLAUROCK (1525)
Introduction 39
41
II. SERMON BEFORE THE PRINCES
Text
......
BY THOMAS MUNTZER (1524)
Introduction 47
49
III. LETTERS TO THOMAS MUNTZER

BY CONRAD GREBEL AND FRIENDS (1524)
Introduction . . . . .
71
Text 73
IV. WHETHER GOD Is THE CAUSE OF EVIL

BY JOHN DENCK (1526)
Introduction
Text
...... 86
88
V. ON FREE WILL
BY BALTHASAR HUBMAIER (1527)
Introduction . . . .112
Text 114
12 CONTENTS
VI. TRIAL AND MARTYRDOM OF MICHAEL SATTLER
(1527)
Introduction . . . , .
130
Text 138
VII. A LETTER TO JOHN CAMPANUS

BY SEBASTIAN FRANCK (1531)
.145
Text 147
VIII. AN ANSWER TO LUTHER'S MALEDICTION*

BY CASPAR SCHWENCKFELD (c. 1 544)
Introduction . . . . . .161
Text 163
IX. THE ORDINANCE OF GOD
BY MELCHIOR HOFMANN (1530)
Introduction . . . . . .182
Text 184
X. A CONFESSION|
BY OBBE PHILIPS (c. 1560)
.204
Text 206
XI. THE CHURCH OF GOD
Introduction
Text
......
BY DIETRICH PHILIPS (c. 1560)
226
228
XII. ON THE BAN: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
BY MENNO SIMONS (1550)
Introduction
Text .......
. .
XIII. CHERISHED INSTRUCTIONS ON SIN, EXCOMMUNICA-

. . . .261
263
TION, AND THE COMMUNITY OF GOODS

BY ULRICH STADLER (c. 1537)
Introduction
Text .......
. .
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MATERIAL IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION

.272 . . .
274
WRITTEN BY REPRESENTATIVES OF THE RADICAL

REFORMATION (1524-1575)
* The
.....
part translated by Selina Gerhard Schultz.
first
285
| Translated by Christiaan Theodoor Lievestro.

CONTENTS 13
PART Two
EVANGELICAL CATHOLICISM AS REPRESENTED

BY JUAN DE VALDfiS
INTRODUCTION 297
I. A
Introduction
Text
....,,
DIALOGUE ON CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE
320
321
II. ONE HUNDRED AND TEN CONSIDERATIONS

Introduction 330
Text 335
III. THE CHRISTIAN ALPHABET

Introduction . , . . . *
351
Text 357
BIBLIOGRAPHY 391
INDEXES 395
ABBREVIATIONS
MQR * Mennonite Quarterly Review
BRN . Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica
WA . Weimar Ausgabe, Luther's works
CS .
Corpus Schwenckfeldianorum
PL .
Patrologia Latina
GQR . Goshen College Quarterly Record

PREFACE
This volume comprises a group of sixteenth-century writings

once cherished and influential in fairly wide circles and intrin-
sically of no slight importance, but little known to modern
readers. The editors of THE LIBRARY OF CHRISTIAN CLASSICS are
confident that in both parts of the volume the selection has been
carefully made and that the texts significantly represent the far
more extensive body of material by Spiritual and Anabaptist
writers from which they are drawn.
We are glad to have been able to enlist the scholarly services
of Professor Williams and Professor Mergal, the former to
explore the literature of the Radical Reformation in Northern
Europe, and the latter to present an impressive selection from
55
the work of the most important among the Spanish "reformers
of this period, Juan de Valdes. A
considerable number of the
documents included by Dr. Williams, revealing and arresting as
they are, have hitherto been read in the English-speaking
world by only a handful of scholars and have escaped notice
even in the more copious histories of the Reformation. We
believe that the presentation of these texts to the many readers
of this Library not only will help materially to give a sound
understanding of what has often been called "the left wing of
the Reformation," but also will produce fresh insights into the
meaning of Christianity itself.
JOHN T. MGNEILL
HENRY P. VAN DUSEN
PART ONE
DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF
THE RADICAL REFORMATION
Introduction
ALL SIDES WE ARE COMING TO RECOGNIZE

in the Radical Reformation a major expression of the
FROM religious movement of the sixteenth century. It is one that
is as distinctive as Lutheranism,, Calvinism, and Anglicanism^
and is
perhaps comparably significant in the rise of modern
Christianity.
In assembling a collection of documents representative of this
"Fourth" Reformation, the present editor had to decide, in the
allotment of space, between the temptation to prepare the
audience with an ample introduction and the claims of the
dissidents to be heard directly. The only fully satisfactory intro-
duction would be a fresh account of the history of that aspect of
the Reformation Era into which the sometimes obscure and
disparate figures selected for this volume would plausibly
1
fit.
i The best general

histories in English of the whole or of important segments
of the Radical Reformation are the following: For the Anabaptists:
Albert H. Newman, A History of Anti-Pedobaptism to A.D. 1609 (Philadelphia,
1897); G. H. Smith, The Story of the Mennonites, re-edited by Cornelius
Krahn (3d ed., Newton, Kans., 1950); John Horsch, The Mennonites in
Europe (rev. ed., Scottdale, Pa., 1950) /Franklin Littell's stress on one
aspect of the movement is so comprehensive that it may serve as an intro-
duction, The Anabaptist View of the Church (ad ed. 5 Boston, Mass., 1956).
Geographically circumscribed but still general areH. S. Burrage, History of
the Anabaptists in Switzerland (Philadelphia, 1881); H. E. Dosker, The
Dutch Anabaptists (Philadelphia, 1921); and for Moravian Anabaptism,
John Horsch, The Hutterian Brethren, 1528-1931 (Goshen, Ind., 1931).
For the Spiritualists there is no comprehensive survey. The nearest to it
is Rufus Jones, Spiritual Reformers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
(London and New York, 1914), some Anabaptists as well as Spiritualists

included. For the Evangelical Rationalists or Anti-Trinitarians: Earl M.
Wilbur, Socinianism and Its Antecedents (Cambridge, Mass., 1945).
19
20 SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
But that would be too extensive an undertaking. In its place is a
sketch of the scholarly effort to evaluate and classify the diverse
radical groupings of the Continental sixteenth century and to
justify their inclusion
in the same volume.
Common to all participants in the Radical
Reformation were
disappointment in the moral aspects of territorial Protestantism,
as articulated by Luther and Zwingli, and forthright disavowal
of several of its doctrines and institutions. Among the dissidents
in the Radical Reformation there are three main groupings: the
Anabaptists proper, the Spiritualists,
and the Evangelical
Rationalists.
Three communities among today's denominations can claim
direct or indirect descent from them. The first community,
made up of the Mennonites, the Amish, and the communitarian
Hutterites (and quite indirectly the Baptists), goes back to the
Anabaptists. The Schwenckfelder Church,
with headquarters
in Pennsylvania, stems directly from the Silesian followers of
Caspar Schwenckfeld, perhaps the most original Spiritualist
and certainly the most prolific in literary endeavor. A third
community, the Unitarians, may lay claim in part to the
heritage of the Evangelical Rationalists.
The vast theological distances which often separate members
of these denominations today should alert the reader to expect
great diversity of viewpoints in the following pages.
In the
upheaval of the sixteenth century, however, these currents had
only begun to diverge. Their ultimate tendencies could not be
so readily detected by the participants themselves as by us who
look back upon their age.
For all three groupings of dissidents, John T. McNeill and
Roland Bainton, among others, have given currency to the
2
comprehensive designation "the left wing of the Reformation."
Inchoately, the left wing was a veritable banyan tree, to use the
vivid image of Rufus Jones. Roots and branches, parent stock
and offshoots, are difficult to distinguish. Certain Anabaptists,
for example, were anti-Trinitarian in theology (Louis Haetzer,
Adam Pastor). The Polish Brethren, the historic core of the
later anti-Trinitarian Socinians, held to adult baptism; yet
2 See, for
example, McNeilPs subdivision "Left-Wing Religious Movements"
in his contribution toA Short History of Christianity, ed. by Archibald G,
Baker (Chicago, 1940), p. 127, and Bainton's "The Left Wing of the
Reformation," Journal of Religion, XXI (1941), 127. Recent efforts to
classify the left wing are reviewed by Robert Friedmann, Church History,
XXIV (1955), pp. 132-151.
INTRODUCTION 21
many of the earliest leaders and converts among the Ana-

baptists, like John Denck and John Biinderlin, came to have
more in common with the universalism of the later Socinians
than with the particularism of the Anabaptists. 3 Further,
between Anabaptists and Spiritualists there was a good deal of
common ground and mutual interaction before the positions
had become fully clarified, for both experienced the driving of
the Spirit.
Common to certain writers in all three groupings were a
distinctive Christology (the celestial flesh of Christ) and a
correspondingly mystical-physical view of the Lord's Supper.
This position was taken, for example, by the "anti-Trinitarian"
Michael Servetus, the Spiritualist Caspar Schwenckfeld, and
the Anabaptist Dietrich Philips. Also common to all of the left
wing was their espousal of the freedom of the will in the striving
for sanctification.
But most characteristic was their common resistance to the
linking together of church and state, a relationship which the
Reformation espoused in principle and the Counter Reforma-
tion acquiesced in for reasons of expediency. It is pre-eminently
the opposition of the dissenters to the magisterial Reformation of
Protestantism and, in due course, the papal Counter Reforma-
tion, which has earned for these often disparate groups the
designation "left "wing." They would not tolerate the trespassing
of pope, town council, prince, or king upon the rights of the
loyal subjects of the King of Kings.
Although it is obviously useful to have an over-all term, the
phrase "left wing" is not wholly felicitous. It gives prominence,
to be sure, to the religio-political principle shared by almost all.
Nevertheless, the term is dependent upon the political parlance
of recent parliamentary history, during which the separation of
the church from the state has been a "leftist" impulse only in
55
contrast to "rightist clericalism. Actually, the concern to
separate the realms of church and state could be considered
3 On the differentiation between Anabaptists and Rationalists, see Robert
Friedmann, "The Encounter of Anabaptists and Mennonites with Anti-
Trinitarianism" (a critique of Wilbur's thesis), MQR, XXII (1948),
pp. 139 ff,, and Robert Kreider, "Anabaptism and Humanism," ibid.,
XXVI (1952), pp. 123 ff. H. Richard Niebuhr makes an important con-
tribution to the typology of the left wing in distinguishing a "unitarianism"
of the Father, a unitarianism of the Son (Ghristomonism; possibly
Schwenckfeld, certainly Swedenborg), and the unitarianism of the Spirit.
"The Doctrine of the Trinity and the Unity of the Church," Theology
Today, III (1946), 371.
with equal propriety "conservative" or 'legitimist/' since, for
the
nearly three hundred years of its most crucial development,
church was in conflict with the Roman Empire, Moreover,
within the so-called left wing not all parties and persons held to
a strict separation of the church from temporal concerns.
Balthasar Hubmaier, for example, rejoiced in the protection
accorded his group by the princes of Moravia, while among the
fully communistic Anabaptists
of Moravia (the Hutterites) the
church and the community were in effect indistinguishable as
the godly Gemeinde. Further, the goal of the Spiritualist revolu-
tion of Thomas Mtintzer and the revolutionary theocracy of the
Mlinsterite Anabaptists was a Biblical commonwealth in which
a regenerated church and godly state were effectually one.
As an alternative over-all designation for the three subsidiary
groupings of dissent in the sixteenth century, I have preferred
"the Radical Reformation." Though Anabaptists, Spiritualists,
and Evangelical Rationalists differed among themselves as to
what constituted the root of faith and order and the ultimate
source of divine authority among them (the New Testament,
the Spirit, reason), all three groupings within the Radical
Reformation agreed in cutting back to that root and in freeing
church and creed of what they regarded as the suffocating
growth of ecclesiastical tradition and magisterial prerogative.
Precisely this makes theirs a "Radical Reformation."
It is useful to observe that the established and protected
churches, both Protestant and Catholic, were, so to speak,
churches of the exigent present^ and therefore disposed to com-
promise and accommodation out of a basically conservative
social concern to prevent any radical dissociation of citizenship
(in civil society) and membership (in the church of the masses).
The proponents of the Radical Reformation, having been
inspired by the Protestant Reformers to look back to the church
of the apostolic past, yearned to restore it unambiguously in
their midst. Accordingly, most of them early abandoned any
hope of a fully Christian society coterminous with political
boundaries, except it be the Church of the End of Time
coterminous with the frontiers of the Kingdom established on
earth.
Within this Radical Reformation there were, nevertheless,
two subsidiary impulses which help to mark off the Anabaptists
from the Spiritualists. The former looked steadily into the past,
finding their own image and ecclesiastical blueprints in the
Bible and the martyr church of antiquity. The Spiritualists
INTRODUCTION 23
gazed mostly into the future. Convinced that the true church was
not yet re-established in their midst, either they sought revolu-
tionary relief in their impatience or, suspending all human
effort, they solaced themselves with the fellowship of the
invisible church of the Spirit, while quiescently awaiting God's
action.
Thus the Anabaptists organized disciplined communities of
believers, stressing at once individual faith and witness (adult
baptism) and corporate discipline (the ban) and they adhered
;
pacifistically to the authority of Holy Scripture, pre-eminently

the New Testament. Only the turbulent Anabaptists of Minister,
combining the plans of the Old Testament Jerusalem with the
blueprints of the heavenly Jerusalem of the book of Revelation,
resorted to force in setting up their polygamous theocracy. The
Spiritualists, in contrast both to the Evangelical Anabaptists
and to the revolutionary Miinsterites, were utterly individualistic
and quietistic except in one instance. The exception was the
quite distinctive revolutionary Spiritualism of the Mtintzerites
in their totalitarian egalitarian zeal. (Like the Munsterites they
drew upon both the New and the Old Testament for inspira-
tion.)
The third subdivision of the Radical Reformation, the
Evangelical Rationalists, represents the spirit of reform as it
first found expression pre-eminently in Romance lands. Many
of them remained within the church of their fathers. Evangelical
Catholics, like Erasmus and particularly Lefevres and Juan de
4
Valdes (to whom a third of this volume is devoted), nevertheless

had much in common with that small band of free spirits who
broke from the Roman Church on principle, namely, Michael
Servetus, Bernardino Ochino, Sebastian Castellio, George
Biandrata, and Faustus Socinus. Common to almost all of these,
whether they remained within the Catholic Church as did the
Evangelical Catholics or withdrew from both the papal and
the Protestant territorial churches to form separatist con-
venticles, was the general recognition of the place of natural
piety and of both intuitive and speculative reason alongside
4 Eva Maria Jung, "Evangelismo," V

Enciclopedia Cattolica, (Vatican City,
1950)9 col. 886, Gerhard Ritter reflects tentatively on the relationship of
the Catholic Evangelicals and the Anti-Trinitarians in "Wegbahner eines
'aufgeklarten' Christentums in 16. Jh.," Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte^
XXXVII (1940), 268-89; and for the medieval scholastic antecedents of
Anti-Trinitarianism, see the important contribution of Roland Bainton in
Autour de Michel Servet, ed. by B. Becker (Haarlem, 1953).
that of Scriptures. Where this emphasis found full theological
and institutional expression outside of Catholicism, as in the
Unitarianism of Transylvania and the Socinianism of Poland, it
may be said to constitute a distinct subtype of the Radical
Reformation. These Evangelical Rationalists, who broke with
both the Protestant and Catholic Churches, for the most part
shared with the Anabaptists the urge to create disciplined con-
gregations on the New Testament pattern; at the same time
they shared with some of the Spiritualists the urge to carry
through the Reformation impulse in the realm of theology as
well as in polity and the sacraments; and eventually the
programmatic abandonment of the doctrine of the Trinity
became their distinguishing mark. Subsequent church historians
group them together as anti-Trinitarian, from Servetus to
Socinus. A representative collection of documents illustrative of
this whole movementa desideratum. 5
is
Evangelical Rationalism, which is not represented in this

volume (except for Juan de Valdes), has been touched upon in
the foregoing paragraph merely by way of defining the two
other radical groupings whose writings constitute two thirds of
our volume, the Anabaptists and the Spiritualists.
The Radical Reformation (Evangelical Rationalist, Spirit-
ualist, and Anabaptist) was ruthlessly suppressed alike by
Protestant and Catholic magistrates. It is an
anomaly of
Western history in modern times that the lands in which dissent
first found heroic expression muzzled it so
swiftly and brutally
that only its echo was to be heard thereafter in the interiorized
and socially often quite conservative form of Pietism.
In England, in contrast, where two phases of the religious
Reformation were, so to speak, spaced a century apart the
national Reformation in the sixteenth
century and the socio-
constitutional re-formation in the seventeenth the voices of
dissent were able to make a
permanent contribution to the
pluralistic character of society. Perhaps this was because unlike
the freewill Anabaptists of the Continental
Reformation, the
Regular (Calvinistic) Baptists and the other parties of the left
in the English
seventeenth-century turmoil (Civil War,
Commonwealth, Restoration, and Revolution) never aban-
doned an interest in the state. Though they
fought for the
principle of the separation of church and state, they were never-
theless articulately concerned for the
strengthening of the latter
s The anti-Trinitarian Evangelical Rationalists are,
however, represented
in the bibliography below.
INTRODUCTION 2
no less than for the purification of the former. And they were
thus able to participate directly in the formation of our modern
open, responsible democracy in a way which was never vouch-
safed to the still more heroic and ethically resolute Ana-
baptists of sixteenth-century Germany.
From the point of view of classical Protestantism and its
modern restatements the Radical Reformation (particularly
Anabaptism) has seemed theologically and culturally im-
poverished. But the whole Western world, not only the direct
descendants of the Continental Anabaptists, not alone even the
larger Protestant community, but all who cherish Western
institutions and freedoms, must acknowledge their indebtedness
to the valor and the vision of the Anabaptists who glimpsed
afresh the disparities between the church and the world, even
when the latter construed itself as Christian.
The Radical Reformation broke on principle with the
Catholic-Protestant corpus christianum and stressed the corpus
Christi of committed believers. Moreover, in looking both to the
apostolic past and the apocalyptic future, the Radical Refor-

mation induced currents in history and the interpretation
thereof which pulsate today in diverse conceptions of history
ranging from explicitly Christian theologies of history, through
democratic progressivism, to Marxism.
The problem of God's controversy with his ongoing Israel
and the recurrent re-formation of righteous remnants thereof is
being raised anew in our time. Our once-packed white-steepled
meetinghouses in rural New England and the once-thronged
cathedrals in old England are but remnants among the cherished
monuments of a Christendom or corpus christianum now frag-
mented by the inexorable forces of modern history. Thus
many may be prompted or inspired in perusing the acts and
accounts which survive from the heroic period of self-
disciplined conventicles and pilgrim fellowships under the
headship of Christ, to participate in some neo-radical reforma-
tion in the area of ethics and social practice and perhaps also
in the area of the theology of history and the theological
undergirding of democratic political pluralism. In this way the
recovery of some of the ethical impulses of the Radical Refor-
mation may serve to supplement the neo-orthodox repossession
of the theological insights of classical Protestantism.
So much for the general significance of the Radical Refor-
mation as a whole. Henceforth we shall be limited to the
Anabaptists and the Spiritualists.
It will be useful at this point to trace the main stages by
which contemporary scholarship has come to agree on the ^
distinction between the Anabaptists and the Spiritualists. Then

we can on to characterize the main types in each grouping in
go
reference to the illustrative documents selected for this volume.
as the step-
Certainly the Anabaptists are no longer regarded
children of the Reformation 6 by those who are informed on the
most recent revisions of sixteenth-century history. Indeed^many
Christians outside the two historic churches stemming directly
from sixteenth-century Anabaptism (the Mennonites and
Hutterites) have come to recognize in the Anabaptist trac-
tarians and martyrs their own spiritual ancestors or
at least
distant kin, who fought for principles which most Protestants
today, especially in the English-speaking world, consider
dis-
tinctively "Protestant." Yet the major Protestant Reformers

and their associates were the bitterest foes and persecutors of the
Anabaptists; and Protestant scholars and polemicists, beginning
with Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, Philip Melanchthon,
John and Henry Bullinger, drew and redrew a^ com-
Calvin,
posite portrait of them as fanatics and
revolutionaries. Except
for Mennonite circles, the consequence was that up until the
nineteenth century "Anabaptist" was synonymous with
"Munsterite" or "Muntzerite," i.e., seditious, polygamous,
licentious, tyrannical.
An important step in the re-evaluation of the Anabaptists was
the work of the Catholic scholar C. A. Cornelius. He assembled
and reworked the surviving documents bearing on the history
of the Miinsterite theocracy. 7 Thereupon the Miinster archivist
and director of the Comenius Society, Ludwig Keller, sought to
give further historical documentation to the claim, which
had
grown up within the Mennonite community itself and been
fostered by the influential seventeenth-century compilation
known as the Martyrs' Mirror^ that a remnant of faithful
Christians had continuously survived down through the Middle
Ages of whom the sixteenth-century Anabaptists were the
heirs. 8 Keller took from the Mirror the designation "Old
Evangelical" and sought to establish a succession from the
Waldensians, the Hussites, and the artisans of the masonic
sodalities to the Anabaptists. He found in Luther's teacher,
6 The term is that of J. Lindeboom, Stiefkinderen van het Christendom (The
Hague, 1929).
7 Die Geschichte des Munsterischen Aufruhrs (Miinster, 1855).
s Die Reformation und die dlteren Reformparteien (Leipzig, 1885).
INTRODUCTION 27
Staupitz, a connecting link between the free spirits of the Middle
Ages and modern times. Albrecht Ritschl similarly sought to
establish a continuity between the pietists of the late Middle
Ages and those of the modern era, stressing the Spiritual
Franciscans as forerunners of the Anabaptists. 9 Presently the
Tubingen church historian, Alfred Hegler, made a major con-
tribution by singling out the seeker Sebastian Franck as a
"
Spiritualist" distinct from the Sectarians.
10
representative
Shortly thereafter, Sectarianism was sociologically defined by
the economist Max Weber in an article on his impressions of
organized religion in the United States in igog. For the first
11
time a distinction was drawn between a sect and a church in

terms of the voluntarist and moral criteria of the American
scene as distinguished from the religio-political criteria by
which the state church was distinguished from the sect in
Europe.
With the fresh understanding of the inner nature of a true
sect derived from Weber and with Hegler's clarification of the
difference between a Sectarian and a Spiritualist (or "mystic"),,
the Heidelberg sociologist of religion, Ernst Troeltsch, worked
out his tripartite scheme in which the Spiritualists are a third
distinct type, co-ordinate with the sect type (our Anabaptists)
and the church type. 12 In his rehabilitation of the Sectarians^
Troeltsch went so far as to regard them as the forerunners of the
modern world; and upon his socioreligious typology he based
his influential periodization of history, in which the Reformation
Era with its lingering sense of a corpus christianum is considered
much closer to the medieval than to the modern era. 13 Troeltsch
placed the beginnings of Anabaptism in Zurich.
Against Troeltsch, both Karl Holl and Heinrich Boehmer and
their students revised and vigorously restated the Old Protestant
thesis, linking Anabaptism with the fanaticism of Thomas
>
Geschichte des Pietismus (Bonn, 1880), I, 22-36.
10 Geist und Schrift bei Sebastian Franck: Eine Studie %ur Geschichte des Spiritual"
ismus in der Reformationszeit (Freiburg i.B., 1892) and posthumously
Beitrdge zur Geschichte der Mystik in der Reformationszeit (Berlin, 1906).
s
n"'Kirchen' und Sekten in Nord Amerika," Die Christliche Welt, XX
(1906), coll. 558; 578; reprinted in Gesammelte Afiisdtze, I (Tubingen,
1922).
12 First enunciated in "Protestantisches Christentum und Kirche in der
" 7Tw/^r der
Neuzeit Gegenwart, I, iv (1906), pp. 253-458, and elaborated
(
in Die Soziallehren der chr istlichen Kirchen und Gruppen (Tubingen, 1912);
English translation (New York, 1931), I, esp. 378.
13 Die Bedeutung des Protestantismus fur die Entstehung der modernen Welt
(Munich/Berlin, 1911).
$8 SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
Miintzer and the Zwickau prophets. 14 But the work of Troeltsch
was already encouraging a new generation of Mennonite and
other scholars to "excavate" extensively in the environs of
Zurich. By locating the origin of Evangelical Anabaptism in the
to vindicate the fully
Zwinglian reformation, they sought
Protestant and Biblically pacifist character of their movement.
Around John Horsch 15 and his son-in-law, Harold Bender, has
American Mennonite
grown up a whole generation of younger
scholars whom they have trained and encouraged. Among
most of them there is a tendency in their scholarly revision of the
history of the Radical Reformation
to dissociate Evangelical
from the other movements at a point earlier in the
Anabaptism
development than the sixteenth-century Anabaptists themselves
were able to do.
The most recent literature and the earlier but specialized
studies will be cited at appropriate places in the notes on the
selections.
It is to a classification and further characterization of the

that we now turn.
subtypes of Anabaptism and of Spiritualism
The yeasty ferment of dissent leavened a great mass of
diverse sorts and conditions of men before it was separated,
worked, and molded into different forms. The editor of the
Selections from the writings of the Anabaptists and the Spirit-
ualists has found it useful to distinguish within Anabaptism
itself three main subdivisions and within Spiritualism three
roughly corresponding variants.

Besides the evangelical Anabaptists, who of late have received
the most attention especially from Mennonite scholars, there are
14 The literature is discussed in connection with Thomas Miintzer, Selection

note i.
II,
15
John Horsch, The Mennonites; see also the memorial and bibliography,
MQR, XXI (1947), 131-232; Harold Bender, Conrad Grebel: The Founder
of the Swiss Brethren (Goshen, Ind., 1950), also his detailed refutation of the
Old Protestant view in "The Zwickau Prophets, Thomas Miintzer, and
the Anabaptists/' MQR, XXVII (1953), 3. A mediating position between
Zurich and Wittenberg is taken by two non-Mennonite Swiss scholars,
Walther Kohler and Leonhard von Muralt. See, for example, Kohler's
"Die Ziiricher Taufer," Gedenkschrift zym 400 jdhrigen Jubilaum der
Taufgesinnten oder Mennoniten (1525-1925), edited by Christian NefT
(Karlsruhe, 1925), and von Muralt's "Zum Problem: Reformation und
Taufertum," ^wingliana, VI (1924), 65 ff., wherein he is at pains to
correct what he regards as the one-sidedness of Horsch's position; and
see also his theologically discerning Glaube und Lehre der Schweizerischen
Wiedertdufer (Zurich, 1938),
INTRODUCTION $9
the revolutionary and the contemplative Anabaptists. And just as
the Spiritualists and the Anabaptists as a whole have certain
traits in common with the whole of the Radical Reformation
(including the Evangelical Rationalists) and are yet profoundly

different, so within Anabaptism itself the three foregoing
groupings have much in common but they also display several
major differences. We shall first characterize the three variants
of Anabaptism with special reference to representatives whose
writings are included in this volume.
Revolutionary Anabaptists. All Anabaptists stressed the recovery
or restoration of the church of the past (as the Spiritualists
tended to stress the church of the future), but the Revolutionary
Anabaptists regarded the Old Testament as well as the New
Testament church as normative for the theology and especially
the constitution of that church. In fact, they had gone so far in
conceiving the church as God's Israel that when they came to
extend the sway of the New Commonwealth (Gemeinde] in
Mtinster, Amsterdam, and elsewhere, they found themselves
drawing more and more upon the Old Testament in the regula-
tion of their fierce and eventually polygamous theocracy. In this
volume they are not directly represented. Instead, an observer
from the Netherlands, Obbe Philips, describes them (Selection
X). At the time he wrote his piece Obbe Philips had completely
dissociated himself from Dutch and North German Anabaptism,
including its first prophet, Melchior Hofmann. The latter, a
seminal spirit in the transfer of Anabaptism from the Upper to
the Lower Rhine, is represented by an excited tractate on
baptism (Selection IX). Hofmann interprets the Old Testament,
including its apocrypha, as containing the types of the institu-
tions of the New Covenantal Church of the Spirit. But when his
thinking was applied in Miinster, his allegorization of the law
thickened once again into the law of a regenerated and regulated
remnant engaged in the rebuilding of a Jerusalem in West-
phalia. The Revolutionary Anabaptists of Miinster and
s "
Amsterdam might also be called 'charismatic (Rudolf Sohm)
Anabaptists in that Spirit possession made up the visible
credentials of their leaders, beginning with Hofmann. Hofmann
himself was not an overt revolutionary. They have also been
called "chiliastic" or "Maccabean" (Franklin Littell) Ana-
baptists in allusion to their "utopian" (Karl Mannheim) pre-
tensions to forcing the establishment of the millennial Kingdom.
Contemplative Anabaptists. Farthest removed from the Revolu-
tionary Anabaptists and closest to some of the Spiritualists were
the Contemplative Anabaptists, represented in this volume by
John Denck (Selection IV). Louis Haetzer and
Adam Pastor,
not included in the collection, might also be classified here.
the Radical
John Denck had contacts with all trends within
Reformation. Although he could be regarded from within and
from without Anabaptism as one of its major spokesmen and
leaders, it is clear from a close examination
of all his writings
and the conduct of his life that he had essentially another spirit
from that of the main body of Evangelical Anabaptists over
whom he presided for a season in South Germany. While he
followed the example of the historic Jesus in submitting to
(re) baptism as
an adult, administered the rite to fresh converts,
and accepted Jesus' instructions concerning the ban, he felt
most deeply the claim of the inner Christ. He identified this
inward Christ with the inner Word common to all mankind
wherever, as though a spark blown upon by the Spirit, it bursts
into the flame of conscience.
Evangelical Anabaptists. Certain traits noted
in the Revolu-
tionary Anabaptists are found also among the Evangelical
Anabaptists. This is much less the case among the
Swiss
Brethren than among the Obbenites, who were the immediate
forerunners of the Dutch and Low German Mennonites. The
distinguishing marks, however, of the Evangelicals among
the
Anabaptists were the following: For them, only the New
Testament was normative for doctrine, ethics, and polity. The
Old Testament and its apocrypha were interpreted allegorically
or typically. Consequently they held that, for them, the ban had
replaced the sword. Their great stress on the ban
and on
shunning (spiritual avoidance of the banned) distinguished
them not only from the Spiritualists but also from the more
contemplative and humanistic Anabaptists (above). Th^y were
or soon became distrustful of Spirit possession and the vagaries
of prophecy. The historic Jesus 1 his specific instructions, his
life, and his crucifixion was for them normative. They under-
stood that the imitation of Christ, from hazardous rebaptism at
some Germanic Jordan to a martyr's pyre, represented the
fullness of the Christian Way. As Christ began his public
ministry at baptism, so many Evangelical Anabaptists felt
compelled to imitate him in an itinerant ministry of proclaiming
the gospel of repentance. They understood that faith in Christ
meant the fulfilling of his express commandments in every
particular, that Christian faith meant the progressive sanctifi-
cation of every aspect of a simplified life, and that love of God
INTRODUCTION 3!
meant love of the brethren not only at the Supper but also in
every human relationship. Among the Hutterite Anabaptists of
Moravia this communitarian impulse developed into a highly
disciplined communism of production as well as of consumption.
Church and community became one. The gospel became a
new law. Conjoined with a discipleship which could easily
harden into legalism was their indisposition to fall into the
intellectualism of producing systematic theologies.
Ulrich Stadler (Selection XIII) has been selected to speak in
this volume for the Hutterite form of Evangelical Anabaptism.
Balthasar Hubmaier (supplying for our collection a treatise on
free will. Selection V) represents a connecting link between
Swiss and Moravian Anabaptism. Of all the Evangelical
Anabaptists, he happens to come closest to the spokesmen of
magisterial Protestantism in his recognition of the validity of
the sword for Christians. George Blaurock (Selection I) and
Conrad Grebel (Selection III) speak in the collection for Swiss
Evangelical Anabaptism. In the trial and martyrdom of
Michael Sattler (Selection VI) we overhear the voice of an
Anabaptist in whom the Swiss and South German movements
are joined, for he was the formulator of the seven famous
Schleitheim articles of faith of 1527. These articles more
succinctly than any other document sum up the distinctive
convictions of Evangelical Anabaptism. The Dutch and Lower
German movement is represented in the collection by Dietrich
Philips XI) and Menno Simons (Selection XII)*
(Selection
From the of course, the main body of the direct descen-
latter,
dants of sixteenth-century Evangelical Anabaptists today take
their name as Mennonites, be they in Holland, Germany,
Switzerland, or America.
We turn now to the three roughly analogous variants of

Spiritualism represented in this volume, namely, the revolu-
tionary, the evangelical, and the rational Spiritualists. For all of
them spirit was central in their life and thought, as the driving
spirit, as the enlightening spirit, or as
the rational spirit. These
Spiritualists, like Christians generally, knew that the spirits had
to be tested, but they were always confident that the source of
their particular authority was none other than the Holy
Spirit. Moreover, they felt that the Holy Spirit as the inspiration
of Holy Scripture, of the prophets of old, and of the present day,
and also as the cohesive power of the Christian fellowship, was
superior to any historic record of the work of the Holy
Spirit,be it the Bible (or any part thereof, like the New
Testament) or the church (or any institution thereof, like the
clergy).
Revolutionary Spiritualism. In Revolutionary, or charismatic,
Spiritualism, the Spirit is experienced as a driving power. The
Zwickau prophets (Luther's "Schwdrmer"), Andreas Bodenstein
von Carlstadt and Thomas Muntzer, were Spiritualists of this
type. They drew upon the prophets (especially Daniel) and the
book of Revelation. Among them the Spirit defined the Word,
rather than the Eternal Word as recorded in Scripture (or
tradition) defining and interpreting the Spirit, as in their
contemporaries, the Protestant Reformers.
It is still undetermined whether or not genetically Thomas
Muntzer (Selection II) stands at the point where the two major
trends in the Radical Reformation (Spiritualism and Ana-
baptism) become differentiated. He was not technically an
"Anabaptist," for he repudiated infant baptism as meaningless
without moving on to adult baptism. And this is because he was
a Spiritualist, holding to the primacy of inward baptism in the
specialized sense of meaningful suffering. Yet this theology of
*
suffering, of the cross, of the 'bitter Christ," connects him very

closely with Evangelical Anabaptists, whom on this point he
doubtless influenced. But the prophetic and apocalyptic sources
of his inspiration brought him in the end to identify the King-
dom of God with a theocratic order to be established after the
defeat of the "ungodly"; and this trait surely brings him closer
to the Revolutionary Anabaptists of Miinster. Yet again,
literalist though he could be as at once a prophetic forthteller
and a foreteller in his always socially relevant exegesis of the Old
Testament, he construed the Bible not as the source of faith but
only as the guide to and the confirmation of the personal
experience of the compulsive Spirit. In this he was close to the
position of the Contemplative Anabaptists, like John Denck,
whom he indeed avowedly influenced. Moreover, like such an
Evangelical Spiritualist as Caspar Schwenckfeld, Muntzer
virtually assimilated one to the other the Spirit which speaks to
:
man through a living prophet, the inner Christ, the pre-

existent Christ, the Word of God, the gospel of Christ, the
Scriptures and even the law. Unlike the Evangelical Ana-
baptists of Swiss origin, Thomas Muntzer clearly
displays
medieval dependencies, notably in his appeal to the mystics
(Tauler, Suso, Theologia Germanica], to the Taborites (Hussites) ,
and to Pseudo-Joachim of Flora. Although Thomas Muntzer
INTRODUCTION 33
was a convert to Lutheranism for a season and tried to maintain
contact with Luther as long as possible (to be sure, with the
hope of inducing the Wittenbergers to follow his more radical
lead), in the end he enunciated a system of redemption which
replaced Luther's doctrine of sola fide with a doctrine of the
experienced cross, "the bitter Christ." If Luther, Zwingli, and
Calvin were "twice-born" Christians in their experience of
justification on the boundary between the law of the Creator
and the love of the Redeemer, Thomas Muntzer and his kind
were in a sense thrice-born Christians in moving to the "sancti-
fication" of society under the sway of the third Person of the
Trinity (identified, however, with the pre-existent Christ of the
Old Testament) Significantly, Miintzer's Spiritualism, with its
.
concern to sanctify, assigned an important role to a vernacular

liturgy.
Rational Spiritualism.Rational or speculative Spiritualism,
grounded more in the of man than in the Spiritus sanctus,
spirilus
emphasizes the universal aspects of Christianity and may go on
to a contemplation of the order of nature. For example, in
Paracelsus (1493-1541), the physician, alchemist, and natural
theologian, and in Valentine Weigel (1533-1588), the Lutheran
pastor of Zschopau who confided his deepest musings to works
published only after his death, this speculative Spiritualism
allegorizes the Bible into a cosmic philosophy, mystically con-
templates the celestial flesh of Christ, and delights in the corres-
pondences between the microcosm and the macrocosm. In
Sebastian Franck, Rational Spiritualism stresses the seminal
reason or Logos common to all mankind as revealed in history
and in contemporary societies, which he studied comparatively.
Rational Spiritualism tends to dissolve ecclesiastical institutions
from within and allegorizes the doctrines and even the practices
of apostolic Christianity, since the true church of the Rational
Spiritualists is a fellowship of kindred spirits in all ages who,
like them, have come to hold that behind the changing nomen-
clature of theology is a common piety and a common vision of
the divine.
Sebastian Franck has been chosen to represent them in this
volume. Selection VII is one of the earliest and best-rounded
accounts of the radical Spiritualist conception of the church in
the Reformation Era, and is therefore important for the present-
day effort to work out an ecclesiological typology.
The Rational Spiritualists of the sixteenth century are the
kin, though of course not the spiritual ancestors, of the nine-
teenth-century New England Transcendentalism. Being a
philosophy of religion more than a way of life, and a way of life
far more than an organization of it, Rational Spiritualism has,
on its own, no community-creating impulse, and passes from
church history into general intellectual history the moment its
position is completely clarified.
Evangelical Spiritualism. Evangelical Spiritualism is a recurrent
phenomenon, nurtured Biblically by the Johannine Gospel and
Epistles. At times it comes very close to Rational Spiritualism,
but it is more mystical than speculative. It is based on grace as
understood in the Bible and has the strength to create fellow-
ships, even if not disciplined sects or massive churches. It is not
primarily an intellectual movement; it stresses piety. From 16
the point of view of the contemporary church, Evangelical

Spiritualism is the most important of the three kinds of Spiritual-
ism we have distinguished. Of it, in our period, Caspar
Schwenckfeld (Selection VIII) and the former Hutterite Gabriel
Ascherham may be taken as the most adequate spokesmen.
Schwenckfeld came to regard his position as at once the
Middle Way between Catholicism and Lutheranism; and,
within Protestantism., especially on the doctrine and practice of
the Lord's Supper, he thought of himself as one working out a
middle way between Lutheranism and Zwinglianism, and he
even sought to be heard on this matter at the Marburg Colloquy.
But he also stood at a point midway between the Anabaptists
and the Spiritualists. Like the Evangelical Anabaptists he was
a New Testament Christian, although he was Johannine rather
than Matthaean. He consorted with the Anabaptists and
debated with them. He (like Weigel) shared with them the
doctrine of the celestial flesh of Christ, a teaching which not
only supplied the ultimate theological basis for their doctrine
of the sanctity of the self-disciplined church as the body of
Christ but also undergirded their theory of the Lord's
Supper.
Schwenckfeld's formative religious experience was conceived
in the terms and imagery of the sacrament of the altar,
just as
Luther's saving experience of justification by faith was a trans-
figuration of the language and categories of the sacrament of
penance, and just as the redemptive experience of the Ana-
baptists was, at its core, a reappropriation of the sacrament of
baptism through adult conversion and witness (and, as such, a
16 In the late seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries the
impulse is known
as Pietism. This term could have served as the
generic designation but for
its specialized
meaning.
INTRODUCTION 35
fresh and more meaningful equivalent of the long-abused
sacrament of penance). Schwenckfeld's doctrine of the Lord's
Supper was much more Catholic, at least in being partly
Augustinian, than that of the Anabaptists; and unlike Luther
he would not admit to "the bread of the Lord" those who had
not experienced "the bread which is the Lord."
Evangelical Spiritualism is clearly based upon the Holy
Spirit as experienced and defined in patristic and medieval
Christianity. Here the Holy Spirit is felt more as a "fluid" and
force than as person. A physico-realist sense of deification
through the restorative and healing ministry of the Spirit is
characteristic. Sanctification in the sense of perfectionism is the
goal and achievement of the Christian life according to the
Evangelical Spiritualists, who nevertheless acknowledge the
divine initiative in the process.
In a word, Evangelical Spiritualism is by nature individual-
istic, while the establishment of a holy commonwealth is often
the goal of Revolutionary Spiritualism, which draws upon the
visions of corporate salvation of the prophets (especially
David) and the Seer of Revelation. An irenic philosophy of
religion, the ordering of the disparate elements of religion in an
intellectual pattern, is the goal and achievement of Rational
Spiritualism. Rational and Evangelical Spiritualism are
tolerant and accommodative by reason of their individualism,
whereas Revolutionary Spiritualism is righteously indignant in
its collectivist intolerance as it pushes forward to a disciplined,
theocratic community.
The following Selections are arranged roughly in chrono-

logical order, but the sequence of ideas has also entered into the
arrangement. It is therefore possible to read consecutively and,
with the help of the two-page special introductions, to gain a
comprehensive picture of the Radical Reformation.
One of the features of this collection is the bibliography of all
the primary works of the Radical Reformation available in
English translation. Since much of the sixteenth-century source
material is difficult to read even for those who use the modern
German and Dutch freely, and is in any case difficult to get at
in rare imprints or scholarly serials, the bibliography will be of
some use to all students of the Reformation Era. It was with
this bibliography in mind as an integral part of this volume
that the documents have been selected for inclusion. In general,
while seeking to print representative works illustrative of the
whole range of Anabaptism and Spiritualism, duplication of
the more readily procurable works already translated has been
avoided.
This principle of selection will go far to explain what at first
sight might appear to be a defect in this volume, namely, the
fact that several leaders after whom the remnants of the Radical
Reformation are today named are either absent from or poorly
represented in the volume: Faustus Socinus, Caspar Schwenck-
feld, Menno Simons, and Jacob Hutter. But, of course, we have
already indicated that to the Socinians as indeed to the whole
company of non-Catholic Evangelical Rationalists a separate
anthology should be devoted. Schwenckfeld, who gives his
name to the Schwenckfelder Church, is represented by only
three portions of a single incidental work against Luther. It is
to be regretted that of the sixteen large volumes of the Corpus
Schwenckfeldianorum, by far the greater part of which is the work
of Caspar Schwenckfeld himself, only this sample is offered.
But the reader will be pleased to find in the bibliography a
rather extensive listing of his works separately available in
English. Menno Simons is represented only by an excerpt on
the ban. In contrast, Dietrich Philips, a secondary leader of
Dutch Mennonitism, is allowed to speak more fully. As it
happens, the complete works of each are available in English

translation, though difficult to procure. In the decision to
favor Dietrich the primary consideration was the expectation
that Menno's works would be presently appearing from the
Mennonite Publishing House in a new translation by Dr.
Leonard Verduin. It remains to explain the absence of Jacob
Hutter, whose name is borne by the communitarian Hutterites.
The Hutterite epistles are currently being critically edited by
Robert Friedmann, and it seemed wise to await the publication
of this partly new source material and to allow an avowedly
lesser spokesman (Ulrich Stadler), writing exclusively on the
doctrine and practice for which they are renowned, to represent
the Hutterite community. (Students confined to English will
find the recently translated comprehensive Account [1565;
London, 1950] of Peter Riedemann the best introduction to
Hutterite Anabaptist thought and practice as a whole.)
The collection, translation, and interpretation of the following

Selectionswould not have been possible except for the
encouragement and direct aid of many friends and new
acquaintances.
INTRODUCTION 37
First I wish to acknowledge my great indebtedness to Dr.
Franklin Littell, who put his extensive library of Anabaptistica
and related documents at my disposal before he left Boston
University to take up his duties in Bad Godesberg. Dean
Harold Bender of Goshen College has been an adviser from the
beginning of this enterprise, and although he may have some
reservations about my final selections, I wish publicly to salute
him as a mentor, scholar, and churchman. It was a moving
experience to sit in the library in Goshen, presided over by
Mr. Nelson P. Springer, to see around me volumes and
pamphlets, some of them scarred by the same persecutions
that made martyrs and confessors of their authors and former
owners, and to behold them reassembled after the centuries,
side by side, in the best collection of early Anabaptistica in the
New World, a monument of the scholarship ofJohn Horsch and
Harold Bender.
Similarly, I am indebted to Mrs. Selina Gerhard Schultz,
an editor of the Corpus Schwenckfeldianorum and author of a
major biography of Caspar Schwenckfeld, for the counsel she
has given me. She has been an indefatigable translator and
interpreter of the great Silesian Spiritualist. The first part of
Selection VIII is her translation.
To Mr. Christiaan Theodoor Lievestro, Harvard candidate
for the Ph.D. in Dutch political and social thought, the volume
as a whole owes much for his translation of Selection X, which
supplies the collection with its principal narrative material.
I wish also to thank the following, in some cases for their
sage counsel in the field, in other cases for specialized assistance

in the translation, in other cases for the loan of volumes,
microfilms, and MSS.: Professor Roland Bainton of Yale
Divinity School; Dr. Leonard Verduin of Ann Arbor, Michigan;
Dr. Cornelius Krahn of the Bethel College Historical Library
of North Newton, Kansas; Professor Roger Nicole of Gordon
Theological School, Beverly Farms, Massachusetts; the late
Dr. Earl Morse Wilbur of the Pacific Unitarian School for the
Ministry, Berkeley, California; Mrs. Charlotte Blaschke of
George School, Pennsylvania; Dr. Leon T. Crismon, Librarian
of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville,
Kentucky; Dr. Theodore Trost, Librarian of the Colgate
Rochester Divinity School, Rochester, New York, for the
extended use of the Vedder transcripts of the Hubmaier
writings; Dr. Edward C. Starr, Curator of the Colgate Baptist
Historical Library, Rochester, New York, for the use of that
valuable collection including the Hosek transcripts; Dr.
Frederic Weis of Peterborough, New Hampshire; Mrs. Marion
and Holley M. Shepherd of the Andover-Harvard
Doyle
Library; Dr. Arnold Weinberger of Houghton Library; Pastor
Walter Fellmann of Kreis Heidelberg for a critical text of John
Denck; the Reverend Gerald Studer of Smithfield, Ohio; my

colleagues John Dillenberger and Ralph Lazzaro of Harvard;
and, again, and especially my closest collaborators, Mrs.
Schultz, Mr. Lievestro, and my two loyal Teaching Fellows,
James Vendettuoli, Jr., and the Rev. Rudolph Nemser of
Harvard Divinity School. At two important places in the galleys
I benefited much from the counsel and resources of Professor
James Luther Adams now of Harvard Divinity School, Dr. Walter

Grossmannof Widener Library, and Professor Robert B. Hannen
of the Sandford Fleming Library of the Berkeley Baptist
Divinity School. I wish also to thank the editors of the Mennonite
Encyclopedia for the privilege of consulting the galleys
and type-
scripts of the forthcoming volumes of this massive and scholarly
project.
I
The Beginnings of the Anabaptist

Reformation
Reminiscences of George Blaurock
AN EXCERPT FROM THE HUTTERITE

CHRONICLE
INTRODUCTION
FOLLOWING DOCUMENT IS AN EXCERPT FROM
the Hutterite Chronicle begun by Caspar BraitmicheL
THE Looking back upon the heroic age of Anabaptism, the
Hutterite Chronicler of Moravia was disposed to conceive of
this renewal of the Apostolic Church as an episode in the long
history of God's recurrent sifting of a righteous remnant.

The search for continuities and a spiritual lineage had begun,
in contrast to the temper of most of the restorationists themselves
in the first phase of the radical reform. 1 The Chronicle briefly
traces the history of the people of God through the Old Testa-
ment and as a righteous remnant within or alongside of the
ancient and medieval church. It mentions, among others,
Wyclif, Hus, and a number of Hussites, and then Luther's
challenge of 1517 and Zwingli's of 1519. The Chronicle then
proceeds to give what must be a transcript of George Blaurock's
reminiscences of the first years of radical evangelicalism in
Zurich and environs. The excerpt, though short, is worthy of
inclusion (a) because it mirrors the Anabaptist view of church
history as a whole and, as such, serves as a counterpart of the
Spiritualist image of church history given elsewhere in this
volume (that of Sebastian Franck, Selection VII, and that of
Obbe Philips, Selection X); (V) because it gives a brief account
of several of the persons prominent in this volume and clearly
indicates the interrelatedness of the Swiss Brethren, as the
originators, and of the Mennonites in Holland and of the
Hutterites in Moravia, as their successors, in the unfolding of a
pan-Germanic movement of radical dissent; (c] because it
i The most recent study of the Anabaptist view of church history is that of
Frank J. Wray Yale Ph.D. dissertation under Roland Bainton, 1954.
3
39
preserves an account of the first rebaptism (Blaorock's) and
the first martyrdom of a "Protestant" (Felix Mantz) at the
hands of Protestants; and (d) because it samples a major
document of the Reformation Era which has been uniquely
preserved in manuscript on American soil among the Hutterite
community of the Dakotas and Western Canada. It should be
added that this particular sample has not the fullness of detail
that we find in the later narratives and transcripts of letters
embodied in the more distinctively Hutterite portion of the
Chronicle. The selection at this point is not, indeed, so yielding
in facts as the Martyrs* Mirror, the comparable work produced
by the Dutch Mennonites and from which we have taken
Selection VI (the martyrdom of Michael Sattler), an episode
common to both narratives. Nevertheless., it represents the
pertinent section of the oldest Anabaptist history of the begin-
nings of the Radical Reformation.
The Beginnings of the Anabaptist Reformation
2
Reminiscences of George Blaurock
AN EXCERPT FROM THE HUTTERITE

CHRONICLE* 1525
THE TEXT
.
Luther, with his following, teaches and holds that the body
. .
of the Lord Jesus Christ is essentially in the bread of the

Supper [which] therewith is also a [means] of forgiving sins.
Zwingli and his, however, taught and held that it [the Supper]
is a recollection and a commemoration of the salvation and
grace of Christ and not a sacrifice for sin, since Christ accom-
plished that on the cross. But both of them were pedobaptists
and let go of the true baptism of Christ, who most certainly
brings the cross with him, followed instead the pope with infant
baptism, retained of him also the old leaven, the ferment, and
cause of all evil, in fact the access and portal into a false
Christianity, however much they otherwise eliminated him.
But the pope did not derive infant baptism from Holy Scripture
2
George Blaurock (d. 1 529) was the first Anabaptist, having been the first
of the Swiss Brethren to submit to rebaptism. As Anabaptist missionary
and martyr in the Tyrol, he is, with Balthasar Hubmaier, a major link
in the chain that connects Swiss Evangelical Anabaptism and Hutterite
communitarian Anabaptism in Moravia.
3 The Chronicle was begun by the Vorsteher of the Hutterite community,
Caspar Braitmichel, who carried it up to 1542. Others added to it.
Often cited in Hutterite literature, it had long been thought lost. It was
recovered for scholarship among the most cherished possessions of the
Hutterite colony at Bon Homme in South Dakota. It was there-
upon published under their auspices by Rudolf Wolkan (Macleod,
Alberta and Vienna, 1923). A philologically orientated, diplomatic
edition with glossary was published by A. J. F. Ziegelschmid, Die dlteste
Chronik der Hutterischen Bruder (Philadelphia: Carl Schurz Memorial
Foundation, 1943). It was from this text that the present translation was
made, and the numbers bracketed in the translation refer to the pagina-
tion in this edition.
41
the saints,
any more than purgatory, the Mass, prayer to
and all the rest.
letters of indulgence,
Luther and Zwingli defended with the sword this false
learned
teaching [pedobaptism] which [readiness] they really
from the father and head of Antichrist, well knowing that the
but are never-
weapons of the Christian knight are not carnal
mighty before God in withstanding all human
theless blows.
Faith is not like that, a matter of coercion, but rather a gift of
God. And Christ speaks to his disciples [Matt. 16:24]: If

anyone will follow me notice, if anyone wishes or has a
desire let him deny himself and take his cross upon him. He
does not say the sword, for this has no place beside the cross.
They stand together like Christ and Pilate; they are to be
compared to each other as a wolf and a sheep in the same fold.
[45] BUT BECAUSE GOD WISHED TO HAVE HIS
OWN PEOPLE, 4separated from all peoples, he willed for
purpose to bring in the right true morning star of
this his truth
to shine in fullness in the final age of this world, especially in
the German nation and lands, the same to strike home with his
Word and to reveal the ground of divine truth. In order that his
holy work might be made known and revealed before every-
man, there developed first in Switzerland an extraordinary
awakening and preparation by God as follows :
to pass that Ulrich Zwingli and Conrad Grebel, one

5
It came
of the aristocracy, and Felix Mantz, 6 all three much experi-
enced and men learned in the German, Latin, Greek, and also
the Hebrew, languages came together and began to talk
through matters of belief among themselves and recognized
that infant baptism is unnecessary and recognized further that
it is in fact no baptism. Two, however, Conrad and Felix,
recognized in the Lord [46] and believed [further] that one

must and should be correctly baptized according to the Chris-
tian ordinance and institution of the Lord, since Christ himself
says that whoever believes and is baptized will be saved. Ulrich
4 Here begins a major section in this Chronicle of the church of God. The
preceding section ending with the failure of the Zwinglian and Lutheran
Reformation had begun with the birth of Christ. The Chronicle before
Christ is similar to that of Dietrich Philips in The Church of God (Selection
XI).
s On Grebel, see further, p. 71.
6 Felix Mantz was the son of a canon of the Zurich minster- Well trained in
Hebrew, he had been marked out by Zwingli for teacher of Hebrew in the
projected evangelical academy. Mantz addressed to the Zurich magistracy
his eloquent Petition of Protest and Defense in December, 1524.
ANABAPTIST REFORMATION: BLAUROCK 43
Zwingli, who shuddered
before Christ's cross, shame, and
persecution, did not wish this and asserted that an uprising
would break out. 7 The other two, however, Conrad and
Felix, declared that God's clear commandment and institution
could not for that reason be allowed to lapse.
At this point it came to pass that a person from Chur came
to them, namely, a cleric named George of the House of
8
Jacob, commonly called "Bluecoat" (BlaurocK) because one
time when they were having a discussion of matters of belief
in a meeting this George Cajacob presented his view also. Then
someone asked who it was who had just spoken. Thereupon
someone answered: The person in the blue coat spoke. Thus
thereafter he got the name of Blaurock. This George came,
. . .
moreover, with the unusual zeal which he had, a straightforward,

simple parson. As such he was held by everyone. But in matters
of faith and in divine zeal, which had been given him out of
God's grace, he acted wonderfully and valiantly in the cause of
truth. He first came to Zwingli and discussed matters of belief
with him at length, but accomplished nothing. Then he was
told that there were other men more zealous than Zwingli.
These men he inquired for diligently and found them, namely,
Conrad Grebel and Felix Mantz. With them he spoke and
talked through matters of faith. They came to one mind in
these things, and in the pure fear of God they recognized that a
person must learn from the divine Word and preaching a true
faith which manifests itself in love, and receive [47] the true
Christian baptism on the basis of the recognized and confessed
faith, in the union with God of a good conscience, [prepared]
henceforth to serve God in a holy Christian life with all godli-
be steadfast to the end in tribulation. And it came
ness, also to
to pass that they were together 9 until fear (angsf) began to
come over them, yea, they were pressed (gedrungeri) in their
7
Zwingli did, indeed, in his earlier phase entertain the view here ascribed
to him. For his later arguments against the position, see, for example, his
Vom ToujF, translated in part by G. W. Bromiley, The Library of Christian
Classics, XXIV, 1529 fF.
s
George Cajacob well documented in the Zurich archives.
is
* Bible discussion groups or "schools" were the forerunners of the Ana-
baptist conventicles or house churches. This particular meeting was in the
home of Mantz, on the night of January 21, 1525. Such is the reconstruc-
tion of Fritz Blanke, "Ort und Zeit der ersten Wiedertaufe," Theologische
Zeitschrift, VIII (1952), 74. For a vivid reconstruction of the gathering
of the first Anabaptist conventicle, see, by the same scholar, "The First
Anabaptist Congregation," MQR, XXVII (1953), 17.
to the Most
hearts. Thereupon, they began to bow their knees
High God in heaven and called upon him as the Knower of
his divine will and
hearts, implored him to enable them to do
to manifest his mercy toward them. For flesh and blood and
human forwardness did not drive them, since they well knew
what they would have to bear and suffer on account of It.
After the prayer, George Cajacob arose and asked Conrad to
baptize him, for the sake of God,
with the true Christian
10 And when he knelt
baptism upon his faith and knowledge.
down with that request and desire^ Conrad baptized him,
11
since at that time there was no ordained deacon (diener} to
perform such work. After that was done the others similarly
desired George to baptize them, which he also did upon their
request. Thus they together gave
themselves to the name of the
Lord in the high fear of God. Each confirmed (bestdtet) the
other in the service of the gospel, and they began to teach and
keep the faith.
12 Therewith
began the separation from the
world and its evil works.
Soon thereafter several others made their way to them, for
13 14
example, Balthasar Hubmaier of Friedberg, Louis Haetzer.,
and still [48], men well instructed in the German,
others
Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, very well versed in
10 Another account of this first rebaptisrn is preserved in the Zurich archives.

The Anabaptist material has been most recently edited and calendared
by Leonhard von Muralt and W. Schmid, Quellen zur Geschichte der
Tdufer in der Schweiz (Zurich, 1952), Nos. 29-33. Here the date of the
meeting is made either January 30 or February 7. January 25 had been
commonly accepted hitherto.
11 The word could, of course, be translated "minister." But it is useful to
bring out the fact that among the several New Testament ministries it was
that of deacon or servant which was most characteristically given prom-
inence by the Anabaptists.
12
Rebaptisrn in the first days of the movement was almost equivalent to
ordination or commission on the analogy of Jesus whose public ministry
began with his baptism at the hands of John. The apostolic succession in
Anabaptism "was originally a baptismal succession in water and the
Spirit. Only gradually were such usages as election or recognition
(Bestdtigung) and the laying on of hands developed in
a distinctive act of
ordination. Significantly,, within Anabaptism in contrast to the Lutheran
and Zwinglian Reforms, the clerical status of recruits from the older order
was never recognized; and the new commission or reordination was, in
effect, the baptismal rite.
13 See
below, Selection V, introduction, and Selection X
at n. 4.
i^Haetzer (d. 1529) was an anti-Trinitarian Hebraist and close associate
of John Denck in the Worms translation of the prophets. The most recent
study is that of Gerhard Goeters, MQR 9 XX, IX (1955), 251.
ANABAPTIST REFORMATION! BLAUROGK 45
Scripture, some preachers and other persons, who were soon to
have with their blood.
testified
The above-mentioned Felix Mantz they drowned at Zurich 15
because of this true belief and true baptism, who thus witnessed
steadfastly with his body and life to this truth.
Afterward Wolfgang Ullmann, 16 whom they burned with
fire and put to death in Waltzra, also in Switzerland, himself
the eleventh, his brethren and associates witnessing in a valorous
and knightly manner with their bodies and their lives unto
death that their faith and baptism was grounded in the divine
truth. . . .
Thus did
it [the movement]
spread through persecution and
much tribulation. The church (gmain) increased daily, and the
Lord's people grew in numbers. This the enemy of the divine
truth could not endure. He used Zwingli as an instrument, who
thereupon began to write diligently and to preach from the
pulpit that the baptism of believers and adults was not right
and should not be tolerated contrary to his own confession
which he had previously written and taught [49], namely,
that infant baptism cannot be demonstrated or proved with
a single clear word from God. But now, since he wished rather
to please men than God, he contended against the true
Christian baptism. He also stirred up the magistracy to act on
imperial authorization and behead as Anabaptists those who
had properly given themselves to God, and with a good under-
standing had made covenant of a good conscience with God.
17
Finally it reached the point that over twenty men, widows,
pregnant wives, and maidens were cast miserably into dark
towers, sentenced never again to see either sun or moon as
long as they lived, to end their days on bread and water, and
thus in the dark towers to remain together, the living and the
dead, until none remained alive there to die, to stink, and to
15 He was drowned with a stick thrust between his
roped, doubled-up legs
and arms, the first "Protestant" martyr at the hands of Protestants,
January 25, 1527.
1 6 Ullmann had been a fellow monk with Blaurock and Veit in Chur.
After his baptism at the hands of Grebel he became a "reader" of the
advanced evangelical group in St. Gall. He went to Moravia and returned
to lead other Swiss brethren to this Anabaptist asylum. On their way
thither he and ten other brethren were apprehended in Swabia and
t
beheaded, their womenfolk drowned.

17 This paragraph is taken verbatim from Balthasar Hubmaier's Gesprech
with Zwingli (Nicolsburg, 1526). The same paragraph is quoted in the
Martyrs' Mirror. There is another record in the Zurich archives, von
Muralt, op. tit., No. ryoA, dated March 7, 1526.
rot. Some among them did not eat a mouthful of bread in
three days, just so that others might have to eat.
Soon also there was issued a stern mandate 18 at the instigation
of Zwingli that if any more people in the canton of Zurich
should berebaptized, they should immediately, without
further hearing, or sentence, be cast into the water and
trial,
drowned. Herein one sees which spirit's child Zwingli was, and
those of his party still are.
However, since the work fostered by God cannot be changed
and God's counsel lies in the power of no man, the afore-
mentioned men went forth, through divine prompting, to
proclaim and preach the evangelical word and the ground of
truth. George Cajacob or Blaurock went into the county of
Tyrol. In the meantime Balthasar Hubmaier came to Nicols-
burg in Moravia, began to teach and preach. The people,
however, accepted the teaching and many people were baptized
in a short time.
is
Actually the same date, March 7, von Muralt, op. cit., No. 172,
The Justinianic law against rebaptism as a capital offense was soon to
be formally revived by the Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Spires in
1529 and confirmed at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530 at a moment in
Reformation history when under the leadership of Melanchthon it seemed
prudent to demonstrate as far as possible the orderliness and orthodoxy
of territorial Protestantism, The capital laws against Anabaptism have
been recently edited by Gustav Bossert, Quellen zur Geschichte der Wieder-
tdufer, I, Herzogtum Wiirttenberg (Leipzig., 1930), Nos. i~io. Although
the laws were not to be directly operative in Switzerland, they were to
have their effect whenever the Brethren fled from the Confederated
Cantons into imperial territory.
II
Sermon Before the Princes

1
By Thomas Muntzer'
AN EXPOSITION OF THE SECOND
CHAPTER OF DANIEL
ALLSTEDT, JULY 13, 1524
INTRODUCTION
FOLLOWING IS ONE OF THE MOST REMARKABLE
sermons of the Reformation Era. It represents the high-
THE water mark of torrential Revolutionary Spiritualist
counterreformation directed against Luther. It was delivered
in the presence of Duke John (brother of Frederick the Wise,
protector of Luther), the Duke's son, and selected town and
electoral officials. Ducal father and son were divided on the
proper role of the Christian magistrate. The son sided with
Luther and the conservative interpretation of the Reform.
But the father stood under the influence of such radicals as the
preacher of the ducal residence in Weimar, Wolfgang Stein, of
Jacob Strauss of Eisenach, and of Carlstadt, soon to be identified
with radical changes in Orlamunde. All these radical preachers
were loyal to their prince but held fiercely to the view that with
the overturn of papal authority Mosaic law should obtain in
i
There is no adequate life of Miintzer in English. Modern scholarship is
especially indebted to HeinrichBoehmer, Karl Holl, Annemarie Lohmann,

and Carl Hinrichs. Boehmer's works are Studien zu Thomas Muntzer ( 1922) ;
"Thomas Miinlzer und das jiingste Deutschland," 1923, reprinted in
Gesammelte Aufsdtze (1927), 187-222; and with Paul Kirn as continuator
after his death, Thomas Mimics Briefwechsel auf Grund der Handschriften
und dltesten Vorlagen (1930). Roll's contribution is a clear delineation of
Schwdrmertum on the basis of a careful analysis of Schwenckfeld, Franck,
and Miintzer in "Luther und die Schwarmer," Gesammelte Aufsatze,
I (1927), 420-67. Lohmann's contribution is her demarcation of the
distinct religious phases through which Miintzer passed to emerge as an
independent Reformer. Her %ur geistigen Entwicklung Thomas Muntzers
(Leipzig/Berlin, 1931) contains a brief survey of Miintzer scholarship to
date (pp. 1-3) and a bibliography (69-71). Otto H. Brandt, in Thomas
Miintzer: Leben und Schriften (Jena, 1933), is indebted to all three of these
interpreters for his succinct biographical and theological introduction to
a
47
evangelical lands. Earnest about getting to the heart of the
problem, curious about how things were going in Allstedt, the
Duke consented to hear Miintzer in his Allstedt castle. Miintzer
had had more than a week to prepare for the momentous
occasion. In his sermon he clearly enunciates his conception of
faith in contrast to that of Luther. Herein he declares with
passion that revelation has not been stopped, that it is instead
the authentic sign of the last days. He recognizes, to be sure,
that there are spurious visions and false prophets. Therefore
he waves before the godly princes in the congregation his
credentials as a true prophet and as the priest needed by them
to go before their armies. In slaying the enemies of Christ, they
are permitted by God to help bring to an end the fifth monarchy,
that abominable feudal intermixture of clerical and princely
power which is feudalism, foreseen by Daniel in the feet and
toes of the colossus to be overturned by the Stone (Christ and
his Here is a bold theology of history, a vigorous
saints).
repudiation of Luther's radical "debiblicizing" the office of the
magistrate. Here is an impassioned plea to root out the mockery
of separating the sweetness from the sternness of Christ, an

impulse (found, he would say, in both the Lutherans and the
Evangelical Anabaptists) which renders ineffectual and un-
worldly the commands of Christ!
Since Miintzer had contacts with the Evangelical Ana-
baptists (Selection III) and had often been classed with the
Revolutionary Anabaptists of Mtinster (described disparagingly
in Selection X), it has seemed desirable to let Miintzer speak
for himself at that very moment when his movement was
passing over into its violent phase.
modernized edition of Muntzer's writings and allied documents, which
admirably supplement Boehmer-Kirn's critical edition of the letters.
Hinrichs edited the political works Thomas Muntzer; Politische Schriften mil
Kommentar Hallesche Monographien, 17 (Halle, 1950). He enlarged his
y
fascinating commentary into a comparative study, Luther und Miintzer:

Ihre Auseinandersetzung tiber Obrigkeit und Widerstandsrecht, Arbeiten zur
Kirchengeschichte, 29 (Berlin, 1952). Two of the more important recent

Marxist studies produced in East Germany are M. M. Smirin, Die
Volksreformation des Thomas Muntzer und der grosse Bauernkrieg, translated
from the Russian by Hans Nichtweiss (Berlin, 1952), and Alfred Meusel,
Thomas Miintzer und seine %eit mil einer Auswahl der Dokumente des grossen
deutschen Bauernkrieges (Berlin, 1952). The Miintzer documents in the latter
are taken from Brandt's work. Neither of these writers is prepared to give
much attention to the specifically theological in Thomas Miintzer. In
some cases their sociopolitical observations help round out our picture.
Meusel *s work is largely based on secondary studies. See also Karl
Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia (New York, 1954), pp. 190-197.
Sermon Before the Princes
By Thomas Muntzer
AN EXPOSITION OF THE SECOND
CHAPTER OF DANIEL
2
ALLSTEDT, JULY 13, I524
THE TEXT
Firstly. The text of the aforementioned chapter of prophecy
of the prophet Daniel will be recounted 3 and translated and
thereupon the whole sermon will be set forth in harmony with
the text, as follows.
It is known that poor, ailing, disintegrating Christendom can
be neither counseled nor aided unless the diligent, untroubled
servants of God daily work through the Scriptures, singing,
reading, and preaching. But therewith the head of many a
pampered priest will continuously have to suffer great blows or
[he will] miss out in his handiwork. But how ought one other-
wise to deal with him at a time when Christendom is being so
wretchedly devastated by ravenous wolves, as it is written in
Isaiah (ch. 5:1-23) and in Ps. 80 (vs. 9-14) 4 concerning the
vineyard of God? And Saint Paul teaches how one should
exercise oneself in singing divine praises (Eph. 5:19). For just
as in the times of the beloved prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah,
Ezekiel, and the others, the whole congregation of the elect of
God had become so utterly implicated in the way of idolatry
that even God could not help them but had to let them be led
away captive and punish them in the midst of the heathen to
the point where they once again recognized his holy name, as it
stands written (Isa. 29:17-24; Jer. 15:11; Ezek. 36:8-12; Ps.
2 The full of the second chapter of Daniel the prophet preached at

title is: Exposition
the Castle of Allstedt before the active and amiable dukes and administrators of
Saxony by Thomas Muntzer, minister of the Word of God.
The critical text is edited by Hinrichs, Politische Schriften> 1-28. From
this text the present translation has been made. A modernized German
version is printed by Brandt, op tit., pp. 148-163.
4 Ps.
3 Verse by verse in the Vulgate. 79 in the Vulgate.
49
89: 3i~38 ) so, no less is it true in the time of our fathers and
5
our time, that poor Christendom is even more deeply obdurate

and the more so for having the unspeakable semblance of the
divine name with which the devil and his servants adorn
themselves (Luke 21:5; II Tim. 3:5; II Cor. 11:13-15).
[6] Yea, so nicely that the real friends of God are thereby
6
misled; and even with the diligence of the most intense applica-
tion, they are scarcely able to detect their error, as Matthew
(ch. 24:24) clearly shows. This is what the simulated sanctity
and the flattering absolution of the godless enemies of God
7
accomplish. For they say the Christian church cannot err,
even though, in order to protect against error, it should be
continuously edified by the Word of God and held free of
error. 8 Surely [the true church] should also acknowledge sin
through ignorance (Lev. 4:13 f.;Hos. 4:6; Mai. 2:1-7; Isa. 1:10-
17). But that is indeed true. Christ the Son of God and his
apostles and indeed, before him, his holy prophets began a real
pure Christianity, having sown pure wheat in the field, that is,
[they] planted the precious Word of God in the hearts of the
elect as Matthew (ch. 12:24-30), Mark (ch. 4:26-29), and
Luke have written, andEzekiel (ch. 36:29). But the
(ch. 8:5-15)
lazy, neglectful ministers of this same church have not wished
to accomplish this and maintain it by dint of diligent watchful-
ness; but rather they have sought their own [ends], not what
was Jesus Christ's (Phil. 2:4, 21). For this reason they have
allowed the harmfulness of the godless vigorously to take over,
is, the weeds (Ps. 80:9-14).
9 For the
that cornerstone, here
[Dan. 2:34f., 44 f.] indicated, was still small. Of this Isaiah
(ch. 28:16) [also] speaks. To be sure, it has not yet come to fill
the whole world, but it will soon fill it and make it full, very
full. Therefore the prepared cornerstone was in the
beginning of
the new Christianity rejected by the builders, that is, the rulers
10 and Luke
(Ps. 118:22 f. 20:17 b.). Thus I say [7] the church
since its beginning has become in all places dilapidated, up to
s Ps. 88 in the Vulgate.

6 The bracketed numbers refer to the pagination of Hinrichs' edition.
7 A reference to Gregory VIFs Dictatus Papae: it held that the Roman Church
cannot err.
s Here Miintzer sets over against the authoritarian view of the historic
church his own conviction as to the Gathered Church of the elect saints,
ever renewed and corrected by the living Spirit and Word.
9 Ps. 79 in the Vulgate. The reference is to the weeds
choking the [true]
vine of Israel ( = the church) .
10 Ps.
117 in the Vulgate.
SERMON BEFORE THE PRINCES: MUNTZER 51
the present time of the "divided" 11 world (Luke 21:10; Dan.

2:35; I Esdras^ 4:45). For Hegesippus
12
(and Eusebius) in
[Ecclesiastical History] IV, 22, concerning the [early] Christian
church, declares that the Christian congregation did not remain
a virgin any longer than up to the time of the death of the
disciples of the apostles and soon thereafter became an adulteress,
as had indeed already been prophesied by the beloved
apostles
(II Peter 2:12-15). And in the Acts of the Apostles (ch. 20:28-
3 1 a) Saint Paul said to the shepherds of the sheep in clear,
translucent words: Take heed therefore unto yourselves, and to
all the flock, over which the Holy Ghost hath made you over-
seers, to feed the church of God, which he hath purchased

with his own blood. For I know this, that after my departing
shall ravenous wolves enter in among you, not sparing the
flock. Also of your own selves shall men arise, speaking perverse
things, to draw away disciples after them. Therefore watch. . . .
The same is to be found in the general letter of the apostle

Jude (vs. 4-19). Revelation (ch. 16:13) points to the same.
Therefore our Lord Christ warns us to be on guard against false
prophets (Matt. 7:15). Now it is as clear as day that nothing is
esteemed so bad and unimportant before God be it said in
sorrow as the Spirit of Christ, and yet none may be saved
unless the selfsame Holy Spirit have previously assured one of
salvation, as is written (Rom. 8:9; Luke 12:8; John 6:63;
17:2 f.). But how do we miserable little worms expect to come
to this, as long as we hold the prestige of the godless in such
respect that Christ, the gentle Son of God, unfortunately
appears in contrast to the great titles and names of this world
like a hempen hobgoblin to scare the birds or a painted doll of a
man? And yet he is the very Stone, 13 which will be thrown from
the mountain into the sea (Ps. 46:2 ff.), 14 away from the
splendorous luxury of this world. He is the Rock which was
made without human hands and cut out of the great mountain,
his name is Jesus Christ (I Cor. 10:4), who was born precisely
when that greatest of all bondage [slavery] prevailed (Luke
11 The reference is to the feudal age in which power is divided between lords
temporal and lords spiritual, symbolized by the feet of the multimetallic
statue.
12 Church historian Hegesippus lived in Rome in the third quarter of the
second century. His five books of memoirs of the church in the form of
historical polemic against Gnosticism are preserved only in fragments in
the larger History of Eusebius of Gaesarea.
14 Ps.
13 Dan. 2:45. 45:3 ff. in the Vulgate.
1:52; 2:1-3) in the times of [8] Octavian, when
the whole
world was in motion and was taxed. Then was that one
it
15 wanted to
powerless in the Spirit,, a miserable dung sack,
have the whole world, which was of no use to him, however,
except for splendor and arrogance. Indeed he let himself
imagine that he alone was great. O how very small was that
cornerstone Jesus Christ then in the eyes of men! He was
assigned to the cow stall like an outcast of men (Ps. 22:6).
16
Accordingly the scribes refused him (Ps. n8:22;

17 Matt.
21:44-46; Mark 12:10-12; Luke 20:17-19), as they are still

accustomed to do today. Verily in fact they have been re-
enacting the Passion with him, ever since the pupils of the
apostles died. They have taken the Spirit of Christ for laughing-
stock and do indeed as it is written in Ps. 69 (11 f.). 18 They
have quite openly stolen him like the thieves and murderers
(John 10:1). They have robbed Christ's sheep of the true voice
and have made the true crucified Christ into an utterly
fantastic idol. How has this happened? Answer: They have
rejected the pure handiwork of God
19 and
set in his place a
pretty little golden statue of deity, before which the poor
peasants slobber, as Hosea has clearly said (ch. 4:8-10) and
[again] Jeremiah in Lamentations (ch. 4:5): They that did eat
fine spiced food have now received in its place dirt and filth.
O woe to the abomination of desolation of which Christ himself
says (Matt. 24:15) that he will be so wretchedly mocked with
the devilish holding of Mass, with superstitious preaching,
ceremonies, and manner of life! And yet all the time there is
nothing there but a mere wooden statue of deity yea, a
superstitious wooden priest, and a gross, boorish, coarse
people [9] who are unable to conceive of God in the slightest.
Is that not a great pity, a sin, and a scandal?
Yes, I maintain,
the beasts of the belly (Phil. 3:19) and the swine
(of which it is
written in Matt. 7:6, II Peter 2:22) have completely
trampled
the precious Stone Jesus Christ with their feet, as far as
they
could. For he has become for the whole world like a
rag to
wipe off one's boots. For this reason all the unbelieving Turks,
pagans, and Jews have very cheaply ridiculed us and held us for
fools, as one should hold senseless men who do not want to
is Octavian. 16 ps 2 1
.
:j in the Vulgate.
i? ps 17 in the Vulgate.
. 1 is Ps. 68 in the
Vulgate.
19 This expression derives from German mysticism. It denotes the
mystical
way of salvation and the experienced Word in self-conscious rejection of
Luther's stress upon doctrine.
hear the [true] Spirit of their faith [even] mentioned. For this
reason the suffering of Christ is nothing other than such a
fairing at the hands of the desperate knaves as no lansquenet
ever had [to give at Calvary] and as Ps. 69 :s 20 says. Therefore,
you dear brothers, we ought to arise from this filth and become
God's real pupils, instructed of God (John, ch. 6; Matt.,
ch. 23). Thus it will be necessary for us that a great mighty
power, which will be vouchsafed us from above, should punish
and reduce to nothingness such unspeakable wickedness. This is
the most clear knowledge of God (Prov. 9:10) which alone
springs from the pure unsimulated fear of God. The same must
alone arm us with a mighty hand for the avenging of the
enemies of God with utmost zeal for God, as is written (Prov.
21
5:12; John 2:17; Ps. Ggrg ). For there is absolutely no excusing
[of the enemies of God] by means of human or rational expe-
dients, since outward appearance of the godless is above all
measure pretty and deceptive like the pretty [10] poppy
among the golden ears of wheat (Eccl. 8:io). 22 But the wisdom
of God discerns this deception.
Secondly. We must examine further and well that abomination
which despises this Stone. If we are, however, to recognize the
23 we must be
rightfulness of him, daily conscious of the [fresh]
revelation of God. Oh
that is become quite precious and rare
in this wicked world, for the wily expedients of the captiously
clever would overwhelm us every moment and hold us much
more Handiwork of God (Prov. 4:16-19;
strongly from the pure
Ps. 37:12-15, 32 f. 24
Such a person one must stave off in the
).
fear of the Lord. If only the same [the fear] would be assured in
us, then surely holy Christendom could come easily again to the
spirit of wisdom and revelation of divine will. This is
all
25 Ps. 26
comprehended in Scripture (Ps. 145:18 f.; 111:5, io;
Prov. 1:7). But the fear of God must be pure without any fear
of men or creatures (Ps. ig:io; 27 Isa. 66:2; Luke 12:4 f.). O how
highly necessary fear is for us! For as little as one can happily
20 Ps. 68 in the Vulgate. At the cross the soldiers gave no prettified present
(like a gift from the fair) but rather gall and vinegar.
21 Ps. 68 in the
Vulgate.
22 It is the
Vulgate rendering that is here alone meaningful: I saw the wicked
buried: who also when they were yet living were in the holy place, and
were praised in the city as men of just works: but this also is vanity.
23 In the daily revelation of God we can ascertain, whether the Stone, the
Spirit of Christ, is the true Spirit.
25 Ps.
24 Ps.
36 in the Vulgate. 144 in the Vulgate,
26 p s . no in the Vulgate. 2? ps . 18 in the Vulgate.
serve two masters (Matt. 6:24), so ^^
can one happily
reverence both God and his creatures. Nor can God have
mercy upon us (as the Mother of Christ our Lord says [Luke
1 150]), unless we fear him with our whole heart. Therefore God
says (Mai. i
:6) If I be your Father, where is my honor? If I
:
be your Lord, where then is my fear? Thus, ye amiable princes,

it is necessary that we apply utmost diligence in these parlous
days (I Tim., ch. 4), as all the dear fathers have delineated in
the Bible from the beginning of the world, in order to cope
with this insidious evil. For the age is dangerous and the days
are wicked (II Tim. 3:1; Eph. 5:15 f.). Why? Simply [n]
because the noble power of God is so wretchedly disgraced and
dishonored that the poor common people are misled by the
ungodly divines all with such rigmarole, as the prophet Micah
(ch. 3:5-37) says of it: This is now the character of almost all
divines with mighty few exceptions. They teach and say that
God no longer reveals his divine mysteries to his beloved
friends by means of valid visions or his audible Word, etc.
Thus they stick with their inexperienced way (cf. Ecclesiasticus
34:9) and make into the butt of sarcasm those persons who go
around in possession of revelation, as the godless did to Jere-
miah (ch. 20:7 f.): 28 Hark! Has God just recently spoken to
thee? Or hast thou recently asked at the mouth of God and
taken counsel with him: Hast thou the Spirit of the Christ?
This is what they do with scorn and mockery. Was that not a
big [thing] that took place in the time of Jeremiah? Jeremiah
warned the poor blind people about the [impending] punish-
ment of captivity to Babylon (just as did the pious Lot the
husbands of his daughters, Gen. 19:14). But it seemed [to
29
them] quite foolish. They said to the beloved prophet: Oh,
yes, oh, yes, God would indeed warn men in this fatherly
30 What then
way! actually happened to the scornful crowd in
the Babylonian Captivity? Nothing less than that they were
brought to shame by the heathen king Nebuchadnezzar.
31
Examine the text [of Dan. 2:47]: He accepted the declaration

of God and was nevertheless a bloodthirsty tyrant and a rod for
the people of the elect who had offended against God. But out
of the blindness and stubbornness of the people of God the
28 Miintzer is paraphrasing the text for dramatic effect.

29 The blind people of Jerusalem.
30 This is the sarcastic retort of the rabble who doubted the validity of
direct revelation.
31 This may be a reference to the threat of Turkish power.
SERMON BEFORE THE PRINCES'. MUNTZER 55
goodness of the Most High had to be made plain to the world,
as Saint Paul says (Rom. 11:25) an<i Ezekiel (ch. 23:22-35)*
Thus for your instruction I say here that God the Almighty
showed forth to the heathen king not solely the things that were
many years in the future, to the unspeakable shame of the
stiff-necked among the people of God who did not want to
believe any prophet. It is the same way also with the unproven
32 of our own times.
people They are not conscious of the
[imminent] punishment of God, even when they see the same
right before their eyes. What then shall God the Almighty
have to do with us? For this reason 33 he must withdraw his
goodness from us* Now follows the text [Dan. 2:1-13]: The
king Nebuchadnezzar had a dream which is gone from him,
etc.
What now should we say to this? It is an unspeakable,
indeed uncom[ia]mon, and odious matter to discuss the
dreams of others. The reason is that the whole world has been
from the beginning deceived by the interpreters of dreams, as
it is written (Deut. 13:2-4; Ecclesiasticus 34:7). Therefore it is
shown in this chapter (II) that the king did not wish to believe
the clever soothsayers and interpreters of dreams, for he said
34 Tell me
[vs. 5 ff.]: my dream, then the interpretation, other-
wise you will be telling me nothing but deception and lies!
Then what? They were unable and could not tell him the dream
and said: O beloved king, there is not a man upon the earth
that can tell thee the dream except the gods who have no
35 Of
fellowship with human beings on the earth. course,
according to their understanding, they were speaking in a
finite rational way. But they had no faith in God; they were,
rather, godless hypocrites and flatterers, who there spoke what
their masters gladly hear, just as the learned divines now do in
our time, who very much like to eat the choice morsels at
court. But what is written there in Jeremiah (chs. 5:13; 31 and
8:8f.) is against them. What else is [written] there!
The text
[of Daniel] says it would have to be men who would have
in heaven! 36 that is a bitter medicine for the
fellowship Oh,
clever! And yet Saint Paul will take it in the same sense in
32 Christians without the experience of the Spirit or mediation of fresh
revelation.
33 The want of
responsiveness to his current revelation.
34
Again Miintzer paraphrases for dramatic effect.
35 Miintzer makes the astrologers talk like the Lutherans in utterly sepa-
rating the divine from the human in respect to ongoing
revelation.
36 That is direct communication with heaven as he has.
Philippians (ch. 3:20 [ our citizenship in heaven]). Neverthe-

lesssuch wise men would like to explicate the mystery of God
right off. Oh, of such rascals the world has enough, who
openly arrogate this to themselves! And of these Isaiah says
(ch. 58:2) They wish to know My ways, as [though they were]
:
a nation that had accomplished My righteousness. Such

learned divines are the soothsayers who then publicly repudiate
the revelation of God and thus attack the Holy Spirit at his
handiwork. [They] 37 wish to instruct the whole world and
what is not according to their inexperienced understanding
must right off be for them from the devil. And yet [they] are
not even assured of their own salvation, which surely ought
to be required (Rom., ch. 8). They can prattle prettily of faith
and brew up a drunken faith for the poor confused consciences
of men. This makes all the inexperienced judgment and the
abomination which they have for the contemptible deception of
the wholly damnable, poisonous vagaries of the monks. 38
Through them the devil effected all his purposes and has
illicitly deceived indeed also many of the pious elect, when they,
without any instruction [from the Spirit or inner Word],
straightway yielded themselves up to visions and dreams with
their crazy belief. [13] And thus their talk and licentious
black magic 39 is written by means of the revelation of the
devil, against which the Colossians were vigorously warned by
Saint Paul (ch. 2:4, 8). But the damnable monastic ecstatics 40
have not known how they ought to await the power of God.
Over it they have become hardened into a contrary mind and
are become for the whole world nothing but a mass of sin and
shame like sluggish wastrels. Also they are blind in their folly.
Nothing else has misled them and nothing else misleads them
farther in the present day than this wrong belief. For without
any experience of the arrival of the Holy Spirit, the over-
comer 41 of the fear of God, they fail to separate (in their disdain
for divine wisdom) the good from the bad which is camouflaged
under the appearance of good. Over such as these God cries
out through Isaiah (ch. 5:20): Woe to you who call good bad
37 The Lutherans.
38 Muntzer is here thinking of the mystical excesses of monastic self-
discipline.
39 The word is pockfintzerey, its meaning uncertain. The first constituent of
the compound is the he-goat which figured in the rituals of black magic.
The word may not, however, convey this degree of explicitness and would
mean something then like mere "superstition."
Literally, "monk dreamers."
40 4i
Literally, "master."
SERMON BEFORE THE PRINCES! MUNTZER 57
and bad good. Therefore it is not the habit of pious people to
reject the good with the bad, since Saint Paul says to the
Thessalonians (I, ch. 5:20-22): Despise not prophesyings.
Prove things; hold fast that which is good, etc.
all
Thirdly. You ought to know the view that God is so utterly

well disposed toward his elect that even in very minor
if
matters he could warn them (Deut. 1:42-44; 32:29; Matt.
23:37), he would surely do it if they could but receive the same
in the immensity of unbelief. For our text in Daniel agrees here
with Saint Paul in I Corinthians (ch. 2:9 f.) which is taken from
the holy Isaiah (ch. 64:4), saying that: Eye hath not seen, nor
ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man, the things
which God hath prepared for them that love him. But God hath
revealed them unto us by his Spirit: for the Spirit searcheth
all things, yea, the deep things of God. Therefore in short it is
one's earnest conviction that we must know and not merely be
up in the air in our belief whether what is given us be from
God or from the devil [14] or from nature. For if our natural
understanding of the same [ what comes from God and what
not ] ought to be captured for the service of faith (II Cor.
10:5), it must arrive at the final degree in [its capacity for]
judgment as is shown in Romans (ch. 1:18-23) and Baruch
(ch. 3:12-37). Of these judgments
one is incapable of proving
any in good conscience without God's revelation. For man will
clearly discover that he cannot run with his head through
heaven 42 but rather that he must first become wholly and
utterly a fool (Isa. 29:13 f.; 33:18; Obad. 1:8; I Cor. 1:18).
O what a rare wind that is indeed then for the clever, fleshly,
sensual world! Thereupon follow at once the pains like [those
of] a woman in travail (Ps. 48:6; 43 John 16:21). Therefore
Daniel (ch. 2:17 f.), and every single pious person along with
him, finds that for him in all circumstances, exactly as for other
ordinary people, it is impossible to search out all the things
from God. This is what the wise man [the Preacher] means
when he says (Eccl. 3:n): 44 He who wishes to search out the
majesty of God will be overwhelmed by his splendor. For the
more nature 45 gropes after God [to lay hold upon him], the
further the operation of the Holy Spirit withdraws itself there-
42 That is, cannot be saved by reason.

43 Ps.
47 in the Vulgate. Here Mtintzer stresses not only the epistemological
significance of rebirth but also quite characteristically the anguish
thereof.
44 A paraphrase. 45 The natural man.
clearly shows. Indeed if man were only
46
from, as Ps. i3g:6
aware of the presumption of the natural light [of reason],
without doubt he would not seek improvised help with pilfered
47 as the learned do with one or two
[passages of] Scripture,
little scraps (Isa. 28:10; Jer. 8:8), [15] but rather he would
soon feel the operation of the divine Word spring out of his
own heart (John 4:14). Yea, he need not put up with the
stagnant water in the well (Jer. 2:13), as our learned men now
do. They mix up nature and grace without any distinction. 48
They impede the progress of the Word (Ps. iiginb), which
49
comes forth from the deeps 50 of the

soul, as Moses says (Deut.
51 The word is not far from
30:14) : thee, behold, it is in thy
heart, etc. Now you may ask, How does it then come into the
heart? Answer: It comes down from God above in exalted and
52 which I shall let stand as it is
terrifying astonishment, [to be
discussed] another time. And this astonishment as to whether
it be God's word or not, commences when a child is six or
seven years old [16] as is signified in Num., ch. ig. 53 Therefore
Saint Paul cites Moses (Deut. 30:14) and Isaiah (ch. 65:1)
in Rom. 10:8 and 20 and speaks there of the inner Word to be
heard in the deeps of the soul through the revelation of God.
And what person has not become aware of and receptive to this
[Word] through the living testimony of God (Rom. 8:9). He
[who has not the Spirit] does not know how to say anything
deeply about God, even if he had eaten through a hundred
Bibles! From that anybody can well judge how far the world
really is from Christian faith. But no one wants to see or hear.
If man would now become aware of the Word so that he become
receptive thereto, God must take from him his fleshly lusts. And
when the motion of God comes in his heart, so that he wishes to
slay all the desires of the flesh, [it is necessary] that the [man]
4 Ps.138 in the Vulgate.
47
Passages which they have intellectually appropriated without spiritual
experience.
48 The reference is not
only to the Catholic view that grace perfects nature
but also to the Lutheran view of justification, according to which, so
Muntzer holds, trie work of God in the form of suffering is not allowed to
operate to the point where the natural man is completely eliminated.
4$> Ps. r 18 in the so The text reads
Vulgate. abgrund.
si
Slightly different from Vulgate and English versions.
52 The but the last word preserves
text: in eyner hochen t)erwunderwfig> its
original sense.
Gh. 19 deals with the regulations concerning uncleanness (the red
53
used in sprinkling at the third day after contracting ritual

heifer's ashes
uncleanness) and the ritual recovery of cleanness on the seventh day.
give way Him, in order that he may get the benefit of His
to
operation. For the man of animal nature does not perceive
what God speaks in the soul (I Cor. 2:14), but rather he must
be adverted by the Holy Spirit to the serious consideration of
the plain pure meaning of the law (Ps. 19:7 f.)> 54 otherwise he is
blind in his heart and fashions for himself a wooden Christ and
misleads himself. Look therefore in this respect how distasteful
it became for blessed Daniel to interpret the vision to the king,
and how diligently he sought out God in this matter and prayed.
Thus, also, for the self-disclosure of God man must separate
himself from all diversion (II Cor. 6:17) and have a heart
resolute for the truth and must through the exercise of such
truth distinguish the undeceptive vision from the false one. For
this reason the beloved Daniel speaks in ch. 10:1 [that like
Daniel himself] a man may very well have understanding of
[certain] visions [and] therefore they are not all to be rejected,
etc.
Fourthly. You ought to know that the elect person who wishes
to know which vision or dream is from God, nature, or the
devil must with his mind 55 and heart and also his natural
understanding take leave of all temporal consolation of the
flesh; and it must happen to him as to beloved Joseph in
Egypt (Gen., ch. 39) and with Daniel here in this very chapter.
For no sensual person will accept it [the Word] (Luke 7:25),
since the thistles and thorns these are the pleasures of this
world, as the Lord says (Mark 4:18 f.) stifle [17] the whole
working of the Word, which God speaks in the soul. Therefore
when God has already spoken his holy Word in the soul, man
cannot hear it, if he is unpracticed [Ps. 49:20], 56 for he does
not turn in upon himself or look inwardly upon himself and the
deeps of his soul. Man will not crucify his life with its vices and
desires, as Paul the holy apostle teaches (Gal. 5:24). Therefore
the field of the Word of God remains full of thistles and thorns
and full of big bushes, all of which must be gotten out of the
way for this work of God, in order that a person not be found
if a man has
neglectful or slothful (Prov. 124:3 f.]. Accordingly,
regard for the fruitfulness of the field and the rich growth at the
end, then will such a person become aware for the first time
that he is the dwelling place of God and the Holy Spirit for
the duration of his days, yea, that he has been created truly for
the one purpose that he might search out the testimonies of
54 ps . 18 in the Vulgate. 55 Gemuth.
56 Ps.
48:21 in the Vulgate.
6O SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
God in his own life (Ps. 93 and 1 19:95). 51 Of this he will come
58 then also in
to know in part, now in a figurative way, perfec-
tion in the deeps of his heart (I Cor. is'.io-is).
5*
In the
second place he must notice well that such figurative com-
60 in the visions or dreams with all their attendant
parisons
phenomena are [to be] tested in the Holy Bible, in order that
the devil may not intrude and spoil the unction of the Holy
and its sweetness, as the wise man [the Preacher] says of
Spirit
the flies which die from it (Eccl. 10:1). In the third place, the
elect person must take note of the working of the vision, that it
not flow out by means of human improvisation, but rather that
it flow simply [18] according to God's immovable will; and
[he] must look out quite carefully

that not one little bit be
lost of what he has beheld, for it [the vision] will positively come
true. But when the devil wants to accomplish something, his
rotten ugly brood betrays him, and in the end his lies peer out
is clearly shown
despite all, for he is a liar (John 8:44). This
forth in this chapter concerning Nebuchadnezzar and after
that is borne out by the facts in the third. For he [the king]
speedily forgot the warning of God. This without
doubt was
caused by his fleshly desires, which he directed toward lust
and creaturely things. For so it must always go, when a person
wants to cultivate continuously for himself a high degree of
pleasure and deal [only] with the works of God and does
not
want to be in tribulation. 61 The power of the Word of God
cannot [in this state] overshadow him (Luke, ch. 8). 62 God the
Almighty directs the valid visions and dreams to his beloved
friends most frequently in their deepest tribulation, as he did
pious Abraham (Gen. 15:1-6; 17:1-3). For the Lord appeared
to him there when he shuddered in fear. So also with beloved
Jacob. When in great tribulation he fled before his brother
Esau, a vision came unto him wherein he saw a ladder raised
57 Ps.
92 and i r8 in the Vulgate.
58 In the figures and allusions of vision and dream.
59 It will be noted that where Paul saw the perfection of holy vision as
eschatological fulfillment, Mtintzer saw it as a stage in the mystical

experience here and now.
60 The exact construction at this point is obscure: solche figurn gleichnis.
61 Note that Miintzer is not contrasting sensuality with probity but goes
beyond aoniddle course to laud the state of spiritual turmoil and suffering
as a token of divine approbation.
62 Miintzer refers here at once to the seminal
power of God in Luke 1 135
and the failure of the divine seed on the different kinds of unproductive
ground of Luke 8:13, 14. A suffering or saddened heart is receptive, he is
saying.
SERMON BEFORE THE PRINCES! MUNTZER 6l
up toward heaven and the angels of God going up and down

(Gen. 28:12). After that,, when he turned homeward again, he
was afraid of his brother Esau beyond measure. Then the Lord
appeared to him in the vision in which he crushed him in the
hip and wrestled with him (Gen. 32:25!). Or again, pious
Joseph was hated by his brothers, and in this tribulation he had
two visions of exigency (Gen. 37:5-11). And thereafter in his
heartfelt tribulation in Egypt in prison he was so highly
illumined by God that he could interpret all visions and
dreams (Gen. 39:20; chs. 40; 41). Above all this, that other holy
Joseph (Matt, i :2O-23 and 2:13 ff.) is to be held up in front of
the [spiritually] inexperienced, sensual swine, who think they
are clever. He had four dreams (for he was turmoiled in his
tribulation) and was reassured by the dreams, as the Wise Men
were also instructed during sleep by the angel not to return to
Herod (Matt. 2:12). Again the beloved apostles had to be
diligently attentive to [the meaning of] visions, as it is clearly
written in their Acts. Indeed, it is a [mark of the] truly apostolic,
patriarchal, and prophetic spirit to attend upon visions and to
attain unto the same in painful tribulation. Therefore it is no
wonder that Brother Fattened Swine and Brother Soft Life 63
64 If
rejects them (Job 28:12 f.). [19], however, a person has not
hearkened to the clear Word of God in the soul, he must have
65 as when Saint Peter in the Acts of the
visions, Apostles failed
to understand the law (Lev., ch. n). He had doubts as to
[the ritual cleanness] of food and as to whether to have [table]
fellowship with pagans (Acts 10:10 ff.). Thereupon God gave
him a vision in a flush of emotion. There he saw a linen sheet
with four corners let down from heaven to the earth, filled with
four-footed animals, and heard a voice from heaven, saying:
Kill and eat. Devout Cornelius had something of the same
when he did not know how he [as a God fearer] should act
(Acts 10:1 ff.). Also when Paul came down to Troas, a vision
appeared to him in the night. There was a man from Macedonia
who stood and besought him, saying: Come over into Macedonia
and help us. And after he had seen the vision, immediately we
endeavored (says the text: Acts i6:8ff.) to journey toward
Macedonia, for we were certain that the Lord had called us
63 The reference is to Martin Luther.
<54 It only in the Vulgate text that the allusion to Job is pertinent: Neither
is
is it [wisdom] found in the land of them that live in delights.

<55 Miintzer stresses as above, p. 55, the secondary character of visions over
against the clarity and certainty of the inner Word.
thither. Again, when Paul was
afraid to preach in Corinth
(Acts 18:9 f.) 5
him
in the night by a vision:
the Lord said to
Be not afraid, etc. No man shall set on thee to hurt thee, for I
have many people in this city, etc. And what need is there to
bring forward much testimony from Scripture? It would never
be at all possible in these far-flung dangerous matters which
rightful preachers, dukes, and princes have [to deal with] that
they would on all sides take heed to act securely and blamelessly,
if they did not live within the revelation of God, as Aaron heard
from Moses [Ex. 4:15], and David from Nathan and Gad
[II Chron. 29:25]. For the same reason the beloved apostles
were quite accustomed to visions, as the passage in Acts
[ch. 12:7-9] demonstrates. When came to Peter and
the angel
led him out of the prison of Herod, and seemed to him he was
it
having a vision, he did not know that the angel was carrying
out the work of salvation in him. Now if Peter had not been
accustomed to visions, how did it happen then that he recog-
nized he was having one? From this now I infer that whoever
wishes, by reason of his fleshly judgment, to be utterly hostile
about visions [and dreams] without any experience of them,
rejecting them all, or [again, whoever] wishes to take them all
in without any distinction (because the false dream interpreters
have done so much harm to the world through those who
think only of their own renown or pleasure) that surely
[either extremist] will [20] have a poor run of it and will
hurl himself against the Holy Spirit [of these Last Days
(Joel 2:28)]. For God speaks clearly, like this text of Daniel,
about the [eschatalogical] transformation of the world. He will
prepare it in the Last Days in order that his name may be
rightly praised. He will free it of its shame, and will pour out
his Holy Spirit over all flesh and our sons and daughters shall
prophesy and shall have dreams and visions, etc. For if Chris-
tendom not to become apostolic (Acts 2:16 ff.) 66 in the way
is
anticipated in Joel, why should one preach at all? To what

purpose then the Bible with [its] visions?
It is true, and [I] know it to be true, that the Spirit of God is
revealing to many elect, pious persons a decisive, inevitable,

imminent reformation [accompanied] by great anguish, and
it must be carried out to
completion. Defend oneself against it
as one may, the prophesy of Daniel remains unweakened, even
if no one believes it, as also Paul says to the Romans
(ch. 3:3).
66
Mistakenly Acts, ch. 27, in Miintzer's text.
SERMON BEFORE THE PRINCES! MUNTZER 63
This passage of Daniel is thus as clear as the sun, and the process
of ending the fifth monarchy of the world is in full swing.
The first [kingdom] is set forth by the golden knop. 67 That
was the kingdom of Babylon. The second [was represented] by
the silver breast and arms. That was the kingdom of the Medes
and Persians. The third was the kingdom of the Greeks, which,
resounding with its science, was symbolized by the [sounding]
brass. The fourth [was] the Roman Empire, which was won
by the sword and a kingdom of coercion. But the fifth [sym-
bolized by the iron and clay feet] is this which we have before
our eyes, which is also of iron and would like to coerce. But it
is [21] matted together with mud, 68 as we see before [our]
discerning eyes vain, pretentious schemes of hypocrisy which

writhe and wriggle over the whole earth. For whoever cannot
69 must be indeed an imbecile. One sees
[detect] the ruses
nicely now how the eels and the vipers all in a heap abandon
themselves to obscenities. The priests and all the wicked
clerics are the vipers, as John the baptizer of Christ calls them
(Matt. 3:7), and the temporal lords and princes are the eels, as
is figuratively represented in Leviticus (ch. 11:10-12) by the
fishes, etc. For the kingdoms of the devil have smeared them-
selves with clay. O beloved lords, how handsomely the Lord
will go smashing among the old pots with his rod of iron
(Ps. 2:9). Therefore, you much beloved and esteemed princes,
learn your judgments directly from the mouth of God and do
not let yourselves be misled by your hypocritical parsons nor be
restrained by false consideration and indulgence. 70 For the
Stone [made] without hands, cut from the mountain [which
will crush the fifth kingdom, Dan. 2:34], has become great.
The poor towns] and the peasants see it much
laity [of the
more clearly than you. Yea,God be praised, it has become so
great [that] already, if other lords or neighbors should wish to
67 A disparaging reference to the head.
Miintzer further debases the clay by calling it "mud/ the German for
9
68
which has also the secondary meaning of "ordure."
69 The text has an obscure word, plaststueckem, which must be "deceive,"
but the sense of the section requires the insertion of the bracketed word.
A word may indeed have dropped from the text s though neither Hmrichs
nor Brandt seems to feel the need for emendation. The copulation of
lamprey eels and vipers may go back to a passage in Saint Basil.
Literally, by a fabricated patience and goodness. Miintzer 's impatience
70
with political reformation of a Christian society is clearly different from
the "false forbearance" of the radical Evangelical Anabaptists whose
impatience was directly against ecclesiastical leaders for insufficient
purification of the Christian conventicle.
persecute you for the gospel's sake, they

would be driven back
by their own people! That I know for a certainty. Yea, the
Stone is great. Before It the dim-witted world had long been
71 What should
fell upon It when It was still small.
afraid; It we
then do now when it has become so great and mighty and when
It has so powerfully, imminently struck against the great
72
Statue and smashed it right down to the old pots? Therefore,
you esteemed princes of Saxony, step boldly on the Corner-
73 and seek the
stone as Saint Peter [22] did (Matt. i6:i8)
the divine will. He will surely
perseverance [imparted] by 74 Your
establish you upon the Rock (Ps. 40:2). ways will be
right. Seek only straightway the righteousness of God and take
up courageously the cause of the gospel! For God stands so
close to you that you wouldn't believe it! Why do you want then
to shudder before the specter of a man (Ps. ii8:6)?
75 Look at
our text well [Dan. 2:13]. King Nebuchadnezzar wanted to

kill the wise men because they could not interpret the dream for
him. That was a deserved reward, for they wished to rule his
whole kingdom with their cleverness and yet could not even do
that for which they had been installed. Such is also the case of
our clerics now, and I say this to you for a truth. If you could
only as clearly recognize the harm being [done] to Christendom
and rightly consider it, you would acquire just the same zeal as
Jehu the king (II Kings, chs. 9 and 10); and the same as that
which the whole book of Revelation proclaims. And I know for
a certainty that you would thereupon hold yourselves back only
with great effort from [letting] the sword exert its power. For
the pitiable corruption of holy Christendom has become so
great that at the present time no tongue can tell it all. Therefore
a new Daniel must arise and interpret for you your vision 76 and
this [prophet],, as Moses teaches (Deut. 20:2), must go in front
of the army* 77 He must reconcile the anger of the princes and
71 The allusion is to Christ's first appearance of which only the small number
of elect within the mighty Roman Empire, the fourth monarchy, took
cognizance.
72 Here Miintzer lets the clay vessels, signifying the princes and prelates,
stand for the iron and clay feet which together represent the whole of the
Holy Roman Empire in the process of crumbling.
73 Miintzer makes Christ, rather than Peter, the Rock in this pre-eminently
papal passage.
39 in the Vulgate. The text is particularly apt: He brought me up ...
74 Ps.
out of the miry clay and set my feet upon a rock.

75 ps. 117 in the Vulgate. The same psalm contains the rejected corner-
stone reference in v. 22.
76 7? This the Vulgate reading.
Literally, revelation. is
SERMON BEFORE THE PRINCES*. MUNTZER 65
the enraged people. For if you will rightly experience the
corruption of Christendom and the deception of the false
clerics and the vicious reprobates, 78 you will become so enraged
at them that no one can think it through. Without doubt it
will vex you and go right to your heart that you have been so
kindly after they, with the very sweetest words, misled you into
the most shameful conceptions (Prov. 6:1 ff.) against all
established truth. For they have made fools of you so that
everyone swears by the saints that [23] the princes are in
respect to their office a pagan people. They are said to be able to
maintain nothing other than a civil unity. O
beloved, yea, the
great Stone there is about to fall and strike these schemes of
[mere] reason and dash them to the ground, for he says
(Matt. 10:34): I am not come to send peace but a sword.
What should be done, however, with the same? 79 Nothing
different from [what is done with] the wicked who hinder the
gospel: Get them out of the way and eliminate them, unless
you want to be ministers of the devil rather than of God, as
Paul calls you (Rom. 13:4). You need not doubt it. God will
strike to pieces all your adversaries who undertake to persecute
you, for his hand is by no means shortened, as Isaiah (ch.
59:1) says. Therefore he can still help you and wishes to, as he
supported the elect King Josiah and others who defended the
name of God. Thus you are angels, when you wish to do justly,
as Peter says (II, ch. 1:4). Christ commanded in deep gravity,
saying (Luke 19:27): Take mine enemies and strangle them
before mine eyes. Why? Ah! because they ruin Christ's govern-
ment for him and in addition want to defend their rascality
under the guise of Christian faith and ruin the whole world
with their insidious subterfuge. 80 Therefore Christ our Lord
says (Matt. 18:6): Whosoever shall offend one of these little
ones, it is better for him that a millstone be hung about his
neck and that he be thrown in the depth of the sea. You can
gloss over here and there as much as you like these are the
words of Christ. Now if Christ can say, Whosoever offends one
78 The reference is primarily to the Lutheran divines.
79 The text reads, mit demselbigen and may refer specifically to Luther.
so Here and at n. 82 Miintzer is reinterpreting the politically conservative
text of Rom. ch. 13, into a revolutionary document. By reversing the
sequence of ch. 13:1-4 and construing vs. if. as the sequel of vs. 3 f., he
would make the Ernestine princes, by hortatory anticipation, the execu-
tors of God's wrath against the godless and the protectors of the revolu-
tionary saints. But he warns them that if they fail to identify themselves
with the covenantal people, the sword will revert to the people.
of the little ones, what should one say then if somebody offends
a great multitude in their faith? That is what the archvillains
do, who vex the whole world and make it forsake the true
Christian faith and say: No one may know the mystery of God.
Everyone should behave himself according to their words and
not according to their works (cf. Matt. 23:3). They say that it is
not necessary for faith to be tried like gold [24] in the fire
81 But in this
(I Peter 1:7; Ps. i4o:io). way Christian faith
would be worse than a dog's faith where he hopes to get a piece
of bread because the table is being set. This is the kind of faith
the false divines juggle before the blind world. This is not
remarkable after all, for they preach only for the stomach's sake
(Phil. 3:19). They cannot say anything further from [the
experiences of] their heart (Matt. 1 2 134) Now if you want to be
.
true governors, you must begin government at the roots, and,

as Christ commanded, drive his enemies from the elect. For
you are the means to this end. 82 Beloved, don't give us any old
jokes about how the power of God should do it without your
application of the sword. Otherwise may it rust away for you
in its scabbard! May God grant it, whatever any divine may
say to you! Christ says it sufficiently (Matt. 7:19; John 15:2, 6):
Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is rooted out and
cast into the fire. If you do away with the mask of the world,
you will soon recognize it with a righteous judgment (John
7:24). Perform a righteous judgment at God's command! You
have help enough for the purpose (Wisdom of Solomon, ch. 6) for ,
Christ is your Master (Matt. 23:8). Therefore let not the evil-
doers live longer who make us turn away from God (Deut.
13:5). For the godless person has no right to live when he is in
the way of the pious. In Ex. 22:18 God says: Thou shalt not
suffer evildoers 83 to live. Saint Paul also means this where he
says of the sword of rulers that it is bestowed upon them for the
retribution of the wicked as protection for the pious (Rom. 1 3 14) .
God is your protection and will teach you to fight against his
foes (Ps. 18:34). 84 He will make your hands skilled in fighting
and will also sustain you. But you will have to suffer for that
reason a great cross and temptation in order that the fear of
si Ps. 139:11 in the Vulgate. The allusion is not clear.

82 The princes possess the sword whereby the decision against the ungodly
can be made.
53 The Vulgate has maleficos for the modern rendering "witch" or "sorcer-
ess."
84 Ps. the Vulgate.
17:35 in
God may be declared unto you. That cannot happen without
suffering, but it costs you no
[25] more than the danger of
having risked all for God's sake and the useless prattle of your
adversaries. For though even pious David was drawn from his
castle by Absalom, he finally came again into ascendancy when
Absalom got hung up and was stabbed. 85 Therefore, you
cherished fathers of Saxony, you must hazard all for the sake of
the gospel. But God will chasten you out of love as his most
beloved sons (cf. Deut. 1:31) when he in his momentary anger
is enraged. Blessed at that time are all who trust in God. Free
in the Spirit of Christ, say only (Ps. 3:6) I will not be afraid of a
:
hundred thousand though they have set themselves against me

round about. I suppose at this point our learned divines will
bring out the goodness of Christ, which they in their hypocrisy
apply by force. But over against this [goodness] they ought also
to take note of the sternness of Christ (John 2:15-17; Ps. Ggig), 86
when he turned over the roots of idolatry. As Paul says in
Col. 3:5-7, because of these the wrath of God cannot be done
away with in the congregation. If he, according to our view,
tore down the lesser, 87 surely without doubt he would not have
spared the idols and images if there had been any. For he
himself commanded the same through Moses (Deut. 7:5!)
where he says: Ye are a holy people. Ye ought not to have pity
on account of the superstitious. Break down their altars, smash
up their images and burn them up, that I be not angry with you.
These words Christ has not abrogated, but rather he wishes to
fulfill them for us (Matt. 5:17). There are [of course] all those
figures interpreted by the prophets, but these [in Matthew]

are bright clear words which must stand forever (Isa. 40:8).
God cannot say yes today and tomorrow no, but rather he is
unchangeable in his Word (Mai. I Sam. 15:10-22;
3:6;
Num., ch. 22). [In reply to the
argument] that the apostles of
the Gentiles did not disturb the idols, I answer thus. Saint
Peter was a timid man (Gal. 2:11-13). If he dissembled with the
Gentiles, he was a symbol of all the apostles, so that Christ
said of him (John 21:15-19) that he mightily feared death. And,
because of this[fear, it] is easy enough to understand [that he]
gave no occasion [to arouse the pagans] by such [action] [26].
But Saint Paul spoke out quite sternly against idolatry. If he
had been able to push his teaching to its conclusion among the
ss II Sam.
18:10, 14 f.
86 p
s . 68 in theVulgate.
87
Namely, the tables of the money-changers.
Athenians (Acts 17:16-31), he would without any doubt
have cast it down, as God through Moses has commanded, and
as it also happened many times thereafter through [the action
of] the martyrs in trustworthy histories.
Therefore no justifica-
tion is given us in the inadequacy and the negligence of the
saints to let the godless have their way. Since they with us
confess God's name they ought to choose between two alter-
natives: either to repudiate the Christian faith completely or
put idolatry out of the way (Matt. 18:7-9). That our learned
divines, however, should come along and, in their godless
prevaricating manner, say in reference to Daniel (2:34) that the
Antichrist ought to be destroyed without [human] hands is as
much as to say he [Antichrist] is already inwardly collapsed, as
was the [Canaanite] people when the Chosen were bent on
entering the Promised Land, as Joshua (ch. 5:1) writes. He
[Joshua] notwithstanding did not spare them [the Canaanites]
the sharpness of the sword. Look at Ps. 44'.5 88 and I Chron.
14:11. There you will find the solution in this way. They did
not conquer the land by the sword but rather through the power
of God. But the sword was the means, as eating and drinking is
for us a means of living. In just this way the sword is necessary
to wipe out the godless (Rom. 13:4). That this might now take
place, however, in an orderly and proper fashion, our cherished
fathers, the princes, should do it, who with us confess Christ.
If, however, they do not do it, the sword will be taken from
them (Dan. 7:26 f.). For they confess him all right with words
and deny him with the deed (Titus 1:16). They [the princes],
accordingly, should proffer peace to the enemies (Deut.
2:26-30). If the latter wish to be spiritual [in the outmoded
sense] and do not give testimony of the knowledge (kunsf) of
God (cf. I Peter 3:9, 12), they should be gotten out of the way
(I Cor. 5:13). But I pray for them with the devout David
where they are not against God's revelation. Where, however,
they pursue the opposition, may they be slain without any
mercy as Hezekiah (II Kings 18:22), josiah (ch. 23:5), Cyrus
II Chron. 36:22 f.), Daniel (ch. 6:27),
(cf. Elijah (I Kings
18:40) destroyed the priests of Baal, otherwise the Christian
church (kirche] cannot come back again to its origin. The weeds
must be plucked out of the vineyard of God in the time of
harvest. Then [27] the beautiful red wheat will
acquire sub-
stantial rootage and come up properly (Matt. 13:24-30). The
ss Ps.
43 in the Vulgate.
angels [v. 39], however, who sharpen their sickles for this
purpose are the serious servants of God who execute the wrath of
the divine wisdom (Mai. 3:1-6).
Nebuchadnezzar (Dan. 2:46) perceived the divine wisdom
in Daniel. Fie fell down before him after the mighty truth had
overcome him. But he was moved like a reed before the wind,
as ch. 3 (vs. 5 ff.) proves. Of the same character are many
people now, by far the greater number, who accept the gospel
with great joy as long as everything is going fine and friendly
(Luke 8:13). But when God wishes to put such people to the
test or to the trial by fire (I Peter 1:7), oh, how they take offense
at the smallest weed, as Christ in Mark (ch. 4:17) prophesied.
Without doubt inexperienced people will to such an extent
89
anger themselves over this little book for the reason that I say
with Christ (Luke 19:27; Matt. 18:6) and with Paul (I Cor.
5:7, 13) and with the instruction of the whole divine law that
the godless rulers should be killed, especially the priests and
monks who revile the gospel as heresy for us and wish to be
considered at the same time as the best Christians. When
hypocritical, spurious (getichte) goodness becomes engaged and
embittered beyond the average, it then wishes to defend the
godless and says Christ killed no one, etc. And since the friends
of God thus quite ineffectually command the wind, the proph-
ecy of Paul (II Tim. 3:5) is fulfilled. In the last days the
lovers of pleasures will indeed have the form of godliness
(Guttickeii) but they will denounce its power. Nothing on earth
,
has a better form and mask than spurious goodness. For this
reason all corners are full of nothing but hypocrites, among
whom not a one is so bold as to be able to say the real truth.
Therefore in order that the truth may be rightly brought to
the light, you rulers it makes no difference whether you want
to or not must conduct yourselves according to the conclusion
of this chapter (ch. 2 :48 f.), namely, that Nebuchadnezzar made
the holy Daniel an officer in order that he might execute good,
90 For
righteous decisions, as the Holy Spirit says (Ps. 58:10 f.).
the godless have no right to live except as the elect wish to
grant it to them, as it is written in Ex. 23:29-33. Rejoice, you true
friends of God, that for the enemies of the cross their heart
has fallen into their breeches. They [28] must do right even
though they have never dreamed it. If we now fear God, why
89 How many other changes were made in converting the sermon into a
printed booklet is difficult to ascertain.
90 Ps. 57:11 f. in the Vulgate.
do we want to enrage ourselves before slack defenseless people
(Num. 14:8 f.; Josh. 11:6)? Be but daring! He who wishes to
have rule himself, to him allpower on earth and heaven is
given (Matt. 28:18). May He preserve you, most beloved,
forever. Amen.
Ill
Letters to Thomas Muntzer

l
Conrad Grebel and Friends
ZURICH, SEPTEMBER 5, 1524
INTRODUCTION
FOLLOWING TWO LETTERS FROM THE
spokesman of the radical evangelicalism of Switzerland
THE to the leader of Revolutionary Spiritualism in Saxony
constitute an invaluable document from the very beginnings of
Evangelical Anabaptism. They make clear in a few pages both
the widespread sense of camaraderie among the dissenters from
the territorial or magisterial Reformation of Luther and
Zwingli and the early differentiation of positions within the
Radical Reformation itself.
As an expression of left-wing solidarity it has been called the
manifesto of a "new program/' the third in a series of five
acts in which, on a diminutive scale, the whole drama of the
Radical Reformation was enacted in the circle of Conrad
Grebel in and about Zurich. 2 The first act had been the dis-
illusion of Grebel, humanist turned Biblicist, with the temporiz-
ing of his friend and former teacher Zwingli. The second act
had been the design which failed, a fleeting proposal for the
election of a truly Christian, i.e., radical evangelical, magis-
tracy which would implement at once the reform as preached
by Zwingli. Failing in this, Grebel and his associates then
turned to establish contact with Mtintzer and Carlstadt as
supposedly kindred spirits in a comparable opposition to the
way the Reform was proceeding in Wittenberg. In the letters
before us the Swiss Brethren give evidence both of their esteem
1 The best biography is that by Harold Bender, Conrad Grebel (Goshen,

Ind., 1950).
2 Delineated with characteristic clarity, precision, and economy of phrase
by Fritz Blanke, "La Prehistoire de PAnabaptisme a Zurich," Melanges
historiques qfferts a M. Jean Meyhofer (Lausanne, 1952), 17-29.
71
for Miintzer and their uneasiness about him, especially in three
matters soon to be of pre-eminent importance to them. In
making these three points these letters provide us with our
earlie$t documentation in the Reformation Era of a concern
for believer's baptism, an insistence on the separation of the
church from both the support of and control by the state, and
a programmatic renunciation of war.
When the Swiss Brethren received no response to their
overture and it is clear that the preacher of the Sermon
Before the Princes (Selection II) had a different spirit from
theirs Grebel opened the fourth act in making one last effort
to dissuade Zwingli and the magistracy from pedobaptisrn
in a public debate. Baptism was then felt, much more than is
evident in our Letters, to be the key to the full imitation of
Christ, who was circumcized as a child of Israel but baptized
in Jordan as the head of the New Israel. Antagonizing instead
of converting the magistracy, the Brethren turned to the final
act, rebaptism and rupture with magisterial Protestantism.
This fifth act, Grebel's rebaptism of Blaurock, is recorded in
Selection I.
3
Letters to Thomas Muntêr
By Conrad Grebel and Friends
ZURICH, SEPTEMBER 5, 1524
THE TEXT
To the sincere and true proclaimer of the gospel, Thomas
Mlintzer at Allstedt In the Hartz, our true and beloved brother
with us in Christ: May peace, grace, and mercy from God, our
Father, and Jesus Christ, our Lord, be with us all. Amen.
4
Dear Brother Thomas:

For God's sake do not marvel that v/e address thee without
3 The present translation is a revision of that published by Walter Rauschen-
busch in The American Journal of Theology, IX (1905), pp. 91-99. This was
based upon the text as first published by G. A. Cornelius, Geschichte des
Munsterischen Aufruhrs, II (Leipzig, 1860), pp. 240-247. The Letters were
republished in modernized German (but not always accurately) by
Christian NefF in Gedenkschrift gum 400 jdhrigen Jubilaum der Mennoniten
oder Taufgesinnten (Ludwigshafen, 1925), pp. 98102. The critical text of
the Letters was edited by Heinrich Bohmer and Paul Kirn, Thomas
Muntzers Briefwechsel (Leipzig/Berlin, 1931)5 pp. 92-101, which was
reproduced by Leonhard von Muralt and Walter Schmid, Quellen zur
Geschichte der Taufer in der Schweiz (Zurich, 1952), pp. 13-21. The original
is in the Stadtsbibliothek, St. Gail, Band XI, 97, and Band II, 204, of
the Vadian Corpus. It is from the critical text that the Rauschenbusch
translation has been reworked and supplied with notes and completed
Biblical references. A portion of the original Rauschenbusch translation
was republished by Bender, Grebel (Ind.), pp. 282-287; the background
and purport of the Letters are fully discussed, ibid., pp. 1 7 1-183.
The Letters are not only a documentation of Evangelical Anabaptism.
They also constitute a. piece justificative on both sides of the contemporary
scholarly controversy as to whether Anabaptism took its rise in Saxony
in opposition to Luther and was hence primitively revolutionary (Miintzer
and Miinster), as the Leipzig Luther scholars Heinrich Bohmer and Karl
Holl and their schools have held, or whether it rose in Switzerland in
opposition to Zwingli and was hence consistently pacifistic as the American
Mennonite scholar Harold Bender and his associates maintain.
4 The
phrasing evokes the memory of the introductory verses of the Epistle
to Titus and the two to Timothy.
73
and request thee like a brother to communicate with us
title,
unasked and unknown
by writing, and that we have ventured,
us. God's Son, Jesus
open communications between
to thee, to
who
offers himself as the one master and head of all
Christ,
who would be saved, and bids us be brethren by the one
common word given to all brethren and believers, has moved us
and compelled us to make friendship and brotherhood and to
the to thy attention. Thy writing of two
following points
bring
tracts fictitious faith has further prompted us.
on 5 Therefore
we ask that thou wilt take it kindly for the sake of Christ our
Saviour. If God wills, it shall serve and work to our good.
Amen.
Just as our forebears fell away
from the true^God and from
the one true, common, divine Word, from the divine institutions,
from Christian love and life, and lived without God's law and
unchristian customs and ceremonies,
gospel in human, useless,
and expected to attain salvation therein, yet fell far short of it,
as the evangelical preachers have declared, and to some
extent
are still declaring, so today too every man wants to be saved by
superficial faith, without fruits of faith, without baptism of
trial and probation, without love and hope, without right
Christian practices, and wants to persist in all the old manner of
personal vices, and in the common ritualistic and anti-Christian
customs of baptism and of the Lord's Supper, in disrespect for
the divine Word and in respect for the word of the pope and
of the antipapal preachers, which yet is not equal to the divine
Word nor in harmony with it. In respecting persons and in
manifold seduction there is grosser and more pernicious error
now than ever has been since the beginning of the world. In the
same error we too lingered as long as we heard and read only
the evangelical preachers who are to blame for all this, in
punishment for our sins. But after we took Scripture in hand

too, and consulted it on many points, we have been
instructed
somewhat and have discovered the great and harmful error of
the shepherds, of ours too, namely, that we do not daily beseech
God earnestly with constant groaning to be brought out of this
destruction of all godly life and out of human abominations, to
attain to the true faith and divine practice. The cause of all
this is false forbearance, the hiding of the divine Word, and the
mixing of it with the human. Aye, we say it harms all and
getichten glawben (1524) and Protestation odder Empietung

s Von dem vnnd
anfang von dem rechten Christenglawben vnnd der iawffe (1524).
LETTERS TO THOMAS MUNTZER*. GREBEL 75
frustrates all things divine. There is no need of specifying and
reciting.
While we were marking and deploring these facts, thy book
against false faith and baptism 6 was brought to us, and we
were more fully informed and confirmed, and it rejoiced us
wonderfully that we found one who was of the same Christian
mind with us and dared to show the evangelical preachers their
lack, how that in all the chief points they falsely forbear and
act and set their own opinions, and even those of Antichrist,
above God and against God, as befits not the ambassadors of
God to act and preach. Therefore we beg and admonish thee
as a brother by the name, the power, the word, the spirit, and
the salvation, which has come to all Christians through Jesus
Christ our Master and Saviour (seligmacher], that thou wilt
take earnest heed to preach only the divine Word without fear,
to set up and guard only divine institutions, to esteem as good
and right only what may be found in pure and clear Scripture,
to reject, hate, and curse all devices, words, customs, and
opinions of men, including thy own.
(i.) We understand and have seen that thou hast translated
the Mass into German and hast introduced new German
hymns. That7 cannot be for the good, since we find nothing
taught in the New Testament about singing, no example of it.
Paul scolds the learned among the Corinthians more than he
praises them, because they mumbled in meeting as if they sang,
8
just as the Jews and the Italians chant their words song-fashion.
(2.) Since singing
in Latin grew up without divine instruction
and apostolic example and custom, without producing good
or edifying, it will still less edify in German and will create a
faith of outward appearance only. (3.) Paul very clearly
forbids singing in Eph, 5:19 and Col. 3:16 since he says and
teaches that they are to speak to one another and teach one
another with psalms and spiritual songs, and if anyone would
sing, he should sing and give thanks in his heart. (4.) Whatever
we are not taught by clear passages or examples must be regarded
as forbidden, just as if it were written: "This do not; sing not."
(5.) Christ in the Old and especially
in the New Testament bids
his messengers (botteii) 9 simply proclaim the word. Paul too
6 Protestation.
7 Grebel may have seen Miintzer's three liturgical works. The twenty-five
items here numbered in parens appear partly in written, partly in
numeral form and Nos. 8 and 1 2 are not indicated.
8 Gf. I Cor. 14:9, 1 6.
>
In the translations in this volume Boten appears as "emissaries" wherever
it is combined as Sendboten (and the Dutch equivalent) .
says that the word of Christ profits us, not the song. Whoever
sings poorly gets vexation by it; whoever can sing well gets
conceit. (6.) We must not follow our notions; we must add
nothing to the word and take nothing
from it. (7,) If thou wilt
abolish the Mass, it cannot be accomplished with German
chants, which is thy suggestion perhaps, or comes from Luther.
It must be rooted up by the word and command of Christ.
[8.]
it is not planted by God. (10.) The Supper of fellowship
(9.) For
Christ did institute and plant, (i i.) The words found in Matt.,
ch. 26, Mark, ch. 14, Luke, ch. 22, and I Cor., ch. 1 1, alone are
to be used, no more, no less. [12.] The server from out of the
congregation should pronounce them
from one of the Evange-
lists or from Paul. (13.) They are the words of the instituted
meal of fellowship, not words of consecration. (14.) Ordinary

bread ought to be used, without idols and additions. (15.) For
[the latter] creates an external reverence
and veneration of the
bread, and a turning away from the inward. An ordinary
drinking vessel too ought to be used. (16.) This would do away
with the adoration and bring true understanding and apprecia-
tion of the Supper, since the bread is nought but bread. In
faith, it is the body of Christ and the incorporation
with Christ
and the brethren. But one must eat and drink in the Spirit and
love, as John shows in ch. 6 and the other passages,
Paul in
I Cor., chs. 10 and 11, and as is clearly learned in Acts, ch. 2.
if faith and brotherly love
(17.) Although it is simply bread, yet
precede it, it is to be received with joy, since, when it is used in
the church, it is to show us that we are truly one bread and one
body, and that we are and wish to be true brethren with one
another, etc. (18.) But if one is found who will not live the
brotherly life, he eats unto condemnation, since he eats it with-
out discerning, like any other meal, and dishonors love, which
is the inner bond, and the bread, which is the outer bond.
(19.) For also it does not call

to his mind Christ's body and
blood, the covenant of the cross, nor that he should be willing
to live and suffer for the sake of Christ and the brethren, of the
head and the members. (20.) Also it ought not to be adminis-
tered by thee. 10 That was the beginning of the Mass that only a
few would partake, for the Supper is an expression of fellowship,
10 The objection here appears to be against the perpetration of the priestly
conception of administering the elements. To avoid any suggestion of a
sacerdotal act, Miintzer, ordained to the old priesthood, should relinquish
to a server from out of the congregation the distribution of the elements.
Gf. article 24 below. Besides the informality, note the inwardness and
stress on John, ch. 6; cf. Caspar Schwenckfeld, Sel. VIII, pp. i66fF.
LETTERS TO THOMAS MUNTZER: GREBEL 77
not a Mass and sacrament. Therefore none is to receive it
alone, neither on his deathbed nor otherwise. Neither is the
bread to be locked away, etc., for the use of a single person,
since no one should take for himself alone the bread of those in
unity, unless he is not one with himself which no one is, etc.
(21.) Neither is it to be used in "temples" according to all
Scripture and example, since that creates a false reverence.
(22.) It should be used much and often. (23.) It should not be
used without the rule of Christ in Matt. 18:15-18, otherwise
it is not the Lord's
Supper, for without that rule every man will
run after the externals. The inner matter, love, is passed by, if
brethren and false brethren approach or eat it [together]. 11
(24.) If ever thou desirest to serve it, we should wish that it
would be done without priestly garment and vestment of the
Mass, without singing, without addition. (25.) As for the time,
we know that Christ gave it to the apostles at supper and that
the Corinthians had the same usage. We
fix no definite time
with us, etc.
Let this suffice, since thou art much better instructed about
the Lord's Supper, and we only state things as we understand
them. If we are not in the right, teach us better. And do thou
drop singing and the Mass, and act in all things only according
to the Word, and bring forth and establish by the Word the
usages of the apostles. If that cannot be done, it would be better
to leave all things in Latin and unaltered and mediated [by a
priest]. If the right cannot be established, do not then administer
according to thy own or the priestly usage of Antichrist. And at
least teach how it ought to be, as Christ does in John, ch. 6,
and teaches how we must eat and drink his flesh and blood,
and takes no heed of backsliding and anti-Christian caution, 12
of which the most learned and foremost evangelical preachers
have made a veritable idol and propagated it in all the world.
It is much better that a few be rightly taught through the
Word of God, believing and walking aright in virtues and
practices, than that many believe falsely and deceitfully through
adulterated doctrine. Though we admonish and beseech thee,
we hope that thou wilt do it of thy own accord; and we
11 Gf. more completely below, p. 80, and Menno Simons on the ban and
shunning, Selection XII.
12 False forbearance. The same phrasing is prominent in Caspar Schwenck-
feld, Selection VIII, i.e., p. 170. For a violent denunciation of false
cautioiij see Muntzer, Selection II, p. 63.
admonish the more willingly, because thou hast so kindly

listened to our brother 13 and confessed that thou too hast
4 are
yielded too much, and because thou and Carlstadt*
esteemed by us the purest proclaimers and preachers of the
purest Word of God. And if ye
two rebuke, and justly, those
who mingle the words and customs of men with those of God,
loose and be completely
ye must by rights cut yourselves
purged of popery, benefices, and all new and ancient customs,
and of your own and ancient notions. If your benefices, as
with us, 15 are supported by interest and tithes, which are both
true usury, and it is not the whole congregation which supports
of your benefices. Ye know
you, we beg that ye free yourselves
well how a shepherd should be sustained.
We have good hopes ofJacob Strauss 16 and a few others, who
are little esteemed by the slothful scholars and doctors at
Wittenberg. We too are thus rejected by our learned shepherds.
All men follow them, because they preach a sinful sweet
13 This is undoubtedly Hans HujufT, mentioned again below (n. 23), and a
signatory of the second letter to Miintzer,

where he signs himself as "thy
countryman of Halle." In the second letter reference is also made to his
having been "recently" with Miintzer. Two scholars have concluded
from these references that HujufT must have had personal contact with
Miintzer. See here Otto Schiff, "Thomas Miintzer als Prediger in Halle,"
Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte, XXIII (1926), esp. p. 291, and Karl
Simon, "Die Ziiricher Taufer und der Hofgoldschmied Kardinal
Albrechts," ^wingliana, VI (1938), 50-54. Harold Bender discusses the
arguments of both men and goes on to argue that "there are grave
doubts as to the authenticity of the supposed conversation" (op, cit.>
257, n. 56). To me the contact seems more than plausible, but surely
not detrimental to Grebel's originality.
SchifT identified Hujuff as court goldsmith of Albert of Brandenburg
(later cardinal) Simon advances additional
. fact and argument to make it
probable that Anabaptist Hujuff was son of court artist HujufT, both of
them goldsmiths. Our HujufFis known to have received from his brother
in Saxony a copy of Luther's polemical tract against Miintzer. See
second letter to Miintzer below.
14 Andreas Bodenstein von Carls tadt, originally an ally of Luther in
Wittenberg, subsequently an opponent on the issues of the Supper and
Scripture. He died, a professor in Basel, in 1541,
I.e., in Zwingli's Zurich.
is
16 Dr. Jacob Strauss, born in Basel, was active as a Lutheran preacher in

Tyrol, then in Wertheim and Eisenach. He was conspicuously opposed to
usury in his espousal of the cause of the peasants who listed him third
(next to Luther and Melanchthon) in the South German Peasant
Constitution of Memmingen, February, 1524. See Bender, Grebel>
pp. 312-315, where the literature is cited. See also Gustav Bossert,
Realencydopddie filr protestantische Theologie und Kirche> 3d ed., XIX, 92 if.
LETTERS TO THOMAS MUNTZERt GREBEL 79
17
and they lack clear discernment, as thou hast set
Christ,
forth in thy tracts, which have taught and strengthened beyond
measure us who are poor in spirit. And so we are in harmony in
all points, except that we have learned with sorrow that thou
hast set up tablets, 18 for which we find no text or example in
the New Testament. In the Old it [the law] was to be written
outwardly, but now in the New it is to be written on the fleshly
tablets of the heart, as the comparison of both Testaments
proves, as we are taught by Paul, II Cor. 3:3; Jer. 31:33; Heb.
8:10; Ezek. 36:26. Unless we are mistaken, which we do not
think and believe, do thou abolish the tablets again. The
matter has grown out of thy own notions, a futile expense,
which will increase and become quite idolatrous, and spread
into all the world, just as happened with the idolatrous images.
It would also create the idea that something external always
had to stand and be set up in place of the idols, whereby the
unlearned might learn even if it be only the external word
which is so used, as is declared to us, according to all example
and commandment of Scripture, especially I Cor. 14:16 and
Col. 3:16. This kind of learning from this word only 19 might
in time become insidious, 20 and even if it would never do any
harm, yet I would never want to invent and set up anything
new and to follow and imitate the slothful and misleading
scholars with their false forbearance, and from my own opinion
invent, teach, and establish a single thing.
Go forward with the Word and establish a Christian church
with the help of Christ and his rule, as we find it instituted
in Matt. 18:15-18 and applied in the Epistles. Use determina-
tion and common prayer and decision according to faith and
love, without command or compulsion. Then God will help
thee and thy little sheep to all sincerity, and the singing and the
tablets will cease.There is more than enough of wisdom and
counsel in the Scripture, how all classes and all men may be
taught, governed, instructed, and turned to piety. Whoever
will not amend and believe, but resists the Word and action of
God and thus persists, such a man, after Christ and his Word
and rule have been declared to him and he has been admonished
i? The "bitter" as opposed to the "sweet" Christ is pointed up by Miintzer
in vondem getichten glawben, G. Brandt, op. cit. 9 p. 129. It is also found in
John Denck, Selection IV, at n. 12.
is Two tablets
bearing the Ten Commandments.
i? From dem
einigen wort, i.e., the displayed tablets.
hinderstellig warden as "to lag/' but acknowledges
2 o Rauschenbusch renders
that "the connection is not clear."

21 such
in the presence of the three witnesses and the church,
not be 22
a man, we say, taught by God's Word, shall killed,
but regarded as a heathen and publican and let alone.

to be protected
Moreover, the gospel and its adherents are not
thus to themselves, which, as
by the sword, nor are they 23 protect
we learn from our brother, is thy opinion and practice. True
Christian believers are sheep among wolves, sheep for ^the
slaughter; they must
be baptized in anguish and affliction,
tribulation, persecution, suffering,
and death; they must be
tried with fire, and must reach the fatherland of eternal rest,
not by killing their bodily, but by mortifying their spiritual,
enemies. Neither do they use worldly sword or war, since all
killing has ceased with
them unless, indeed, we would still
be of the old law. And even there [in the Old Testament], so
far as we recall, war was a misfortune after they had once
conquered the Promised Land. No
more of this.
On the matter of baptism thy book pleases us well, and we
desire to be further instructed by thee. We understand that
24 of
even an adult is not to be baptized without Christ's rule
binding and loosing. The
Scripture describes baptism for us
thus, that it signifies that, by faith
and the blood of Christ, sins
have been washed away for him who is baptized, changes his
mind, and believes before and after; that it signifies that a
man is dead and ought to be dead to sin and walks in newness of
life and spirit, and that he shall certainly be saved if, according
to this meaning., by inner baptism he lives his faith; so that the
water does not confirm or increase faith, as the scholars at
Wittenberg say, and [does not] give very great comfort [nor]
is it the final refuge on the deathbed. Also baptism does not
25 and
save, as Augustine, Tertullian, Theophylact, Cyprian
21 Matt. 18:15-17. See item 22 above.
22 Grebel is thinking here of the Inquisitorial punishment of heretics and
Paul's excommunication of the Corinthian sinner in I Cor. 5:5, wherein
the phrase "destruction of the flesh" could be and had been often inter-
preted as legitimizing capital punishment for heresy or immorality. Of
I Cor. 5:5 there is an interesting parallel in the Dead Sea Manual of
Discipline.
23 Hans HujufT. See above, n. 13. Herein, of course, Grebel is deceived. See
Selection II, esp. p. 64.
24 That
is, without submitting to the rule of Matt. 18:15-17.
25
Theophylact (c. 1038-0. in 8), archbishop of Achreda, wrote commen-
taries on the New
Testament widely esteemed. Gf. Cornelius, Geschichte
238. Hubmaier, in contrast to
des Munsterischen Aufruhrs, I, 226, 236,
Grebel, mistakenly thought Theophylact wrote A.D. 189 and cited him
approvingly as a witness to apostolic usage. G. Sachsse, Hubmaier, p. 34.
LETTERS TO THOMAS MUNTZER: GREBEL 8l
have taught, dishonoring faith and the suffering of Christ in the

case of the old and adult, and dishonoring the suffering of
Christ in the case of the unbaptized infants. We
hold (according
to the following passages: Gen. 8:21; Deut. 1:39; 30:6; 31:13;
and I Cor. 14:20; Wisdom of Solomon 12:19; I Peter 2:2;
Rom., chs. i; 2; 7; 10 [allusions uncertain]; Matt. 18:1-6;
I
9 :I 37 I 55 Mark 9:33-47; 10:13-16; Luke 18:15-17; etc.) that
all children who have not
yet come to the discernment of the
knowledge of good and evil, -and have not yet eaten of the tree
of knowledge, that they are surely saved by the suffering of
Christ, the new Adam, who has restored their vitiated life,
because they would have been subject to death and con-
demnation only if Christ had not suffered; but they're not yet
grown up to the infirmity of our broken nature unless, indeed,
it can be
proved that Christ did not suffer for children.
But as to the objection that faith is demanded of all who are to
be saved, we exclude children from this and hold that they are
saved without faith, and we do not believe from the above
passages [that children must be baptized], and we conclude
from the description of baptism and from the accounts of it
(according to which no child was baptized), also from the above
passages (which alone apply to the question of children, and all
other scriptures do not refer to children) that infant baptism is
,
a senseless, blasphemous abomination, contrary to all Scripture,

contrary even to the papacy; since we find, from Cyprian and
Augustine, that for many years after apostolic times believers
and unbelievers 2521 were baptized together for six hundred
years, etc. Since thou knowest this ten times better and hast
published thy protests against infant baptism, we hope that
thou art not acting against the eternal word, wisdom, and
commandment of God, according to which only believers are
to be baptized, and art not baptizing children. If thou or
Carlstadt will not write sufficiently against infant baptism
with all that applies, as to how and why we should baptize,
etc., I (Conrad Grebel) will try my hand, and I have already
begun to reply to all who have hitherto (excepting thyself)
26
misleadingly, and knowingly, written on baptism and have
asa Grebel means that adults from believing homes, like Augustine, and
converts from among the unbelieving pagans were alike baptized on
confession of faith.
26 This is the
Taufbuchlein of the spring of 1526, destined to be refuted by
Zwingli in his In Catabaptistarum Strophas Elenchus (July, 1527). For the
English translation see bibliography.
deceived concerningthe senseless, blasphemous form of
27 28 and the
baptism, as for instance Luther, Leo, Osiander,
men at Strassburg, 29 and some have done even more shame-
I and we all are and shall be surer of
fully. Unless God avert it,
persecution on the part of the scholars, etc., than of other
people. We pray thee not to use nor to receive the old customs
of the Antichrists, such as sacrament, Mass, signs, etc., but to
hold to and rule by the word alone, as becomes all ambassadors
(gesantm), and especially thee
and Carlstadt, and ye do more
than all the preachers of all nations.
Regard us as thy brethren and take this letter as an expression
of great joy and hope toward you through God, and admonish,
to God
comfort, and strengthen us as thou art well able. Pray
the Lord for us that he may come to the aid of our faith, since
we desire to believe. And if God will grant us also to pray, we
too will pray for thee and all, that we all may walk according
to our calling and estate. May God grant it through Jesus
Christ our Saviour. Amen. Greet all brethren, the shepherds
and the sheep, who receive the word of faith and salvation with
desire and hunger, etc.
One point more. We
desire an answer, and if thou dost
publish anything, that thou wilt send it
to usby this messenger
and others. We also desire to be informed if thou and Carlstadt
are of one mind. We hope and believe it. We commend this
messenger to thee, who has also carried letters from us to our
brother Carlstadt. And if thou couldst visit Carlstadt, so that
ye could reply jointly, it would be a sincere joy to us. The
messenger is to return to us; what is lacking in his pay shall be
made up when he returns.
God be with us.
Whatever we have not understood correctly, inform and instruct

us.
Given at Zurich on the fifth day of September in the year

1524.
Conrad Grebel, Andrew Castelberg, Felix Mantz, 30 John
Ockenfuss, Bartholomew Pur, Henry Aberli, and other
27 Leo Judae (d. 1541), Zwingli's close associate in Zurich.

28 Andreas Osiander (d. 1552), Lutheran reformer of Nuremberg, who
developed special views on justification which led to the Osiander
controversy.
29
ParticularlyMartin Bucer and Capito.
30 Referred to in Selection I at n. 6.
LETTERS TO THOMAS MUNTZER: GREBEL 83
brethren of thine in Christ, if God will, who have written this
to thee, wish for thee and us all and all thy flock till further
message and true word of God, true faith, love, and hope with
all God through Jesus Christ. Amen.
peace and grace from
C. Grebel, meant to write to Luther in the name of all of
I,
us, and to exhort him to cease from his [policy of] caution,
31
which he uses without [authority of] Scripture and which he

established in the world, and others after him. But my affliction
and time would not permit. Do it according to your duty, etc.
POSTSCRIPT OR SECOND LETTER
Dearly beloved Brother Thomas:

When I had subscribed all our names in a hurry and had
thought this messenger would not wait until we wrote to Luther
too, he had to bide and wait on account of rain. So I wrote to
Luther 32 too, on behalf of my brethren and thine, and have
exhorted him to cease from the false sparing 33 of the weak, who
are [really] themselves. Andrew Castelberg has written to
Carlstadt. Meanwhile there has come here to Hans HujufF34 of
Halle, our fellow citizen and brother, who recently visited thee,
a letter and shameful tract 35 by Luther, which no man ought
to write who wants to be the apostles. Paul
first fruits like
teaches differently: porro servum Domini, etc. 36 I see that he
wants to have thee outlawed and deliver thee to the prince 37 to
whom he has tied his gospel, even as Aaron had to hold Moses
as a god. As for thy tracts and protestations I find thee without
guilt, unless thou dost reject baptism entirely, which I do not
gather from them, but that thou dost condemn infant 53
baptism
and the misunderstanding of baptism. What "water means in
John 3:5 we shall examine carefully in thy book and the
38
Scripture. The brother of Hujuff writes that thou hast preached
si The false forbearance.

32 Grebel never received a direct reply from Luther, but from Erhard
Hegenwalt, January i, 1525.
33 The false forbearance. 34 See above, n.
13.
35 The Letter to the Princes of Saxony Concerning the Tumultous Spirit, 1524,
directed against Miintzer and Carlstadt. See John S. Oyer, "The Writings
of Luther Against the Anabaptists," MQR, XXVII (1953), pp. 100 ff.
36 The allusion may be to II Tim. 2:24.
37 Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony.
38 This is another reference to the Protestation, article 6; Brandt, op. cit.,
P- 135-
are to be attacked with the fist. 39
against the princes, that they
Is it true? If thou art willing to defend war, the tablets, singing,
or other things which thou dost not find in express words of
Scripture, as thou
dost not find the points mentioned, then I
admonish thee by the common salvation of us all that thou wilt
cease therefrom and from all notions of thy own now and
hereafter. Then wilt thou be completely pure, who in other
points pleasest us better
than anyone in this German and other
40
countries. If thou fallest into the hands of Luther or the Duke,
a hero
drop the points mentioned, and stand by
the others like
and champion of God. Be strong. Thou hast the Bible (of which
42
Luther has made bible, blare, 41 babble ) for defense against
the idolatrous caution 43 of
Luther, which he and the learned
shepherds in our parts have propagated in all the world;
against the deceitful, weak-kneed faith, against
their preaching
in which they do not teach Christ as they should, although they
have just opened the gospel for all the world so people might or
should read for themselves. But not many do it, for everybody
follows their authority. With us there are not twenty who
believe the word of God; they trust persons: Zwingli, Leo
[Judae], and others, who elsewhere are esteemed learned. And
if thou must suffer for it, thou knowest well that it cannot be
otherwise. Christ must suffer still more in his members. But he
will strengthen and keep them steadfast to the end. May God
also are so wroth
give grace to thee and us. For our shepherds
and furious against us, rail at us as knaves from the pulpit in
in angelos lucis converses. 44 We too
public, and call us Satanas
39 The Sermon Before the Princes of Saxony, July 13, 1524; see above, esp.
pp. 64, 68 f.
40
George of Saxony.
41
Bvbd> which then meant "drum," hence "blare," or "wanton mis-
conduct."
42
Babel, which can refer to the presumptuous Tower or to babbling. The
alliterative phrase was originally Miintzer's and was apparently recounted
to Luther by Agricola, a former associate of Miintzer. (The phrase was
X
later printed by Agricola in his Exposition of Psalm XI See Gustav
.
Kawerau, Johann Agricola [Berlin, 1881], p. 48.) Luther thereupon

repeated the phrase when he placed it on the lips of all "fanatics" in
summarizing their view of Scripture in the aforementioned Letter to the
Saxon Princes, Werke (Weimer), XV, p. an. Grebel did not fully
understand Luther's point. Luther, arguing against the spiritual use of
the Bible, desired to show how, on the testimony of Miintzer himself,
the Bible in the hands of the radicals had led to Bubel (license) and Babel
(babbling divisiveness) .
43 False forbearance.
44 Satans
changed into angels of light. Cf. II Cor. 11:14.
LETTERS TO THOMAS MUNTZERI GREBEL 85
shall In time see persecution come upon us through them.
Therefore pray to God for us. Once more we admonish thee,
and we do so because we love and honor thee so heartily for the
clearness of thy word and hence dare write thee trustfully. Do
not act, teach, or establish anything according to human
opinion, your own or that of others, and abolish again what has
been so established; but establish and teach only the clear word
and practices of God, with the rule of Christ, 45 unadulterated
baptism and unadulterated Supper, as we have touched upon
in the first letter, and upon which thou art better informed than
a hundred of us. If thou and Carlstadt, Jacob Strauss and
Michael Stiefel 46 do not give sincere diligence to it (as I and
my brethren hope that you will do), it will be a sorry gospel that
has come into the world. But ye are far purer than our men here
and those at Wittenberg, who flounder from one perversion of
Scripture into the next, and daily from one blindness into
another and greater. I think and believe that they propose to
become true papists and popes. Now no more. God, our
Captain, with his Son Jesus Christ, our Saviour, and with his
1
spirit and word be with thee and us all.

Conrad Grebel, Andrew Castelberg, Felix Mantz, Henry
47
Aberli,Johannes Pannicellus, John Ockenfuss, John HujufF,
thy countryman of Halle, thy brethren, and seven new young
Miintzers against Luther. . . .
45 1 8, on church
Matt., ch. discipline.
46 A Lutheran who on mathematical-apocalyptic grounds set the date for
the end of the world, October 19, 1533. The booklet by Stiefel which
Grebel may have known was Das Evangelium von dem verlorenen Sohn, 1524.
A former Augustinian friar, he became a professor of mathematics in
Jena (d. 1567).
47 Hans Broedli from the Grisons became preacher in Zollikon, early
identified himself with radical reform,was driven from Zurich after the
Disputation of January 17, 1525, was active in Stallan (Schaffhausen),
and was burned 1528,
IV
Whether God Is the Cause of Evil
l
By John Denck
AUGSBURG, 1526
INTRODUCTION
AND THE BONDAGE OF THE WILL
in the realm of saving faith constituted the theological
PREDESTINATION
center of Lutheranism. Anabaptism stressed the freedom
of the will and the morally and religiously responsible adult's
decision for or against Christ. And in further contrast to Luther-
anism it stressed progressive sanctification in imitation of Christ
over against the forensic justification through faith in the
redemptive work of the historic Christ.
1
The principal interpretations of Denck in English are as follows Rufus:
Jones, Spiritual Reformers (1914), Ch. XI; Frederick L. Weiss, The Life,
Teachings and Works of Hans Denck (Strassburg, 1924), based upon the
sources, all of which are listed and located in the Appendix; and Alfred
Coutts, Hans Denck, Humanist and Heretic (Edinburgh, 1927), which was
written without knowledge of Weiss s effort. Of these three works it may
J
be said that in the first Denck appears as a Quaker, in the second as a

Unitarian, and in the third as a humanist, thus reflecting the authors'
sympathies. Neither Weiss nor Goutts was familiar with the Troeltschian
typology. Goutts all too readily takes over the concept of Spiritual
Reformer from Jones, unaware of the religio-sociological typology with
which Jones was familiar, and uses the term of Denck as though he were
spokesman of the whole of the "right wing" of Anabaptism in which
Grebel and Blaurock would be reckoned lesser representatives over against
the revolutionaries. The
basic German biography upon which all three of
these writers draw is that of Ludwig Keller, Ein Apostel der Wiedertaufer
(Leipzig, 1882). It contains some of the writings of Denck in extenso. The
most important later works in German are as follows: Otto Vittali, Die
Theologie des Wiedertaufers Hans Denck (Freiburg, 1932) and Albrecht
Hege, "Hans Denck, 1495-1527," an unpublished dissertation, Tubingen,
c. 1939, a copy of which is available in the Mennonite Historical
Library in
Goshen, Indiana. This is by far the clearest delineation both of the life
and the thought of Denck. Another German work contains profuse
excerpts from Denck's writings: Adolf Schwindt, Hans Denck: Ein Vor- j
kdmpfer undogmatischen Christentums (Schlachtern/Habertshof, 1924).

86
WHETHER GOD IS CAUSE OF EVIL: DENGK 87
Because of the importance of the voluntarist principle both
in the soteriology and the ecclesiology of the Anabaptists, the
editor has chosen two representatives, John Denck and Balthasar
Hubmaier, to deal with the subject. In Denck' s work, Augus-
tinian Neoplatonism and medieval mysticism constitute a major
strand. In Hubmaier's work late scholastic categories are
prominent and they are regarded as valid argumentation with
the Protestant divines. In effect the two treatments of free will
are so differently oriented that the reader will not be wearied
by any considerable duplication. In fact, Denck's treatise is a
comprehensive treatment of the religious life as understood by
one of the most beloved of the Anabaptist leaders.
By means of questions and answers Denck deals not only
with predestination but also with many other themes, for
example: the diverse manifestations of selffulness and its
desirable opposite, Gelassenkeit (cf. Selection XIII, intro-
duction) the imitation of Christ, leading to divinization and
;
inner lordship over all that is creaturely; the relation between

the inner and outer Word, and the possibility of universal
salvation on repentance. After exploring the bounds of en-
lightened conscience through the inner Word, Denck avers that
salvation is in us but not of us and that the universal "truth of
God" must be perceived in the historic and experienced
"truth of Christ." Thus, though he holds much closer to the
framework of traditional Christianity than, for example,
Sebastian Franck (Selection VII), it is clear from this as from
most of his other writings that Denck was, from the moment of
his conversion to Anabaptism all the way to his qualified and
c 35
a
despairing 'retraction, at the interior of his being primarily
Contemplative Anabaptist.
2
Whether God Is the Cause of Evil
By John Denck
AUGSBURG., 1526
THE TEXT
I, John Denck, freely confess
before all God-fearing persons
that I open my mouth against my own will and reluctantly
speak before the world of God who nevertheless compels me so
that I cannot be silent. 3 And in his name alone do I willingly
and joyfully speak however difficult it may be for me. There are
2 The full German title is Was geredt sey das die Schrifft sagt Gott thue vnd
mache guts vnd hoses. Ob es ouch billich das sichyemandt entschuldige der Sunden
vnd sy Gott vberbinde ([Augsburg], 1526). What Does It Mean When the
Scripture Says: God Does and Works Good and Evil? Also, Whether
It Is Fair
that Man Exculpate Himself for His Sins and Blame Them on God. A copy is
preserved in Munich in the Stadtsbibliothek, Mor 136. The bracketed
pagination in the present translation refers to this edition. This booklet
along with several other works by Denck was reprinted in the German
of a later period in Geistliches Blumengdrtlein (Amsterdam, 1680). I am
grateful to the Goshen College Library for presenting to the Andover-
Harvard Library a microfilm of the Blumengdrtlein. The title in the
Blumengdrtlein differs somewhat from that of the original edition. It echoes
the secondary title of the original which appears in the table of contents
as Ob Gott eyn ursach sei des bosen and which has been taken as the main
title for the present translation.
The translation has been prepared with the galleys of the critically
edited text prepared by Rev. Walter Fellmann, pp. 22-42, and made
available through the great kindness of Dean Harold Bender of Goshen
College.My whole translation has benefited from the examination of
Fellmann 's galleys and where I have used his footnote I indicate my
explicit indebtedness with an asterisk.
3 * The
very first lines of the Foreword indicate that our tract is an early
work. Denck must have written it shortly after being expelled from
Nuremberg. Early in 1524, Andreas Bodenstein von Carlstadt had written
in Orlamunde on whether God is the cause of the fall of the devil. On Quin-
quagesima Sunday, 1524, Diebold Schuster preached in Nuremberg on
predestination. It is to the local repercussions of this sermon and to
Luther's De servo arbitrio (late 1525) that Denck undoubtedly refers in the
WHETHER GOD IS CAUSE OF EVIL! DENGK 89
a few who imagine that they have utterly explored
brethren 4
the gospel, and whoever does not everywhere say yes to their
talk must be a heretic of heretics. Should one wish to give an
account of one's faith to those who desire it, then they say that
one wants to cause discord and tumult among the people. If
one lets bad words fall on the ears, then they say that one
shrinks from the light. Very well, God has drawn me out of my
corner. Whether it will do anyone any good, only God knows.
For there are many who ask after the truth, but one sees few
who like to hear it. If I speak the truth, may he hear it who
wants to hear. Let him who ascribes to me lies, give testimony
against me. O
Lord my God! Let me be obedient unto thee and
do to me
whatever thou wouldst through thy most beloved
Son, Jesus Christ, through whose Spirit the world should and
must be chastized. Amen. 5
God speaks through the prophet [Isa. 45:5]: Iam God and
there is none else . .
.; who makes the light and creates the
darkness, who makes peace and creates evil. This some scribes
interpret as though God were an originating causer of sin.
Thus they say: Since God is in all creatures, he works in them
all good and evil, that is, as they say: virtue and sin.
True indeed, if God had created nothing, sin would never
have occurred. But that God himself therefore created it does
not follow therefrom. For, since God is good, he cannot in
truth create anything but the good. Therefore all creation has
by God been made good, which in a certain sense is like God.
What human beings do over and beyond this by sinning, that
they do out of their own property and against God. For if
God himself did it, he would be against himself, and his King-
dom would be destroyed and [then] man would be wronged by
the punishment which he had not deserved. And even if God
should take away the punishment, it would not be occasion
for gratitude, so long as he himself brought it [sin] about.
You may then, God does not make sin but rather
say: If,
ordains it, what is there in the one different from the other?
If he ordains it, his will must be therewith. If his will is present,
what difference does it make whether one puts it that he does it
Hermann Barge, Karlstadt (Leipzig, 1905), II, 21; 32; 190 ; 240.
title.
Carlstadt also wrote a work on Gelassenheit which later circulated under the
name of Valentine Weigel.
4 Diebold Schuster ("der Bauer von Worhdt") and Luther among others,
s It is at this point following the Foreword that the longer title Was geredt
sey appears in the edition of 1526.
himself or that he lets someone else do it? Is not the receiver as
bad as the thief? If He has [merely] looked on and would actually
have preferred to prevent it, is not the fault his? Answer: It is
better that he had ordained sin than that he had prevented it,
which he could not have done without having forced and
driven men like a stone or a block. But then his name would not
be recognized and praised by men. The reason: They would
have presumed, since they would be aware of no sin [Aij], that
they were just as righteous as God. Therefore it is infinitely
better [to have] ordained than to have prevented sin. For sin is
over against God to be reckoned as nothing; and however great
it might be, God can, will, and indeed already has, overcome it
for himself to his own eternal praise, without harm for any
creatures. But God would not have been able to alter his own
regulation, to maintain his creatures without sin, without
disadvantage to his eternally abiding truth. For he could never
with full praise have been praised, which was his first and only
reason for having begun to create. And it would be for God and
for all creatures forever detrimental if praise of him could not be
[somewhere] in progress. Yea, if sin could not be wiped out, it
would be better if God had not created than that he had
ordained sin. Nevertheless if it were otherwise for him than it is
for him, it would not be right for him. If he had not created,
he would not be recognized except by himself, which would
not be sufficient for his glory. If he had prevented sin, his mercy
would not have been mercy, so long as it had had no object in
which to exercise or which had need of it. But if sin could not
be overcome, God would not be omnipotent and [he] would
have to acknowledge an enemy standing eternally alongside and
over against himself. Yea, his enemy would be as powerful as he.
You may say: Since God is in all creatures and effects
everything in them, must it not follow that he also commits
sin? Answer: God is in and works in all creatures truly. But
that he also effects sin cannot be retorted so simply. The
reason: Sin may be understood in two ways, namely, that it is,
differently, good and bad. In the sense in which it is bad it is
before God nothing, which is made without God, as John
[ch. 1:3] says. In the sense in which sin, however, is a good, it
is something and made
by God as a punishment for one person
or another.
You may say: If then sin is made as a good by God, is he
not then the cause of the same? Answer: God, in so far as he
doeth sin and all that one calls bad, he does it as punishment, as
WHETHER GOD IS CAUSE OF EVIL! DENCK gi
has been said. Now, if Goddoes punish someone without cause
and unfairly, it is true what the divines say that God would be
outright a cause of sin. But who wishes to accuse God of such
except him who knows Him not?
You may say: If then sin, as man commits it, is nothing before
God, why does he then punish? Answer: For the same reason
that a schoolmaster punishes his children for doing nothing.
To do something is good. If we did something, to this extent we
would have less need of punishment. But how sin [really] is
nothing may be perceived by whoever gives himself over to
God and becomes nothing, while at the same time he is created
something by God. This each one will understand according
to the measure of his resignation, as all the declarations of God
must be heard. Whoever has ears to hear, let him read the
example of the sons of Jacob, who sold Joseph their brother in
Egypt, and after honest remorse, heard from Joseph [Gen.
50:20]: Not you (he says) but God has sent me hither. You
thought evil against me, but God meant it for good about me and
brought it to pass. Thus God always creates the best in the
first place, namely, light and peace. The sooner man accepts
them, the sooner he is united with God. However, when

someone bars himself off and resists, there God, through his
eternal wisdom (which nothing can exceed), takes exactly
the opposite, namely, darkness and discord -just as long as we
ourselves want to have them. And with these [he] contends
against us, as vigorously as we have ever fought against him.
Does God therefore commit a sin in that he punishes someone
who himself wishes it not otherwise? Yea, punishment is not a
sin but a good. For what father who loves his child does not also
punish it until it is prepared to do what it should have done
before the sin?
You may say further: If then God uses sin as a punishment,
must it not then always be committed? For it surely would not
be good [Aiij] that a punishment be withheld. If now it must
always be committed, what can a man do about it? Answer:
Whoever recognizes sin as a punishment in truth, for him it is
no longer a sin but is for him rather a wonderful encourage-
ment to acknowledge and to love the real good. ^
You may say: If sin is then good, what harm is it then for one
to commit it? So may we not wish to sin much in order that we
may be much advanced? Answer: To him who recognizes it
for a punishment and does it no more sin is a good. Whoever
does it again and again cannot say that he does the good as
God's will so long as God has displeasure in sin. And whoever
defends sin resists the truth and the Holy Spirit who punishes
the world because of sin. Again, whoever recognizes sin as
darkness and discord which he has deserved is already in part
in the light and peace to which God has led him. Since God
has now brought him into the light as one who will never again
rue the bestowal of his grace, he will never again lead him into
sin. Those whom he lets fall again into sin are only those who
are not satisfied with the light. These, however, who do not
permit themselves to be satisfied with the light (Jesus Christ)
are already in darkness. And also they hold the light for dark-
ness. Therefore God punishes them and gives them over into
the darkness until they become weary thereof. A parable:
[Imagine] one who had long erred and been in misery and had
at last come home and had been well and lovingly received by
his father and brothers, and who yet would not acknowledge
that this was his real homeland, father, and brothers, but
desired to search further and did not want to give credence to
the testimony of his brothers and father. He could not say with
forthright truth that he had suffered much misery and want,
even though such be the case. For if he actually recognized
for misery what had befallen him, he would in contrast
recognize his homeland and not desire to return to misery,

since the father does not give him cause but rather instead
reason to stay. Thus whoever will not find sufficiency in God,
his and yield himself to him and [who] senses neverthe-
Father,
less nothing unfair or unfriendly but only what is right and
good which is good for everyone in truth he cannot plausibly
say that he recognizes sin as a punishment decreed by God
for him. The reason: He would recognize the punishment as
good and thank the Father for it and henceforth remain with
him, make himself subject to him, and do with him whatever
pleases the Father himself. Sin, however, does not please him.,
otherwise he would not have forbidden it, and also he will not
bring it about in any yielded (gelassnen) person. Therefore it is
a fabrication when false Christians say that they can do nothing
but what God works in them, for the mouth speaks otherwise
than it is in the heart. The mouth speaks of its resignation while
the heart makes use of all its own liberty. Such a person steals
from God the will which he has created good and free and makes
it thus his own against God's will. Yea, the mouth and the
heart steal from God his highest and greatest honor that they
can conceive and say: God has made a temple in which he
WHETHER GOD IS CAUSE OF EVIL: DENCK 93
does not wish to dwell. If, however, they say that he does dwell
therein, how inconsistent they are, for they accuse God of
that of which he has eternal abhorrence.
You may say: Say what you will, I can never do anything
good. Answer: But can God do good? You will of course say
yes. So let him do what he wills to do. He will not incur a
punishment for you. If you, however, will not concede to him
that he do it, you thereby prove that you have no contentment
in him, which is an arrogance, which God has not created,
as Scripture 6 says.
You may say: I [could] have contentment in him, but what
can I do about it, that he will not work it in me? Answer: When
you are contented in him, then you also believe that he has
overcome sin.For if you did not believe this, you could not
seek his help. If, however, you truly believed that he had over-
come sin, then it would not be able to get you any more. Now
you confess yourself, however, that you cannot do anything but
sin. Yes, you have said just that, sin has overpowered you and
continues to overpower you. If sin, however, has been able to
overcome you, as you yourself say, God has not overcome it,
according to your declaration, or slain it, for were it dead, it
would not be able to get at you. Do you not see, you who hear
the Word of God and do not heed it, that you neither believe
this nor that, that you are neither thus nor otherwise spiritually
content? Now as soon as you believe, you will be saved. If you
believe in a fleshly salvation, then you will have also a fleshly
felicity. In this sense Paul [in dealing] with the Jews used the
words of Moses about the ways of the perverse, saying [Rom.
10:5]: The man who keeps the commandments shall live by
them as though Paul wished to say: You keep the command-
ments only outwardly, therefore also you lead no more than a
superficial life. In like manner Moses spoke of the true life
[Lev. 18:5], as also Christ, saying [Luke 10:28], This do and
thou shalt live. Yes, truly you will live, in so far as you truly
fulfill the commandments. Truly you will be saved in so far as
you in truth believe and not hypocritically.

You may say: If, then, it is not at all for want of God's
[intent] and if the difficulty is only in myself, then does it not
also rest with mewhether I am saved? And if so, then we have
our salvation not from God through Christ but from ourselves.
Answer: Salvation is in us but not 0fus, just as God is in all
creatures but not for that reason from them, but rather they
Cf. Ecclesiasticus 10:21; Prov. 8:13; Isa. 13:11.
from him. For if God is in me, then in fact everything is in me
that belongs to God omnipotence, righteousness, mercy. If I
do not believe this, I am a liar, for it is true what God has
declared: he fills the heaven and the earth, that is, all creatures.
You may say: If then salvation is in me, what do I lack
further? Am I not already saved? Answer: No. Why? Because
it is not enough that God be in you; you must also be in God.
What purpose does it serve that you have God and yet do not
honor him as God? What does it help that he created you in
the beginning through his Word and has made you his child
when you do not conduct yourself as a child? Can he not
disinherit you although he has promised you equally along with
other children the inheritance?
You may say: If I hear aught, does it not depend upon my
obeying, doing, or running against Paul [Rom. 9:16] and
Scripture? Answer: It does not rest with my willing or running,
but rather, as I have said, with the fact that one fails precisely,
out of one's own strength, to run straight toward heaven and
thereupon falls and runs thereafter toward the opposite. Where
I, however, run in the truth, there not I but the Word of God
runs in me, that is, I run in a suffering manner, in such a way
that my running will not be in vain, as also Paul says of himself
[Gal 2:21].
You may say: Nevertheless I should very much like to know
what in me prevents me from gladly wishing to accept the
salvation as long as God wills to give it to me, as you say and
as I can well say. Answer: Just this hinders you which has
hindered all the elect, namely, that your will and God's will,
although they appear to be one, are nevertheless not one.
The reason: God seeks not himself in his willing, as you do.
This he proves by the fact that he renounces his power and does
not shatter the sinner at once, which he would have every right
to do, but instead, in his patience, gives him occasion for
remorse in order that he might bring him to himself in the very
gentlest manner. This he would not do, were he seeking himself.
That you, however, seek yourself and not God for his own sake,
you demonstrate in your incomposure (ungelassenheif) in the
fact that you are always looking for a hiding place from which
you would like to escape the hand of God. For you are always
anxious, so long as you [B] are a little blade of grass and he an
immeasurably great stone, that he will crush you where you
are holding still over against him. For so it appears to flesh and
blood before man has yielded himself. Because he seeks salvation
WHETHER GOD IS CAUSE OF EVIL." DENCK 95
that [God in his power] seems [to him] damnation. That does
not taste good to perverted nature. If man held himself still,
that would be the time and place for the Spirit of the Lamb to
give testimony and say that this is the only way to salvation,
namely, to lose oneself. For, since God and all his action is the
best, it must necessarily follow that his breaking of the will
(brecheri)) which is surely contrary to our nature, is infinitely
better than to do all things in heaven, on, and under the earth.
Yea, since blood and flesh are thus obstinate toward God, so
that before God our activity (thuri) is passivity (lassen), our
making before God a breaking, our something before God a
nothing we always ought to hear what the Spirit says to us:
that God's breaking, as it appears to us, is the best making and
that the nought of God that which seems like nothing to us
is the highest and noblest something. This testimony is in all
people and it preaches to every single one in particular,

according to how one listens to him. Whoever wants to exhaust
himself in talk [saying] he does not hear [the testimony] is a
liar, for he has blinded himself, even though God has given him
good vision. For this Lamb has been from the beginning of the
7
world and remains to the end a mediator between God and men.
Which men? You and me alone? No, not at all, but rather all
men, whom God has given him [the Lamb] as an inheritance.
Has he not, however, given him all pagans and Jews? Why do
you, then, close to them the way which you yourself do not
want to follow? If he, then, is a mediator who promotes the
cause of both, impeding none (which is indeed also true of
him), then he must, without interruption, proclaim and
announce again and again to everyone the will of the Other.
Thus David says [Ps. 19:4]: Their line is gone out through all
lands and their words to the ends of the world. Heaven, day
and night and all the works of God proclaim his honor, yester-
day, today, and tomorrow, so long as the world endures.
You may say: The heavens proclaim indeed according to their
manner, but the Lamb himself does not, as you hold [proclaim].
Answer: Why do the creatures proclaim? Is the Lamb so lazy
or imperious that it does not want to preach? No, it is not for
that reason, but rather, since one does not want to hear it, he
sends us creatures to mock us, but not to harm us. That the
Lamb, however, proclaims, can be perceived there where a
person has long been preached to from without
and neverthe-
less is never able to receive it for himself unless he has previously
7 The inner Word.
received testimony from the Spirit of God in his heart, even
one may well be able
though covered over. What is cfeaturely,
to bring to a place, where it had not been before.
But where
God is not, thither he may never be brought. The Kingdom of
God is in you, says the Truth [Luke 17:21]. Whoever looks
toward and awaits it from outside himself, to him it will not
come. Whoever seeks God truly has him also truly, for without
God one can neither seek nor find God. But we do not really
want to hear him. Therefore we say, "He does not proclaim,"
so that we are enabled to excuse ourselves. But why
do we not
want to hear? Because we do not wish to endure his work in us.
We should very much like to be saved without any means

whereby any hurt would occur. Therefore
we reverse God's
will. Therefore also he reverses our will and gives us damnation
instead of the salvation we desire. For our own sensuality,
which we do not want to give up, [he gives us] trouble and
leave us. The devil has always
anxiety, which will also not ^
gotten the upper hand by his lying testimony, wishing to make

it such a trifling thing to resist God and so impossible
to heed
for the reason that it seems to him and to his kind to be a
him,
troublesome thing to do and suffer God's will.
God wished to give the world testimony against their pre-
without any
sumption, that thus, uncalculatingly, they would,
fear, wish to do his will which they
had not at all experienced
or perceived as to how it would happen according to [his]
ordering. Therefore he also
commanded [Bij] preaching and
Then the devil rushed up right away and thought
punishment.
not be circum-
up a little contrivance whereby his power might
vented, gave to the servants, whom God had called, the task of
preaching up and down the reverse, all with the appearance
and indication that this must be the right; yet all the time it is
displeasing to God. Thus
men became indeed, they were
already and remained as presumptuous and without reverence
for God in their passivity (lasseri)
as before in [their] activity
that your
(thun). But you ought to know, you poisonous snake,
own cunning will fail you and must turn out to your harm! Or
did you not know that when someone is deceived by one of the
two highest opposites, he will ever thereafter be only that much
more cautious? Whosoever burns himself with the heat and is
frozen with the cold seeks the mean. All the elect already see
your deception in part. Therefore they also have no peace
or
satisfaction therein, but rather seek a mean between^ your
former and your present lies, and they will also find it un-
WHETHER GOD IS CAUSE OF EVIL: DENGK Qj
hindered by you. The mean, however, existed before the outer
extremes existed. Yea, the mean remains in eternity, even if the
extremes may disappear and appear. The mean is the Word of
Truth, which says thus: It is hard for the rich man (that is, all
persons who are full of the creaturely, each one according to his
measure) to enter into the Kingdom of Heaven; but not impos-
sible [Matt. 19:23]. If it is not impossible, let each one leave off
the ci*eaturely, that is, take upon himself the yoke of Christ; and
it will become wondrously easy. Now he can very well let the crea-
tures go, since this
is
nothing impossible. If, however, he says, It is
impossible, he lies according to habit and uncreated nature
against God, for whom nothing is impossible and who is ever
ready to do the best in so far as one will suffer it. Yea, it is
impossible to retain the creaturely, as the false Christians do,
and at the same time to receive salvation. The reason: God is
jealous and gives his honor to none other. Whoever then will be
a Christian and nevertheless has such love for the creaturely
that he will not let them go (lassen) deceives himself, and God
cannot hold him in his presence but rather spews him out in
abomination because he is lukewarm, because such a one wants
to be the bride of God and nevertheless wantons with the
creaturely vôrld.
You may ask: Why does not God take away the creaturely and
make us as he himself would have us? Answer: If he already
takes away the creaturely, as often happens for many, then he
gives man absolute free choice, as he gave in the beginning, in
such a way that man might grasp either the good or the bad,
as Scripture testifies [Gen. 2:i6; Ecclesiasticus 15:14;
Deut. 30:19; Jer. 21:5]. The reason has been given above,
namely, that God does not wish to compel, so that his mercy
might be recognized and not despised. Otherwise he need not
have poured a soul into man at creation. He would have
received his satisfaction if he had [simply] made man blessed
[to begin with]. Thus Christ also says (when
several broke
away from him) to his disciples [John 6:67]: Do you also wish
to go away? as though he wished to say, You should be un-
constrained. Scripture speaks of a tranquillity (gelassenhait)^
which is the means of coming to God, that is, Christ himself, not
to be regarded physically, but rather spiritually, as he himself
also proclaimed before he came in the flesh. This is the way
those who are cunning in Scripture speak, who are not instructed
for the Kingdom of Heaven, about a stark blindness, and [they]
give the world testimony of their boldness.
This [blindness],
according to them, is also without any distinction wrought by
God, as though the godless also stood tranquil in God and [as
though] not they but rather God sinned in them (as one
[quite] rightly says of the elect that in
them not they but
rather God works the good). Say it, somebody. How could the
devil have better messengers?
Out of clearly understandable that Moses, the
all this it is
faithful servant of God, says to the whole people of Israel
without exception for they were an uncommonly stubborn and
faithless people and there were few orthodox believers among
them says verily to them all with utter truth [Deut. 30 1 4] The
: :
commandment, which I command you today, is not too high

or distant but rather [Biij] it is in your mouth and heart to do
it. And Paul says [Rom. 10:8] that is the word which he
preaches.
You may The word and the preaching of Paul is Christ
say:
crucified andraised from the dead. How was this or how can
this word have been in the heart of Jews? Answer: The Spirit
of God has given them testimony that God alone is to be loved
because he alone is good. Furthermore, if one is to love him,
one must hate and lose all [else] which hinders this, namely,
oneself and all that is creaturely. Again, since God is also good,
he cannot, because of his benignity, allow harm to come to
anyone, but rather he would make it up for everyone who gets
lost from his ways a hundredfold, yea, infinitely. What is now
this word other than that which both Moses and Paul preached,
although with a difference? But this difference is alone in

exteriors, which is not the Truth itself, but rather only a
testimony of the Truth. Therefore, whoever holds the testimony
higher than the Truth itself inverts the order, all of which is an
abomination in the sight of God. This is what all perverse
Jews do and have done, who denied the law which God has
written with his finger on their hearts and sought it [instead] in
the book written by human hands, out of which they would
learn and would like to maintain what they had previously
determined among themselves they would not and could not
do. This same thing all perverse Christians do today who deny
Christ preaching in their hearts. Yet this Word is a work power-
ful in proving to every single one in particular the
glory of the
Father in the [inward] killing and resurrection. For they [the
Lutherans] do not wish for Christ from above, but rather they
seek him only in the [historic] flesh all in the expectation that
it is enough that the work of God be manifested in
him, it not
WHETHER GOD IS CAUSE OF EVIL'. DENCK 99
being necessary that it be manifested in all. Otherwise there
couldn't ever be a Christian, they say; yea, one would rather
be damned before he learned where and how he should seek
Christ. They wish to know Christ by themselves and not wait
until he gives himself to them to be known. To these Paul
speaks bluntly, as it is fitting, to give a fool answer according to
his question [Rom. 9:16]: It isnot, he says, of him who willeth
nor of him who runneth but of God who showeth mercy.
The Word which is in the heart one should not deny, but
rather [one should] listen diligently and earnestly to what
God would declare in us. At the same time [one should] not
arbitrarily throw out all external testimony, but rather hear
and test all and make, in fear of the Spirit, comparisons.
Thus the understanding (verstand) could, day to day, become
ever more pure the longer we wait, until we would hear God
in uttermost forthrightness speak with us, and we would
become certain of his will: which is to leave off all of selffulness
(aigenschqffi) and to yield oneself to the freedom which is God.
For man imitates God, takes on the traits of the divine genera-
tion, as one who is the son of God and coheir with Christ.
Therefore such a one also lives, according to his measure, just
as Christ lived. Yea, he himself does not live alone but Christ in
him. He does not consider it robbery that he is in some sense
equal to God [Phil. 2:6], but rather, even though he is a lord
of all creatures, he submits himself to all creatures most humbly,
not in order that they serve him, but rather that he, according to
his measure, might serve them, fulfilling the will of his Father,
You may say: In a sense, then, do you not make all Christians
the equal of Christ? That sounds exactly as though they would
have no need of Christ. Answer: All Christians are in some sense
like Christ, for, as he offered himself up to the Father, so they
are ready to offer themselves. Not, I say, that they are so perfect,
as Christ was, but rather that they seek exactly the perfection
which Christ never lost. In like manner the earthly (irdisch) and
elementary (elementisch] fires are also equal and one with warm-
ing, drying, burning, and lighting;
and yet the elementary is in
an ineffable way more subtle than the earthly fire. Thus Christ
calls himself a light of the world and calls also his disciples, that
is, all Christians, a light
of the world. Again, he is come to
kindle a fire [Luke 12:49] which also Jeremiah [ch. 5:14]
I will make my
lighted, as the Holy Spirit says to him: Behold!
words in thy mouth fire, and this people wood, and it shall
devour them. And of the same there is much. In sum, all
IOO SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
Christians, that is, they who have received the Holy Spirit, are
in God, like unto Christ and equal to him, in such a way that
what refers to the one refers also to the other. As Christ does, so
do they also. And thus they have Christ as a Lord and Master,
for the reason that he is the most perfect mirror of his Father
[Wisdom of Solomon 7:26], than which he could not be more
perfect unless he had not become man [at all]. And if he could
have become more perfect even by a shade 8 and did not, he
would not have been the true Saviour; we would have had to
seek another. Far be that! That he was, in fact, the most perfect
he proved in that he, on his own, offered up his life, without
complaint, without acclaim, through the power of the Father
and received it back. And in all this he never wavered a moment
but rather finished all for the best in due season, neither too
early nor too late. This none has ever done. And in so far as
anyone has done this he has merely taken from Him, that is,
righteousness out of grace. But he received it from none except
from the Father, that is, grace out of righteousness.
That we need him, however, and would not want to be with-
out him may be demonstrated and perceived from the follow-
ing. Since God does not wish to have forced anyone and [wishes]
to have everyone in his service of one's own free will and
[since] we have nevertheless, without his fault, completely
rejected him in such a way that we, as far as in us lay, were
utterly without God and lay in darkness and could not even
stand up any more (for we had withdrawn ourselves from God
and all good and all capacities which we had from God)
accordingly, it did not behoove God
merely to set us up again
without means more so for the reason that we didn't ever
the
want to have him, and [that] he does not wish to hold up any-
body against the person's will. Still the good pleasure of his
will remained unabated such as he has determined it from all
eternity, namely, that he desires the salvation of all men.
Accordingly, he sets forth a means, which had been prepared
from eternity, [and] in which men would be saved just as they
had been created therein; that is, his Word. In this Word is
hidden alike the mercy and the righteousness of God. And the
operation which was impossible has become through the
omnipotence of God again possible also through the Word. For
man could not accept grace without grace, so also God could
not impart his righteousness to unrighteousness without this
means. Now, however, this means is so near to all persons
8
Literally, by a straw.
WHETHER GOD IS CAUSE OF EVIL: DENGK IOI
(however much
they have wanted to reject God) that they can
easily receive in [simply] returning to God. Not that they
it
themselves are able to do anything, but rather because the

Word is always in them trying to unite them with the Father,
and they will not have it. And nevertheless, as said, God wishes
to have forced no one; the fault is theirs who do not wish to do
what they very well could by means of the Word. And they are
liars and God remains nonetheless sincere and true, as Paul
says to the Romans [ch. 3:4] and as has been asserted above.
You may say: Maybe there is a voice in me, but I do not hear
it, because I am deaf by reason of sin. Maybe a light does shine
in me, but I do not see it, because I am blind. Answer: This is a
false excuse, as are they all [which are designed to] put them-
selves in a good light and to blame and condemn God. For the
Word of God surely addresses everyone clearly: the dumb, the
deaf, the blind; yea, unreasoning animals, indeed, leaf and
grass, stone and wood, heaven and earth, and all that is therein,
in order that they might hear and do his will. Only man,
who does not [G] wish to be nothing and yet is even more than
nothing, strives against him. O what a perverse way! Has then
God promised eternal life to the unreasoning animals and not
much more to human beings? But only continue to do what you
do so long as nothing else appeals to you. If you knew, however,
what was still to come over you, you would be eager enough!
For sometimes you would give yourselves up gladly to suffer all
if he would only, with a single little word, comfort you.
You may say: If, then, the Word is thus in all people, what
need had it of the humanity of Jesus of Nazareth? Could not
the Word, in some other way, carry out the will of the Father?
Answer: The Word was in human beings for this purpose that it
might divinize them, as happens to all the elect. And the
Scripture [John 10:34] calls them and they
therefore also gods,
are not therefore many gods or idols who point away and turn
one away from the one God, but they [who are] many are all
one in the one true God. Nevertheless whoever honors them
apart from God makes them, without their fault, into idols, which
they were not and never would be. The Word, however, had
to become man in Jesus for this reason that people both in
spirit and in the flesh, from
within and without, behind and
before, and in all places might have testimony. Both [would
thus have testimony], the elect for their furtherance and salva-
tion, the others for the reason that they then could not say:
God leaves a person free to lay hold of whatever he will to the
IO2 SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
end that he actually sin and die, which would [, accordingly,]
be God's secret pleasure, however much he might give the
appearance of its not pleasing him. Thus argue
the perverse
even in this day, and this argument is so common that many
elect also agree with them, though not yet with the same
satisfaction as the perverse. May this lie, however, be under-
stood as punished and stigmatized [precisely] by the humanity
of Jesus, since God has created all persons equal to himself, but
none has so remained except one, who is Jesus, who has so loved
all the others, that he offered up to the Father his life for their
death, which he must surely have learned from the Father,

since he was completely equal to the Father and heeded him
in all things. Thus God has always had this love from eternity
which Jesus displayed under Pilate. He had always loved his
Son like the apple of his eye. Yet he found heart-deep satis-
faction in his death, which he would have preferred to suffer
himself had such a thing not been against order and had men
been able to perceive the spiritual, for he is a Spirit, which no
fleshly eyes or ears can see or hear.
You may say: Yes, he died indeed out of love, but not for
all; rather, only for a few. Answer: Since love in him was
perfect and [since] love hates or is envious of none, but includes

everyone, even though we were all his enemies, surely he would
not wish to exclude anyone. And if he had excluded anyone ,
then love would have been squint-eyed and a respecter of
persons. And that, [love] is not! Why should it, however, be
strange that we should reject the Son as before we rejected the
Father? Should it therefore be not true that he died for all,
just because all are not saved? Should it therefore be not true
that the Father created all men good just because they have not
remained good? Far from it! Indeed, Christ was so extremely
resigned (gelassm) that, although he loves all men without
measure, if it had pleased the Father, he would also have willed
to suffer even in vain. Therefore this sacrifice was accordingly
pleasing to the Father. If there had been even a thousand times
as many worlds, it would nevertheless have satisfied him for the
guilt of all. That Scripture does say [Matt. 20:28; Mark

10:45] that he died for many, and yet again [I John 2:2] for
all is not contradictory but rather written to this end that not
all have received the light, although it has illumined all
[John 1:9] and though many deny the Lord, who has never-
theless ransomed them all, as Scripture abundantly testifies.
[Cij] You may say: These your arguments sound just as

WHETHER GOD IS CAUSE OF EVIL: DENCK IO3
though God did not himself know the moment of a man's
conversion and [as though] the foreknowledge and providence of
God were uncertain. Answer; God has indeed known from the
beginning how he would relate himself to creatures and the
creatures to him, namely, how he would always offer the best
and they would always desire the worst, and he would also give
it to them occasionally, but nevertheless
always for the best.
And although he did not wish the death and destruction of the
sinner (and knew nevertheless that his will would be effected)
since it did not become him to draw by force into his service,
he continued to use death in such a way that it [became] the
eternal praise of his holiness, as we [have misused] his grace to
our disgrace and ridicule. Therefore he, marvelous to relate,
found satisfaction in the death, not for its own sake but rather
for the sake of the trophy, namely, that the uncreated 9 death
should be swallowed up in the created death. This is the great
secret, which the great and the wise of this world do not per-
ceive, while the angels marvel thereat and praise the Lord,
who reigns in eternity and forever. Amen.
He who ordains evil and [yet] can compensate with greater
gain than [the loss he cannot] prevent is not to be blamed for
the evil. As an example: If there were a child with a propensity
to steal and the father put a penny before him in order to find
out whether he would steal it and thereupon to punish him and
to get rid of the naughtiness, would the father now be guilty of
this sin for the reason that he had deposited the penny, even
though he had previously often forbidden and enjoined the
child not to steal? No one could say this. In like manner, the
Father in heaven warned his child Israel from its youth up by
means of the law not to steal, that is, to take possession of the
creaturely instead of himself, and nevertheless he laid before
him so much thereof that he surely had occasion to steal some-
thing. Now the boy did not leave it, and the father regarded
him for a little while in order that he would have reason to
punish the child with success, which before the sin he would
not have found suitable. Also it would not have been for the
boy's improvement. If he, however, wishes now to discipline
him, the boy remonstrates with the father and says: "Why did
you put the money in my way, if you didn't want me to steal
it? Didn't you very well know? Didn't you have some satis-
faction in it, otherwise why didn't you prevent it?" Say now,
9 That is, the originally unintended death of Adam in contrast to the
purposeful death of the Second Adam.
it now fair that the child
allyou who hear and behold this. Is
should speak this way? Is not this very talk even more punish-
able than the thieving which took place? Truly, if the boy will
not leave off his complaint, the father will lead him to the
with him according to the law of
judges at the gate to deal
Moses [Deut. 21:18-21] as with a disobedient child, to the
end that he be covered with stones, if he will not take switches
for his improvement.
Therefore, although the Lord of all things
knew reason
to indicate why it would have pleased him to disregard
enough
our sin, nevertheless it is not seemly for us to question it, but
to attend to it that we hold
rather, if he wishes to punish us,
still for him without any retort since
we know we are guilty.
For the arguments that children improvise after they have
all
sinned, they do only to excuse themselves,

and thus only the
more so do they accuse themselves. It does not help us, dearest
brothers, our questioning and disputing
about [God's] fore-
whether it be before or after our sin.
knowledge (fursehung)
It serves no other purpose than to excuse ourselves, which is
the worst of all poisons. Yea, Adam our father also sought a
similar idle alibi; but it would not help him, even though he was
not so impious that he would have ascribed the fault to God, as
we do so completely; although also here again, the excuses of
Adam and of allpeople are of such sort that they do not leave
God make out as though they feared they
unjustified. People
could do something against God's foreknowledge, or God
would err and [they] make him into a liar, when they, studious
of his command and law, think to themselves that all is carried
out when they with ardent mouth above a cold heart say: [Ciij]
We are poor sinners. They would like thus in their mind to leave
to God all honor even though in the eyes of all pagans he has
nothing from us but shame and outrage. How gross
this rogue 10
is to look at, however subtile and facile he is For if someone

!
burdens himself to do something against God, why does he not

take heed of His commandments, which He has given for the
rather than of foreknowledge
purpose that they be obeyed,
about which absolutely nothing has been ordered or revealed? If
he does not will sin and nevertheless knows that it takes place,
we should not in this case bother ourselves about him. He will
not become disparate in himself, as do we. His foreknowledge,
which is unknown to us, will surely, without our prying spirit,
accord with his will, which even the perverse know in part. But
10 Luther.
WHETHER GOD IS CAUSE OF EVIL*. DENGK 105
the [theologically] clever thus have to become fools who yearn
to know God's mystery and [yet] despise the commonly
recognized of his commandments.
(erkanten] intention (willeri)
You may say: We do not need [the doctrine of] foreknowl-
edge, as you say, except as a comfort for all the elect that they
might know that their help and salvation lie in the hand of
God and that there is no power so mighty which will or could
wrest it from him. Answer: This comfort you can give to none
and also none can take it from you. For whoever has yielded
himself to the chastisement of the Father [and who] has in a
measure tasted the sweetness of the bitter cross, 11 to him the
Father has revealed himself through his Spirit in defiance
before that person's enemies, but [he is] not the less to fear
God because of it nor to despise anyone. For whom God has
received in faith, he can and wills to reject again in case the
person does not remain in faith, since he did not even spare the
12
angels for the reason that they were so certain of the matter
that they thereby developed satisfaction in themselves and
forgot God. Therefore also the elect instrument of God, Paul,
says not in vain [I Cor. 10:12]: Let him that thinketh he
standeth take heed lest he fall. If God gave his Spirit to King
Saul and took it away again and it is nevertheless true that he
never rues his gifts, what blame should there be in him if he
should wish to take back from us the talent which he had given
us, so that we have nothing that is [from those of us for]
whom grace also means nothing and yet remain [in our
sight] sincere and just? Is it not mishandling providence
(fursehung) to wish to be certain of the reward of the Lord,
however we may serve him? In brief we'd be saying: God has
provided (fiirseheri) for the salvation of his own regardless of their
works. Thus we would be saying further: Regardless also of
faith. Therewith Christ would be completely thrust from the
middle. 13 For works are in this manner, without distinction,
if
to be rejected, then does Paul say so earnestly [I Cor.
why
6:gf.]: No fornicator, no adulterer, no miser, no drunkard,
no idolater will inherit the Kingdom of God. And Christ says
[Matt. 10:39] that whoever does not lose himself is not worthy
of him. And we [who] wish to be so highly worthy of him with
11 Gf. the bitter-sweet Christ in Thomas Muntzer; see also above, Conrad
Grebel, Selection III at n. 17.
12 Salvation.
as
13 Mittel
suggests, as the English does not, Christ's mediatorial role,
Mittler.
I06 SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
own off in the slightest from
our loquacious faith have not left
creaturely things for his sake, to say nothing of ourselves,
^
which we therefore suppose to be impossible also for God to do.

Therefore, the whole of nominal Christendom (Christenheit]
is
full of adulterers, misers, drunkards, and more of the same.

Clearly, all who truly fear God
must renounce the world.
And in the measure that they have to use the world out of
necessity, they ought always to
be prepared for struggle and
ready for adversity as sojourners upon the earth. Whoever lives
in security and happiness in the world should take care lest he
be overtaken with her, and the ignominy of his fornication
become publicly exposed and rebuked. For the Lord cometh.
He will come at night, when none will take note of him, like
a thief, to take off what he commended to us as shepherds, to
serve him therewith, and which like thieves we have appro-
priated for ourselves in order to rule.
Then it will help no one
to cry: Lord, I have preached the gospel! Lord, I have heard it
I do not know
[preached]. For he will answer [Matt. 25:12]:
you. Or, do we suppose he will not with full right make use of
this answer? Or ought he only to get rid of pagans in this
fashion? How so, when the same will have as good a case
before him as we? O dear brethren! He will not need a long
reckoning with us The words which he declared from the begin-
:
ning and which we have heard will convict us. He always says
[Luke 1 1 :28] Blessed is he who heareth the Word of God and
:
keepeth it; [Matt, 7:26] Whoever heareth it and doeth

: it not is
like unto a [John 10:3] He is a sheep of Christ who hears

fool; :
his voice and obeys. For they who hear the law of God and do
not fulfill it in practice are not righteous before God. If now
someone wishes to come before God without the righteousness
which holds before God, he kicks out of the way the Means,
which is what the whole world does. Woe, woe, and again woe
to the perverse, who know the will of their Lord and do it not,
and yet want to be regarded as justified. How
much more un-
bearable it will be for them than for them for whom
it has been
in part hidden! Is it not disgrace upon disgrace that we should

want to learn to know Christ and yet none the less retain our
old godless nature? And we excuse ourselves accordingly with
the saying of Paul [I Cor. 7:20] which has it that every single
one seould abide in his calling wherein he was called. [And we
take it] in the sense that if the Lord called someone in adultery,
he should remain therein! Why then did not Matthew remain
in the customs house? Verily, the fishermen, according to our
WHETHER GOD IS CAUSE OF EVIL: DENGK IOJ
view, did wrong in leaving their work! This is the way it works
out for us when we sort out Scripture in fragments and mend
the old garment with new patches. What Paul [I Cor., ch. 7]
spoke of the married and single, we would like to apply also to
our profligate handiwork, bargaining, usury, and offices. Not
so, but rather to be brief whoever is not ready with Zacchaeus
[Luke 19:8] to make fourfold restitution, if anyone should have
ought against him, is not worthy of Christ and will not hear the
voice of the Bridegroom. Yea, if he hears it in his mind, it
becomes plain poison for him and damnation. We should
bring empty hearts to Christ which should be ready to renounce
themselves all that we have if we could but be receptive to
his mystery. For really we are bringing only crowded (voile)
hearts and presume to accomplish only our purpose with
Christ, however it may be. In this manner laborers seek for
good days with Christ, the poor for wealth, and the servants for
rule. Likewise the idle wish to enrich themselves, and the masters
do not wish to give themselves over to lose anything but rather
through him to retain everything. Nevertheless they all ought
to lose themselves in him if they hearken otherwise to his voice
and don't want to be children of the world.
You may say: We come therefore and seek Christ in order
to find and learn all this in his presence, but you have it [that]
one ought already to have this [attitude]. How does this all
fittogether? Answer: The Word of God is already with you
before you seek it; gives to you before you ask; opens up for
you before you knock. No one comes of himself to Christ except
the Father draw him, which he truly does of course according
to his goodness. Whoever on his own initiative, however,
undrawn, wishes to come on his own, presumes to give God
something which he has not received from him. He wishes to be
deserving from God in order that he need not thank him for his
grace. Abraham [John 8:56] rejoiced in the day of Christ
before he had seen it. Cornelius [Acts 10:2] was a spiritual and
God-fearing man long before he acknowledged Christ. Paul
for the law before
[Phil. 3:6] had a righteous and godly zeal
the revelation of Christ. The disciples of Christ [Matt. 19:27]
left once house and home, wife and child for Christ's sake
at
and did not yet know who he was. All the elect seek and rejoice
and do not themselves know for what and why, all of which is
without disadvantage to the gospel of Christ. For such a work
has not gone forth from human beings but rather from God,
from whom comes all, that in truth may [D] be called some-
I08 SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
thing, as also the gospel testifies. Therefore,
no one can vaunt
himself before God for his works or his faith, for whoever
glorifies within himself has
in himself sufficient satisfaction and
is one of the rich whom God sends empty away. The poisoned
selffulnessof the flesh which man has taken on himself against

God and without God ought and must be mortified. Where
this has begun in a person and he ascribes it to himself, such a
one steals from God his honor and slurps up the poison and the
devil's milk and, more than that, all on his own wishes to be
something over against God which he is not. But whoever
does not want to endure this work of mortification but prefers to
practice the works of darkness will not be
able to excuse him-
self before any creature and much less before God. For whoever
wishes to excuse himself before God ascribes to God what He
has not done and never at all will do, and God must be to him
what He had not been before. For if God were in truth that which
such a one accuses him of being, he could and would not
punish anybody (since he is righteous and punishes none with-
out guilt), unless all creatures were repentant, which is not
ever the case, but rather one must first come at it through some
Means. But this Means is Christ, whom none may truly know
unless,he follow after him with his life. And no one can follow
after him except in so far as one previously knows (erkennef)
him. Whoever does not know him has him not and cannot
without him come to the Father. But whoever knows him and
does not testify thereto by his manner of life, God will judge
along with others who are perverse, regardless of the fact that
the person had been previously called and received in the
fellowship of the gospel. With this he cannot comfort himself
otherwise than in repudiating himself.
You may say: Now do I rightly take it from you that the
foreknowledge of God is variable? Answer: God is and remains
sincere in all things and his decree will not be reversed. But
to whom has he revealed it that one may rely upon it and not
fail? The Truth and the Word of God is in itself constant.
We, however, are inconstant and vacillate therein. Blessed is

the man in whom the Word is true as it is true in God and
remains true in eternity for all eternity. Therefore, those whose
hearts God hardens so that they cannot believe, he has not
rejected in the sense that he does not want to have them but
rather that he might beforehand show them their unbelief, all
to the end that they might recognize the
pity of it and bewail it
and be comforted. Just so, a father goes about it with a
naughty
WHETHER GOD IS CAUSE OF EVIL: DENCK IOQ
child. He may punish or disown it as vehemently as he wants; if
the child should come back and pray for mercy, he would
receive it back, and if he had in wrath strangled the child, so
that it could never come back, he would nevertheless hope for
improvement in the child; and could he but make it alive again,
he would do it gladly. This even men who are wicked do. Will
not God wish the same and be able to accomplish it, he whose
wealth and bounty none can sufficiently imagine or declare?
O blessed is the man who recognizes the mercy of God in fear
and pain and, contrariwise, is fearful in grace! For this reason
the Lord shows all tribulation to all people and IS THAT HE
IS which is his name alone (which may be given to no creature),
as he called himself and wherewith he indicated to his servant
Moses [Ex. 3:14] he should be recognized. When and by whom
it would be acknowledged, where and for how long he would be
resisted, hasnever been concealed to him. He forbade that
Nineveh be destroyed and because of its penitence took it
back again. He accepted Saul the king and bestowed upon him
his Spirit, but because of disobedience rejected him again. He
redeemed Israel out of Egypt, but in Babylon he exiled [them]
and then took them back and again rejected them. Yet in all
this nothing alien or unexpected encountered in him. Yea,
is
verily! He is still the God who whole of Israel,

wills to save the
as Paul [Rom. 11:26] says. [Dij] For he wills not the death of
the sinner but that the sinner may be converted and live.
Therefore one can never in truth ascribe to him the guilt, for
he has no joy or pleasure in the vessels of wrath, but rather with
great patience he has drawn them forth from obscurity. For
these he postpones punishment so long that he is prepared to
take all of them back on repentance.
Of this truth I speak freely in the Lord who makes [us]
dead and quick. Whoever wishes to offer himself in the depths
of his soul and in truth to the Lord, that is, whoever wishes to
leave off his own will and to seek the will of God and has respect
for the work of God, him the merciful Father will receive with
great joy and take back regardless of how he had conducted
himself hitherto, however despicably he had used up his
inheritance, yea, regardless of whatever the Father himself
might have decided against him. O
that the whole world
would come in this manner! The Lord would surely be wonder-
fully ready to favor them. He bids all people be called and
proffers his mercy to everyone in cordial
earnestness and
in order to fulfill all that he has promised in truth. Is
yearning
it not therefore malicious when our divines say that he bids
someone be invited to the Supper but that it is not his will that
this person come? The good Spirit of God has surely
not bidden
them to say this and the like he who does sincerely all that
he does. Surely he does not say, Come hither, and intend or
wish secretly that this person remain where he is. Surely he
does not give someone grace and secretly wish to withdraw it
again. Surely he does
not work up repentance in us for our sins
and secretly adjudge us guilty of hell. For
he is^ ever constant
and sincere in all his gifts. And when he has considered us to be
inconstant (which comes from our guilt alone and the sin in us
and is not in him), he is nevertheless ever anew ready to enter-
tain [the possibility] that he perchance has changed, indeed
that we ourselves have changed. But you can sing and say to us,
call and shout at us, whatever you want, the world does
not
wish to hear. And even those children of the world who do
hear would like to be observed in this respect and thus conceal
their wickedness. They say yes to the command of the Father
but do not carry it out. O these are extremely bad children!
Therefore also the Lord has already, not unfairly, blinded
some and will blind, harden, and punish them still more, simply
for the reason that they do not accept the Lord in truth, that
is, they wish
to come to the Father without the Son, wish to rule
with God and not to be ruled with Christ. They wish to find
their souls and not lose them, to do God's will and not leave off
their own. They speak of spiritual freedom and remain in
fleshly thralldom and imprisonment. But I testify and [I]
beseech you, by the Advent of Christ our Lord,âll [of you] who
in the foregoing manner behold, or otherwise perceive the
truth of God, that you will to accept it in the truth of Christ
that is, according to the manner, way, and form which Christ
taught and himself demonstrated, that is, by denying
and losing
himself in order that you may stand before his Judgment Seat
blameless and confident; otherwise the Truth is and will be
for you the greatest lie, because of your perverse manner. And
if you do not return while the Lord gives you opportunity and
time, then you will have part with him who from the beginning
bore forth the lie out of his own substance [John 8:44]. This
inheritance is the gnawing worm that none can kill and the
eternal fire that none can quench [Mark 9:44].
He for whom these words go to the heart ought and will
have satisfaction in the fact that we get covered over with
scorn and shame because of sin, and [yet he] does not alienate
WHETHER GOD IS CAUSE OF EVIL! DENCK III
himself [from us], evenwhen we are persecuted by all creatures.

For one may and indeed ought to beseech God, merciful
still
and sincere, that he take the shame from us in his good time
and according our sakes, but rather
to his very best will, not for
in order that his name might be praised all pagans and
among
nations, all of which he promised us [Diij] through his servants,
the holy prophets and his Son Jesus the Anointed, whom he has
for this reason established as King over all kings and Lord over
all lords [Rev. 19:16]. Before him the whole world is afraid
and yet it does not believe but 'will in truth soon experience
[him] on the Day to which all the saints look forward in joy.
Amen.
V
On Free Will
1
By Balthazar Hubmaier
NlCOLSBURG, 1527
INTRODUCTION
THE FOREGOING TREATISE ON THE FREEDOM OF
the will by Denck evil was, in a Neoplatonic sense,
INunderstood John
be to either (i) the absence of or the failure to
or (2) the consequence of the will of a good
understand good
God he might elicit praise freely offered from
so to create that
man. Denck's discussion did not deal with the Fall and with
is a major theme of
original sin. This problem, in contrast,
Hubmaier's treatise. Here we have a boldly speculative anthro-
pology based upon an allegedly Biblical and pre-eminently
Pauline distinction between the flesh, soul, and spirit, each of
which has its own separate will. Only the flesh (Eve) and the
soul (Adam) were implicated in the Fall. The soul, following
the leading of the flesh, willed to know more than was necessary
to do God's will and in tasting of the fruit of the tree of the
1 The best life in English is that of Henry G. Vedder, Ballhasar Hubmaier

(New York, 1905). It is based in part on the researches of J. Loserth,
BH und die Anfdnge der Wiedertaiife in Mdhren (Brunn, 1893), but it is an
independent study with a clear delineation of thought and character.
Vedder had visited the places in which Hubmaier was active and incor-
porated the insights of German scholarship to date, making clear distinc-
tions within the left wing and fully rehabilitating the Evangelical
Anabaptists by locating their origin in Zurich rather than in Wittenberg.
Two German titles subsequent to Loserth's should be mentioned: Wilhelm
Mau, BH (Berlin/Leipzig, 1912), and Carl Sachsse,
D. BH ah Theologe
(Berlin, 1914). Maudiscusses life and works concurrently and discerningly.
Sachsse, who did not know of Mau's work until the very end of his own
research, begins with a careful classification and analysis of all the works
attributed to Hubmaier, going considerably farther than Loserth (and
Vedder) In the school'of Bohmer, Sachsse regards Hubmaier as dependent
upon the Zwickau .prophets no less than upon the Zurich radical evan-
gelicals (cf. p, 158).
ON FREE WILL: HUBMAIER 113
knowledge of good and evil man actually lost his pristine

capacity for such a distinction, or, as Hubrnaier vividly puts it,
his taste for what God regards as good and evil. To rectify this,
God sent Christ, the Samaritan, the Eternal Physician, to ad-
minister the wine of the law which enables the fallen soul to
know what is righteous in God's sight and the oil of the gospel
to enable it to do the right. Born again in faith, man becomes a
member of the church by believers baptism. In this church
3
the conditions of paradise are restored. Outside it the will is

in bondage to worldly flesh and there is no salvation.
In a final section excerpted from Hubmaier's second treatise
on the freedom of the will and here incorporated, God's will
or power is seen under two aspects, as potestas absoluta and as
potestas ordinata. Hubmaier's use of scholastic categories and his
appeal to several of the Fathers sets his work apart from the
Biblicism of most of the Anabaptist treatises. Hubmaier also
comes near the Spiritualists in this treatise by holding that the
spirit of man, which was not implicated in
the Fall, enjoys an
unobtrusive sovereignty over creation, once it is kindled by the
Holy Spirit; for the spiritual man judges all things and is
judged by none and, when thus strengthened, can enlist the
renovated soul so that they together can will to "make the flesh
go into the fire for the sake of the name of Christ."
2
On Free Will
By Balthasar Hubmaier
NlCOLSBURG, 1527
THE TEXT
FOREWORD
To the serene, noble prince and lord. Lord George 3 Margrave
of Brandenburg, Duke in Pomerania and Stettin, and of the
Kashubes and the Wends, Burgrave of Nuremberg, and prince
of Riigen, my very gracious lord, grace, joy, and peace in God.
Most serene Prince, most gracious Lord. Though for some
years now great zeal and diligence have been expended to make
known the gospel to all creatures, yet I find several people
who, alas, have up to now
really learned and grasped only two
articles from all the preaching. The first is, as they say: "We
believe; faith saves us." The other: "We
cannot do anything
good, God works in us the willing and doing, we have no free
will." Nowsuch assertions, however, are only half-truths, from
which also one can gain nothing more than half a judgment.
Therefore, whoever makes up a complete evaluation from these
and does not lay on the scale the opposing passages of Scripture,
for him the half-truth is far more harmful than an outright lie,
when the half-truth is believed and sold by its appearance for a
whole truth. Hence come all sects, quarrels, and heresies,
2 The German title is as follows: Von der Freyhait des Willens, Die Gott durch
sein gesendet wort anbeut alien menschen, und jnen darjn gwalt gibt seine Khinder
ze werden, auch die wad guttes ze wollen und ze thon. .
(Nicolsburg, 1527).
.
The translation is based upon the transcript procured by Henry G.

Vedder for his book on Hubmaier and deposited in the library of the
Colgate Rochester Theological School, which has generously placed at the
editor's disposal the whole collection of Vedder manuscripts. This one,
assigned by Vedder and Sachsse the number 22, was not translated. The
translation has been checked against a second transcript controlled by
F.-X. Hosek; made in Brno, 1872, and preserved in the Samuel Colgate
Baptist Historical Collection housed in the Colgate Rochester Theological
School.
3 Duke George I (1493-1531).
114
when one makes patchwork of the Scriptures, not putting
together the opposing Scriptures and uniting them both in a
final conclusion. He who thus cannot divide
judgment on the
Scriptures eats of the unclean beasts which divide not the hoof
4
(Lev., ch. 2). It is under just the cloak of these aforementioned
half-truths that all sorts of wickedness, unfaithfulness, and un-
righteousness have completely gotten the upper hand.
Now every frivolity and brashness has been swept into
fashion. There unfaithfulness and falsehood sit in their splendid
seat, rule, and triumph grandly in all things. Christian work no
longer shines with men. There brotherly love is extinguished in
all hearts, and it is as the prophet says (Isa. 59:14): Truth has
fallen in the streets, and equity can nowhere enter in. Wisdom
calls aloud and no one will hear her (cf. Prov. i :so ff.). For as
all histories demonstrate, the world is worse now (to God be our
lament) than it was a thousand years ago. All this takes place,
sad to say, under the appearance of the gospel. For as soon as
one says to them it is written (Ps. 37:27) Depart from evil, and
:
do good immediately they answer: "We cannot do any thing

good; all things occurby the determination of God and of
necessity" meaning thereby that it is allowed them to sin. If one
says further: It is written (John 5:29; 15:6; Matt. 25:41) that
they who do evil go into eternal fire, immediately they find a
girdle of fig leaves to cover their crimes and say: "Faith alone
saves us and not our works." Indeed, I have heard from many
people that for a long time they have not prayed, nor fasted,
nor given alms because their priests tell how their works are of
no avail before God and therefore they at once let them go.
Just these are the half-truths under which we, as though
under angelic form cover over all license of the flesh and
lay all our sin and guilt on God, as Adam did on his Eve, and
Eve on the serpent (Gen., ch. 3). Yea, God is the cause of all
our crimes, which is the greatest blasphemy on earth. To root
out such tares, most gracious Sir, I have composed a little
book, dedicated to your princely Grace; and in it I have shown
how and what man in and outside of God's grace is and what he
can do. I wish as quickly as possible to add another in which I
will unanswerably and even more powerfully prove by divine
writ the freedom of man [to choose] good or evil, and also
thoroughly explain the opposing passages of Scriptures con-
cerning Pharaoh, Esau, Jacob, the potter, and the like.
I
humbly beg your princely Grace graciously to accept this little

* See below, n. 14
Il6 SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
book. Herewith may your princely Grace be commended to
God.
Given at Nicolsburg, April i, 1527.
Your Grace's servant,
Balthasar Hubmaier of Friedberg
[PART I]
Man is a corporal and rational creature, made up by God of

body, and soul. These three things are found to be
spirit,
essential and distinct in every man, as the Scriptures plainly
demonstrate. When the Lord God made man of the dust of the
earth, he breathed into him the breath of life, and thus man
became a living soul. Here Moses (Gen. 2:7) points out three
things with distinct names. First, the flesh or body, made of
earth. This clod or lump of earth is called in Hebrew aphar
and erets; in our language, dust, ashes, or dirt from the earth.
Secondly, there was then the breath of life, in Hebrew, neshamah;
in our language, blowing, breathing, or spirit. Thirdly, the
soul, which animates the body, is expressed separately, and
called nephesh. Saint Paul plainly named these three essential
substances by special, distinct Greek names when he wrote
to the Thessalonians (I, ch. 5:23) about pneuma., psyche , and
soma; in Latin: spiritus, anima, corpus; in our language: spirit,
soul, body. He said: May he, the God of peace, sanctify you
wholly; and your spirit, soul, and body must be preserved
blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.
Likewise we read in Hebrews (ch. 4:12) of a distinction
between the soul and the spirit. Thus the Word of God is
quick and active and sharper than a two-edged sword, piercing
it separates soul and
so that spirit, joints and marrow, and is a
discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart. Mary, the
pure chaste virgin, indicated the distinction when she said to
Elizabeth (Luke 1 146 ff.): My
soul magnifies the Lord and my
spirit rejoices in God, my Saviour; for he has looked upon the
misery of his servant. Here stand expressly: soul, spirit, and
misery which refers to the flesh. For tapeinosis in Greek is
misery or lowliness in a person. Tapeinophrosyne is humility of
mind. Christ expressed this distinction more than superficially
when he said to his disciples on the Mount of Olives (Matt.
26:38 f., 41): My
soul is exceeding sorrowful, even unto death.
The spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak. Because of
this the saddened soul of Christ cried out at the bidding of the
flesh: My Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me.
But the soul adds, at the bidding of the spirit: Nevertheless not
as I will, but as thou wilt. Here, Christian reader, you see
clearly these three separate and distinct substances: soul,
spirit, and body, in every man, made and united after the image
of the Holy Trinity.
Now since no one, by dint of Scripture, can deny these three
essential things, substantiae or ousiai, it follows that three kinds of
will must be recognized in man, namely, the will of the flesh
the will of the soul, and the will of the spirit. In order that I
may prove by Scripture the distinctions of these three wills, see
that the Spirit of God says in John (cf. ch. 1:13): the will of the
flesh which does not want to suffer; the will of the soul is willing
to suffer, and yet, on account of the flesh, is also unwilling; the
will of the spirit is glad to suffer. But in order that I may bring
in further evidence concerning the distinct separation of these
three wills, the Spirit of God speaks by the mouth of that
disciple whom Christ especially loved (John i :g ff.) the
following words about the true eternal light, which was made
man and came to his own, and his own received him not. But
as many as received him, to them gave he the power to become
the children of God; to them who believe on his name, not by
"
blood, nor by "the will of the flesh," nor by the will of man"
(so is the soul called in the passage: ch. 1:13), but those who
are born of God. Now we were born once in original sin and
wrath, as Paul laments to the Romans (ch. 5:12) and Ephesians
David (Ps. 51:5), Job (ch. 3:3), and Jeremiah
(ch. 2:3); as also
(ch. 2o:i4f.). But afterward, we must be born again, or we
cannot see the Kingdom of God, nor enter into it (John 3:4).
3^6 must be born of water and of the spirit, that is, through the
Word of God, which is a water for all who thirst for salvation
(John 4:14), made alive in us through the Spirit of God.
Without his working, it [the Word] is a letter that killeth
3:6; Rom. 8:2). He helps our spirits, witnesses
Cor. to
(II
them, strengthens them to fight and strive against the flesh, sin,
the world, death, the devil, and hell. Therewith every word that
proceeds from the mouth of God (Deut. 8:3) helps so that the
flesh with its evil will and lusts cannot flee, hide, or conceal
itself anywhere. It finds no rest or peace outside of the preached
Word of God, whose sound is gone out through all the earth
(Ps. 19:4; Mark 16:15; Acts 1:8; Rom. 10:18);
nor inwardly
in the spirit; for everywhere it is convicted, while all testimony
Il8 SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
is proved by the mouth of two or three witnesses.
Then comes
conscience and the worm into the heart of man
gnawing
(Rom. 2:15).
That is the real rebirth of which Christ speaks in John,
ch. 3, whereby our Adam, who through the Fall had become
a
woman and an Eve, becomes a man again; and the soul,
which had become flesh, becomes again spirit. Saint Peter
ch. :22 of this rebirth,
(I,
i speaks quite straightforwardly
ff.)
Make yoursouls obedience to the truth,
saying: pure, through
in the Spirit unto unfeigned brotherly love, and have fervent
affection for one another, out of pure hearts, being born again
not of corruptible but of incorruptible seed, namely, the living
Word of God which liveth forever. For all flesh is as grass, and
all the glory of man as the flower of grass. The grass withereth,
the flower fadeth, but the Word of the Lord endureth forever
(Isa. 40:8). Observe, pious Christian, how the soul, made flesh
by the disobedience of Adam, must be born
anew by the
and become
Spirit of God and by
his living Word, as
â spirit
for what is born of the Spirit is spirit (John 3:6). I shall
spirit,
pass over now why Peter makes
mention only of the soul here,
and
saying: Make your souls pure, without adding: your spirit
flesh. However, he knows very well that the spirit ever since its
divine creation has been whole and is in need of no rebirth. So
he through obedience to the truth in the spirit.
said: Thus
rebirth does not help the flesh since on it sentence has already
been passed and put in force by God that it must wither as
the grass and become ashes, otherwise it cannot possess the
Kingdom of God (I Cor. 15:50; Matt. 16:17).
PART II
be noted that man must be considered in three states

It is to
or forms:first, as he was before
the Fall of Adam; then as he
became after the Fall; thirdly, as he should be when restored.
(i) How Man Was Before the Fall of Adam
BeforeAdam's transgression, all three substances in man

flesh, soul, and spirit were good. When God looked at all of
the things which he had made, they were found good, especially
man made in the image of God (Gen. 1:26). The three sub-
stances in him were entirely free to choose good or evil, life or
death, heaven or hell. They were originally made by God good
and free in the recognition, in the choice, and the doing of
good and of evil, as Scripture testifies, saying (Ecclesiasticus
15:14 ff.): God made man from the beginning and left him free
in the power of his own counsel. He gave him commandments
and the law, saying: If thou wilt keep the commandments
(God says: If thou, O man, wilt; it is enjoined upon thee to
keep the commandments), they will also preserve thee. He has
set water and fire before thee (notice the "thee") stretch forth
;
thy hand unto whatever thou wilt. Before man is life and death,
good and evil; that which pleases him (yes: "him") shall be
given him.
Here the Scripture shows us plainly and evidently that man
was originally, in body, soul, and spirit, capable of carrying to
completion a free choice of good or evil. But after the Fall of
Adam, it was different.
(2) How Man Became After the Fall of Adam
Concerning the Flesh

After our first father, Adam, through disobedience, had
transgressed the command of God, he lost this freedom for
himself and all of his descendants. As when a nobleman
receives a fief from a king and then acts against the king, the
latter takes the fief away from the nobleman and from all of his
heirs, for they all must bear the guilt of their forefather, so the
flesh, by the Fall of Adam, lost its goodness and freedom irrevo-
cably, and became utterly nought and helpless, even unto
death. It can do nothing except sin, strive against God, and
hate his commands. From this comes the grievous complaint
that Paul makes to the Romans (ch. 7:5 ff.) against his wretched
and accursed flesh. That is why it must return, according to the
curse of God to earth, whence it came, or it cannot inherit the
Kingdom of Heaven. So also it is with the blood, for the two
are of one will (Gal. 5:13 flf.; Gen., ch. 3; I Cor. 11:27), as
Paul writes (I Cor. 15:50): Flesh and blood cannot inherit the
Kingdom of God. And Christ says to Peter (Matt. 16:17):
Simon Bar-Jonah, flesh and blood have not revealed it unto
thee. When Eve, who is a figure of our flesh, wished to eat, and
did eat the forbidden fruit, she thereupon lost the knowledge of
good and evil, yea, she lost the power of even wishing and
doing good and had to pay for this loss by death; as soon as
man is conceived and born, he is conceived and born in sin
(Ps. 51 '.5) He is in sin from the first moment of his life, right up
.
to his ears in sin, and when he has completed his earthly course,
he must die and become dust.
As God said (Gen. 2:17) On the day that thou eatest of the
:
tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt die. That is
and Jeremiah (ch. 20:14 ) day cursed the
why Job (ch. 3:1 )
laments
of their birth. Likewise King David (Ps. 51:5) bitterly
the day of his conception and birth and cries out to God that
he was conceived in sin, that his mother bore him in sin, as we
have already indicated. And Paul says (I Cor. 15:22), in few
words, that we all die in Adam, and God himself calls it becom-
ing dust and ashes.
Concerning the Spirit
But the spirit of man has remained utterly upright and intact
for it took part, neither by
before, during and after the Fall,
counsel nor by action, yea, it did not in any way consent to or
of the eating of the forbidden fruit by the flesh. But
approve
it was forced, against its will, as a prisoner
in the body, to parti-
cipate in the eating. But the sin was not its own, but rather that
of the flesh and of the soul, for the latter had also become
flesh.Saint Paul demonstrates this integrity and uprightness
of the spirit especially in writing to the Thessalonians (I,
ch. May your whole spirit and soul and body be
5^23):
the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.
preserved blameless unto
He says: Your whole spirit, not your whole soul nor your whole
5
body; for anything that has once fallen

and been broken is no
whole. King David also laments concerning the Fall
longer
and cries to God (Ps. 31:12) I have become as a broken vessel,
:
etc.; and Paul (I Cor. 5:5)

delivers the fornicator to the devil,
for the mortification of his flesh, in the strength of our Lord
of the keys which Christ
Jesus Christ, that is, in the strength
has entrusted to his bride, the Christian church, commanding
inclusion and exclusion on earth, that the spirit be saved. It is as
if he were to say: Let the flesh be mortified, let it fall to the
devil. We give it up to him. But may the spirit be whole and
safe in the day ofjudgment. Then let God deal with him accord-
ing to his good pleasure. We need know no more now.
Concerning the Soul

The soul, the third part of man, through the disobedience of
5 As Vedder has pointed out, Hubmaier improperly construes the integer
of the Vulgate text of I Thess. 5:23 to apply only to spiritus. Valentine
also divides man in three
Weigel, perhaps dependent on Hubmaier,
parts on the basis of this text.
Adam was so maimed in will and wounded even unto death that
it can of itself not even choose good or reject evil, for it has lost
the knowledge of good and evil, and nothing is left to it but to
sin and to die. As for doing good, it has become powerless and
impotent (Rom. 7:i8ff.). This comes from the flesh, without
which the soul can do no outward act, for the flesh is its imple-
ment. Now when the implement has become worthless, how
can anything good be done with it, although the soul wished to
do good, and made every possible effort? Nevertheless this fall
of the soul is remediable through the Word of God (Ps. 19:7),
which teaches us anew to will or not to will what is good and
what is evil, and to live accordingly through the resurrection
of the flesh. This will thereafter become a celestial, indestruct-
ible, glorified, and spiritual body for action and fulfillment
(I Cor., ch. 15). These will be the bodies of men who were born
of water and of the spirit, since the first man, Adam, was made
for the earthly life, the last Adam for spiritual life. The first
man was of the earth, earthy; the other man was from heaven
and heavenly.
The reason that the fall of the soul is partly reparable, how-
ever, and not fatal, even here on earth, but the fall of the flesh
is to a certain extent irreparable and deadly, is that Adam, as
a type of the soul (as is Eve, of the flesh), would have preferred
not to eat of the forbidden tree. He was also not deceived by
the serpent, but Eve was (I Tim. 2:14). Adam knew very well
that the words of the serpent were contrary to the words of
God. Yet he willed to eat the fruit against his own conscience, so
as not to vex or anger his rib, his flesh, Eve. He would have
preferred not to do it. But when he was more obedient to his
Eve than to God, he lost the knowledge of good and evil, so
that he could not wish nor choose anything good (Ps. 14:1;
33:13; 53:1). Neither could he reject or flee from anything evil,
for he no longer knows what is good or bad in the sight of
God. Everything has lost its savor for him, except what is savory
and pleasing to his Eve, that is, his flesh. He has lost the real
sense of taste.
A comparison: A wounded or feverish man cannot or will
not eat or drink anything wholesome. Only cold water and
harmful food appeal to him. That is because his sound nature
and healthy constitution has been deranged by illness, for he
has lost the right, sound taste of knowledge. He has a bitter
tongue. He judges to be good what is harmful to him and deems
as evil what is good for him. So is it with our soul since the
defection of Adam. As soon as he had eaten of the tree of the
knowledge of good and evil, from that very hour he lost the
taste to recognize good and evil and can thus no longer know
or judge what is good or evil in the sight of God, what deeds of
or what works God will bless, although
piety are pleasing to God,
according to his spirit,
he would like to do right. That wish
exists today in all men, in Jews and pagans, as Paul writes to
the Romans (ch. 2:14). If a man be blind, he would like to see.
If he be lame, he would like to be straight. If he is fallen among
murderers and has been left half dead, he would like to be
healed. But as to the right way and means of arriving at this
health of the soul, all are confused, save those who are instructed
by the Word of God. From this now flow also all aberration,
marginal teaching (nebenleer), error, idolatry,
and heresies.
Not included under the above words are all men who have
sinned against the Holy Ghost (Matt. 12:31; Luke 12:10). In
them, the will, the desire, everything is perverted (Rom.
i :2 1 ff.) They are scourged with the wrath of God on account of
.
their stubborn, criminal, persistent evil, with which they fight

truth. Indeed, they turn
against the knowable and recognized
their backs on God, and then say he will not let himself be seen.
They stop up their ears, lest they should hear his voice. For if
they heard his voice, so they believe, they would have to die,
when really one should and must thereby, become alive. They
also turn their eyes away from God and complain that he will
not know them. They close their hearts and hide themselves,
complaining that God will not knock at the door nor seek them.
And when he knocks for them, they will not open; when he
seeks them, they will not let themselves be found. What they
have, they deny. Therefore God gives them what they do not
want. So it happens to all those who deny the freedom of will
in newborn men. There comes, however, the time when they
will seek God but will not be able to find him. Also as they now
flee from him, so will they then fall into his hands. And as they
have treated God, so will he encounter them, and act according
to their lack of faith. Therefore their sins can be forgiven neither
here nor in the world to come, since the Spirit of God has been
withdrawn from them, without which our spirit is utterly help-
less. Therefore it is necessary, with David (Ps. 51:11), to pray
earnestly that God will not take his Holy Spirit from us.
On the other hand, God will receive all men who hunger
and thirst after piety and very much wish to do what is right
(Matt. 5:6); desire and pray for the same from the God that
made heaven and earth, whose invisible essence they perceive,
namely, his eternal power and divinity (Rom. 1:20). If they
are aware of him through his works since the creation of the
world, he will not send them away empty without instruction
but will fill them with good things (Luke 1 153) and send them
messengers and letters missive to lead them on the straight road
of truth. So he did with the treasurer of Queen Candace, in
Egypt, through Philip (Acts 8:27 ff.); so he did with Cornelius
through Peter (Acts 10:3!!.), Yea, and before God would
desert such who hungered for the Spirit, all angels would have
to come down from heaven and, through them, announce and
declare the praises of God (which he would have from us in
the highest) and true peace on earth and good will toward
men, as to the shepherds in the field at Christmas night
(Luke 52:8 ff.). That is why God commonly referred to his
word in Scripture as bread, water, drink, flesh, or blood (John
4:6, 7), for he will feed and give drink to all who accordingly
hunger and thirst and will let no one suffer. Now, as to whether
such a power of wishing what is right and good is in us, surely
it is not in us as though out of us, for it is
originally from God
and from his image in which he first created us (Gen. 1:27;
II Cor. 3:18). The old serpent (Gen. 3:1 ff.) has indeed almost
obscured it and blacked it out through sin, but nevertheless he
could never entirely extinguish God's breath in us, nor would
he ever be able to do it, since God suffers no one to be tempted
above what he can bear (I Cor. 10:13). But God himself can
extinguish it as a punishment, so that man may have eyes, ears,
and a heart, and yet not see, hear, or comprehend (Matt.
I3:43)'
Here one can see really how the flesh, after the Fall (Rom.
7:5), was absolutely nought (Gal. 5:17; Gen. 6:3), useless for
good, and dead, as to all its powers, impotent for good and
powerless (I John 2:16 f.), an enemy of the law, to which it is
absolutely unwilling to be subjected even into the grave; as King
David (Ps. 38:3) very bitterly complains, crying out that there
is no soundness in his flesh. And so speaks Paul (Rom. 7:18;
8:26): Truly I know that in me, that is, in my flesh, dwelleth

no good thing. The Spirit would gladly will and do, but it is
imprisoned it can accomplish nothing except that he give
inward testimony to godliness against sin, and cries out to God,
without ceasing, like a prisoner in unspeakable groaning. Thus
the soul is also fallen in among murderers, and sorely wounded
by them and lies half dead (Luke 10:30 iff.), no longer having
any taste or perception of either good or evil. And as Paul says
in this regard (I Cor. 2:14. L): The psychic man (seelisck) does
not receive the things of the Spirit of God, for they are foolish-
ness unto him and he can not understand them, because they
must be spiritually discerned. But one who is spiritually minded
judges all things, and is judged of none. Observe, pious
Christian, the wholeness of spirit in man, which judges all
things aright; and the wounds of soul, which in the judgment
has nothing to say on its own. Both flesh and soul are devastated
and sorely wounded. Only the spirit has maintained its inherited
righteousness, in which it was first created; only it, among the
three substances in men, has the same form before and after
the Fall of Adam, our forefather, whatever proud thinkers may
say about the higher and lower faculties (Portionen) of man.
Aristotle the heathen misled them, who was aware of and
postulated in man nothing except soul and body. For him,
spirit was too heavenly.
With his natural and heathen under-
standing he could not comprehend this breath of the living
God.
(3) How Man Is After He Is Restored 6
When man is looked at as restored through Christ, we find that

the flesh is still worthless and good for nought, as all Scripture
laments. But the spirit is happy, willing, ready for all good.
The soul, sad and anxious, standing between the spirit and the
flesh, knows not what to do, is blind and uncomprehending as to
heavenly things, in its natural powers. But because it has been
awakened by the Word of God jolted, warned, and led by the
Heavenly Father through his comforting word, his threatening
word, his promise, his benefits, his punishments, and all other
means; made whole through his dear Son; also enlightened
through the Holy Spirit (as the three principal articles of our
Christian faith referring to God the Father, and Son, and the
Holy Spirit show) thereby the soul now again comes to
know what is good and what is evil. It has recovered its lost
freedom. It can now freely and
willingly be obedient to the
and can will and
spirit choose the good, just as well as though it
were in paradise. And it can reject and flee from evil. Such
effects the sent Word of God produces in it, as David declares
(Ps. 107:20): He sent his Word, and made them whole (gsund),
and Christ says (John 8:31): If you continue in my Word, then
are ye my disciples, indeed and ye shall know the truth, and
<> The German here and elsewhere below is nach dem wider'brachten fall.
ON'FREE WILL: HUBMAIER 125
the truth shall make you free. When the Son makes you free,
you are truly free. Let him who has ears hear and observe that
we are freed again by the sent Word and truth of God, through
his only begotten Son, Jesus Christ. So there must be genuine
soundness (gsundhqyi) and freedom in man, after restoration,
when God works his will in us (Phil. 2:13), both to will and to
do according to the good intention of his mind. Although the
flesh in its will does not will accordingly, nevertheless it must,
against its own will, do what the soul wants which is now
united with the spirit. David cries to God (Ps. 119:25): My
soul cleaveth unto ashes (that is, the flesh) but quicken thou :
me, according to thy Word. And for this reason there must be
true soundness and freedom in man, after restoration, or these
Scriptures must collapse which God forbid! Therefore Christ
(Matt. 19:17) and Paul (Rom. 8:4) bring this home to men, and
say: If thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments; if
ye want to live according to the flesh, ye will die; if ye will walk
according to the spirit, ye shall live. Hence arose the proverb of
the ancients: Man, help thyself, and then I will help thee. God
speaks forth and gives strength through his Word. Now
through the power of the Word man can help himself or can
willfully neglect to do so and this is brought home to him.
Therefore it is said God created you without your aid, but he
will not save you without your aid. Since God first created the
light, whoever will receive it may do so according to God's
promise. Whoever despises it, falls, by God's just judgment, into
darkness (John i :5 fF. ; 3 1 9) The talent that one would not use,
: .
but hides in a napkin, is justly taken from him (Matt. 25:24 ff.) .
Now all the while the soul stands between the spirit and the
flesh, as Adam stood between God, who said to him that he
should not eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil,
and his Eve, who said to him that he should eat of the tree
(Gen. 2:3).
Now the soul is free either the spirit or the
and can follow
flesh. If it follows is, the
Eve, that flesh, it becomes an Eve and
carnal. But if it is obedient to the Spirit, it becomes a spirit.

But let the soul take heed not to linger too long at this oak
tree of human choice, and ponder whether it shall follow the
Sam. 7
flesh or the spirit. It might be left, like Absalom (II i8:g),
7 This is a characteristic image of Hubmaier. He used it, for example, in
Reason and Cause (1527) in reference to repudiators of infant baptism who

hesitated to submit to rebaptism. Gf. also Thomas Muntzer, Sermon
Before the Princes, above, p. 67.
It might be pierced
hanging between heaven and earth.
of that the with three wounds:
by the servant sin, is, flesh,
in will, in word, in deed. Therefore David says (Ps. 119:60):
Lord, I have made haste, and not delayed to keep thy
command-
ments. And in another If ye hear the voice of
place (Ps. 95:7):
the Lord today, ye shall not stop your ears. Today he says, not
Cms, eras (tomorrow, tomorrow), as the ravens cry.
So now, the soul, after restoration, is whole, through the sent
Word, and is truly made free. Now it can choose and do good,
as much as is required of it, since it can command the flesh,
tame it, dominate it, to such an extent that it must^make it go
into the fire 8 with the spirit and the
against its own nature even
soul, for the sake of the name of
Christ. And although an imper-
fection, infirmity, and lack always accompanies
it in all its
action and resignation (lasseri), whereby we are all unprofitable

servants, these are not fatal or destructive to the soul,
but to
the flesh, which is a poor implement a worthless tool.
A comparison: A cabinet maker wants to construct a clean
and smooth table. But his plane is crooked and full of gaps.
It is impossible for the worker to attain his purpose, although it
is not he but his plane that is at fault. And likewise such failings
are not damnable for the soul, since it is grieved by them, and
recognizes its weakness before God. But to the flesh they
are
destructive; it must pay its penalty, must suffer a return to
earth. But the soul is so free, after restoration, that it also can
will evil and accomplish the same, because for wickedness it has
an effective, convenient tool in the flesh. The flesh is quick and
inclined by nature to follow any evil. Whence comes the
saying: Sin is a matter of the will; if it were not voluntary,
it
could not be sin. To this self-will apply all the Scriptural

passages where God reproves us for not being willing
to hear,
know, and accept the good. As when Christ says (Matt.
23:37) Jerusalem, Jerusalem,
: how often would I have gathered
thee, as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings, and ye
would not* Also he said it to the young man who asked him what
good thing he should do to have eternal life; he answered him
(Matt. 19:17 ff.): If thou wilt enter into life, keep the com-
mandments. Therefore willing and keeping must have always
been in the power of the young man who answered: I have kept
them, from my youth up. Beyond a doubt he spoke the truth,
for Jesus looked upon him and loved him, and Jesus loves not
liars. Yet Christ points out to him his innate imperfection, such
8 The reference is
clearly to the stake of martyrdom.
as lurks in every man, and bids him sell all that he has and give
to the poor people; at that, the young man was moved with
sorrow. But this would not harm him, were he filled with
Christ, who is the Alpha and Omega (Rev. 1:8), the beginning
and the end of the fulfillment of the divine commandments
(Col. 1:19). For our perfection is in him. When the commands
of God are fulfilled, says Augustine, even if they are not ful-
filled by us, we are forgiven. John wrote (I John, ch. i) in
even a more than cheerful tone of this power, saying that God
bestowed upon us and brought home to us the power to become
children of God.
Christian reader, you see plainly how in us to whom the
Word has been sent there is a good will adhering, but its
perfection we do not find in ourselves because of our miserable
body, in which nothing but sin dwells (Rom. 7:20). In short,
the spirit is intact also after restoration; the flesh is good for
nought; but the soul may sin or not sin. However, the soul that
sins shall die (Ezek. 18:4, 20). It may well say: propter me orta
est haec ternpestas: it has to do with me. The flesh has already
received its judgment. The spirit preserves its integrity. If I
will, I can be saved, by the grace of God. If I will not, I shall
be damned and that by my own fault, from obstinacy and self-
will. So speaks the Spirit of God through Hosea (ch. 13:9):
Destruction is thine, O Israel; in me alone is thy salvation.
It is easy to deduce from this how the law was given with
distinguishable purposes: to ihefesh for the recognition of its

sins; to the spirit as an aid and testimony against sin; to the
soul as a light whereby to discover and learn the path of piety
and to flee from sin and wickedness. Accordingly, when the
flesh hears the law, it is frightened and its hair stands on end
with terror. The spirit leaps up with joy. The believing soul
thanks God and praises him for the lamp and light for its feet
(Ps. 119:105). As the devil neither will nor can do anything
good, but is set in his evil, so also is our flesh, for it has sinned
presumptuously when it saw that the forbidden fruit was good
to eat, beautiful to the eyes, and a thing to be desired (Gen.,
ch. 3) But the soul did not sin out of willfulness, but from the
.
obtuseness and the presumption of the flesh. Adam did not wish
to vex his Eve, which was the flesh, as he tried to excuse himself,
saying (Gen. 3:17): The woman whom thou gavest me for my
companion gave me of the tree, and I ate of it. The spirit alone
remained upright in the Fall. Therefore it will return unto the
Lord who gave it (Eccl. 12:7).
In brief, you see here, reader, how God created man so
free that it was originally possible for him, without new grace,
to continue in his pristine innocence and purity unto eternal
life. But he could also forfeit this grace by disobedience, as
actually happened when, through the Fall, grace and freedom

were to such a degree obscured and lost that, without an
especial and new grace of God, man could not know what was
good or evil. How could he, then, choose good and eschew evil,
when one can will nothing but what he has previously known?
But after the restoration man acquired such grace, health
(gsundheit) , and freedom through the merits of Jesus Christ our
Lord that he is able again to will and to accomplish the good,
even against the nature and will of his flesh, in which there is
nothing good.
PART III
man
Since free will in is
nothing but a force, power, strength,
ability of soul to will or not to will something, to choose it or to
flee from it, to accept or reject good or evil, to the
according
will of God, or according to the will of the flesh (and this will
or potency of the flesh could be called more properly weakness
rather than force or power), the soul, through the eating of the
forbidden fruit, lost its perception of good and evil in the sight
of God. This knowledge it had possessed before the Fall in so
far as it was necessary and sufficient for creaturely mankind.
Therefore the tree was called the tree of the knowledge of good
and evil, and God had forbidden Adam to eat of it, that is, to
wish to learn and experience more than was necessary for man.
Since Eve wanted to know everything that God knows, as the
crafty serpent promised her (Gen. 3:5): On the day that ye
eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as
gods, knowing good and evil they were, accordingly, fairly
dispossessed and bereft by God of this knowledge of good and
evil and were become like a horse or a mule in which there is
no understanding (Ps. 32:9). For man who does not receive
thankfully the gift of God, or will not accept it, is rightly
deprived of that which he has (Matt. 13:12). And so it happened
in this case. Man can now no longer elect
good nor flee from
evil unless he knows what is
good and what is evil in the sight
of God. Therefore, this knowledge and
power of knowing,
willing, and working must be effected and acquired from a new
grace and calling of the Heavenly Father, who now, through
the merit of Jesus Christ our Lord, looks upon man anew,
blesses him,and draws him by his life-giving Word. This Word
he preaches into the heart of man. This drawing and bidding is
compared to an invitation to a wedding or a dinner. God
gives power and capacity to all men in so far as they themselves
desire it (John 1:12; Jer. 21:8; Deut. 30:19). Free choice is
restored to them to come, and a new birth, a new beginning of
the creaturely, as man had been originally in paradise, save
for the flesh. They have become the children of God (James
1:18; John 1:13).
But whatever man will not, like Jerusalem (Matt. 23:37)
and they who buy oxen and villages, and marry wives, and
will not come these he will leave outside, as unworthy of his
supper (Luke 14:16). He wants guests and dispensers that are
uncompelled, willing, and joyful. These he cherishes, for God
compels no one, save by the sending and the summoning of
his Word (II Cor. 9:5), just as the two disciples at Emmaus did
not compel Christ to stay with them, save by petition and good
words (Luke 21 113 ff,). Likewise the two angels did not compel
Lot to leave Sodom (Gen. 19:15), for God's Word is so mighty,
powerful, and strong (that is, in believers) that man (but not a
godless man) can will and achieve all that he is bidden to will
and to do in that Word. For the gospel is the power of God
unto salvation for all believers (Rom. 1:16). When the man
who had lain sick thirty-eight years among the derelicts at the
pool of Bethesda heard the word of Jesus saying (John 5:8):
Arise, take up thy bed and walk, in the power of this word
of God, he got up freely, took up his bed, and departed. He
might not have been able to do it and could have said to the
Lord in unbelief: It is impossible; or: I'd rather lie here
as Christ did not work many miracles in his own native country
because of their unbelief (Matt. 13:58). But when this sick man
heard the Word, and believed it, he was saved, stood up, and
walked. And as soon as Christ says to a man (Matt. 19:17):
Keep my commandments; leave evil and do good from that
very hour the man receives through faith the power and
strength to will and to do the same. Yea, all things are possible
to a believer, by him who strengthens him, namely, Christ
Jesus (Phil 4:13). We
could adduce here all Scriptures (Rom.,
ch. i; Heb., ch. 4; Isa, chs. 46; 55; Jer., chs. 6; 7; 23; Jonah,
ch. 3; Amos, ch. 8) in which the power and working of God's
Word is shown. So we know of a surety that God originally
made all things good, and especially man, in spirit, soul, and
I3O SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
body. But by Adam's disobedience this goodness in us was in
in respect to the spirit, it was
respect to the soul wounded;
impeded and obscured by the darkness of the body; and, as for
the flesh, it was completely ruined. If we are to be free again in
fall of
respect to the spirit and healed in respect to the soul, if the
the flesh is to be harmless, this must, must, must take place through
a rebirth, as Christ himself says (John 3:3), otherwise we shall
never enter the Kingdom of God, God now of his own will
begets us, as James (ch. 1:18) says, by the Word of his power,
that we should be anew the first fruits of his creatures. In this
Word, which Peter (I, ch. 1 123) calls uncorruptible seed, we
become anew free again and sound (gsund}, so that absolutely
nothing corruptible is left in us (Rom. 8:2). Thus Christ says
(John 8:32): The truth shall make you truly free. And David
says (Ps. 107:20): He sent his word and healed me; and in
another place (Ps. 119:107): Quicken me, O Lord, according
to thyword. Now it follows indubitably that from the power of
the divine Word in believers must come real freedom, real
health (Gsundhait), and real life. Else we must disregard half the
Bible. Far be that from us!
From the foregoing things it is plainly and surely to be seen
that man received two wounds in the Fall of Adam: an inner
one, that is, ignorance of good and evil, because Adam was
more obedient to the voice of his Eve than to the voice of God;
the other wound outward, in deed and action in such a way
that man cannot perfectly execute or obey the commandments
of God, because of the innate depravity of his flesh, but rather
in all his doings is an unprofitable servant (Luke 17:10).
And this fault or lack originates from the fact that Adam did
not rightly master his rib, Eve, according to the command of
God, but, contrary thereto, ate of the tree forbidden to him
under penalty of death.
The first wound is healed by the wine poured on it by the
Samaritan Christ (Luke, ch. 10), that is, by the law, through
which man is taught anew, by new grace, what is really good
or bad in the sight of God. The second wound is healed by the oil,
that is, the gospel which thus deprives these sins or faults of their
venomous destructive power, unless we presumptuously pursue
them. Therefore Christ, the true Physician, mingled in the
New Covenant both wine and oil, that is, law and gospel, and
made of them a wholesome plaster for our souls, which he
wanted to make righteous and well again.
Here one can take hold with both hands of how Christ
made the Fall of Adam for us no longer damaging or damning.
He, through the woman's seed, crushed the head of the old
serpent, took out the fang, and made its poison harmless to
her (Rom. 16:20; I Cor. 15:30 f.). So now no one can any
longer complain about Adam and Eve, nor try to excuse or
palliate his sin by Adam's Fall, since everything has been
adequately restored, healed, made whole, which has been lost
and wounded and had died in Adam. For Christ, through his
Spirit, has won our spirit from God his Heavenly Father
for
that its prison should no longer be harmful to our spirit; and
through his soul he recovered for our soul the capacity to be
taught and illuminated again by his divine Word, as to what is
good or evil. Yea, through his flesh, he has earned for our flesh
that after it has moldered to ashes, it will be resurrected in
honor and immortal (I Cor. 15:35^.). Henceforth, each soul
that sins must bear its own sin. It is guilty not Adam, nor Eve,
nor the flesh, nor sin, nor death, nor the devil. For all these,
by the power of God, have been captured, bound, overcome.
Let us say with Paul: Praise, honor, and thanksgiving to
him, through all eternity.
[PART IV]
Lastly, clear and evident what rubbish all they have
it is
introduced into Christendom who deny the freedom of will in
man, saying that this freedom is a vain and empty designation
9
and nothing in itself. . . .
After my opponents come thus daily to me, bringing many

writings by which they would fain wipe out entirely human free
9 The remainder of Part IV on the moral dangers in the failure of Lutheran
and Zwinglian preachers to distinguish for their people God's praedestinatio

and his praesdentia has been omitted to make room for a corresponding but
theologically richer section from Hubmaier's second treatise. The German
title thereof is Das ander Biechlen von der Freywilligkait des menschens . . .
(Nicolsburg, 1527).
For inclusion here, only Part III, Arguments I and II, have been
selected, beginning on folio Di verso in the original imprint and on p. 664
in the bound volume of photographed imprints collected by W. O Lewis.
These portions constitute the most interesting arguments supplementary
to those of the first treatise and furthermore reveal the extent to which
Hubmaier, virtually alone among the Anabaptists, was willing to use
scholastic categories. He also quotes approvingly in the untranslated
portions the vigorous anti-Pelagian Fulgentius of Ruspe,
Ad Monimum,
lib. I., and Augustine, Contra Julianum, iii, 8. He also quotes from or
paraphrases John Denck's Was geredt sey, Selection

IV.
will, exigency compels one to remove such stumblingblocks
and countertricks from the way, and to hew them down with
the sword of the divine Word (Eph. 6: 1 7), so that no one will fall
on them or be hurt. Now follow their arguments, one after the
other.
[ARGUMENT I]
God has mercy on whom he will; whom he will he hardens

(Rom. 9:18).
Here my dear friends cry out against me, as did the friends
ofJob against him. They say: Behold how it is all with God, and
not in our power. What God wills, shall and must take place.
Answer: That is a reference to the omnipotent and hidden will
of God, who owes nothing to anyone. Therefore he may,
without injustice, have mercy on whom he will, or harden the
same; save or damn him. This power or will the Schools have
called a plenary power or will of God (voluntas absoluta). 10 As
Paul says [Rom. 9:19] no one can resist it. God indeed has full
right and power to do with us whatever he will. He can make
us vessels of honor or dishonor, just as a potter has power over
his clay.And we cannot justly say: Why dost thou this?
But we find also a revealed will of God [voluntas revelata}^ by
which he makes all men to be saved, and to come to the knowl-
edge of truth. Christ showed us this very plainly when he said
(John 3:16): God so loved the world that he gave his only
begotten Son, that whosoever believeth on him should not
perish, but have eternal life. He suffered for our sins, not for
ours alone, but for the sins of the entire world (I John 2:2). He
gave himself a ransom for all men (I Tim. 2:6). He is the true
Light that lighteth all men who come into this world (John
1:9). To all who receive him, he gives power to become the
children of God. That is why he bade the gospel to be preached
to all creatures (Mark 16:15), so that all who receive it, believe
on it, and are baptized shall be saved. Hence we can easily infer
that God according to his preached and revealed Word
absolutely does not want to harden, to blind, to damn anyone,
save those who of their own evil and by their own choice wish
to be hardened, blinded, and damned. Such are men who,
when Christ comes to his own, receive him not (John i 1 1 ) : .
They do not acknowledge the time of their visitation (Luke

19:44). When he knocks, they will not let him in. Scripture does
not refer to this revealed will of God when it says: No one can
10
Marginal reference in Latin.
resist his will, but ratherspeaks of the hidden will. Now if you
it
try to equivocate and confuse the two wills [equivocatio], 11 there

arise marked misunderstanding, error, and confusion of the
Scriptural passages. Therefore one should wisely split (spaltenn)
the sentences (vrtqyl) in Scripture, and really ruminate 12
in order to know which passages refer to the secret will of God,
and which to the preached will.
This revealed power or will of God the Schools call the
ordinary will (voluntas ordinata), not that the other will is extra-
ordinary, but because all that God wills and does is orderly and
good. He is subject to no rules; his will itself is the rule of all
things. But therefore they call that will ordinary because it
happens according to the preached Word of Holy Scripture,
in which he has revealed his will to us. Hence the distinction
between the hidden and the revealed will of God. Not that
there are two wills in God, but rather the Scripture speaks in a
way adapted to our human understanding. So we know that
although God is omnipotent, and can do all things, yet he will
not act toward us poor human beings according to his omnipo-
tence, but according to his mercy, as he amply proved to us by
his most beloved Son, and through all [the passages] which in
the Old and the New Testament refer to him.
Paul spoke clearly and plainly of this distinction of the two
wills when he said (I Cor. 2:16): Who hath known the mind of
the Lord? But we have the mind of Christ. When Paul writes:
Who has known the mind of the Lord? he refers to the hidden
will of God, just as Isaiah (ch. 45:15) calls our God a hidden
God. When Paul says: We have Christ's mind, he refers to the
revealed and preached will of God, who was God himself, and
became man, and we have seen his glory, a glory as of an only
begotten Son of the Father (John 1:14), full of grace and truth.
Very well. We shall treat by way of an illustration the dis-
tinction [spaltung] of the two wills. The omnipotent hidden God
can by his secret will consign Peter to hell, and conversely
raiseJudas or Caiaphas to heaven. He would be doing no evil
thereby; we are in his hands. But according to his revealed will,
he does not want to drive away any struggling Jacob without a
blessing (Gen. 32:26). He must pity on David, who
13 have
11 This scholastic reference to logical fallacy arising from the use of a word
that might be taken in more than one sense appears in the margin.
12 On the
exegetical significance of splitting and rumination^ see
n. 14.
13 A marginal notation "Muss, Muss" underscores the stricture laid on
later Federal
Deity. Cf. above p. 130," Muss, Muss, Muss." Gf. the
theologians like William Ames.
out to him (Ps. 51:1); and must pardon his sins, and let
cries
him be found justified in his sentence when he is judged. He
would not let the heathen woman go away unheard (Matt.
15:27 ff.). So great and powerful are the might and worthiness
of the promises of God, who became man and was revealed by
his word, which cannot fail, although heaven and earth fall to
pieces (Luke 21:33). It is not because our will, our word, our
work have any worth or distinction in themselves; but rather
it is because the divine promises are so powerful and strong in all
believers [cf. Mark by his own word, is caught

9:23] that God,
(gefangeri)) bound overcome (ilberwunden) by the
(gebunderi),
believers. This is called in Scripture, God with us and among us
[Emmanuel] (Matt. 1:23).
[THE SECOND ARGUMENT]

God wills that all men be saved (I Tim. 2:4), and: Who hath
resisted his will? (Rom. 9:19).
But my friends Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar say again:
Listen! If God wants all men to be saved, let him enforce his
will, for no choice or refusal depends upon me. Answer: Here
[logical] equivocation and confusion of the wills is resorted to,
for the first passage refers to the revealed will of God; the
second, to his hidden will. Hence, because these are each half-
truths, they must be kept distinct, lest they be undivided and
swallowed without rumination. Otherwise we should be eating
14
up death, as has already been said (Lev. ii:3).
Let us leave the secret will of God (Rom. 11:34), in its
worthy majesty, as something that we have no need to investi-
gate. But let us take hold of his revealed will and divide it,
according to the ordinance of Scripture, into an attracting and
a repelling (ûkherenden vnnd Abkherenden) will. The attracting
will of God is that God wills that all men be saved. Therefore
he draws all men to him by the offer of his grace and mercy.
He did not even spare his only begotten Son, but gave him up
to death for us all (Rom. 8:2), to the end that we should not be
lost, but should come over into eternal life (John 3:15).
This salvation God offers to us and invites us joyfully, saying:
Come, buy without money and without price, wine and milk
(Isa. 55:1); you are already bought and paid for, at a great
14 This reference to the Levitical distinction between animals is widely
employed in Anabaptist exegesis. Gf. Hofmann, Selection IX, n. 42
and Obbe, Selection X, n. 60.
cost (I Cor. 6:20). Come, all who are heavy laden, and I will
give you rest (Matt. 11:28). Now as soon as God turns to us,
calls us and warns us to follow him, and we abandon wife and
child, ship and cargo, everything that hinders our journey
toward him (cf. John i :i i) our help has already come to us,
namely, his attracting, drawing will. By it, he wills and draws
all men
unto salvation. Yet choice is still left to man, since God
wants him without pressure, unconstrained, under no com-
pulsion (cf. II Cor. 9:7).
Such people who do not receive him, hear him, or follow
him, God turns and averts himself from them, and lets them
be as they wish to be. That is called now the repelling will, of
which Daniel (cf. ch. 5:10) gives recognition when he says: O
God, turn not thy countenance from me! Even as God is holy
with the holy, so is he withdrawn from those who withdraw.
The first will may be called in Scripture voluntas conversiva> from
convertendo; the second, voluntas aversiva, from avertendo. Not that
there are two wills in God, as said above. There is only one will
in God, but we have to speak of God humanly and with human
words, as if, for example, he had eyes, ears, a face, and a back.
Turn to us, turn from us, we have to say on account of our poor
understanding. This does not mean that God really has eyes,
ears, hands, feet, as the anthropomorphists say. Of the first
kind of revealed will, Scripture speaks, saying (I Tim. 2:4):
God wants all men to be saved. Of the second kind, another
part of Scripture says that God will harden and damn the
godless (Ex. 4:1 ff.; Rom. i :i8); yet God's hidden will remains
upright and omnipotent according to which He does whatever
He wishes.
Nor can anyone ask Him (Rom. 9:20): Why dost thou
thus? His attracting will is the will of his mercy. His repelling
will is the will of his justice and punishment. We not God
we, with our sins, are guilty before it.
VI
Trial and Martyrdom
1
of Michael Sattler
ROTTENBURG, 1527
INTRODUCTION
SATTLER (c. 1490-1527) WAS AN
outstanding leader of Swiss and South German
MICHAEL Anabaptism. Stirred by the evangelical preaching in
the Breisgau, he abandoned his position as prior of St. Peter's
and went to Zurich, where under the influence of William
Reublin he joined the Swiss Brethren and was present at the
third magisterially authorized disputation on baptism on
November 6, 1525. Expelled from Zurich, he turned to
Strassburg, where he was received by John Denck and where he
was enabled to discuss the Anabaptist position with Gapito
and Bucer. At the invitation of Reublin, Sattler made the upper
Hohenberg region of Wurtemberg his missionary field with
Horb as his headquarters. His success was so great that he was
chosen to preside at the great Schleitheim conference on
Anabaptist principles which drew up the influential Confession
in Seven Articles, February 24, 1527. (This important document
has been several times translated.) Shortly thereafter he was
apprehended by the Austrian authorities. The record of the
trialand martyrdom was carefully preserved with much of the
simplicity and vividness of the authentic acts of the early
Christian martyrs. The account as here translated is the version
rendered familiar to generations of Mennonites in the Martyrs*
Mirror of Tilman J. van Braght (1660). Van Braght took it over
from the still earlier Het Offer des Heeren (1570). These two
compilations are the Mennonite counterpart of the Hutterite
i The best is the article of Gustav Bossert,
orientation to the place of Sattler
by Elizabeth Bender, "Michael Battler's Trial and Martyr-
Jr., translated
dom in 1527," MQR, XXV (1951), 201. Most of the following notes are
based upon this work.
136
MARTYRDOM OF MICHAEL SATTLER 137
Chronicle from which Selection I was taken. (The Chronicle.,
incidentally, has an independent account of Sattler's trial.)
Thus Selection VI is doubly noteworthy, at once as a sampling
from a stirring martyrology and as a document in its own right,
illustrative of the martyr theology which sustained the whole
Anabaptist movement. Here we behold the ideal Anabaptist

in whom four formative Christian anthropological types are
blended, namely, the monk as miles Christi, the missionary or
apostle, the pilgrim to Jerusalem, and the martyr citizen of the
2
heavenly Jerusalem.
The court glimpsed here in session happens to be Catholic
and the charge of disloyalty made against Anabaptists in
general is here compounded by the seemingly irresponsible
utterance of Sattler about the Turks. In warding them off, the
Austrian authorities had immediate responsibilities as at once
Catholic and imperial, for they were in direct contact with the
common enemy of Christendom.
2 Cf. Franklin Littell, "The Anabaptist Theology of Missions," MQR,
XXI 947)
(
1 , 5 ; Ethelbert Stauffer, "Anabaptist Theology of Martyrdom/'
MQR, XIX (1945), 179.
3
The Trial and Martyrdom
of Michael Sattler
ROTTENBURG, l^2j 4
THE TEXT
After many legal on the day of his departure from
transactions 5
this world,
6 the articles against him being many, Michael
requested that they might once more be read to
7
Sattler . . .
3 There are four extant accounts of the trial and martyrdom. The first is
that of the Swabian Protestant Nicholas von Graveneck, who had
apparently been forced to proceed to Rottenburg with arms to protect the
court. His account was written down, probably by his brother-in-law,
and sent to Zurich. It is preserved in Wolfenbuttel. The second appears as
an appendix to the Seven Articles of the Schleitheim Confession in the
drawing up of which Sattler played the leading role, February 24, 1527.
The third account, with some dramatic flourishes, was sent by William
Reublin to the Brethren in Zollikon and elsewhere in Switzerland. (It
has been most recently edited by Leonhard von Muralt and Walter
Schmid, Quellen zur Geschichte der in der Schweiz, I [Zurich, 1952], No. 224.)
The fourth, briefer account, is that of the Hutterite Chronicle. The Acts of
Michael Sattler (Version 2) were translated into Dutch in 1560 and taken
up in Het Offer des Heeren in 1570 (the only non-Dutch episode so honored)
{Continued on next page.
4 The trialopened on Friday, May 1 7, and continued on Saturday. The
execution took place on either May 20 or 21.
s It was shortly after the Schleitheim conference that Sattler and his wife
along with Reublin's wife and others were apprehended in and around
Horb, the center of Sattler's mission, and to the congregation gathered
therein he wrote his beautiful letter (preserved in the Martyrs' Mirror). The
trial was several times postponed because of the danger of uproar from
many who were sympathetic and also because the charges against the
Anabaptists were ecclesiastical as well as civil and the attempt was made
to secure at least two clerics from the university faculty of law (Tubingen
or Freiburg) .
6 More accurately on the second day of the trial when the verdict against
him was delivered.
? At this in line with
point the Mirror, its general tendency to connect
Anabaptism with an ongoing remnant of the faithful in the Middle Ages,
asserts that Sattler belonged to the Waldensian brotherhood.
him and that he might again be heard
upon them. 8 This the
bailiff,* as the attorney [for the defense] of his lord [the
emperor], opposed and would not consent to it. Michael
Sattler then requested a ruling. After a consultation, the
10
judges returned as their answer that, if his opponents would
allow it, they, the judges, would consent. Thereupon the town
clerk of Ensisheim, 11 as the spokesman of the said attorney,
spoke thus: "Prudent, honorable, and wise lords, he has boasted
of the Holy Ghost. Now if his boast is true, it seems to me, it is
unnecessary to grant him this; for, if he has the Holy Ghost, as
he boasts, the same will tell him what has been done here." To
this Michael Sattler replied: "You servants of God, I hope my
request will not be denied, for the said articles are as yet unclear
to me [because of their number]." The town clerk responded:
"Prudent, honorable, and wise lords, though we are not bound
to do this, yet in order to give satisfaction, we will grant him
his request that it may not be thought that injustice is being
done him in his heresy or that we desire to abridge him of his
rights. Hence let the articles be read to him again." [The nine
charges, seven against all fourteen defendants, two specifically
against Sattler, are here omitted, as they are answered seriatim
by Sattler.]
Thereupon Michael Sattler requested permission to confer
with his brethren and sisters, which was granted him. Having
conferred with them for a little while, he began and un-
dauntedly answered as follows: "In regard to the articles
Footnote 3 continued}
and then reprinted in the Martyrs' Mirror. (On the relation of Het Offer
and the Mirror, see Gerald Studer, "A History of the Martyrs' Mirror,
MQfl, XXII [1948], 163 ff.) Because of the widespread influence of this
version in the formation of Mennonite piety the present translation is
based on it. The critical Dutch text is found in two places in BRN, II,
pp. 62-67; V, pp. 645-50. Back of this lies the German original edited by
Walther Kohler, Flugschriften aus den ersten Jahren der Reformation, II (1908)
Heft but slight alterations have been introduced to bring this version
3,
into general conformity with what Gustav Bossert, Jr., regards as the most
accurate transcript of the proceedings.
8 Thetrial had opened on the preceding day with the reading of nine
charges, but naturally Sattler wished to have them fresh before him in
writing, if possible, when called upon to respond.
9
Jacob Halbmayer, mayor of Rottenburg, whom Sattler considered
ultimately responsible for the outcome of the trial, although it was
Hoffmann (n. 1 1) who did most of the speaking against him.
1 There were twenty-four judges drawn from several towns and presided
over by Landeshauptmann, Count Joachim of Zollern.
n Eberhard Hoffmann, a vindictive spirit, who had had much experience
with Anabaptist trials in the seat of Austrian government in Alsace.
relating to me and my brethren and sisters, hear this brief answer :
"First, that we have acted contrary to the imperial mandate,
we do not admit. For the same says that the Lutheran doctrine
and delusion 12 is not to be adhered to, but only the gospel and
the Word of God. This we have kept. For I am not aware that
we have acted contrary to the gospel and the Word of God. I
appeal to the words of Christ.
Christ the Lord is not
'Secondly, that the real body of
4
present in the sacrament, we admit. For the Scripture says:

Christ ascended into heaven and sitteth on the right hand of his
Heavenly Father, whence he shall come to judge the quick and
the dead, from which it follows that, if he is in heaven and not
in the bread, he may not be eaten bodily.
"Thirdly, as to baptism we say infant baptism is of no
avail
to salvation. For it is written [Rom. 1:17] that we live by faith
alone. Again [Mark 16:16]: He that believeth and is baptized
shall be saved. Peter says the same [I, ch. 3:21]: Which doth
also now save you in baptism (which is signified by that [Ark
of Noah]), not the putting away of the filth of the flesh but
rather the covenant of a good conscience with God by the
resurrection of Jesus Christ.
"Fourthly, we have not rejected the oil [of extreme unction].
For it is a creature of God, and what God has made is good and
not to be refused, but that the pope, bishops, monks, and

priests can make it better
we do not believe; for the pope never
made anything good. That of which the Epistle of James
[ch. 5:14] speaks is not the pope's oil.
"Fifthly, we have not insulted the mother of God and the
saints. For the mother of Christ is to be blessed among all
women because unto her was accorded the favor of giving
birth to the Saviour of the whole world. But that she is a
mediatrix and advocatess of this the Scriptures know nothing,
for she must with us await the judgment. Paul said to Timothy
[I, ch. 2:5]: Christ is our
mediator and advocate with God. As
regards the saints, we say that we who live and believe are the
saints, which I prove by the epistles of Paul to the
Romans
[ch. 1:7], the Corinthians [I, ch. 1:2], the Ephesians [ch. 1:1],
c
and other places where he always writes to the beloved

12 The Catholic authorities quite naturally assimilated Anabaptism to
Lutheranism, but, of course, Sattler was keenly conscious of the difference.
They were referring to the Edict of Worms (May 21, 1521) against
Luther and Lutherans; Sattler skillfully appeals to the subsequent
imperial mandate of the Diet of Nuremberg, February 9, 1523.
Hence, we who believe are the saints, but those who have
saints.''
died in the faith we regard as the blessed.

"Sixthly, we hold that we are not to swear before the
Lord says [Matt. 5:34]: Swear
authorities, for the not, but let
your communication be, Yea, yea; nay, nay.
"Seventhly," when God me to testify of his Word and
called
I had read Paul and considered the unchristian and
also
perilous state in which I was, beholding the pomp, pride, usury,
and great whoredom of the monks and priests, I went and took
unto me a wife, 14 according to the command of God; for Paul
well prophesies concerning this to Timothy [I, ch. 4:3]: In the
latter time it shall corne to pass that men shall forbid to
marry
and command to abstain from meats which God hath created to
be received with thanksgiving.
"Eighthly, if the Turks should come, we ought not to resist
them. For it is written [Matt. 5:21]: Thou shalt not kill. We
must not defend ourselves against the Turks and others of our
persecutors, but are to beseech God with earnest prayer to
repel and resist them. But that I said that, if warring were right,
I would rather take the field against so-called Christians who
persecute, capture, and kill pious Christians than against the
Turks was for the following reason. The Turk is a true Turk,
knows nothing of the Christian faith, and is a Turk after the
flesh. But you who would be Christians and who make your
boast of Christ persecute the pious witnesses of Christ and are
Turks after the spirit!
"In conclusion, ministers of God, I admonish you to consider
the end for which God has appointed you, to punish the evil
and to defend and protect the pious. Whereas, then, we have
not acted contrary to God and the gospel, you will find that
neither I nor my brethren and sisters have offended in word or
deed against any authority. Therefore, ministers of God, if you
have neither heard nor read the Word of God, send for the
is Sattler fails or perhaps disdains to take up what was the seventh article
in the charge read against him, namely, that "he has commenced a new
and unheard of custom in regard to the Lord's Supper, mingling the bread
and wine together on a plate and eating and drinking the same." This is
an understandable distortion of what the Catholic authorities had been
told was a common meal in place of the Mass.
It is to the prosecution's eighth charge that Sattler is here responding,
namely, that he had left his order and taken a wife. He had been prior of
the Benedictine monastery of St. Peter's in the Breisgau.
14 He married a Beguine, called by Valerius Anshelm "a talented, clever
little woman," Bernische Chronik, V, 185 ff.
most learned men and books of the Bible in
for the sacred
whatsoever language they may be and let them confer with us
in the Word of God. If they prove to us with the Holy Scriptures
that we and are in the wrong, we will gladly desist and recant
err
and also willingly suffer the sentence and punishment for that
of which we have been accused; but if no error is proven to us,
I hope to God that you will be converted and receive instruction."
Upon this speech the judges laughed and put their heads
together, and the town clerk of Ensisheim said: "Yes, you
The town clerk said: "It were well if you had never been born."
Michael replied: "God knows what is good."
The town clerk: "You archheretic, you have seduced pious
forsake their error and commit
people. If they would only now
themselves to grace!"
Michael: "Grace is with God alone."
One of the prisoners also said: "We must not depart from the
truth."
The town you desperate villain, you archheretic,
clerk: "Yes,
were no hangman here, I would hang you myself
I say, if there
and be doing God a good service thereby."
Michael: "God will judge aright." Thereupon the town clerk
said a few words to him in Latin, what, we do not know.
15
Michael Sattler answered him, Judica.

The town clerk then admonished the judges and said:
"He will not cease from this chatter anyway. Therefore, my
Lord Judge, you may proceed with the sentence. I call for a
decision of the court."
The judge asked Michael Sattler whether he too committed
it He replied: "Ministers of God, I am not sent to
to the court.
judge the Word of God. We are sent to testify and hence cannot
consent to any adjudication, since we have no command from
God concerning it. But we are not for that reason removed
from being judged and we are ready to suffer and to await
what God is planning to do with us. We will continue in our
faith in Christ so long as we have breath in us, unless we be
dissuaded from it by the Scriptures."
is Hoffmann may well have resorted to Latin when he observed the bad
impression his intemperance was making on the court. The only word
that our informant, Nicholas von Graveneck, could pick out was Sattler's
"Give judgment."
The town clerk said: "The hangman
will instruct you, he
will dispute with you, archheretic."
Michael: "I appeal to the Scriptures. 5 '
Then the judges arose and went into another room where
they remained for an hour and a half and determined on the
sentence. In the meantime some [of the soldiers] in the room
treated Michael Sattler most unmercifully, heaping reproach
upon him. One of them said: "What have you in prospect for
yourself and the others that you have so seduced them?" 16
With this he also drew a sword which lay upon the table,
saying: "See, with this they will dispute with you." But
Michael did not answer upon a single word concerning himself
but willingly endured it all. One of the prisoners said: "We must
not cast pearls before swine." Being also asked why he had not
remained a lord 1 7 in the convent, Michael answered: "According
to the flesh I was a lord, but it is better as it is." He did not say
more than what is recorded here, 18 and this he spoke fearlessly.
The judges having returned to the room, the sentence was
read. It was as follows: "In the case of the attorney of His
Imperial Majesty vs. Michael Sattler, judgment is passed that
Michael Sattler shall be delivered to the executioner, who shall
lead him to the place of execution and cut out his tongue, 19
then forge him fast to a wagon and thereon with red-hot tongs
twice tear pieces from his body; and after he has been brought
outside the gate, he shall be plied five times more in the same
" 20
manner
After this had been done in the manner prescribed, he was
burned to ashes 21 as a heretic. His fellow brethren were
is Another reading: "When I see you get away, I will believe in you!" In
this same version another person who speaks the next part.
it is
17 See above, n. 13, second paragraph.
is Another version says that he went on to show his improved state from
Scripture.
19
Actually only a piece was cut out because he continued to utter speech.
20 What the Mirror converts in the next sentence into narrative, other
versions make a part of the original verdict.
21 Reublin (Version 3) reported that a sack of powder was mercifully tied
around Sattler's neck to hasten his death. The Wolfenbiittel version (i)
gives further details of the execution. From the
ladder to which he
was bound he admonished the people to be converted and to intercede
in prayer for his judges. He then prayed: "Almighty, eternal God, Thou
art the way and the truth; because I have not been shown to be in error,
I will with thy help this day testify to the truth and seal it with my
blood." When the ropes on his hands were burned, he raised the two
forefingers in a promised signal to his group and prayed: "Father,
into
thy hands I commend my spirit." Kohler, op. cit., p. 332, n. 2.

executed with the sword, and the sisters drowned. His wife, also
after being subjected to many entreaties, admonitions, and
threats, under which she remained steadfast, was drowned
a few days afterward. 22 Done the 2ist day of May, A.D. 1527.
22 The Countess, spouse of the presiding judge, sought to dissuade her. She
was drowned eight days after her husband's death.
VII
A Letter to John Campanus
1
By Sebastian Franck
STRASSBURG, 1531
INTRODUCTION
GAMPANUS WAS A RADICAL LUTHERAN WHO
turned
Anabaptist under the influence of Melchior
JOHN
Hofmann (Selection IX). Campanus
3
ideas, carried by the

Wassenberg preachers, were a factor in building up that fateful
combination of restitutionism and millennialism which was the
Minister theocracy. On the eve of this disastrous outburst
within radical dissent, when the aberrant forces released by the
Reformation were swirling toward a climax, Sebastian Franck,
polyhistorian and free spirit, wrote the following memorable
Letter to Campanus. It embodies in a remarkably complete
form the Spiritualist's vision of the universal, invisible church
of the Spirit and gives vivid expression to his philosophy of
religion and history born of despair. Like Schwenckfeld
(Selection VIII) and Obbe Philips (Selection X), Franck
could not accept the claim of any one church because of the
rival and mutually exclusive claims of all. He was most
sympathetic with the Evangelical Anabaptists but their
exclusiveness distressed him. He agreed with them that the
apostolic church had disappeared in its accommodation to the
state but deplored their feverish attempts to recover the worn-
out sacraments and other practices from the infancy of Chris-
i The best accounts of Franck in English are those of Rufus Jones, Spiritual
Reformers, Gh. iv, and J. F. Smith, '"S. F., Heretic, Mystic, and Reformer
of the Reformation," Theological Review, XI (1874), 163-179. The classical
study is that of Alfred Hegler (1892). See introduction, above, p. 27.
The extensive German literature on Franck is surveyed and evaluated by
Eberhard Teufel in Theologische Rundschau, N.F., XII (1940), 99-179.
The most recent biography is also by Teufei, "Landraumig" Sebastian
Franck: ein Wanderer an Donau, Rhein und Neckar (Neustadt an der Aisch,
1954)-
tianity. For God, as Spirit, had first declared and then histori-
cally demonstrated his preference for working spiritually rather
than sacramentally to achieve the mature fruits of the Spirit.
These fruits, faith, penitence, and self-denial, can be realized
by all peoples whether in or without organized Christianity.
Though, like Schwenckfeld, Franck looked for the visible
assembling of the church by God sometime in the future, he
like Obbe Philips was skeptical of the credentials of all con-
temporary reformers and restitutionists, holding that none were

called. His attendance upon the living Spirit was like that of
Thomas Mtintzer (Selection II) but he was neither a revolu-
tionary millennialist like him nor a martyr spirit like Sattler
(Selection VI) for although he was a pacifist (and teetotaler)
;
and understood the School of Christ to be the life under the

cross, he was not ready for an "untimely harvest," Franck's
universalism was akin to that of Denck (Selection IV). He felt
closest of all to John Bunderlin (rebaptized by Denck), of
whom he here gives a brief sketch. On the doctrine of the
Trinity, he says, he feels closer to Servetus than to Campanus.
This Letter and another of similar purport circulated widely
in left-wing circles and were of sufficient threat to the closely
disciplined Mennonite community to have elicited a full
refutation by Dietrich Philips (Selection XI).
A Letter
2
to John Campanus
3
By Sebastian Franck
4
STRASSBURG, issi
THE TEXT
** Grace be unto thee, dear Campanus, 5 from the Father of
Lights through the Lord Christ, for feeling and believing and
Latin, and survives only in Dutch and German
2 This letter was written in
translations.
The Dutch translation by Peter de Zuttere (Hyperphragmus) is found
in a miscellany in the Zurich Stadtsbibliothek, gal. I. 25 b. (The section
of the letter bearing on Bunderlin is printed by Alexander Nicoladoni,
Johannes Bunderlin von Linz [Berlin, 1893], i24f.). This version, translated
into German and at points paraphrased, with apparently some inaccuracies
or misconstructions, is printed by Karl Rembert, Die Wiedertdufer im
Herzogtum Julich (Berlin, 1 899) , 2 1 8-2 26.
The German translation, published in 1563 by Johannes Ewich, is to be
[Continued on next page,
John Campanus, born near Liege, identified himself with the Lutheran
3
cause after studying at Wittenberg; but he antagonized both Luther and

Melanchthon, especially when he obtruded himself into the Marburg
Colloquy and insisted that his was the solution of the Eucharistic problem-
Denounced, he wrote Contra totum post apostolos mundum (1530)3 which
circulated in manuscript in both Latin and German. A
popularization in
German followed, wherein Campanus 5 special form of Unitarianism was
clearly enunciated. His basic idea in church reform was restitution of
which he was confident he held the key. He died in prison, 1575, generally
regarded as mad. For his influence on Minister, see Selection X, n. 52.
4 The date is in
dispute. The Dutch (Zurich) translation dates it February
4, 1541. The German (Munich) translation dates it 1531. Hegler felt
constrained to adhere to the earlier date because he did not know that
Sebastian Franck was also in Strassburg in 1541 and that Bunderlin,
referred to in the letter, was probably still living, for we know that
Bunderlin met Schwenckfeld as late as 1538. The reference in the letter
to the propriety of caution because of danger to his family might fit
better into the period after the "Persecution" in Ulm than before. The
references in the letter to a work of Servetus are not sufficiently distinctive
to enable us to know whether De Trinitatis erroribus (Strassburg, 1531) or
the Dialogues on the Trinity (1532) is meant.
5 The Munich text has only "N."
147
6 all the doctors of the Roman
preferring to stand alone against
or (if it please God 7 ) the Christian church, who from the time
of the apostles until this present hour have enjoyed great renown
for preferring to maintain thyself alone against all rather
than to err with all or the larger part of them. It is my view that
thou hast done rightly. I do not doubt but what with time the
same opinion will please thee even more, and I pray to God
that he will be pleased to strengthen thee therein.
*2
^f Indeed,
I do not doubt but what all the highly famous
doctors whose works are still available are [those] wolves
which Paul [Acts 20:29] spiritually anticipated would fall in
upon the flock and which John [I, ch. 2:18]
calls antichrists,
men who even in the days of the apostles fell away from them
and indeed had never really been with them. This is proved by
their works, especially [those] of Clement, Irenaeus, Tertullian,
Cyprian, Chrysostom, Hilary, Cyril, Origen,
and others which
are merely utter child's play 8 and quite unlike the spirit of the
filled with commandments, laws,
apostles, that is, utterly
sacramental elements and all kinds of human inventions.
Jerome speaks of the seven [church] orders Clement, a pupil
9
;
of Saint James if one wants to believe it writes something

about purgatory and brings in more foolish nonsense. *[[ Right
after [the apostles] everything unfolded in a contrary fashion.
Footnote s continued]
found in the Munich Stadtsbibliothek, 40 Polem. 1328. The text is
interspersed with refutation but appears to be complete.
From this text
the present translation is made. Wherever possible the Dutch text and
various excerpts have been consulted. The Munich sections, as divided
up for refutation, are indicated thus: If.
The paragraphs of the Rembert text are indicated thus: * and are
followed by a number. For ready reference I have numbered Rembert's
paragraphs, the first, on p. 218, beginning "Franck lobt." Where
Rembert's material covers less than the Munich text, an unnumbered
asterisk is used to indicate where it leaves off in the fuller Munich text.
Anindependent German excerpt is preserved by J. G. Schellhorn,
Amoenitates literariae (Frankfurt/Leipzig, 1729), 59-61. Dutch fragments
occur in the refutation of two Franck letters (this and another) in a tract
by Dietrich Philips. It is published by Cramer in Bibliotheca Reformatoria
Neerlandica, X, 4.93506, English translation by A. B. Kolb } pp. 473-86.
6 The reference is to
Campanus* Contra totum post apostolos mundum (Strass-
burgj 1530), which provided the occasion for Franck's letter. This and
a later reference favor the earlier dating for the letter, i.e., 1531. No copy
of the book is known. Excerpts are to be found in a Bugenhagen MS. in
Berlin. See Zjeitschrift fur historische Theologie, 1846, 535 ff. \
7 The Munichtext has "the gods." Here the Rembert reading is preferred.
8 Rembert text: "full of
ravings and alien nonsense."
printed text misreads the author as Irenaeus. The work is that of
9 The
Pseudo-Jerome, De septem ordinibus ecclesiae.

A LETTER TO JOHN CAMPANUS*. FRANGK 149
Baptism was changed into infant baptism; the Lord's Supper
into misuse and a sacrifice. What they have written is
nothing
but a shame and djsgrace. 10
*3
Therefore, I believe that the outward church of Christ,
including all its gifts and sacraments, because of the breaking
in and laying waste by Antichrist right after the death of the
apostles, went up into heaven and lies concealed in the Spirit
and in truth. I am thus quite certain that for fourteen hundred
years now
11
there has existed no gathered church nor any
sacrament. 12 For this is proved along with experience by the
work, outward behavior, and misuse with which Antichrist has
besmirched and spoiled everything.
* 4 But 13 at the same
time nothing has departed from the
[inner] truth of baptism, the Supper, the ban, and gathering for
14
worship. Instead, the Spirit has imparted all this in truth to
the faithful in whatever lands they be, although, of course, the
betokening signs thereof, having been sullied by Antichrist, are
left tothe devil. For from the moment when the Sabbath,
circumcision, and the commandment concerning the temple
and offerings have been abrogated, 15God recognizes them no
longer as his ordinances although they were hitherto expressly
ordained and says [Isa. i :io ff.] : What concern are the temple
and sacrifices to me? I am full of burnt offerings, etc.
f Thus in the New Testament, although Christ
in the
beginning, not without reason, instituted baptism and the
Supper, [he did so] not because he wished to serve himself
thereby but rather because it might be serviceable and useful
to us. This no one nowadays thinks of but rather everybody
imagines that God has need of our work and service and takes
a special pleasure in these things like children with their play-
things. But nevertheless all this was surely in no sense arranged
for God's sake but rather for our own, like circumcision and the
Sabbath with our forefathers, in order that spiritual hearts
10 This sentence appears only in the Rembert text. The Schellhorn and
Munich texts agree, a fact which would further confirm the reliability and
relative completeness of the text being used for this translation.
11 This assertion places the fall, or, in one sense, the maturation of Chris-
tianity, exactly a century after Jesus' death, i.e.,
A.D. 131 (the date of the
letter being 1531). The same dating is given below, p. 154.
To point Schellhorn gives a German translation, not differing
12 this in
sense from the Munich text.
13 The fourth paragraph in Rembert reduces the following material con-
siderably.
1 4 Here in the sense of "in essence." 1 s
Literally: "cut off."
might out of these signs understand what God wants to

have
done by and permitted 16 to them.
Moreover, since the holy and omniscient Spirit anticipated
that all these outward ceremonies would go under because of
Antichrist and would degenerate through misuse, he gladly
yielded these tokens to Satan and fed, gave
to drink, baptized,
and gathered the faithful with the Spirit and the truth in such
a way that nothing would be lost to truth, although all ôuter
transactions might pass away. Therefore even as the Spirit of
God is alone the teacher of the New Covenant, so also he alone
all things, namely, in the
baptizes and alone avails himself of
Spirit and in truth. And, just as the church is today â purely
spiritual thing, so also law, promise, reward, spirit, bread,
is all
wine, sword, Kingdom, all in the Spirit and no longer out-

life
*5 17
ward, etc. ^Therefore the unitary Spirit alone baptizes
with fire and the Spirit all the faithful and [all] who are obedient
to the inner Word in whatever part of the world they be. For
God is no respecter of persons but instead is to the Greeks as to
the Barbarian and the Turk, to the lord as to the servant, so
long as they retain the light which has shined upon them
and
gives their heart an eternal glow.
* 6 To be
brief, my dear brother Campanus, that I may say
it in summary fashion and openly and be undersood by thee, I
maintain against all ecclesiastical authorities that all outward
things and ceremonies, which were customary in the church
of
the apostles, have been done away with and are not to be
1 8
reinstituted, although many without authorization or calling
undertake to restore on their own the degenerated sacraments.
f For the church will remain scattered among the heathen until
the end of the world. Indeed, only the Advent of Christ will at
last destroy and make away with Antichrist and his church. He
will gather together dispersed and ever fugitive
19 Israel from
the four places of the world. Therefore, it is my opinion that
nothing of these churches should be reinstituted which were
once held in great esteem in the church.
* 7 These are the
things which the aforementioned wolves,
the doctors of unwisdom, apes of the apostles and antichrists,
have vigorously propagated. And they "who understood the
truth of these things their writings and instructions were
is In German: gelassen.
i? In German: einiger. Is this in contrast to the septiform Spirit of sacra-
mental theology?
is In German: sendung. 19 In German: ruckles.
A LETTER TO JOHN GAMPANUS: FRANGK 151
suppressed by these as godless heresies and nonsense;

20 and
in their place in esteem come foolish Ambrose, Augustine,

Jerome, Gregory of whom not even one knew the Lord, so
help me God, nor was sent by God to teach. But rather all
were the apostles of Antichrist and are that still. I am a liar if
all their own books don't prove as much, which never hold
together and are far different from and unlike the apostles'.
There is not a one of them, so far as can be seen from the books
they have left, who appears to have been a Christian, unless it
be that they, at last, felt differently in their hearts, being
taught by God with something else and repented of their lost
labor. For they teach nothing properly that concerns Christian
faith. Yea, they have not known nor taught what God is [or]
law, gospel, faith, baptism, Supper, true righteousness,
Scripture, the church, and its law.
They mix the New Testament with the Old, as also today
their descendants do. And when they have nothing with which
to defend their purposes, they run at once to the empty
is, to the Old Testament, and from it prove
21 that
quiver,
[the legitimacy of] war, oath, government, power of magistracy,
tithes, priesthood; and praise everything and ascribe this all
forcibly to Christ without his will. And just as the popes have
derived all this from it, so also many of those who would have
themselves be called Evangelicals hold that they have nobly
escaped the snare of the pope and the devil and have neverthe-
less achieved, with great effort and sweat, nothing more than
that they have exchanged and confounded the priesthood of the
pope with the Mosaic kingdom!
But this remains a firm sentence 22 If the priesthood cannot
:
be re-established out of the old law, neither can [Christian]

23
government and outward government be established accord-
* 8 Yet the
ing to the law of Moses. Evangelicals at court are
now fashioning for the princes another [rule] and nicely press
the sword into their hands and, as the proverb has it, pour oil
into the fire.
[inveterate confusion of the New and the Old
* 9 From this
Testaments] many intelligent people [i.e., the Anabaptists] are

seized with a delusive idea, holding that at the time of Constan-
tine and Constantius, Antichrist concurrently broke into the
20 The word tatmar is of uncertain meaning.

21 In German: kocher. 22 In German
ifaste sententz.
23 The text has simply which can mean the Holy Roman Empire
Reich, in
particular or Christian government in general.
church and that the external polity of the church was at that
same time reduced to ashes, especially because the worldly
power and the princes of the pagans abandoned their pagan
belief, were baptized., and were reckoned
with the flock of
Christ. Therefore the brothers 24 were courted, war was waged,
heresies rooted out not with words but rather with swords,
and the things of faith were defended with fist and force. The
opinion of these people is not at all bad but they
are in error
nevertheless. 25 1f I, however, firmly believe that the outward
church of Christ was wasted and destroyed right after the
that is, the Fathers amply
apostles.* This is what the wolves,
prove for me, although Scripture gives no testimony on this
For all that they teach is surely idle child's play, if they
point.
are compared with the apostles.
But now, since the outward arrangements and the
* 10
sacraments were not wiped out by the laying waste of Antichrist
after the time of the apostles, but rather were misused and
sullied, God through the Spirit in truth provided by means of
his spiritual church all things which the signs and outward
giftsmerely betokened. He leaves it to the devil, who seeks
nothing other than the externals, to misuse the externals and
control the sacraments, as [earlier] in the case of the [Old
Covenant] externals: circumcision, kingship, Sabbath, Temple,
sacrifices; and in the meantime he circumcises the hearts of
his own with the Spirit and fire and in truth (which are not
wiped away). With these also he causes them to sacrifice and
makes and builds out of them at length a temple of God,
baptizes scattered Israel, feeds and gives
them to drink 26
without hands and external elements.* Thus he establishes and
perfects the whole New Testament and arranges all things in

his fashion in the Spirit and in truth, so that nothing is fatuous or
figurative,but rather all is truth. He closes it and no one opens. 27

*u
Now, however, since experience teaches that the power
*[f
of the external churches and all things external has fallen into
24 It is not certain whether by den Gebruderen the two sons of Constantine
are meant or the converted pagan "brethren." The latter is the inter-
pretation of Rembert or his Dutch text, where also only one emperor is
named, Constantine, hence construed as Constantine the Great.
25 Rembert's text does not give this sentence, wherein Franck clearly
dissociates himself from the Anabaptist doctrine of the fall of the church in
the reign of Constantine.
2(5 The German speisen and trencken refer to the Lord's Supper. Cf. below,
p. 155, Schwenckfeld, below, p. 175.
27 On
locking Scripture, cf. below, Selection IX, n. 41
decay and that the church is dispersed among the heathen,
truly it is my opinion that no persons on earth can without a
special call from God gather up the same and bring again its
sacraments into use. For this is a work of external and special
calling. And external things must have an external call.* For
just as the inward man has an inward teacher, impulse,
28
nourishment, call, voice, and everything, so also the external

things have an outward call, a special teacher, the word of
mouth, and everything external. Therefore I have said that
the outward ceremonies of the church ought not to be re-
established unless Christ himself command it, who has not
spoken orally to us but to the apostles and originally ordered
the things that they should preach and baptize. But everyone is
stealing the divine truth from his neighbors so that I do not
29
[hesitate to] say that a number intrude themselves into this
divine office without any calling or sending. And it is equally
assured and certain that a heretic and one who has not been
sent by God can handle nothing in the church, even though
there still were sacraments and [even though] they, that is,
these apes of the apostles, still baptized and did everything else.
For God is not with them and they do not congregate with God.
Therefore they scatter 30 everything like very apostles of Anti-
christ. This is what I am saying: They are restoring outworn
sacraments, as I regard them, which no one should do unless
he be especially sent for the purpose and [provided] wdth an
outward sign and call.
*i2 intact and one
^f Even if the external church still stood
could recover and use all the things mentioned, it is surely
true that there would still be only one baptism, one Supper,
one faith, one gospel, one God, and one Lord in the same church
his bride. For it is impossible that the one undivided God with
Christ, grace, and the sacraments should be in such different
churches. Because of this [oneness], if Luther baptizes, Zwingli
with his church does not baptize; if the pope and the Baptist
Brethren had [validly] baptized, no one else would [really]
baptize in addition none, that is who did not belong to their
conventicle or church, but instead [he] would be lost, since he
would not be one of them. 31
28 In German: zuck.
29
Only with this insertion can the sense of this sentence be given,
so In German: zerstrewen.
31 This sentence is not
entirely clear. It is, however, a recurrent theme in
Franck's writings that the rival claims of the four "sects'* (Papal,
Lutheran, Zwinglian, and Anabaptist) in effect cancel each other out.
Out of this [same presumption] the ancients also and especially
willed that one
Cyprian with the whole council of Carthage
should baptize again or rather for the first time really baptize
those who had been baptized by heretics, as though among the
latter there were no [true] baptism also no God, no faith, no
grace, nor Holy Spirit among them. From this the saying has
come: Outside the church, no salvation. Therefore either none
of all the churches baptizes or only one. If only one, where, my
friend, is this church? Perhaps in India, Greece, Germany,
Armenia, at Rome, in Saxony, or in the mountains. But I
believe nowhere. Instead, they all run uncalled and enter into
the sheep [fold] unsent. So many come before the Lord that
32 and even as
they are [surely] all thieves and murderers, they
speak and teach on their own [authority], so also they baptize
on their own and gather the scattered church as veritable
servants of Antichrist.
f Along with this, I ask what is the need or why should God
wish to restore the outworn sacraments and take them back from
Antichrist, yea, contrary to his own nature (which is Spirit and
inward) yield to weak material elements? For he had been for
fourteen hundred years 33 now himself the teacher and baptizer
and governor of the Feast, 34 that is, in the Spirit and in truth
without any outward means in the Spirit, I say, in order that
he may baptize, instruct, and nourish our spirit. And does he
wish now, just as though he were weary of spiritual things and
had quite forgotten his nature, to take refuge again in the poor
sick elements of the world and re-establish the besmirched
holy days and the sacraments of both Testaments?* But God
will remain [true] to his character; 35 especially [as disclosed]
in the New Testament, as long as the world stands.
In the meantime the sacraments will also remain but, in
respect to their truth and meaning, ensnared by Antichrist
and trampled under his feet the Antichrist whom the Lord
by his Advent and by the Spirit of his mouth will tread on the
ground and slay (II Thess. 2:8) and [he] will call the scattered
;
church together (as I have said) from the four ends of the world.
In the meantime, the Temple, sacraments, and all services and
32 A rendering of John 10:1 common to the left-wing writers, not based on

the Vulgate text, which has fur and latro, but rather on Luther (1522),
who has Dieb and Morder.
33 The same dating given above, n. 1 1.
34 Host at theinward Eucharist.
I.e.,
35 In German: weise.
A LETTER TO JOHN GAMPANUS". FRANGK 155
offices ought to Antichrist. Nor should the Temple
remain with
and the ceremonies of the scattered people [of God]^ driven by
the heathen into misery, be reinstituted [contrary to what]
Haggai testifies.
Yet many 36 in misconceived, though surely not (so I trust)
ungodly, zeal are today very much concerned as to how they
can recover church and sacraments, now that God has brought
the fortunes of the church into a much better situation, so that
now all things might take place in truth, which before were
* 13 And 37
signified in figures. [yet they should be urged to see
that] nothing has been taken from the child except its doll
with which it has played long enough. One must leave the
nest 38 and thereupon strive for greater and more serious
things, namely, for faith, penitence, denial of self. This means
the same as to be true Christians and to know Christ and
[inwardly] to enjoy his flesh as food.
^f God permitted, indeed gave the outward signs to the
church in its infancy, just like a doll to a child, not that they
were necessary for the Kingdom of God nor that God would
require them of our hands. Instead, the church in its childhood
did not want to dispense with such things as a staff; and [God
therefore favored the infant church] as a father gives something
to a child so that it won't cry. But when the child is at length
strong enough and able to throw the staff away, the father does
not thereupon become angry, but rather the same is pleasing to
the father.
* 14
Therefore, my brother Campanus, it is indeed a very
hard word and one which angers many and hardens those who
are not from God. It pleases and wins me [over], however, so
that I hold with thee, because thou writest against all the
doctors of the church and their offspring since the time of the
39 For this is
apostles, nay, more, against the whole world. my
conviction also. But that thou dost have zeal for the outworn
church is, I know for a certainty, in vain. For thou wilt not
gather the people of God nor ever bring their polity and
sacraments to the light of day. Cease therefore from thy enter-
prise and let the church of God remain
in the Spirit among all
36 I.e., the Anabaptists.

37 The order of Rembert's material in paragraph 13 is different.
38 The word here is nusz and means nut and could thus be translated
kernel^but the whole image is better rendered as above.
39 This is another reference to Campanus* Contra totumpost apostolos mundum.
(See above, note 6.)
peoples and pagans; let them be herein instructed, governed,

and baptized by the Doctor of the New Covenant, namely, the
Holy Spirit. And envy not and begrudge not thy mother the
church her good fortune. Consider as thy brothers all Turks
and heathen, wherever they be, who fear God and work
righteousness, instructed by God and inwardly
drawn by him,
even though they have never heard of baptism, indeed, of
Christ himself, neither of his story or scripture, but only of his
power through the inner Word perceived within and made
fruitful. For the Lord himself gives dispensation to such as these
when he says [Matt. 12:32]: Whoever sins gainst the Son of
Man -will be forgiven. And therefore I hold that just as there
are many Adams who do not know there was one Adam, so also
there are many Christians who have never heard Christ's
name.
*is
^[140 am sending thee a little book of my brother in
faith,
41 which I should like to have thee accept from me as a
present to read, evaluate, and judge. I tell thee for a certainty,
he is a learned man, wonderfully God-fearing and utterly dead
to worldly things. I would with all my heart that I might also
be baptized with the same baptism. 42 If I learn that this has
been of some use to thee, I shall send on others of his works
and writings along with a copy of my own. For this Biinderlin
associated himself with all the learned divines until he realized
that it was all a lost cause with them. For by means of the Truth
he discovered that they had completely stopped up their ears to
Truth and with open ears hear nothing, so that they are the
same dogs and swine as were the Pharisees in the time of
Christ.
Further, if it should prove convenient for thee, I should like
to send the man himself to thee sometime in order that ye
might converse with one another face to face, or if it is more
4 <> The following section of the letter, concerning Biinderlin, is printed in the
Dutch translation (in the Zurich Stadtsbibliothek) by Nicoladoni,
op. cit., 124 ff. 5 and I have thus been able at this point to compare directly
two translations of the original Latin letter.
41 The Dutch at this point seems to mean "a book of the faith of my brother."
This reference is to John Biinderlin, born in Linz, who was apparently
converted to Anabaptism in 1526 by John Denck, a kindred spirit. Like
Denck he turned from the Anabaptists after serving as their missioner in
Austria and Moravia. He was in Strassburg in 1528, leaving it in 1529 for
Constance. The work referred to may be Biinderlm's Erkldrung durch
Verghichung der biblischen Geschrift, 1530, or Clare Verantwortung etlicher
artikel, 1531. The reference helps in dating the letter in 1531.
42 Allusion to Matt. 20:22, etc.
convenient, come rather thyself to see him up here. Truly he
is a man profoundly grounded in the Scriptures and with un-
common clarity of mind to judge all matters, mighty in
* 16 Yet he is one who
entangling and trapping his opponents.
does not let himself or the matter of faith get into a disputation.
For he says often that the Christian is no quarreler or disputer
and that of such no word or example can be found anywhere in
Christ or in the primitive church.* What need have I to say
more? The Spirit will surely give testimony how Bunderlin
judges all things. He takes special note of all the reasons in
Scripture, what and to whom something is said, for he says
that many learned divines go wrong who wish to understand
43
Scripture according to the letter (as notably Luther does).*
And in this also I think he's right. For the poor fools do not see
what wrong they commit against God with this work, for they
make him more unsteady and vacillating than Prometheus. 44
God have mercy on us. Amen.
* 17 Dear brother, cannot indicate with the pen all that I
I
have perceived very well through God's grace in my heart. And
I should very much wish that I could myself be with thee some
time and talk with thee face to face. For I should hope to work
out many things with thee; and thou hast not yet closed thy
ears and art still in quest. Do not give up. Thou wilt have need
of no [other] person. God will probably not provide thee
with a person but he will himself be thy helper to thy great
advantage. ^ Scripture and [another] person can only give to
a person and a believing brother some testimony, but cannot
teach what is divine [directly]. However holy they may be,
they are nevertheless not teachers, only witnesses and testimony.
Faith is not learned out of books nor from a person, however
saintly he may be, but rather it is learned and poured in by
God in the School of the Lord, that is, under the cross.
* 18 in faith, is I do not know. 45
^f Where Bunderlin, my brother
When he comes around again I shall send him to thee, God
willing, that is, if I shall have learned that he will be welcome
as a guest and a brother unto thee. He is much freer and if
43 Rembert's paraphrase (paragraph 15) covers material up to this point,

but he segregates two sentences to make his paragraph 16. A comparison
of the Dutch text of this portion printed by Nicoladoni shows the extent
of Rembert's paraphrasing.
44 Prometheus is not in the Dutch (Nicoladoni) .
4* Rembert's German translation at this point is misleading. The Zurich

and Munich texts agree that the question is not "whether" but "where"
brother Bunderlin is.
should tell the truth a more learned and pious person than I,
poor fellow that I am. And therefore the chances are that he
46
will be more useful to thee in many matters than I. But, then,,
he is freer because he has no wife nor children as I have.*
* 19 Good
luck,my brother, with thy wonderful theology.
God that it be as true as it is unbelievable to the
May please
it
world. Mine isnot less am

wonderful. * 20 For I believe and
certain that at the present time not a single true and natural
word of the Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is acknowledged
on earth, yea, that no one has begun to recognize the righteous-
ness of faith. No one, I say, in the whole of Germany, nay,
more, in the whole world I speak of those who sound forth
their falsified word from their pulpits to the common people,
that is, of the swine and the dogs no one has been called or
sent. Of this I have absolutely no doubt. Therefore, they preach
without any fruit, for they are not sent of God but instead
retch out the Word solely according to the letter, soiled with
human filth, not according to the divine sense. For they also
don't know another word to say but what is Scriptural, and of
no other teachers except their evangelists. 47
Why should I say more? Our 48 scribes now with the Fathers
do not ever compose a line interpreted according to the
meaning of Christ. Thus there is the one and eternal error and
blindness in all, especially in the learned divines, who have
learned, not from God, but only from Scripture and from men
who themselves have not learned from God. For hell, resurrec-
tion, Christ, truth, last judgment, damnation, knowledge of
God, gospel, faith, love, and all things are of a much or have a
much different meaning from what until now everybody has
taught. But in the end learned men will arise from among the
people and they will impart understanding (Dan., ch. 12).*
* 21
^f I have seen thy German edition,
not thy Latin version,
wherein thou makest two persons of Christ and the Father, but
of one Spirit, just as husband and wife are one flesh. 49 * 22 Now
*6 This sentence in the Dutch version dropped out of the German.

4? The German is Evangeliesten^ Rembert understands his Dutch text at
this point to mean the solafideist preachers of the day.
replaces a garbled one in the Munich version.
48 This Zurich text sentence
49
Campanus held that bridegroom-bride, one flesh, constitutes the full image
of God (Gen. i:s6f. 5:1?.); for Father and Son are one (John 10:30).
;
He was thus a Bimtarian, and baptismal union was for him the basic
sacrament. Cf. Selection IX, at n.2i. See on Campanus* Binitarianism
further, S, von Dunin-Borkowski, "Quellen zur Vorgeschichte der Uni-
tarier," 75 Jahre Stella Matutina (Feldkirch, 1931), pp. 113-115; W. Bax,
A LETTER TO JOHN CAMPANUS: FRANGK 159
the Spaniard 50 of whom
the bearer of this letter, thy brother,
will speak postulates in his little book 51 a single Person of the
Godhead, namely, the Father, whom he calls most truly the
52 and
Spirit or most properly the Spirit says that neither of the
[other] two is a Person. The Roman Church postulates three
Persons in one essence. I should rather agree with the
53
Spaniard.
* 23 It
my counsel that thou not publish thy books too
is
speedily to the end that when afterward thou mightest be of a

different opinion, thou wilt not rue the costs and the labor!
For I know of a certainty that thy opinion in many matters
will change. If thou art a disciple of God, thou wilt surely let
people go their own way. I should wish, however, that thou wert
not so addicted to the letter of Scripture, thus withdrawing thy
heart from the teaching of the Spirit, and that thou wouldst not
drive out the Spirit of God as though it were Satan, crowding
him against his will into the script and making Scripture thy
god (which has often happened and still happens). Thou
shouldst much rather interpret the Scripture as a confirmation
of thy conscience, 54 so that it testifies to the heart and not
against it. Again, thou shouldst not believe and accept some-
thing [merely] reported by Scripture and feel that the God
in thy heart must yield to Scripture. It were better that Scrip-
ture should remain Antichrist's! ^f Saint Paul speaks not in
vain [II Cor. 3:6] that the letter killeth. And yet it is [precisely
visible letters] which almost all and especially the learned
Het Protestantisms in het Bisdom Luik, I (The Hague, 1937), pp. 4345.
Campanus disputed with the Wittenbergers over both the Trinity and the
Eucharist. Melanchthon reports that he wrote out his views and presented
at Torgau a "magnum acervum impiorum dogmatum" (Corpus Reformatorum,
II 5 33 f.). It is the view of Karl Rembert that the damnation in the
Augsburg Confession, Article I, of old and new Samosatenes is a reference
to Campanus, and not, as hitherto supposed, a reference to Servetus
(Die Wiedertdufer in Julich, 201 f.). Campanus gave more explicit and
extended formulation to his anti-Trinitarian views in Gottlicher und
Heiliger Schrifft. .
Restitution,
.
1532. This is described and quoted
extensively by J. G. Schellhorn, Amoenitates literariae, XI, 78 ff.
so Michael Servetus.
51 The work sent was undoubtedly De Trinitatis erroribus, published in
Strassburg at the time Franck wrote his letter, namely, 1531.
The German eigentligsten." I have not been able
52 here is "denselbsten oder
to locate the corresponding Latin phrase in Servetus.
Actually, Franck in his other writings never made much either way of
53
the Trinity. See Rembert, op. cit., p. 225.

54 The German
gives virtual synonyms: consrientz und gewissen; the Latin
original probably had only the one term.
l6o SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
divines consider to be the sole, pre-eminent word of God
supposing God's word really could be written and the sole
teacher. 55
* 24 In we have learned since childhood from
brief, all that
the papists,we must all of a sudden again unlearn. Again, the
same for what we have received from Luther and Zwingli
all must be abandoned and altered. For one will sooner make a
a bad Christian or a
good Christian out of a Turk than out5 *of
learned divine! For the veil of Moses hinders them, that is,
the death-dealing letter of Scripture, which they receive as life
and as life-giving Spirit.* I, however, hold completely that
the intention of the Lord does not reside precisely in the rind
of Scripture. That is, Scripture is not so easy for everyone to
understand but what I would sooner believe that it were locked
with seven seals and knowable to none but to the Lamb. For to
such an extent does God hide his wisdom under the covering of
likeness and literary parable of letters that none but those who
are taught of God himself can understand them. And [he] does
not so lightly expose his secret to the godless world and all
so that only the
scamps but rather conceals it beneath the rind
instructed of God, as I have said, may be able to grasp it.
* 25 and be sure not to
f But now, good night, my brother,
37 so that thou
let this letter reach the canaille and swine, [un-
wittingly] preparest for me an untimely cross and makest an
untimely harvest of me. For many by their inconsideration and
themselves to the gallows. But also
untimely talking bring
Christ forbids this, [saying (Matt. 7:6)] that one should not
give that which is holy unto the dogs, lest they
turn around to
the givers and rend them. One should speak prudently and
where it fits in. For everything has its time.* This advice of
Paul [Acts 17:26] should be observed, namely, that all things
should take place according to their [appointed] time and in
order.
Given at Strassburg in the year I53I. 58

55 The Lutherans make the Bible, which expressly states that the letter
a source of deadly instruction when the pre-eminent Teacher,
kills,
from the point of view of Franck, is the living Spirit.
56 II Cor. 3:13 ff.
57 The harsh and dogs, here
reference to the Protestant preachers as swine
and above pp. 156, 158, may be illuminated by comparison with Melchior
Hofmann's utterance on p. 200 below.
58 The Dutch version gives February 7, 1541.
VIII
An Answer to Luther's Malediction

1
By Caspar Schwenckfeld
BEFORE APRIL 23, 1544
INTRODUCTION
FOLLOWING SELECTION IS NOT ONE OF THE
THE basic works of the Silesian nobleman and lay theologian,

but it has the merit of illustrating several important
aspects of the thought of a leading and too-long neglected
Spiritualist. First there is the tone of the refutation. Schwenck-
feld had learned much from Martin Luther, had been indeed
for a while the leading exponent of Protestantism in Silesia,
and had, even after his reluctant break with Luther, loyally
i The most recent biography is that by Selina Gerhard Schultz, Caspar
Schwenckfeld von Ossig (1489-1561): Spiritual Interpreter of Christianity,
Apostle of the Middle Way, Pioneer in Modern Religious Thought (Norristown,
Pa. s 1946). As associate editor of the multivolume Corpus Schwenckfeld-
ianorum, Mrs. Schultz draws heavily upon her sources. Some of the longer
selections translated from Schwenckfeld are listed in the bibliography.
The most comprehensive theological analysis of Schwenckfeld's basic ideas
is that of Joachim Wach, "CS, a Pupil and a Teacher in the School of
Christ," Journal of Religion, XXVI (1946), i; republished in Types of

Religious Experience (Chicago, 1951), Ch. vii. Among the German studies
the following may be mentioned. Karl Ecke stressed Schwenckfeld's ideal
of the spiritual church in S., Luther und der Gedanke einer apostolischen Refor-
mation (Berlin, 191 1); reprinted simply as CS (Giitersloh, 1952) in shortened
form without heed being taken to the intervening research of others. A
brief but far richer and discerning analysis is that of Emanuel Hirsch,
"Zum Verstandnis Schwenckfelds," Festgabefur K. Muller (1922), wherein
he isseen as a proto-Pietist. Comparable efforts to locate the too-long
neglected Spiritualist in church history at large are the following essays or
chapters: Johannes Kuhn, Tolerance und Offenbarung (Leipzig, 1923),
wherein Schwenckfeld is classified with Roger Williams et al. as a true
Spiritualist; Erich Seeberg, "Der Gegensatz zwischen Zwingli, S. und
Luther," Festscrift Reinhold Seeberg, I; %ur Theorie des Christentums
(Leipzig, 1929), 43-80; Heinrich Bornkamm, "Ausserer und innerer
Mensch bei Luther und den Spiritualisten," Imago Dei: Beitrdge zur
theologischen Anthropologie (Giessen, 1932), 85-109.
161
l62 SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
sought the counsel of Wittenberg. Only years after Luther's

violent and vulgar malediction was Schwenckfeld goaded into
publishing his Answer, being obliged to defend himself against
charges made by Matthias Flacius Illyricus. The reply takes
up each point made in Luther's brief but pungent text. The
characteristically irenic in Schwenckfeld here cornes as close
to being ironic as we ever find it in this indefatigable but
always equable controversialist. Only the first sections of the
reply, dealing with the Lord's Supper and Christology, are here
translated. At the center of Schwenckfeld's life and thought was
the mystical Eucharist of his conversion experience. He explained
it and defended it repeatedly and was baffled that so few really
understood him. Yet they, in their turn, were perplexed that

for all its alleged importance he did not participate in the Supper
after 1526, when he announced his policy of suspension until
more light should be shed by God on its proper celebration.
In the meantime he distinguished between the mystical
Eucharist and the sacramental recollection both of the Last
Supper itself and of one's personal experience of receiving the
Bread of heaven. The mystical experience of the divine Bread
was theologically based on John, ch. 6, and on Augustine, the
"old Christian Fathers," and even the Decretum. Schwenckfeld
was also drawing upon the mystical tradition in which the
body of Christ and the bride of Christ become one in the soul's
acceptance of the divine. His Eucharistic "realism" was all the
more emphatic for the reason that he held to the doctrine of the
celestial flesh or primordial humanity of Christ, which was in
his mind not creaturely and therefore everywhere potentially
available for the spiritually perceptive believer. Schwenckfeld
claims to have been the first to revive this doctrine from
antiquity. He surely studied the Greek Fathers and may well
have come on to the doctrine associated with Apollinaris and
Apelles. In one version or another the celestial flesh was
accepted by most of the Anabaptists and many of the Spiritual-
ists, i.e., Servetus, Philips (Selection XI), Menno (Selection
XII), and Hofmann (Selection IX).
The first part of this selection was translated by Selina
Gerhard Schultz.
An Answer 2 to Luther's
3
Malediction
By Caspar Schwenckfeld
BEFORE APRIL 23, 1544
THE TEXT
[34] That Dr, Martin Luther gives me such an abusive, harsh,
unapostolic blessing in answer* to my friendly, Christian
petition and request is really not surprising, as it also is well to
consider in the case of such a famous teacher out of what a
* Schwenckfeld this answer in the form of a malediction, at
reproduced
the head of his own Answer, as follows: (It is addressed, not to Schwenckfeld
directly,but to the messenger Hermann Riegel, who had presumed to

deliver Schwenckfeld's letter and tracts, and who was later imprisoned at
Nuremberg and held for questioning.)
Dear sir messenger: Tell your master, Caspar Schwenckfeld, that I have
received from you the booklet and the letter and would to God he would be
silent.
Formerly he kindled a fire in Silesia against the holy sacrament, which is
not yet extinguished and will burn upon him forever [cf. Luke 12:49]. In
addition to this he continues with his Eutychianism and creatureliness,
misleads the church, though God gave him no command, nor sent him.
And the mad fool, possessed of the devil, does not understand anything;
does not know what he is babbling. But if he will not cease, so let him leave
me unmolested with his booklets which the devil excretes and spews out of
him. And give him this as my final judgment and answer:
The Lord punish Satan in you, and your spirit which has called you,
and your course which you are following. May all those who have part with
you, Sacramentarians and Eutychians, together with you and your blas-
phemies, be your destruction, as is written [Jer. 23:2 1] They ran and I did
:
not call them, they spoke and I did not command them. December 6, 1543.
Martin Luther, by his own hand.
2 The Answer is Document CGCCXXXIX of the Corptts Schwenckfeldianorum,
IX (Leipzig, 1928), pp. 29-59. The manuscript upon which this critical
edition of the text is based was not printed by Schwenckfeld until 1555
when he was obliged to defend himself against Matthias Flacius Illyricus.
An earlier and shorter version of the Answer is also preserved and has been
edited as the first draft, ibid., pp. 76-84.
3 Luther's Malediction of Schwenckfeld was written on December 6, 1543.
It came forth as Luther's intemperate response to what seems to have
163
mind and heartcomes and what more may be concealed
it
underneath it, for written [Luke 6:45]: The good man

it is
brings forth good out of the good treasure of his heart, for out of
the abundance of the heart his mouth speaketh.
Furthermore, the Lord Christ in his Gospel [Matt. 5:44^]
taught us otherwise, yea, more than the contrary, namely,
that we love our enemies, bless them that curse us, do good to
them that hate us, and sincerely pray for those who despitefully
use us and persecute us, that we may be children of our
Heavenly Father. But Dr. Martin Luther has forgotten the
does not bless them
Gospel to such an extent that he not only
that curse him, not only does not do good to them that hate
him, nor pray for them that insult him and persecute him (one
is quite accustomed to his reproach and anger toward such of
his adversaries; almost everyone speaks of it), but he also curses

those who bless him and does evil to those who love him,
persecutes those who pray for him, yea, and despises those who
honor him and desire instruction from him, which is grievous
to hear from such a man.
However, we commend his unevangelical answer and un-
apostolic blessing to our Lord Jesus Christ,
the kind, gentle,
and only real teacher of all believing hearts, who by the blessing
of his grace can turn everything to our good, as he also knows
how to use all things to his honor and glory. To him alone be
honor, praise, victory, and triumph now and forever. Amen.
But unto us be ridicule, insult, hate, shame, and dishonor, for the
sake of his glorious name and his glory, as it is today, thank God.
[35] In order, however,
that the truth of this matter and in
addition also my innocence may the more readily be known, in
the name'of the Lord Jesus Christ I will reply briefly, by way of
refutation and vindication, to Doctor Luther's accusation and
4
malediction, in six points following. May it give him satis-
faction.
been Schwenckfeld's last despairing effort to maintain some contact with

one from whom he had learned so much. This last letter is Document
CCCCXXIII, CS, VIII, p. 685, addressed to Luther, October 12 and
embodying Schwenckfeld's reasoned corrections of Luther's most recent
asserverations concerning Schwenckfeld in Von den let&en Worten Davids
the Malediction at the
(Wittenberg, 1543). Schwenckfeld reproduced
opening of his Answer. The text is also printed in two variants in Luther's
Werke, WA 9 Tischreden, V, 300 The language has been moderated in
translation 1
4
Only Points I to III are here translated. OnPoint II the best treatment in
English is that of Frederick W. Loetscher, Schwenckfeld's Participation in the
AN ANSWER TO LUTHER! SCHWENGKFELD 165
I
That Dr. Luther writes that the messenger shall tell me in

answer that he has received the booklets and the letters, 5 1 was
very glad to hear and I hope that if he diligently reads and
considers everything well, he will be reminded in his conscience
of sundry things which may be of service to him and others,
although some did not like to see that all this was submitted to
him.
Perhaps the poor messenger also received his blessing as a
gratuity. But the reason for it and whether it be just, will all be
6
seen at that day when all of us shall be revealed before the

judgment seat of Christ and each will receive according to his
works (John 5:27-29; I Cor. 5:10; II Cor. 5:10; etc.).
Furthermore, Dr. Luther demands that I be silent, and
writes: "Would to God he would be silent." What he means
thereby is easy to understand, but if he would convince me by
Holy Scripture and persuasive reasons that I am straying or
mistaken in any point of Christian doctrine or faith, also with
respect to life (which he had much better done than such
malediction and indecency in answer to my friendly petition
and request, according to the manner of Christian love), I
would not only be willing to cease and desist from everything
that is not right, but also praise and thank him for his love.
II. AN ACCOUNT OF FAITH CONCERNING THE HOLY SACRAMENT

To
Dr. Luther's accusation that I kindled a fire against the
holy sacrament which has not yet been extinguished and will
burn upon me forever (although the apostles of Christ for
example, Peter with the sorcerer and Paul with the Corinthian
and others who merited it dealt far more mercifully), this in
brief is my reply: I am not at all conscious of having ever
transacted, spoken, done, or written anything against the holy
sacrament or the Lord's Supper that was contrary or antago-
nistic to divine truth, the words of the Lord Christ, and his
Eucharistic Controversy of the Sixteenth Century (Philadelphia, 1906).On Point

III the most helpful introduction to Schwenckfeld's Christology is Hans
Joachim Schoeps, Vom himmlischen Fleisch Christi (Tubingen, 1951),
25-36.
s Schwenckfeld's last letter to Luther was October 12, 1543; see above,
n. 3; it is printed also in Luther's Werke, WA, Briefwechsel, X, 420 fF.
^ Allusion to Luther's possible implication in the arrest of the messenger in
Nuremberg.
praiseworthy institution. Neither Martin Luther nor any other
can prove this against me, and I hope that even today [36] I
still hold and believe correctly and in a Christian manner
about it. I am impelled to give account herewith of my opinion

and faith as follows:
1 I let stand the words of the Lord about the meat and drink
.
of his body and blood in the Supper, when, after the breaking
of the bread, he says (I Cor. 11:24): This is my body which is
broken for you, etc., and let them remain as God's words,
words of life and spirit, in their simple, spiritual meaning and
divine sense, unperverted and unchanged in every respect as
they were spoken by Christ and described by the apostles and
Saint Paul in the Holy Spirit. But I maintain that they are to be
judged, interpreted, understood, and compared in accordance
with the teaching and words of the Lord about his flesh and
blood when he says (John 6:55): My flesh is meat indeed, etc*,
and (John 6:51) the bread that I will give is my body, etc.
2. I believe and confess that the body or the flesh of Christ
which was given for us, and his blood which was shed for us in
forgiveness of sin, is a true food, drink, and nourishment, yea, a
true, quickening bread and drink, but not a corporal, corrup-
tible food and drink, not an earthly and visible bread and wine,
neither with, under, nor in, but intrinsically a heavenly,
divine bread, a spiritual, everlasting food and drink unto eternal
life for all souls believing in Christ and all children of God.
3. That such food and drink are truly eaten out of the living
Word of God by the mouth of faith and partaken of in the
Lord's Supper when the institution of Christ is rightly observed
in the Christian church, according to his will, for the satiation
of the soul and increase in the accessions of grace in the new,
inner man. 7
4. That the Lord Jesus Christ as the true heavenly high
priest, through the Holy Spirit, himself invites to the Supper and
himself gives and distributes to all believers his body and blood
unto eternal life, as he previously promised such, saying
(John 6:51) The bread that I will give is my flesh which I will
:
give for the life of the world. And prior thereto (John 6:27):
Work not for the food that perisheth, but for that food which
Schwenckfeld here refers marginally to Augustine's Tracts on St. John:
Credere enim in eum, hoc est manducare panem vivum. Qui credit,
manducat: invisibllter saginatur, quia invisibiliter renascitur. Infans intus
novus intus est: ubi novellatur,
est, ibi satiatur. Migne, PL, XXXV,
col. 1607.
AN ANSWER TO LUTHER: SGHWENGKFELD 167
Comparison:
[I Cor. 1 1
124] This body.
is my
The bread
[John 6:51] that I
will give flesh.
abideth unto eternal life which the Son of Man shall give unto
you, for him the Father, even God, hath sealed.
5. For which reason also the visible, revered sacrament of
the Lord's bread and cup 8 was instituted in the Supper by the
Lord Jesus Christ before his departure, for thanksgiving and
remembrance of the Lord, that the believers in Christ thereby
might proclaim the death of the Lord and give praise, honor,
and thanks for his bread and beneficence.
6. Therefore, it is essential that the divine work of the Lord
Christ, that is, the feeding and the inner, spiritual eating in
faith, be properly distinguished from the external, sacramental
9
eating, the gratias or remembrance (or as Saint Augustine
has it: sacramentum and res sacramenti, the bread of the Lord and
the bread which is the Lord himself), through a spiritual
judgment and understanding, in order that these two kinds of
bread and drink in the entire sacramental transaction of the
Lord's Supper, one for the inner, the other for the external^
believing man, each in its place (Ordnung), may remain'
10
unmingled with the other; that the inner, spiritual precede
and be contemplated, but the external, sacramental eating
follow and be observed in proclaiming the death of the Lord;
and that each be observed with fitting contemplation, earnestly
and fervently, as is indicated by Holy Scripture.
This in brief is my understanding, faith, and confession of
the Lord's Supper, of the spiritual nourishment of the soul, and
of the holy sacrament of the body and blood of Christ.
It is, nevertheless, true that I, like many other goodhearted,
9
God-feS3l5g" people, do not agree with Dr. Luther * [38]

newly introduced understanding, practice, belief, and teaching
s Schwenckfeld refers to this on the margin as the Eucharist, i.e., the
poculum benedictionis (I Cor. 10:16).
9
Migne, PL, XXXV, cols. 1602; 1612; 1796. *
10 Schwenckfeld on the margin quotes Augustine: 'Believe and thou hast
eaten."
11
about the Supper in many points. Firstly, he interprets the
words of the Supper contrary to the thought and will of the
Lord, and does not let them remain with the oBe spiritual
of Christ in faith,
eating and drinking of the body and blood
but beyond that produces also a physical (Leiplicti), oral
two kinds of eating and drinking of the one Body
eating, yea,
and blood of Christ, without certainty, without Scripture and
that the body and blood
proof; teaches about it thus, namely,
of Christ is eaten and drunk in two kinds of, and different
of the Word,
ways, once spiritually by the believing heart out
the other time physically by the physical mouth in the sacra-
mental, visible bread which Paul [I Cor. 1 1:27] calls the bread
of the Lord*
This, however, I regard as erroneous and false, because such
in external things not
physical eating of Christ and his body
only cannot be authenticated by any Scripture, but such
assertion is wrong because thereby the Christians are bewildered
in the knowledge of Christ and are led away from the simplicity
that is in Christ, contrary to Paul (II Cor. 11:3). Yea, the one
Christ is made to be twofold and faith is divided, for we would
have another Christ and also another way to salvation than the
believing holy fathers, patriarchs, and prophets
had under the
Old Covenant who knew nothing of such physical eating of the
body of Christ and the presence of his body in the bread, but as
Paul says [I Cor. 10:3 ; Heb., ch. n; Eph. 4:5], One Lord,
one faith.
Therefore, there is no other eating than the one spiritual
eating and drinking of the body and blood of Christ which is
done by faith. Moreover, it is directly contrary and opposed to
the entire content of the Holy Scriptures as well as the Kingdom
and glory of our Lord Jesus Christ, as I pointed out and proved
some time past in a separate booklet, 12 which Luther may have
seen, and which if God be
willing, shall be repeated, confirmed,
and concerning the entire article about the Lord's Supper
brought further to the light. For to feed the soul, as well as
teaching, sanctifying, regenerating, etc., are offices of the
Kingdom of Christ which, without him, no one can
administer.
The second point in which I cannot agree with Dr. Luther is
"
11 Da$z diese Wort Das ist mem Leib" nochfest stehen wider die Schwarm-
Ckristi
geister, Werke, WA
23, esp. pp. 258, 180, 188.
Refutation of the Opinion that the Corporeal Presence Is in the Elements, Docu-
12
ment LVI, January, 1528, CS, III
AN ANSWER TO LUTHER: SGHWENCKFELD 169
that he claims 13 that the minister of the church can truly give,
present,and distribute the body and blood of Christ [39] to
the communicants, and not only the Lord CErist himself, but
this is in direct
opposition to the entire sixth chapter of John
and the aforementioned words of the Lord when he (ch. 6:51)
promises us a living bread which he (he himself) will give, and
an incorruptible food which the Son of Man will give, who also
alone is sealed thereunto by God the Father.
Some want to improve on this, writing and teaching that not
the minister but Christ himself gives his body and blood,
however, with the bread and wine and that he offers himself
therewith. This as well as the previous is incorrect and false,
against the heart and mind of Christ as well as against his divine
glory.
The third controversial point is that Dr. Luther writes 14 and
teaches that the physical mouth, ako.of the godless communi-
cant, eats the body of Christ physically, yea, tliat the betrayer,
Judas, and his crowd actually ate the glorious body and blood
of Christ and that all unbelievers even yet may eat and drink
him without faith. For, as Luther says, Christ himself is present
in the sacramental breast arid wine of the altar, alive in body
and blood, in which again I can in no wise agree or harmonize
with Luther against divine truth and the glory of the regnant
Lord Christ, because he wants to make the body of our Lord
Jesus Christ and the blood of the New Eternal Covenant
common to the unworthy and godless men, contrary to all
Scripture.
The fourth point of the disagreement is that he does not let
the teaching of Christ about his flesh, body, and blood and of
the heavenly food and drink of eternal life, remain one and the
same doctrine, but divides it into multiplicity and makes it
15
repugnant to itself in that he separates the sixth chapter of
John from the words of the Lord's Supper as if it did not belong
thereto, contrary to all old teachings of the church, although
the flesh and blood of which the Lord taught in John, ch. 6, is
the flesh and blood of the body which he gives and distributes
in the Supper to the believing disciples through his almighty
living Word as a food unto eternal life.
The Lord Jesus Christ (John, ch. 6) spoke a prejudgment
(praejudicium) with great earnestness and a certain and
13 German Catechism (1529), Werke, WA, 30, I, 224.
14 On the Lord's Supper (1528), WA, 26, 288.
is Das diese Wort Christi, WA, 23, 182.
irreproachable one about the bread and drink [40] as well as
about the manner of the eating and drinking of his body,
flesh, and blood, which he in no wise changed or recanted
before his death at the Last Supper, neither for the sake of the
sacrament nor his death on the cross, nor for any other reason,
but much rather renewed, repeated, clarified, and confirmed,
as he is the eternal, unchanging truth which cannot deny
itself. He is the Amen Amen. In him there is no yes and no.
But in him is yes, also all promises of God are yes in him, and
in him is the Amen, as Saint Paul (II Cor. 1:20) said: May he
graciously grant that such be well recognized and considered.
Hence it is in no wise to be thought that Christ taught and
held divine truth inconsistently, yea, two opposing opinions on
one thing, about one food and drink of his one body, flesh, and
blood, as little as he wanted to feed, give to drink, or nourish
with his one body and blood in a twofold manner.
Thejifth point is^that without Smptuxe andprsqfl
cannot
agree ^^tKTJrTMr Luther when he writes 16 and teacKeFthat
our Lord Christ placed the strength and power of his passion
in the visible sacrament, that one shall fetch, seek, and find it
there and he who has a bad conscience because of sin shall fetch
and seek there in the sacrament consolation, salvation, and
forgiveness of sin, which also I do not consider right. For what
is this other than crying out a new indulgence with the holy
sacrament and establishing a false confidence thereby. The

Lord Christ and his apostles taught nothing about this. It
is also in direct opposition to the use and institution of the
sacrament, for Christ says (I Cor. 11:25): This do in remem-

brance of me.
The sixth jômt wherein I do.jxoLknow how to agree with
;
LuthefTFtEat he writes 1 ? that the revered sacrament imparts

life, grace, and salvation, yea, that it is a fountain of life "and
salvation. And as also others of his party, 18 out of want of
understanding of the institution of Christ and the correct
usage, write and teach quite ineptly that the communicants,
through the receiving of the sacrament, satisfy the hunger of
the soul, attain the righteousness of God, and receive a powerful
impression for the betterment of life, all of which is quite wrong
and does not harmonize with the truth, [41] as it also is contrary
16
Against the Heavenly Prophets (1525), WA, 18, 203 f.
J 7 Von Anbeten des Sakraments (1523), WA> n, 443,
18 Schwenckfeld on the margin refers to Gervasius Schuler, preacher in
Memmingen, whom he met in 1534; cf. Document CLIX, CS, V.
AN ANSWER TO LUTHER.* SGHWENCKFELD jyi
to all Scripture, also to true faith. The effect or the con-
sequences of the work sufficiently show such futility among
the communicants of this time, because none of those things
happen in their conscience which are being promised in, and
ascribed to, the Supper,
Furthermore, in the booklet Admonition for the Sacrament
Luther writes 19 that the sacrament is a fire which kindles the
cold hearts; that it is a gracious, powerful thing full of benefit
and healing, besides innumerable and unutterable heavenly
riches of which one can partake without any cost and trouble
if one attends; yea, if one merely thinks a little about it and
prepares for it, it will kindle, incite, and draw a heart to it,
says Dr. Luther.

But what is this other than perverting the laudable institution
of Christ, binding salvation to the work out of the opus operatum,
and making an idol out of the sacrament? It is setting up thereby
a false confidence and fornication of the souls, if one wants to
place the sacrament, symbol, or sign on a par with Christ
Jesus, the only giver of all grace and salvation, with great
offense to his honor and glory, in that one wants to appropriate
that which specifically Christ's, the ruler at the right hand of
is
his Father, and also that one wants to appropriate it to the use
of the sacrament and to teach that forgiveness of sin can thereby
be sought or procured not to mention the elevation or adoration
which has been practiced this long time.
It also is unscriptural, incorrect, and false when Martin
Luther teaches that Christ bound his bidding and doing to the
words of the minister although the Lord does not command
more than that one shall do this (namely, break the bread) in
remembrance of him, as also Saint Paul clearly explains it,
saying (I Cor. 1 1 126) As often as ye eat of this bread and
:
drink of this cup, ye proclaim the Lord's death until he come,

It is also incorrect and contrary to the Word of the Lord
when "EutEeF writes 20 that Christ binds himself to the Word in
the sacrament, that one can find, lay hold of, and have him
there and say: Here I have you, etc., which the [42] Lord
himself calls a deception, and faithfully warned his disciples
against it when he says (Matt. 24:23) If any man shall say
:
unto you, Lo, here is the Christ, or there; believe it not, etc.;
(Luke 17:23) And they shall say unto you, Lo, there! Lo, here!
:
19
Vermahnung zum Sakrament des Leibes und B lutes Christi (1530), WA> 30,
II,6 1 8; see exact quotation below In text at n. 24.
20 Das diese Wort Christi, WA, 23, 150.
go not away nor follow them. This has been written of else-
where.
Theseventh controversial point follows: That Dr. Luther's 21
and hiscolleagues' newly introduced interpretation and
practice of the Supper undeniably is contrary to Paul's principle
of probation (Proba Pauli) when he writes about the observance
of the holy sacrament and about the feast or celebration of the
Lord's Supper in a good, pious manner, and says (I Cor.
1 1
rsy-sg) Let a man examine himself and so let him eat of the
:
bread and drink of the cup. For he that eateth and drinketh,
eateth and drinketh judgment unto himself, if he discern not
the body of the Lord, and previously: Whosoever shall eat the
bread or drink the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner,
shall be guilty of the body and blood of the Lord.
One no longer wants to consider such words and severe
sentence of the Holy Spirit in Paul, but calls, allures,
admonishes everyone, young and old, regardless of what is
appropriate for such an act. And not much real reverence, love,
and ardor are felt. Yea, one drives, threatens, frightens, and
chases everything, without any sense, without any examination
(Proba) 9 also without any ceremony and discrimination, into
the Supper, contrary to all Scripture, there to procure indul-
gence, grace, and forgiveness of sin, also even righteousness and
the improvement of one's life. Yet actually nothing fundamental
comes of it all, for everyone must confess that, with respect to
the consciences, matters have scarcely ever been worse.
At one tin^Jit_w^ eating, must
22
precedeTâsTLuther himself in a Sermon on John VI wrote, .
namely: "The bread on the altar is merely a symbol, like

baptism, and is of no value, unless one has already eaten the
living, heavenly bread inwardly." Thus wrote Martin Luther
formerly [1524]. But now only the external sacrament is the
23
important thing, with the Hocfacite which is to accomplish it
alone without any further reflection.
And [43] in order that one may warm oneself and lay off the
cold and disinclination of the heart and awaken and strengthen
faith, he offers consolation, mercy, and grace to all who attend
24 "Here at
(be they worthy or unworthy), yea, to all sinners.
21 Schwenckfeldonthe margin says: Luther glosses [WA, 10, II, 38] right on
the margin to the effect that proving one's self is to feel one's faith, etc.
Now he has it that one should believe that grace and indulgence are first
to be fetched at the sacrament.
22 Cf. 23 "This do
WA, 1 8, 136. ye": I Cor. 11:25.
24
Vermahnung, WA 3 30, II, 618.
the sacrament you must rub yourself and hold onto it," Luther
writes in his Admonition; "there is a fire which can kindle the
hearts." He wants the sacrament to kindle the hearts, although
the longer they remain [at the sacrament] the colder they
become in their love of God and neighbor, in fact, the longer
the worse they become, as is plainly evident. Furthermore, he
also writes in the same place 25 that whoever only goes with him
[Luther] to the sacrament is secure and free of all error and of all
satanic deception. On the other hand, he curses all who do not
attend, with pestilence, fever, and all kinds of sickness, hunger,
war, dissension, discord, and unrest. 26
In reality the Supper or sacrament of the altar has become
not only a snare for the conscience and an offense to the Christ-
believing soul, but a cloak for all error, all sin, and godless
being, as well as a furtherance to and confirmation of the old
unrepentant life and accursed way of the flesh (like the Mass).
May God be graciously merciful! Do what you will [say the
Lutherans], only go to the Supper and everything will be
simple; and as soon and as often as you come again after falling,
everything will be forgiven you! Thus do many at this time deal
with the Supper.
.Whoever notices such a grievous misuse and idolatry and the
error therein and contradicts it by Holy Scripture or desists
from it and points instead to the knowledge of Christ, and
whoever also inquires about the correct understanding and
basis of the Lord's Supper, must be a hypercritical ponderer,
a sectary, or factious spirit, yea, a desecrater of the sacrament
and not a Christian. He must be, as Luther writes, "a desperate
heathen and worse than a Turk"; again, "a fanatic, devil, or
child of the devil." In some places he is driven from country,
city, wife and child, house and home, and decried and banned
as an enemy of the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. When such
a one dies, they would like with all their might to bury him
under the gallows.
Should not a devout and God-fearing heart and conscience
ponder over this? Yea, rightly have a horror of it, since all this
isunapostolic, just as their assertion is in contradiction to the
willand institution of the [44] Lord Jesus Christ: untheological
and against the correct Christian observance of his holy Supper
or sacrament.
All this, I say, which has been mentioned in the seven points,
I shall not, nor can, with good conscience accept from Dr.
25 Cf. 26
ibid., 605. Jbid., 625.
Luther or any of his party, contrary to such bright, clear
testimony of Holy Scripture nor can I agree or harmonize with

3
it. I also regard it as being very detrimental to our regnant
(Regirenden) Lord Jesus Christ

and his glory and office, also to
the free course of grace and the nature of the New and eternal
divine
Covenant; in the first place because his holy, glorified,
body 27 would be essentially in the earthly, visible bread, and
the blood of Christ truly In the material corruptible wine; and
in the second place because his body and blood would be
received, eaten, and drunk in a twofold manner,
both physically
Luther 28
and spiritually, yea, even without faith, as teaches,
by the unworthy and godless mouth.
For it would follow that the unique, single (ainfaltige) ^
Christ would not always remain the same one Christ, and his
body, flesh, and blood not always a true food and drink,
nor a
flesh and blood. Indeed, the final conclusion and
quickening
decision of the Lord about the food and drink of his body,
flesh, and blood would be invalid when he says (John 6:56;
58) He that
: eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood abideth
in me and I in him, and he that eateth this bread shall live
forever.
This one conclusion of the Lord Christ proves sufficiently
that Luther and others certainly must be teaching wrongly
about the eating and drinking of the body and blood of Christ
and are dealing quite censurably with the institution of Christ.
For, whereas and since this examination (Proba) does not
occur, nor show in the works of the communicants, there must
necessarily (if the pronouncement of Christ is to be
true and
right, which it undoubtedly is) be something amiss; and nothing
but God's judgment and chastisement is at hand.
Therefore, I cannot agree at all with Dr. Luther nor his
for the above-
colleagues in the article of the holy sacrament,
mentioned reasons and for many others. For, according to the
testimony of Holy Scripture, I know no other Christ than him
who now reigns in the glory of God his Father and is full of
life, spirit, grace, and blessedness,
our high priest and the
of sin. In him also dwells all the fullness of God
only forgiver
27 Schwenckfeld does not in the present work more than as here advert to
his characteristic doctrine of the heavenly flesh of Christ, But see below.
Part III. Cf. Hofmann, below, p. 198. Schwenckfeld wrote: "They both
[Hofmann, Franck] have taken their errors from our truth, like spiders
who suck poison out of a beautiful flower." CS, V, pp. 52 2 f.
28
Of the Lord's Supper, WA 3 26, 288.
AN ANSWER TO LUTHER: SCHWENCKFELD 175
bodily (Col. 2:9), who is made higher than the heavens and has
nothing to do with the unbelieving, godless [45] , and unworthy
(II Cor. 6:15; Heb. 7:26 ), but is righteousness, sanctification,
food and drink, nourishment, and complete satiation unto
eternal life of the chosen believers and is present in the Holy
Spirit with grace, with them as the head of his body and members.
Moreover, according to the Holy Scriptures and the words of
the Lord which are spirit and life, I know of no other eating
and drinking of the body and blood of Christ in the Lord's
Supper than of the one spiritual eating and drinking which
takes place in the mystery of the true and living faith, as I
have not otherwise written and maintained for many years and as I
also today, God be praised, hold and believe with good assurance.
At the same time I in no wise disdain nor reject the visible
sacrament of the Lord's Supper on account of the mystery and
spiritual transaction of Christ's which he brings to the memory
of the believers as in the words: "This do in remembrance of
me," but in its place I regard it highly and reverently.
To remain [for the moment] with the commemoration,
which is the representation of the Fathers, out of which they
[Scholastics and Lutherans alike] have made a symbolical
eating, etc. (of which, however, the Scripture says nothing),
although I cannot regard or accept it [the elements] as God,
nor as the Lord Christ himself [with the Catholics], 30 nor with
Luther and his colleagues, as the fountain of life and salvation,
nor as a divinely kindled fire and righteousness nevertheless
I give to Christ only and alone as is right the divine honor of
justification and salvation due him, and I give to the holy

sacrament (in correct usage) its benefit, office, place, and
reverence, yea, all that the Holy Scriptures give. And as stated,
I distinguish, through faith, the entire sacramental transaction
of the Lord's Supper, spiritually, as also I point to and warn as
to the proper understanding of the words and to the knowledge
of Christ Jesus, according to my poor ability, and admonish
thereto.
If, then, Dr. Luther calls this kindling a fire [cf. Luke
12:49], I should wish to God that it already burned in many

hearts to the honor of Christ and the eradication of error, also
that it illuminated every one in order that all kinds of misuse,
29 The meaning here is not entirely clear. One of the three manuscripts refers
to Jerome's Commentary on Matthew for representatio. In Texts B and C this
paragraph as far as "although" is omitted.
ô In the doctrine of transubstantiation.
violation, and idolatry would become
false manifest
faith,
and that Christ the Son of God, our Saviour
thereby, Jesus
the [46] only food and nourishment of our languishing
(who is
heart, soul, and conscience), would be understood, recognized,

and known according to the spirit in the glory of God his
Father and, in his Heavenly Kingdom, as the ruling king of
honor.
From this it is readily perceived what our dissension with
Luther and his party is in this matter, and that it is not merely
about the sacrament or Supper, but more about the real^ mean-
ing and understanding of the words of the
Lord about his body
and blood in the Supper and about the correct observance of
the holy sacrament, and also about that which Paul demanded
of the attendants or guests, all of which they smear over and
obscure in their vexation (ahnfechtung), as they also ignore the
pure doctrine of the saving knowledge of Christ,
and in its
31
stead confirm and introduce a false reliance on the conscience,
that is, idolatry, together with an erroneous faith and a per-
nicious misuse and indulgence with the sacrament.
What, however, results from the idolatry and such misuse of
the Supper? This: God's punishment with pestilence, sickness,
famine, war, blindness, ignorance, and all kinds of evil, etc.
This is amply described for us in Holy Scripture (as, specifically,
I Cor. 11:17-22), although they will not take the blame and
would like to put it upon other innocent ones who desist from
such idolatry and misuse. Likewise they would like to make
poor me suspect for everyone as though I opposed
the holy
sacrament simply because I admonished them concerning their
misuse and error or also abstained from it.
But briefly, my booklets, and among others my Confession of
2
the Sacrament ofBody and Blood of Christ,* particularly also
the
an Apology^ whereby I answered Dr. [John] Faber in this
matter, are still extant. Herein I explained myself sufficiently
about the true and the false understanding and faith, together
with the reasons for the error and the apostasy in the article of
the Lord's Supper, and also of the right understanding of the
words: This is my body, etc. Up to this time no one has confuted
these tractates, nor taught me better by Holy Scripture. In
them it will also be found that I do not deny the food and drink
31 The text reads: ainfalsch vertrawen der gewissenn.
32 A Catechetical Confessionof the Lord's Supper, Document C (May-June,
1530), CS, III, 712 ff.
33 The First
Apology, Document LXXX (January, 1529), GS. Ill, 391 if.
AN ANSWER TO LUTHER: SGHWENCKFELD 177
of the body and blood of Christ in the Lord's Supper nor in any
way disdain or abrogate the sacrament of the altar in correct
Christian usage, but that, according to the evidence of Holy
Scripture, through a spiritual judgment, I appropriately
distinguish the spiritual [inward] eating and drinking of the body
and blood of Christ from the [external] grace, that is, the thanks
[47] giving [for the nourishment], the praise, and the remem-
brance of the Lord.
I also place together or compare the words of the Lord at the
Supper about his body and blood with John, ch. 6, about the
same body, flesh, and blood (as all old Christian teachers did
and as is to be found in the Decretum) 34 and understand and
interpret one through the other, the lesser through the greater,
the last through the first; and one can readily see from the
tracts and information mentioned and also from a comparison
of the Gospels what I maintain concerning the holy sacrament,
how I believe and confess it (and, as I hope, In the certainty of
faith) according to the mind and meaning of the Lord
correctly, clearly, and Christlike.
Briefly, I also maintain and believe what Saint Augustine
wrote about it, in Tract XXVIon John F7, 35 and subsequently
in Tract LIX, 36 with clear, plain words, about two kinds of
bread, thus: The believing disciples of the Lord ate the bread,
the Lord, but Judas ate the bread of the Lord against the Lord;
they received life, but Judas pain or punishment; for he who
eats unworthily, eats damnation unto himself. Thus writes
Augustine.
This is also, as stated, my understanding of and distinction
between the two kinds of bread, food, and drink in the whole
sacramental transaction of the Lord's Supper. [I stand] with
Augustine, to whom, next to the Bible, I appeal; and since he
has been accepted by the Christian church, I hope to remain
unmolested therein with all Christians.
Therewith Luther's calumny about the fire kindled against
the holy sacrament is refuted on the basis of truth. Also his
misunderstanding and newly introduced conception of the
Lord's Supper (of which he together with his associates is
unable to give either a fundamental account or an argument
34 On the margin Schwenckfeld, who had studied canon law, cites the
where it in its turn refers to Augustine's dictum: The
Corpus juris canonici,
sacrament is a visible sign of an invisible grace. Corpus juris canonici
(Paris, 1 705) ,1,457.
35 36
Migne, PL, 35, col. 1611. Ibid., col. 1796.
iy8 SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
from Scripture or necessity) has been briefly characterized and
disproved.
For certainly Dr. Luther has not, with understanding
[48]
and truth, brought out the correct sense and the real meaning
of the teaching of Christ about his body and blood in his
Supper. The same is true in other matters. As his instability
(which is noticed by many people and can be proven from their
own books) obviously also shows, he and his associates up to
this time have taught, before God, and written without
foundation and without certainty in this matter.
Although they indeed boast that they have restored to the
laity the other kind, namely, the cup, it can be shown that up
to this day they have never understood nor
correctly inter-
preted nor put into plain language the words of the Lord
which he spoke to his disciples after passing the cup, as they
also do not know wherein the
eating of the body and the
drinking of the blood of Christ truly and intrinsically consists.
And if they should say that it consists or occurs in faith, they
should explain well what such faith is, what its type and nature
can do, and also which office that faith pursues; upon what and
whither it directs itself; and what its object or aspect is; yea,
how the eating is accomplished; how one eats a glorified body;
where one must get it; how such eating is felt and perceived;
again, how one presses through or comes to drinking the blood
of the New, eternal Covenant; how it is drunk to the
quickening
and cleansing of the soul so that we are fed and satiated thereby
unto eternal life.
The
great rabbis should previously concern themselves about
this and distinguish the body of the Lord
correctly and consider
well what kind of guests the
belong to Supper of the Heavenly
King, Jesus, and thereby clearly teach of an unchanging
foundation, should also first learn for themselves in the Lord's
School, if they would observe the Supper worthily and spread
the Table of the Lord properly; for it is
undeniable, and is
found in all the old Christian
teachers, that in the sacramental
transactions one shall concern oneself first of all about that which
is
spiritual, and pay attention to the faith and the discrimination
of the body of the Lord in the
Supper, that is, to the knowledge
of Christ according to the .. ,
Spirit.
III. OF THE HUMANITY OF CHRIST:
REFUTATION OF THE CHARGES OF EUTYCHIANISM
[49] Though Dr. Luther writes further in his answer: "In

addition to this he continues with his Eutychianism and
creatureliness, misleads the church, though God gave him no
command, nor sent him" (he means me), I cannot understand
what he means here with " Eutychianism" and whether or not,
as with others, he means thereby the denial of the humanity
of Christ. I know very well, however, that elsewhere, for
example in On the Councils and the Churches published in 1539,
5
he writes of Eutyches 37 that it was not Eutyches view to con-
sider Christ only a divine Person and nature and not a man,
but rather that he held Christ to be true God and man and that
he simply did not wish to ascribe the idiomata or properties of
deity to his humanity. Thus all prophets, all Scripture, ascribing
to Christ or the Messiah an eternal Kingdom and salvation
from sins, are all against Eutyches; for all of them say that the
seed of thewoman will bruise the head of the serpent (Gen.,
ch. 3). Thus Dr. Luther writes about Eutyches. 38
Now if this is what it was for him and this is also what he
further means by Eutychianism, then surely our antagonists or
opponents, indeed, all who hold Christ the Man in glory as a
creature under God and of less honor and power than God are
much more to be accused of Eutychianism than I. Indeed, they
must agree with Eutyches incontestably because they maintain
and defend precisely this.
But if he now calls it Eutychianism when only one nature in
Christ is believed in and his humanity is denied, then he him-
self proves, as also all others who read my writings or hear us,
that he unjustly charges me therewith even against his own
better knowledge. Since my whole activity and altercation has
had to do exclusively with the humanity of Christ, with his
true body, blood, and flesh and their properties, status, essence,
and majesty in glory against those who want to rob his humanity
of this splendor how can I, then, deny the humanity of Christ
and blood and flesh, or maintain only one nature, namely, only
the Word in Christ, and make out of the human nature a divine
nature, as they allege? This has never in my whole life come
37
Eutyches was the Monophysite Archimandrite of Constantinople against
whom the Council of Chalcedon in 451 defined Christ as one Person in
two natures.
38
WA, 50, 594 ff.
l8o SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
into my mind, that is, that I should not hold and confess
Christ as a hero (heldt] with two natures to be true God and
true man.
[50] Therefore, let M. Luther turn with his Eutychianism
whichever way he will and at the same time seize upon whatever
help he may; he will still not be able, with all other opponents,
to make me out truthfully to be a Eutyches or any other heretic,
thanks be to God! Indeed I have already cleared myself of this
in a letter, 39 which should have been quite sufficient for him
to have felt obliged to let drop the charge of Eutychianism in
his [most recent] writing. But of what help is righteousness?
For resentment and injustice have gotten the upper hand even
though in the end, as the prophet says (Ps. 94:15): But right
will remain right and all the upright in heart shall follow it.
But what did Luther himself write in his Confession of Truth
Concerning the Supper^ also in the book against the fanatics
on the body and flesh of Christ? 41 This: that the flesh of Christ
ispure spirit and that his flesh was not born of flesh. Indeed, he
writes that it is a blasphemy if one says that Christ's flesh is
born of flesh and is flesh; and again, that the body of Christ
must not be flesh but rather spirit because he was conceived of
the Holy Ghost. Also that the body of Christ back in the days of
his flesh was at once in heaven and on earth, indeed, that it was
42 For all this I let him
present in all the ends of the earth.
answer, although by any person it could well be looked upon and
interpreted as much more of a Eutychianism or some other
ancient heresy than my own belief and confession.
In addition to this, I recognize nothing of creation or
creatureliness in Christ but rather a new divine birth and
natural Sonship (kindtsckqfff) of God. Wherefore I cannot
consider the Man Christ with his body and blood to be a
creation or a creature. Rather, I believe and confess with
Scripture that he is wholly God's only begotten Son and that
Christ, the Son of God, his Heavenly Father, the whole Person
indivisibly (unzertailig) God and Man, was born in time of the
Virgin Mary; also that he suffered and died for us upon the
cross in personal unity and wholeness, and as such rose again
and ascended into heaven, that he sits at the right hand of God
and rules also in his human nature wholly with God his Father
39 The letter of October 12, 1543, Document CCCCXXIII, CS, VIIL

40
WA, 26, 349 ff.
41 Das diese Wort Christi^ WA, 23, 200.
42
Ibid., 140; 144.
AN ANSWER TO LUTHER: SCHWENCKFELD l8l
in divine glory, unity, and essence from which he will come to

judge, etc.
But, as to what others with their purported creature in
Christ have brought forth from their philosophy and the old
scholastic opinions, corrupted or stirred up, that is, those who
do not hold the Man Jesus Christ in [51] personal unity as the
born Son of God but rather as a creation or a creature, and
who do not want to accord to him the rank and honor of the
other Person in the Trinity of God maybe they would like
to label me and others with "creature," as though we were
causing an unnecessary squabble or introduced ancient errors,
but the truth is now as clear as day, of which all unpartisan
devotees thereof may easily avail themselves!
IX
The Ordinance of God
*
By Melchior Hofmann
INTRODUCTION
PROTESTANT "APOSTLE OF THE BALTIC,"
from Lutheranism (on the issue of free
THE after turning
and presently to Anabaptism, here presents in
will)
fiery
passion his new understanding of the great spiritual transaction
of the baptism of the reborn, a practice which he carried from
the Swiss Brethren to Holland. Perhaps nowhere else in extant
Anabaptist literature are we enabled to enter so deeply into
the thought and religious experience that originally centered in
believers' baptism. Surely the sober recital of the first rebaptism
(Selection I) provides few clues to the source of the new religious
vitality which was flowing over the channels surveyed and
partly dug by the Reformers.
Here, however, we sense the intense heat and, as it were, the
chthonic pressures beneath the crust of the magisterial Refor-
mation and peer into the molten hearth from which Anabaptist
volcanoes burst forth in Miinster and Amsterdam. Not only
Miinsterites and Jorists traced their movement to Melchior
but also the Mennonites, though by a different succession and a
different appropriation of his ideas. Obbe and Dietrich
Philips (Selections X, XI) are indebted to him. In characteristic
i There no adequate treatment of Hofmann in English. A Dutch work by
Is
W. I. Leendertz (1883) is difficult to procure. The comparable German

study is that of Friedrich Otto zur Linden, M.H.: ein Prophet der Wiedertau-
fer (Haarlem, 1885) Both these works contain excerpts and full documents,
.
as does the much earlier work by Barthold Krohn, Geschichte der fanatischen
und enthusiastischen Wiedertdufer vornehmlich in Niederdeutschland: Melchior
Hofmann und die Secte der Hofmannianer (Leipzig, 1 758) .
Abraham Hulshof, Geschiedenis van de Doopsgezinden to Straatsburg

(Amster-
dam, an excellent chapter on him. Obbe Philips gives a con-
1905), has
temporary account of him, translated below, Selection X, at n. 12.
182
THE ORDINANCE OF GOD: HOFMANN 183
fusion of Biblical imagery Hofmann thinks of adult baptism
and its immediate sequel as a recurrent epiphany of Christ.
In the medieval church, the liturgy of Epiphany which com-
memorates the baptism of Christ at the Jordan was associated
with Christ's first miracle, the marriage of Cana, itself (because
of the wine) a symbol of the Eucharist. In Hofmann these
same motifs are combined. Baptism is the betrothal of the soul
to the heavenly Bridegroom. The Supper is at once the marriage
(the bread being the presentation of the ring) and the marriage
feast. Moreover, just as Christ after his baptism went directly
into the wilderness to be tempted forty days, just as the Lover
and beloved in the Song of Songs go into the wilderness
together, and just as the Children of Israel after successfully
passing through the Red Sea wandered forty years in the wilder-
ness (Exodus and II Esdras), so every Christian must submit to
the onslaughts of Satan. All are called to become the brides of
Christ and corporately his church (cf. the universalism and the
stress on free will in Denck, Selection IV, and in Hubmaier,
Selection V), but there is always the temptation of spiritual
adultery with the consequent ejection of the adulterous bride
in the ban. Moreover, even those steadfast in the desert have not
prepared for the full epiphany Christ the Lord until his body,
as it were, is burned in them at the martyr's pyre; until at the
5
blow of the executioner sword his blood flows anew.
2
The Ordinance of God
By Melchwr Hofmann
153
THE TEXT
[148] In the first place, the Lord Jesus Christ [Matt. 28:18]
proclaims to his apostles and disciples that he has received
from his Heavenly Father all power, might, strength, spirit,
mind, and will and promises [Micah 5:2; Matt. 2:6] that he
[will] be a king, prince, and captain both in heaven and on
3
earth, and that his rule extends over all, whatever it may be
called. In this manner God speaks through his holy prophets
[Ps. iion] Sit thou at my right hand, until I lay thine enemies
:
at thy footstool. And again in another place [Ps. 2:6]: I have

set myking upon my holy hill of Zion. Of the same power and
rule Saint Paul gives strong evidence in his epistles [Phil.
2:10 f.; Eph. 1:21 f.], namely, that he is a lord of all things and
that nothing can be named which does not belong under his
feet.Yea, he is a dispenser of all heavenly, eternal, and spiritual
bounties of God. Just as Joseph in Egypt [dispensed] bodily
and ephemeral [goods], so Christ Jesus dispenses spiritual,
heavenly, and abiding riches.
2 The Ordinance was written by Hofmann in Holland and first printed in

Holland or East Frisia in 1530. Only a Dutch translation survives, first
printed in Amsterdam in 161 1. It is this text which is here translated from
the critical edition of S. Cramer, Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica^ V
(The Hague, 1909), 148-198. The numbers in brackets refer to these
pages.
Only a selection of the Biblical references supplied in the margin of the
text are here given (in brackets) .
3 The Vulgate has dux. Hence, among others, John Denck and Erasmus
speak of Christ as Captain (Herzog, dux), Ordnung Gottes, B III b; Enchiridion
(1516), ed. by Hajo Holborn, Ausgewahlte Werke (Munich, 1933), p. 24.
It is of note that Erasmus expressly connects Christ's captaincy over
soldiers with the sacrament of baptism.
184
THE ORDINANCE OF GOD! HOFMANN 185
Thus Is the Son of Man a saviour of his people and the
anointed peacemaker (Salichmaker) for all believers, a reconciler,
advocate, and high priest, yea, the "mouth" of the spiritual
Moses 4 and eternal Heavenly Father [ever] sending forth
his friends, servants, and apostolic emissaries in order to
assemble for him his Bride 5 out of the bonds of darkness, out of
the realm and all the power of the devil and Satan, out of all
that belongs to this world into the Kingdom of God and of the
Lord Jesus Christ.
And the King of Kings shuts no one out [of the Kingdom].
He rejects not a single person but speaks rather and commands
his servants that they should go thither and be his emissaries,
and teach all people, yea, all peoples, pagans, tribes, tongues,
and nations, just as it happened in the time of the apostles,
until their noise went out into all lands, and their word unto
the ends of the world. Just as the Lord Christ himself calls them,
so also he says to them [Matt. 1 1 :s8] Come unto me, all ye:
who are tired and burdened, I will refresh you. [149] For
there 6 is a light which enlightens all men and gives under-
standing and a true knowledge; it also calls all, draws, and
advances them. And such is also the true will of God which
desires, through the anointed Saviour, that all men should be
healed and made blessed, as the holy apostle Paul writes
[I Tim. 2:1-2]. And it [is] surely not His will that anyone be
lost.This also Saint Peter writes [II, ch. 3:9]. And in this
sense the mouth of the Most High speaks to the prophet
[II Esdras 8:59]: He has not willed that man should be
brought to nought. Thereof also the Wise Man and the High
7
Prophet write and proclaim.

8
4 Christ is the mouth of the spiritual Moses, God, as was Aaron in respect to
Moses.
5 The bridal imagery, prominent in The Ordinance, comes not only from the
New Testament but also from the Old Testament, principally, the Song
of Solomon and II Esdras 7:26. In both places divine nuptials are con-
nected with a withdrawal into a spiritual wilderness. In II Esdras the
wilderness is connected with bondage in Egypt for four hundred years
(cf. v. 28) and the wanderings in Sinai.
In the Song of Solomon the
"wilderness" of chs. 3:6 and 8:5 out of which the divine lover comes is
apparently connected in Hofmann's mind with the withdrawal to the
upland pastures of ch. r 17 f.
6 Or: He. The Dutch het
may be a faulty translation of the German es or
a typographical error for hij.
7 Wisdom of Solomon 1 1
123.
loosely to Esdras, already cited, Ezek. 33:1 1, and Ecclesi-
8 Hofmarm refers
asticus 15:20.
For Christ Jesus has given himself up for all peoples, yea,
each individual, and he has paid for the sin of the whole world,
taken it away, done away with it, and achieved an eternal
salvation. And now again such a time has come that the
proclamation of God's Word shall go out to all peoples as a
witness and absolutely none shall be excepted. But rather to all
tribes, pagans, tongues, and nations the gospel shall be revealed
to their enlightenment, yea, the whole world shall be brought
into a clarity of enlightenment and into a knowledge of the
right understanding, taught, called, and drawn by God's
Spirit and Word. And all those who hear this and do not stop
up their ears but rather attend with alertness [will] inherit
their salvation and [will] not despise it.
Thus the duty of every qualified apostle that they 9 go
it is
forth from the mouth of the Most High God which mouth the
Lord Christ Jesus is, and the true apostles the mouth of the
anointed Saviour in order to teach all peoples and to proclaim
to them the friendly message and to bring the kiss rich in joys
from the mouth of the Bridegroom, yea, this holy gospel of the
crucified Christ Jesus, the Word of eternal life, who has paid for
all misdeeds. And he has been established by his Father as a
lord over all the creatures of God, both in heaven and on earth.
And all those who wish to serve him and to confess him and take
him for their King, Prince, and Lord may come unto him in
freedom and assurance. These will he also eternally maintain
with him in the Kingdom of God. The true apostles of the Lord
reveal to all men, namely, that this teaching concerning [150]
all the knowledge about Christ Jesus was the true nourishment
along with the crucified, roasted, and baked paschal lamb

which our spiritual fathers in that spiritual Egypt dispensed
as food in their spiritual houses, assemblies, and congregations.
So also now in our time there is a similar food available and a
similar proclamation of the crucified Christ Jesus.
And it is further the order and command or law of the Lord
for his apostolic emissaries, according to which they have also
in fact instructed, called, and admonished the people, requiring
and urging through the gospel and the Word of God that they
also who have surrendered themselves to the Lord should lead
themselves out of the realm of Satan and from the kingdom of
darkness and from this world and that they should purify
themselves and lead themselves into the spiritual wilderness
and also wed and bind themselves to the Lord Jesus Christ,
9
Change of number in text.
publicly, through that true sign of the Covenant, the water
bath and baptism. This to the end that ever thereafter they
should remain obedient to, and follow the will and pleasure of,
the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit and that their own will,
life, desire, spirit, and passion be wholly slain, allowed to be
quiescent, and allowed to die out, and that henceforth they live
solely in the Spirit, and the mind, and the will and from the
wisdom of God and the eternal Word of life, as a true bride,
obedient to her dear spouse in all things, yea, [mindful of] his
will and pleasure without any transgression or vacillation. In
like manner also baptism and dying [to this world] were alluded
to or portrayed in the Red Sea through which the Children of
Israel were baptized and deadened [to this world] 10 and
covenanted with the divine Majesty under the semblance of a
pillar of cloud, as also the holy apostle [I Cor. 10:2] clearly
indicates.
And all of this was well acknowledged in the words of the
Lord Jesus Christ [Matt. 28:19] as being a reference to the
right ordinance of God [151] and of his faithful following.
And they have 11 also taught and been taught and received all
knowledge of Jesus Christ and wish to have him for Lord,
King, and Bridegroom, and bind themselves also publicly to
him, and in truth submit themselves to him and betroth them-
selves to him through the covenant of baptism and also give
themselves over to him dead and crucified and hence are at
all times subject, in utter zeal, to his will and pleasure. That is
then such a true and certain covenant as takes place when a
bride with complete, voluntary, and loving surrender and with a
truly free, well-considered betrothal, yields herselfin abandon and
presents herself as a freewill offering to her lord and bridegroom.
Such a bride will no longer live unto herself, neither in dark-
ness nor in the old Adam; again, neither of what is of the world
nor what might be called of the world, but rather solely of the
Lord Jesus Christ. In this manner also Saint Paul cries [GaL
2:20]: I live, yet not I, but Christ liveth in me. They are the
true "dead" who have the true salvation and liberation from
sin, who are purified of all misdeeds through the blood of
Jesus Christ, who have their life in Christ Jesus all who are
dead to themselves in the Lord, having routed out and laid
aside the old Adam and having, through baptism, taken and
Literally "baptized" and killed (ghedoopt ende ghedoodt] .

10
Literally "has" for the image is constantly shifting between the collective
11
church and the individual bride.

put on the new Adam Christ Jesus; [all who] having crucified
the old Adam with the urges and desires (who is now at
leisure and rests from all sins and who must rest from all his
works). And that sinful seed, being dead, cannot make un-
righteousness fruitful, for he who has been born of God has the
upper hand and victory, and therefore no
can issue. sin
They therefore who have now on Christ Jesus
in truth put
through faith and in baptism in such a way that they are in
Christ Jesus and Christ Jesus in them in them there is nothing
more to be condemned. The law has no sovereignty over them
any more, because they live unto righteousness and no longer
unto sin. Therefore the law cannot make them guilty, nor like
a mirror show up blemishes and spots, because they are pure
and live no more according to the flesh but according to the
Spirit and have been found unpunishable before the judgment
seat of God. 12
[152] And now in this final age the true apostolic emissaries
of the Lord Jesus Christ will gather the elect flock and call it
through the gospel and lead the Bride 13 of the Lord into the
spiritual wilderness, betroth, and covenant her through baptism
to the Lord. Thus also Saint Paul (II Cor. 1 1
:%} had betrothed
the church of Corinth to the Lord as a virgin to her husband
and bound it under the covenant. Now the Bride of the Lord
Jesus Christ must be led by the true emissaries into the spiritual
wilderness through the forecourt of the spiritual Tabernacle of
Moses, 14 through the antechamber of the Temple. For in the
12 Hofmann here follows the Epistle to the Hebrews, chs. 6:4-6; 10:26, in
denying the possibility of forgiveness after believers' baptism. In con-
sequence he is tempted to be excessive in his claim for purity. See Hulshof,
op. cit.y 148. But he does not deny the persistence of temptation, which is
the theme of the next paragraph.
13 Theassociation of the Bride with the wilderness is based
upon Song of
Solomon i :y f.; see above, n. 5.
"Hofmann's thought, here somewhat obscure, is amplified by Dietrich
Philips in "The Tabernacle of Moses," Enchiridion,, pp. 255 fT., where
reference is made to an interpretation with which
Philips disagrees,
namely, that the court and Holy Place are for the children of Esau (the
once-born) and the Holy of Holies for the children of Jacob (the twice-
born, the victors). The meaning of the two principal divisions of the
Tabernacle of Moses is discussed earlier. From the example of Esau,
mentioned earlier, and the six hundred thousand who perished in the
wilderness after having successfully passed through the Red
Sea, it is
clear that Hofmann thought of the "wilderness"
experience after believers*
baptism as fraught with danger leading to destruction rather than to
the consummation of the full bridal
relationship with God. Hofmann
also identifies the Bride with the woman of Rev. 12:6 who flees into the
wilderness for 1260 days.
THE ORDINANCE OF GOD: HOFMANN" l8g
New Covenant, the Third Day, 15
that third lunar festival,
i.e.,the spiritual Feast of Tabernacles, will be in the spiritual
16
wilderness; and the last appearance of all that is lunar.
Such a figurative meaning 17 the Lord Christ Jesus intends
[when] he goes before his flock at the head to be a model. He
comes to John the Baptist at the Jordan, covenants and
betroths, yea, offers himself, his whole self, to his Heavenly
Father, to whom
he lets himself also through John the Baptist
be baptized and betrothed [!] and covenanted through the
15 The reference to a third
day or period is an allusion to II Esdras 5:4,
from which the original word day or its equivalent has dropped out and
must be supplied. (Kingdom, trumpet are other substitutes.) The whole
text, ch. 5:1-7, is very important for Hofmann's eschatalogical concept:
Behold, the days come when the inhabitants of earth shall be seized
with great panic. And the way of truth shall be hidden. And the land
. . .
that thou seest now to bear rule shall be a pathless waste; and men shall
see it forsaken if the Most High grant thee to live, thou shalt see it after
:
the third [day] in confusion. Then shall the sun suddenly shine forth by
night and the moon by day. And the blood shall trickle forth from wood.
. .And one whom the dwellers upon earth do not look for shall wield
.
sovereignty. . And one whom the many do not know will make his
. .
voice heard by night; and all shall hear his voice. R. H. Charles, Apocrypha
and Pseudepigrapha (Oxford, 1913), II, 569.
Echoes of Joachim of Flora's Third Age of the Spirit are here joined
confusedly but significantly with strains of a primitivism based upon the
desert of Sinai and its temptations and sufferings rather than on paradise
and its bliss.
!6 The moon is interpreted by Hofmann as the symbol of the Old, the sun,
of the New, Testament. The Feast of Tabernacles is the third of the three
historical, i.e.,old covenantal or "lunar," festivals: Passover, Pentecost,
Booths. The
Feast of Tabernacles, of course, evokes the memory of the
tents in which the Israelites dwelt in their flight from bondage to Egypt.
After baptism in the Red Sea they had to endure the temptations of the
wilderness. (Of the New Testament parallel he writes in the next para-
graph.) In two other works Hofmann speaks of the lunar festival in
reference to II Esdras 5:4: Weyssagung (1530), quat. A, iii verso and
Ausslegung der . Offenbaning, quat. K, ii verso: ". . also the Prophet
. . .
Esdras declares (II, 5) that the same moon and faith will shine thrice in
the day, and thereby the three lunar festivals are given spiritual
expression."
17 Hofmann's thought that the forty years in the desert commemorated
is
by the third lunar Tabernacles, in the Old Dispensation corre-

feast,
sponds to the forty days of temptation in the spiritual wilderness after
baptism into the New Covenant. Cf. also the woman, clothed with the
sun and moon, who fled into the wilderness (Rev. 12:16). Since for
Hofmann the soul is the bride or beloved of the Lord who meets the
bridegroom in the wilderness (Song of Solomon), it is not incongruous
for him to speak of Christ himself, exemplar of all New Testament
Christians, as himself betrothed to God the Father during the forty
days in the spiritual wilderness.
SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
water bath, during [which time he is] detached from his own
will, and, through God's covenant,
absorbed into the will of
the exalted Father, [and prepared] to live eternally unto him.
Thus the Father also accepts him and opens up the ^heaven
over him, sends down upon him the simple Dove-Spirit and
all his power, mind, and will. He adopts
gives guidance to him,
him moreover as his well-pleasing, beloved Son.
led by the Spirit and
Thereupon, the anointed Saviour was
18
the will of God into the wilderness in order to fast forty days
and and suffer all the temptations of Satan, but [he
nights
remained] steadfast and true to his believing, [153] devoted,
trusting Heavenly Father, struggling through to the end and

in such a way that he
withstanding Satan and overcoming him
[Satan] could not get any portion
of him nor have or find
19 There he becomes
anything according to his wish and liking.
also an elect ambassador from the highest God, his Heavenly
Father.
In just such a manner all children of God and brothers of the
Lord Jesus Christ should imitate him and also covenant and
betroth themselves to the Lord Jesus Christ, under the covenant
of God, and give themselves over to him in truth, as a freewill
offering, just as he has given himself
over to him, his Heavenly
Father. And so [it is with] the true apostolic emissaries who
the same
go forth and let themselves be betrothed through
[Heavenly Father], under his covenant sign, and they go
out
from among their own, letting themselves be introduced by the
servants of the Lord into the spiritual wilderness. They, being
led and driven through the Spirit and the will of God and the
anointed Saviour, spend forty days and forty nights in the
wilderness, all of them according to the will and pleasure of the
Lord with spiritual fasts yea, [reminiscent of] the forty years
or
long [in Sinai] and the forty cubits through the forecourt
20
through the nave of the Temple up to the Holy [of Holies].
They remain absolutely and fully in the good pleasure, spirit,
mood, and will of the Lord Jesus Christ, and fight through unto
the end and conquer. [Thereupon] they are found to be loyal
and unblamable in all God's testings.
To such a victory all the promises of God tend, namely:
is
Similarly John came preaching in the wilderness.
19 The text is partly garbled at this point in translation from German to
Dutch.
20 I Kings 6:17. For more on the spiritual meaning of the Tabernacle of
Moses and the Temple of Solomon, see above, n. 14.
THE ORDINANCE OF GOD: HOFMANN IQl
that to all such victors the true
Kingdom of God given here
is
and now as their inheritance; that the same enter into the
Holy [of Holies] and come to the Sabbath and the true rest 21
completely naked and resigned to enter the bed of the Bride-
groom where the righteous [re-] birth takes place and where one
is instructed by God and the Word. And the soul is completely
wedded by the grace of God. There the old Adam is put off
completely, the individual, quite naked, is rid of all. The old
Adam is at surcease from lusts and desires. He is crucified and
dead; slain to sin, and he reposes from all his works, so that the
sinful seed brings forth its fruits no more. These are then made
pious [154] and have the cleansing through the blood of Christ
Jesus, and in such there is nothing more that is blameworthy to
be found, as has already been said.
Of all such victorious struggles Saint Paul [Heb. 12:1, 22 f.]
makes sufficient mention, warning that one should lay aside all
that can weigh down, yea, the besetting sin, and make a good
race for the true Mount Zion and to the city of the congregation
of the living God, to the assembly of the perfectly righteous, to
the company of the angels, and to the blood of Jesus Christ.
And one may enter into the Holy [Jerusalem], into the true
new heaven of God. There [they] will become true newborn
children. There all is new and the old wholly wasted away.
There one is nourished at the true Supper of the Lord with the
bread of understanding and refreshed with the waters of life.
They also who now remain steadfast in the doctrine and the
School of Christ unto the end, through struggle and victory,
and who remain unwavering and are not overcome, the same
shall be saved. For as one believes and is enlightened and receives
the Lord, so is salvation and the inheritance of the Kingdom of
God promised in the first place; and if one pilgrimages toward
the spiritual land of promise, one will get and take possession of
the inheritance of the Kingdom. For they who believe in the
name of Christ Jesus, to them he gives in the first place the
force and power to become the children of God, to receive the
new birth and the eternal Kingdom.
For all such victors God himself will be the reward, and also
the Lord Christ Jesus, who gives himself as a prize to his own.
And this shall be as the Book of the heavenly revelations
[chs. 2:17; 3:5, 12] of the evangelist and apostle John has
sufficiently recounted, where the Spirit and the mouth of the
Lord Jesus Christ says that he will give all victors the crown of
21 On the true rest and
Sabbath, see Heb., ch. 4.
life, yea, that they shall eat of the tree of life
and of that hidden
manna of heaven. Similarly he will give them a white stone with
a new name, the morning star, a white garment, and he will
enable them to be written down in the book of life. He will
make them into a pillar in his temple, whom no suffering will
sit with him on his
befall, nor the second death. They will also
throne and rule over the heathen. 22 With them also he [155]
will hold the Supper and they again with him. For that purpose
all such victors inherit all, says God the Almighty Lord through
Christ Jesus.
Oblessed are they who in this time are able to come to
such an inheritance and also therein to acquire and to take
hold of the Kingdom and also to attain that election. For all
men are called and are still being called^ but no one has been
elected except for them who have struggled through to victory.
And in case all of them struggle and conquer,all of them should
also be elected by God, yea, even the whole world. For he has
for all times suffered for all and has died for all. Moreover,
God does not wish that any man be lost, nor that anyone
receive damnation; 23 but his will rather is that all come to
repentance, receive the knowledge of the truth, and be saved,
as also Saint Paul [Heb. 3:7 ff.] truly warns that one should
not stop the ears when the Spirit of God proclaims the gospel,
as did the Children of Israel in the wilderness.
Such aforesaid promises, such an ordinace this is the content
of that high covenant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ.
It is the sign of the covenant of God, instituted solely for the old,
the mature, and the rational, who can receive, assimilate, and
understand the teaching and the preaching of the Lord, and
not for the immature, uncomprehending, and unreasonable,
who cannot receive, learn, or understand the teaching of the
apostolic emissaries: such are immature children; such also are
bells which toll for the dead, and churches, and altars and all
other such abominations. For nowhere is there even a letter in
the Old or the New Testament in reference to children. And
there is absolutely no order enacted by the apostles or Jesus
Christ nor have they taught or written a single syllable about it.
And also it has not been discovered that they ever baptized
any child, nor will any such instance be found in all eternity!
22 Rule of the saints over the godless is never given prominence by Hofmann.
This phase of his thought was developed later at Minister.
23 II Esdras 8:59. The possibility of universal salvation is the same as in
Denck and Hubmaier, Selections IV and V.
For that alone was enjoined upon them by Christ Jesus their
Lord, namely, to baptize the nations who accept their word
and preachment of the crucified Christ Jesus and give them-
selves over to him of their own free will. To such as these
belongs the covenant and baptism. Thereafter, only that should
be taught by our apostles 24 which the Lord has commanded
them [156] and otherwise nothing. It is for this that Saint
Paul also says [Rom. 15:18]: I dare say nothing unless Christ
hath wrought the same by me. Thus now let every teacher and
servant of the Lord hold to him and teach nothing more than
he was taught by God and proceed according to this rule.
Then it will go very well with him, and thus many countless
souls will not be done to death by these blind leaders, who so
very brazenly, without any fear, spit in the face of God
Almighty, crucify the Son of God, and then tread upon him
with their feet. O how heavily will such a one be visited by God
with stern wrath and be tormented and made to pay with the
eternal unending zeal of the Fire of the Almighty!
Accordingly, all human notions are sternly forbidden by the
Lord, and pedobaptism is absolutely not from God but rather
is practiced, out of willfulness, by anti-Christians and the satanic
crowd, in opposition to God and all his commandment, will,

and desire. Verily, it is an eternal abomination to him. Woe, woe
to all such blind leaders who willfully publish lies for the truth
and ascribe to God that which he has not commanded and will
never in eternity command. How serious a thing it is to fall
into the hands of God and willfully to mock and desecrate the
Prize of God the Highest! Yea, all who do this will be stricken
with heavy, great, and eternal blindness, and they will inherit
the eternal wrath of God. For God is the enemy of all liars, and
none of these inherits or has a part in his Kingdom. Their
inheritance and portion is rather eternal damnation.
When now the bride of the Lord Jesus Christ has given
herself over to the Bridegroom in baptism, which is the sign
of the covenant, and has betrothed herself and yielded herself
to him of her own free will and has thus in very truth accepted
him and taken him unto herself, thereupon the Bridegroom and
exalted Lord Christ Jesus comes and by his hand the apostolic
emissaries are the hand takes bread (just as a bridegroom
takes a ring 25 or a piece of gold) and gives himself to his bride
24 Text: van den Apostelen.
25 This comparison of the bread to the bridal ring is made also in Hofmann's
Weyssagung auss Heiliger Gotlicher geschrifft (1550), quaL B, iii verso.
with the bread (just as the bridegroom gives himself to his
bride with the ring) and takes also the chalice with the
wine and
to his bride with the same his true bodily blood, so that
gives
eats a physical bread in her mouth
2*
just as [157] the bride
and drinks the wine, so also through belief in the Lord Jesus
Christ she has physically received and eaten the noble
Bride-
with his blood in such a way that the Bridegroom and the
groom
is [one] with hers and the broken
outpouring of his blood
and crucified Christ Jesus. She [is]
in him and, again, he is in
her, and they togetherare thus one body, one flesh, one spirit,
and one passion, as bridegroom
and bride.
the moment she
Yea, more. The bride is in truth assured
takes the bread that she has accepted the true Christ for her
Lord and Head and eternal Bridegroom in order that ever
thereafter his will, spirit, mind, and good pleasure ^may beîn
her and that she on her part give herself over unto his will with
all her heart, spirit, feeling, and will. It was in this sense
that
the disciples of our Lord JesusChrist also ate when he sat
bodily with them and they received

him also bodily with the
bread, as the bride receives the bodily bridegroom with the
that he in her and she in him may be one spirit, will, and
ring,
mind. Moreover, a member and a bride of the Lord may well
say, when she receives the bread, takes, and eats thereof, that
she has bodily received, enjoyed, and eaten her Lord Jesus
Christ, that the bodily Christ, who sits at the right
hand of God,
is in truth bodily her own and again that she is bodily his, yea
with flesh and blood. And the two are thus one, and two in one
flesh. While she has her house, habitation, tabernacle, and
has in her complete
dwelling in Christ, for his part Jesus Christ
habitation, and dwelling. Therefore
authority, sovereignty,
2
Saint Paul writes to those of Corinth [I, ch. 1 1 :28] J that they
should search themselves and prove whether Christ had his
dwelling in them.
In such a manner as has been above recounted, a perky
little bride, when she receives her engagement ring from her
bridegroom, could speak to her childhood playmates

and
friends, showing it to them: Look here, I have my bridegroom
Jack, Nick, or Peter. Now those who hear such
words and see
the ring understand very well how the bride intends this kind of
26
Literally, In her "stomach."
27 The juxtaposition in I Cor., ch. ir, of Paul's instructions concerning the
relationship between Christ and man, man
and woman, Christ's body
in the Supper and the faithful, facilitates Hofmann's bold exegesis.
language, namely, that she does not mean that the ring is
physically the bridegroom himself or that the bridegroom is
physically [158] contained in the ring but that she has with all
her heart, spirit, and emotion received a bridegroom by virtue
of his will, word, spirit, and intention.
It was surely in this sense that the apostles of the Lord Jesus
Christ likewise understood the words when the Lord took the
bread and gave therewith his body and with the wine his own
quickening blood. [They also surely understood] that he did
not for this reason corporally exist in the bread, and that the
physical bread was not he himself, that his blood was not in the
wine, nor did the wine become his physical blood. Instead,
[they understood] that through the bread and belief in the
Word they should receive that body which sat by them there,
that that same body should be their own which would be burned
at 28 the cross. And [they believed] that theirs also was the
physical blood which would be poured out from the cross.
Such a simple explanation stolid fisherfolk could well understand
even when they were still in the first birth, but one over which
the wise and greatest scholars of Scripture for their part have
become fools and madmen, and still are. They clash and break
themselves over such simple words which were said and enacted
in a quite straightforward way as by any other human being.
For all the reasons of God through Jesus Christ are for those
who find [divine] knowledge and who fear God and to whom
he reveals meaning, and compassion, [namely,
his will, spirit,
for] the simple, the the guileless. But to the satiated,
illiterate,
courtly, rich, and murderous spirits his simple word will
become as blood and poison and even death, yea, a table, 29
whereat they are strangled and hanged and receive eternal
damnation. And thereat they will be blinded, offending,
provoking, and assaulting each other. As Saint Peter [II,
ch. 3:15 f.] also writes, many of the writings of Paul as also the
other Scriptures have been a confusion to unstable and in-
attentive spirits, unto their own destruction.
think that this is a great horror that those learned in
I
Scripture should thus reject such simple reasons. For surely the
Lord Jesus Christ does not deal with his people other than a
28 The word isgebradem "roasted." Has Hofmann allowed the common
image of the pyre to replace that of the cross? Or is he thinking
heretic's
of martyrdom as the consummation of the imitation of Christ whereby
one becomes the roasted paschal Lamb? Cf. above, p. 186.
29 Cf. Rom. 11:9; I Cor. 11:29.
ig6 SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
words.
bridegroom with a bride with straightforward simple
The shrewd and the wise for their part have become fools
and daily more so. They write big [159] and thick books, and
never come to the knowledge
they always teach but themselves
of the truth. And although they hold themselves to be wise and
shrewd, they are become crazy and foolish. And the nonsense
of such lunatics and fools must become evident to all men
in a
of Satan will not
very short time. And then the cunning help
them either, even though many such [theologians] have com-
mitted murder because of it. And how many thousands have
caused blood to flow on account of it, whom the theologians
have written onto the butcher's block, yea, judged, condemned,
and given over [to the temporal authorities]. But in a short
time they will see whom they have pierced; and all such courtly,
rich, satiated, blind, and
murderous spirits and bloodsuckers
will be thrust into that eternal woe and be pilloried before the
whole world.
And the bride has now so covenanted herself with the Lord
under the sign of the covenant [baptism] and so given herself
over to him, and he to them,
30
through his Word and again
with the bread, that many brides are become one congregation
and bride of the Lord, and he the husband and the Bridegroom.
And if then the bride in the future should come to conduct
herself improperly so as not to be fully obedient and faithful to
her bridegroom but rather with a hard heart should come,
herself to another and commit
against her vow, to attach
with the same, and bespot herself (and be that what-
adultery
ever it may to which she attach herself) and thus turn away from
obedience to her bridegroom and then if after warning no
then, certainly the husband
improvement should take place [
should eject her].
Likewise the [heavenly] Bridegroom [who], through his
let her be thrown out of
apostolic emissaries, would thereupon
the congregation again, by his consent, yea, altogether out of
his house, and would divorce her from his fellowship and would
take from her the bread and wine, thereby indicating that she
had no portion or should have any of him or of his blood, also
that their vow had been broken, and that he had treated her,
just as abridegroom would take away his ring from his way-
ward bride and divorce her and spurn her. 31
30 That the church.
is,
31 Hofmann in his shift of tenses in this paragraph passes back and forth
between the historic example of apostolic ex-communication to the
THE ORDINANCE OF GOD! HOFMANN 197
Therefore it has been held [in respect to] the ban from the
time of the apostles that they who would live according to the
will of Satan (as Saint Paul in GaL 5:19-21 on the first fruits
clearly indicated), after three warnings [Matt. 18:15-18] were
ejected from Christ Jesus and his [160] Kingdom and delivered
over into the Kingdom of Satan and the devil. But in so far
as the same turned back in their hearts and gave themselves
over to improvement of their wicked way of life, they were again
accepted by the congregation through the servants of God and
received again into the congregation of the body of Christ
Jesus and into the fellowship of his blood. O
how well it went
when such an ordinance was maintained in the true fear of
God!
With all such true apostolic servants and their followings the
anointed Saviour has promised that he wishes to be all the
days until the end of this transient world, that is to say: he
with his word, Spirit, mind, will, and well-being in her; and
she with her spirit, feeling, and all her heart in him. And such
are then one temple, house, tabernacle, and true city of the
entire divine, almighty sovereignty of God and of his eternal
Word and high Holy Spirit and mind.
Into such a brotherhood and congregation of the heavenly
band all peoples have been called wherever they are in the
whole world in order that they may become the children of
God and his Holy Spirit, and heirs of his eternal Kingdom.
These, accordingly, go out now from the world and from the
kingdom of Satan and from all which is still of the old Adam
and thereupon enter into Christ Jesus in order to walk in the
eternal living word of God, yea, and to do the whole will of
God and of the Lord Jesus Christ. And in all things they are
steadfastly to struggle through [to victory], free and with
abandon, yea, completely strong to the end, to mount up the
32 in
forty steps, grades, and cubits clarity [of purpose]. They
fall aside neither to the left nor to the right, but with full
strength press through in the struggle

Ohow much God would like to have all people saved, if
only they would! And it was impossible that he could condemn
anybody who did his will, which people could always very well
conduct of an offended husband and the practice of Christ as Bridegroom
of the church.
32 The forty cubits of the Temple in I Kings 6:17. Cf. the other references
to the forty days of temptation in the wilderness after baptism, above,
p. 190.
ig8 SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
do. Surely it is not to be inferred that one cannot and may not
[choose to do the will of God] as [could]
Adam. Similarly,
Moses asked that God should erase him from his book in case
he would not also the Children of Israel their sin. But
forgive
the high, praiseworthy voice of exalted Deity declared that he
does not erase from his book those who do his will, and also
that he would never, yea, in all eternity, eject those who are of
his will. They would never be erased by God. For God
the
merciful Father has sent his into the world, into flesh,
by power
his own eternal Word who has become himself flesh and corporal,
in form like unto another man, without sin and he became a
3
his death and also after his

physically visible Word before
resurrection. As such he remains unto eternity. He did not take
flesh upon himself but became himself flesh and corporal, in
order that he might himself give salvation and pay^for the sin
of the whole world by means of his guiltless suffering, dying,
and the pouring out of his blood. 33
Therefore they blaspheme God grievously who lay it to him
that he wishes sin, does and effects the same in man. But this
will never be found to be so in all eternity. For God is none
other than eternal good, and from him nothing but good comes,
will other than what he
yea, verily he cannot create, work, and
is in himself and what he will also remain throughout eternity.
No more can darkness issue or shine forth from the clear light
of the sun than can anything other issue from God than what he
himself is, namely, the eternal good, benevolence, and all-
righteousness.
But there are those who, as has been said, ascribe this to
God, namely, that [162] he should be a worker of sins and a
desirer of the damnation of men. The same make the most high
and eternal God into a devil and Satan and insult the high,
praiseworthy good as evil, and the eternal light
as darkness. . . .
I fear that many among them who do these things with

words do them in part for the sake of their own honor, their
own glory, and for the favor and the goods of this world, but
in part also out of resentment, hate, and jealousy, as did the
Jewish Pharisees in respect to Christ Jesus. For even as they
did it they knew very well in their hearts, and were convinced
that Christ Jesus drove out the demons by the finger and Spirit
of God,
33 This paragraph is the only place in The Ordinance which, touches upon
Hofmann's peculiar Cliristology. Cf. Schwenckfeld, below, Selection
VIII, at n. 27 and Philips, Selection XI, at n. 10.
THE ORDINANCE OF GODZ HOFMANN 199
But they declared, out of resentment, jealousy, and hate that
he drove out the demons through Beelzebub, the chief of
demons. And in like manner when the watchmen came from
the grave of Christ and announced that Jesus Christ had
arisen, they promised them much money [on condition] that
they say nothing to anyone but rather declare that in the night
while they slept, he was stolen by the disciples of Christ.
Of all such intentional sins against the High Holy Spirit of
God, the Lord Christ Jesus says [Mark 3:29] that neither now
nor in the next world nor in all eternity can they ever attain
forgiveness. Saint Paul also says the same in Hebrews [ch.
10:26 f.] namely, that no more sacrifice remains over for such
5
sins but rather a fearful revenge and ordeal of [163] fiery

indignation. In this manner God also speaks through Moses
[Num. 25:8] that one shall without any mercy root out from
the congregation all such willful sinners against the Spirit of
God and shall accept for them no further sacrifices, for they
will forever have no forgiveness. It was just such a stubborn one
that Phineas the priest pierced to death without mercy, which
[act] before God was so great a satisfaction that He swore unto
him an eternal priesthood. 34
And Saint John also writes in his epistle [I, ch. 5:16] that
one shallnever in all eternity pray for such a sin [unto death].
Also Saint Paul [II Tim. 4:14] calls down upon Alexander the
coppersmith nothing but wrath and punishment, for with such
[sin] this is always done, and therefore it cannot be that people
should pray in behalf of such [sin], for they will get no more
grace or mercy from God. There is also the terrible example of
Saul the king of Israel, and also of Esau who sought mercy and
nevertheless did not find it.
Yea, it was the same for the six hundred thousand in the
wilderness, who bore suffering for forty years, and were unable
to get grace from God. . . .
This is furthermore a sin of which Saint Paul writes [Heb.

6:4 ff.], namely, [that of] those who have once been enlightened
and have received the taste of the wisdom of God, and who have
delivered themselves up and given themselves over to the
Lord Christ and who then fall away again and, after having
confessed the truth, have departed from the faith and the true
betrothal. It is impossible to restore these broken ones- In this
sense also Christ Jesus speaks [Matt. 12:43 ff.]: Where Satan
34 Cf, above.
n.22,
has been driven out and the house cleaned and swept and where
also there is and vacancy and dead belief, where the
emptiness
Spirit unfruitful in godly works and fruits, where the tree
is
decks itself out in words and leaves without power and deed
here the spirit of Satan with seven spirits more wicked than
himself takes possession of that empty vessel for his use accord-
ing to his [164] lust and will,
and the last [state] thereby
becomes worse than the first. Similarly, against any such
[relapse] Christ Jesus warned [John 5:14] the man who had
stood from his bed, [saying] that he should sin no more, lest
up
a worse thing come unto him, lest the last [state] with him also
be worse than the first. 35
Of the same matter Saint Peter also writes [II, ch. 2:22] that
after washing, 36 become
[backsliders] do like pigs, which,
involved again in the works of darkness and are besmirched
with uncleanness, and like dogs which gobble up again the bad
spirit, passion,
and will, which they had once spewed out.
Thus for all of these it were better had they never known the
way of truth. Through such backsliders the way of truth was

blasphemed in the place and [therewith] the great good
first
of eternal righteousness as the apostle also thoroughly re-

counts in respect to all such as these.
And theby of God such falling away from Christ
Spirit ^
Jesus is now such backsliding from his will,

also indicated,
spirit, and mind, yea, the third part of the teachers.
37 how O
thousand have been misled in this way by
many eternally
[teachers] such as these! For through
them the strong delusion
will first enter in, about which Saint Paul [II Thess. 2:11]
writes, [coming] over all those who have heard and understood
God's Word and Spirit, and also over all who have recognized
his will, and [who], being enlightened in the true way of God,
have not accepted that light and that good, but instead have
the darkness. For them therefore the darkness will be over-
their inheritance and
flowing, and eternal darkness will be
portion.
For it will be so for all time that wherever the gospel is pro-
claimed, such great defection will arise and such great mis-
leadings through the fallen stars and false apostles, [165]
35 Hofmann's appeal to this passage is particularly cogent since as an

as the waters of
Anabaptist he could construe the pool of Bethesda
rebirth.
3
Rebaptism.
37 An allusion to third part of the trees burned up in Rev. 8:7.
THE ORDINANCE OF GOD: HOFMANN 2OI
teachers, and preachers, that even also the very elect, if it were
possible, might be deceived but that is impossible. For they
who have once struggled through and conquered, they are then
elected of God, so that they will not depart again from Christ
and the eternal Temple of God. Over such as these the second
death 38 can have no more power, for the first is completely
passed away and in them all has become new; they are taught
of God and he is their light and lantern, from then on and
forever, through his Holy Spirit. These then come to Christ
Jesus, these whom no one will ever be able to draw away from
his hand and power, nor ever in all eternity be able to alienate.
For such victors, having died in the Lord, cannot sin any more,
for [a] new, true rebirth maintains them so that in very truth
they cannot and will not fall in all eternity. For none can
oppress him any more who has [once] conquered [sin], nor
can anyone either save or help him who is destroyed. 39
Therefore let everyone be warned that he regard carefully
how and what he believes in order that he deceive not himself
and go astray with the others. For the whole world 40 cries:
Believe, believe; grace, grace; Christ Jesus. And therefore it
does not choose the better part, for its hope is idle and a great
deception. For such belief cannot justify them before God, as
the holy apostle James writes [ch. 2:17]: Even so faith, if it has
not fruits is in itself dead. Thus there were many of the leaders
of the Jewish synagogue who believed in Christ Jesus, but
nevertheless would not openly confess it, for they preferred the
praise of men to the praise of God. What profited them such a
faith? For all such timid ones will not inherit the Kingdom of
God, as the High Spirit of God testifies. And as the Lord
Christ Jesus says [Matt. 10:33; 16:25]: Those who deny him
before men, them will he also deny before God, his Father, and
before all the angels. For whoever wishes to save his life, he
will lose it in eternity. Saint Peter denied the Word of truth on
one occasion and bore remorse therefore all his life long. How
then will it go with those who for so many years every day con-
ceal the truth and deny it?
Therefore faith cannot make one justified, if [166] one does
not bring in therewith his fruits. As Christ also says [Matt.
7:16 ff.] of all such strong belief, of all such who [will] confi-
dently believe and confess him to be a Lord and say that they
had prophesied in his name and cast out devils and had done
38 Rev. 20:14; 21 :8. 39 II Esdras 7:45.
40 The reference is to the whole world of Lutheranism.
2O2 SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
many mighty acts these he will nevertheless not recognize.
Such faith does not [by itself] bring about justification, nor
again [that of] those who
there [in Matt. 26:37 ff.] said: Lord,
where have we seen you and not served you? The same also
believed, but that is all in vain. Of the same kind Saint Paul
also writes [I Cor. 13:1 ff.] that even if one had such faith
that he could move mountains, yea, and spoke with the
tongues of angels, and understood all mystery, and gave all
his goods for God's sake, and let his body be burned in all
such cases belief would have absolutely no worth, if love were
not present therein. For what kind of faith would that be in the
case of a woman with her husband, to whom she publicly
adhered and confessed to be her lord and bridegroom, and
nevertheless continuously went out to commit adultery and
illicit love-making with others? . . .
Therefore I warn all lovers of truth that they do not give

themselves over to lofty arguments which are too hard for
them, but that they hold themselves solely to the straight-
forward words of God in all simplicity. Do not quarrel and
struggle much over words and take a piece somewhere out of
God's Word [167] and hold fast to it stubbornly and without
understanding. Do not excoriate as lies all other words which
are against it and thus abuse and make the apostles and the
prophets along with the Holy Spirit of God into liars. For all
words of God are of equal weight, also just and free, to him who
acquires the right understanding of God and the Key of David.
41
The cloven claws and horns [only] [168] the true apostolic
42
In Ofenbarung loannis ad 3:7 Hofmann writes

41 his Ausslegung der . . .
further about the Key of David: Christ has received this Key of
. . .
David (Isa. 22:22) from the Father, who reveals himself through the
Spirit of God to his own, [unlocking] the door of grace which is he himself.
. . On him in whom he opens up the secret of God, none can thereafter
.
close the door. Similarly for him to whom God closes the door of his
word and therewith all the knowledge of God which his Spirit could
create in him for him none can open it, neither in heaven nor on earth,
neither in the sea nor under the earth.
42 On the horns see the Vorrede zum ersten Capitel Matthdi. The book is lost,
but the Foreword is preserved jy Barthold N. Krohn, Geschichte der
f<~ .atischen und t .usiastischen Wiedertdufer vornehmlich in Niederdeutschland;
Melchior Hofmann und die Sects der Hofmannianer (Leipzig, 1758), 134-136.
The altars of Ex., chs. 27 and 30 have four horns each. The altar signifies
Christ, and the four horns, the fourfold nature of the divine Word. In
the Vorrede Melchior gives several other examples of fourfoldness.
The expression "cloven claws" stems, of course, from Lev. 1 1 13 and
Deut. 14:6. The same term is used in Verclaringe von den gevangen ende
mien wil des menschen, BRN, V, p. 188 and n. 3.
heralds can bear, because [to explicate] the Scripture is not a
matter for everybody to unravel all such involved snarls and
cables, to untie such knots but only for those to whom God has
given [the power].
Who finds therein a lack, let him pray to God, as the apostle
[James 1 and
15] teaches, do not hurry or rush him. For to many
in this day the Scripture will become a poison and eternal
death, which nonetheless is in itself very good, because often it
is misused without
understanding, and leads the unwary and
the willful into damnation and all who are without fear into
abiding unbelief and damnation. And this is absolutely not the
fault of Scriptures but the willfulness and misapprehension of
the interpreters themselves.
For there are many in our time who continuously teach and
regard themselves as masters of Scripture, and who neverthe-
less never really come to the understanding of the truth.
Similarly the holy apostle thoroughly warns about such as these

who also in that time inflated themselves, and there are now
many such all around. Therefore let us all of us who fear God
in truth earnestly pray to God that we may be saved through
Christ Jesus from having to think beyond what is the will, the
truth, and the command of the Lord to the end that we hold
not to our own opinion and to the leaven of the Pharisees and to
the manner of the doctors of Scripture, but rather regard it and
flee from it as eternal death and follow only after the true
understanding of Christ Jesus in order thus to be taught by

God himself in our hearts and our conscience. Thereto may
God help us, the gracious, merciful Father, through Christ
Jesus, our Saviour and eternal Redeemer. Amen.
In general the significance of clovenness for Hofmann is that the Old
and New Testaments are one, being from God as the two clefts constitut-
ing the one foot of a clean, cloven-footed beast, but that the interpreter
must walk through Scripture clearly mindful of the division: All events
in the Old Testament are images to which some happening in the New
Testament, or yet to take place, corresponds.
Dietrich Philips and the Amsterdam bishop Jacob van Campen took
over Hofmann's typological hermeneutics, but they were opposed by
brother Obbe and one Hans Scheerder of Leeuwarden, the latter
arguing that "Scripture stands on one claw." The deposition of Jacob
van Campen before his martyrdom is given by C. A. Cornelius, "Die
niederlandischen Wiedertaufer wahrend der Belagerung Ministers
1532 bis 1535," Abhandlungen der koniglich bayerischen Akademie der Wissen-
schaftm, hist. KL XI (1869), esp. p. 97.
X
A Confession
1
By Obbe Philips
RECOLLECTIONS OF THE YEARS 1533-1536

c. 1560
INTRODUCTION
CQXLECTION OF DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF
NO the thought and action of representatives of the Radical

Reformation could qualify in any sense as comprehen-
sive without the inclusion of some material
bearing on its
revolutionary aspect. The editor has chosen to allow Thomas
Mtintzer (Selection II) to speak for Revolutionary Spiritualism
and Obbe Philips to speak about Revolutionary Anabaptism as
it came to a head in Minister. Obbe writes, however, as a
disillusioned Melchiorite; and his personal convictions in the
period of his so-called Confession are most akin to the Rational
Spiritualism of Sebastian Franck (Selection VII) and the Con-
templative Spiritualism of Caspar Schwenckfeld (Selection
VIII) ; Like both these Spiritualists, Obbe Philips has come to
despair of the inveterate divisiveness and the destructiveness
of ail attempts to establish a truly apostolic church; and
he,
like them, exposes to view the
pretensions and the unseemly and
even ungodly zeal of many who have enforced their wills as the
will of God. Looking to some future action
by or clear instruc-
tion from God, Obbe in the meantime is content with member-
ship in an inward church of the Spirit. His defection from the
very movement which for a while had borne his name (the
Obbenites) was comparable among the Dutch Anabaptists to
the "retractation" of John Denck (Selection
IV), sometime
"abbot" of the South German Anabaptists. His
repudiation of
the movement was all the more
disconcerting for the reason
i There js no full-length study of Obbe Philips. See, however, below under
Dietrich Philips, Selection XI, introduction, n. i and on the
authenticity
of the Confession, K. Vos, "Obbe Philipsz,"
Doopsgezinde Bijtragen, LIV
)> PP- 124-138.
204
A CONFESSION: OBBE PHILIPS 205
that the baptism and the ordination of several of the Anabaptist
leaders, including his own brother Dietrich (Selection XI)
and Menno Simons (Selection XII), derived from his, while his
own authority in turn had stemmed from Melchior Hofmann
(Selection IX). Hofmann is here pictured as a pitiable rather
than as an execrable figure. But because Hofmann's prophecies
remained unfulfilled, Obbe is sure that he did not have the
apostolic authority which had been allegedly conferred in the
pouring out of the Spirit in the last days of the world. The
question of ministerial authority is thus uppermost in Obbe's
mind when he opens his Confession with the question as to the
divine credentials of a true apostle.
The Confession, in tracing the rise of the radical reform, the
transfer of rebaptism to the Netherlands by Melchior Hofmann
(Selection IX), and the tragedy of the Munsterite revolution,
also provides this collection with an invaluable narrative as a
supplement to Selection I, though it must be checked and
emended. It will be observed, however (e.g., at notes 12 and 20
in the text), that the North Germans and the Dutch in the
Melchior-Obbenite-Mennonite succession had a different
conception of the rise of Anabaptism from that of the Swiss
Brethren and the Hutterites.
The translation was made and many of the notes prepared by
Christiaan Theodoor Lievestro.
A Confession
2
By Obbe Philips
RECOLLECTIONS OF THE YEARS 1533-1536

c. 1560
THE TEXT
[121] Paul said in Rom. 10:14 f.: How shall they believe in him
of whom they have not heard? and how shall they hear without
a preacher? and how shall they preach except they be sent?
While no one can believe without hearing, so also no one
can preach unless he is commissioned. And he who boasts that
he is commissioned shall demonstrate his commission with
strengthand deed.
As we accepted this and brought this to light in our preaching,
so must we and all impartial men with us examine ourselves
by these previous ordinances (of Moses and Aaron, Joshua,
Caleb, Samuel, and all the prophets, and thereafter Christ,
3
2 The Confession is translated from the first Dutch imprint edited by S.

Cramer and F. Pijper, Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica (The Hague,
1910), VII, pp. 121-138. Numbers in brackets refer to the pagination of
this critical edition.
An older MS. codex, of which a photocopy was kindly lent by the
Goshen College Library, was consulted for certain preferred variant
readings. Cf. Leonard Verduin, "An Ancient Version," MQR, XXII
(1948), 120-122.
The Confession was written shortly before 1560. For a time, it was kept
secret by Obbe's exiled companions in Rostock. When it made its way to a
Reformed "seeker of the truth" in Holland, it first circulated in manuscript
copies. In 1584, it was finally published by Cornelius Claesz. Another
Dutch edition appeared in 1609.
When the Confession was published first, it was seized upon by the
enemies of the Mennonites to demonstrate the gross errors and insidious
threats which they found immanent in Anabaptism. Many followers of
Menno Simons condemned it as a fraud. The Confession is not without
error or miscalculation since it was written some twenty years after the
events described. Indication has been made of those items of fact where
doubt prevails.
3 See especially Num. 14:1-12.
206
A CONFESSION : OBBE PHILIPS 2O7
John, and all apostles, disciples, and followers of Christ), as to
whether they are found to conform to them in all ordinances
and commissions or whether they are not instead contrary in
all these things. For the work,
says Jesus ben Sirach [cf. Eccle-
siasticus 9:17 (24)], praises the master, and a wise
prince or
ruler, his action.
In the first place, we must withall understanding concede
and confess that the church of Christ and the apostles was
first
destroyed and ruined in early times by Antichrist. Of this one

does not need to call forth many words or much testimony
[121], since w e ourselves are all in agreement and all who with
r
us are called Evangelical know that the whole of the papacy is

a Sodom, a Babylon, an Egypt, and an abomination of desola-
tion, thework or service of Antichrist, and all its ordinances,
ordinations (sendinghe)> and teachings are false, according to
prophecies of both Daniel (ch. 9:27) and Paul (II Thess. 2:3)
by the testimony of the Holy Spirit.
Thus have we altogether let go all such offices and com-
missions and have not wished to re-establish the same, seeking
only how each one might fear, serve, and honor his God and
best pursue the way to service before God in righteous love,
peace, and humility.
As these very devout hearts have resolved that they shall
serve God in all such quiet simplicity after the manner of the
Fathers and the Patriarchs, as already told, and therefore sought
wholeheartedly to serve their God and followed without
preacher, teacher, or any external assembly, so have some men
not been content to serve God in the simplicity of the Spirit
and with such quiet, pure hearts, but have wished to have
visible gods which they could hear, touch, and feel and thus
proposed that there must be established a congregation,
assembly, ordination, office, and order, as though no one could
be saved unless he stood in such a congregation or order.
And this was in time revealed, as it was in Israel, which
could no longer exist without a king. Then would they establish
a kingdom the same as the heathen and other peoples, and
thereby angered God no little and so brought about their own
chastisement (I Sam., ch. 8).
Thus in time this holiness was deceptive and the fieriness
became apparent in some who could no longer contain them-
selves in such simplicity; and they presented themselves as
teachers and envoys (sendtbooden) of God, professing to have
been compelled in their hearts by God to baptize, preach, and
and establish a new church (kercke), since
the ancient
teach,
church had perished.
Among Hubmaier, 4 Melchior
these were Doctor Balthasar
Rinck John Hut, John Denck, Louis Haetzer,* and Thomas
5
5 6 7
Muntzer. Look in the Chronica of Sebastian Franckn a nd in

*>
the letters and in many of their teachings about all these men.
Among these Melchior Hofmann stood out. He came from
12
to Emden to baptize around three

upper [123] Germany
hundred persons publicly in the church in Emden, both
13 This the old count* 4
burgher and peasant, lord and servant.
as Melchior was there. And it
permitted to take place as long
was said that the count was himself brought to the same belief.
This Melchior was a very fiery and zealous man^ a very
smooth-tongued speaker who was celebrated^
for his great
calling and commission, and wrote heatedly against Luther and

15 and other articles. And he inter-
Zwingli concerning baptism
can hear of
preted the whole Apocalypse, in which everyone
what remarkable and wonderful things are found therein, and
4 See above, Selection V, introduction.
5 Melchior Rinck (1493-1545), surnamed the Grecian, was the leading
Hessian Anabaptist (sometimes confused with Melchior Hofmann). He
was associated with Muntzer at Frankenhausen and with Denck and
Haetzer at Worms.
s Hans Hut (d. 1527), Thuringia-born fiery apostle of the Anabaptists of _
Austria, was associated with Muntzer at Frankenhausen,

with
Upper
Denck at Augsburg, and with Hubmaier at Nicolsburg (as an opponent) .
7 See above, Selection IV, introduction.

s See Selection 9 See above, Selection II, introduction.
I, n. 14.
^Chronica, Zeitbuch und Geschichtbibel (Stuttgart, 1531), esp. the famous
constituted one.
description of the four sects of which the Anabaptists
n See above, p. 145. It is possible that Franck's Spiritualism expressed in his
Chronica and letters was a major factor hi Obbe's withdrawal from the
His brother Dietrich Philips refutes two of Franck's letters
Anabaptists.
in the Enchiridion.
12 See above, Selection VII, introduction.
13 This was denied by the preachers of Emden in their Grundtlicker War-
haftiger Bericht (1594), 42. Gf.
W. I. Leendertz, Melchior Hofmann (Haar-
lem, 1885), 222.
14 Count Edzard I (d. 1528)? The authenticity of Obbe's authorship of the
in part because Count
Confession was questioned by Leendertz, op. rit.,
Edzard I died prior to Melchior's arrival in East Frisia. F. O. zur
Linden repeated the assertion and observed that Obbe confused the old
Count Edzard with Enno II. Melchior Hofmann (Haarlem, 1885), 236.
Cf. Jehring's Grundliche Historie (1720), 96-98, 192. Certainly the allusion
is an insufficient argument by which to deny Obbe's authorship.
Cf.
Abraham Hulshof, Geschiedenis van de Doopsgezindm te Straatsburg van 1525
tot 1557 (Amsterdam, 1905), 1 19 note.
is Cf. above, The Ordinance of God, Selection IX.
of which cannot thoroughly write or speak but which every-
I
one may read for himself.
He also began to interpret the Tabernacle of Moses 16 with
all the images of the Old Testament, from the
flight of the
Children of Israel out of Egypt to the Promised Land, with a
book on the incarnation, how the Word became flesh and lived
among us. 17 But this truth I must testify before God and my
soul, that at this hour, however much I have read forward
and backward and find that Martin Luther was very terribly
calumnious in his writings, I know of no one who has so much
calumniated and damned in his writings as this Melchior;
whereby also we all taught many blasphemies and considered
it was a true,
pure, and saintly thing to denounce [others] as
heretics and godless and to damn those who were not receptive
or disposed to our belief. As such they were all Lutherans,
Zwinglians, and papists; and all who did not say yes and amen
were devilish and satanic spirits, godless heretics, and people
damned to eternity. This [was done] in such a frightful way
that the hair on a man's head would stand on end.
In short, this Melchior did not remain longer at Emden but
set up as teacher John Trijpmaker, 18 who was well disposed in
his eyes and who was a preacher at Emden. Whereupon,
Melchior left him; and departed for Strassburg when his zeal
drove him hastily on [124] to heed the prophecy of an old man
of East Frisia who had prophesied of him that he would sit a
half year in prison in Strassburg and thereafter would freely
spread his ministry (predick-ampf) over the whole world with the
help of his ministers (dienaers) and supporters.
Thus, through the mediation of this prophecy, Melchior
removed to Strassburg and there began to preach and to teach
here and there in the houses of the burghers. Then to be brief,
the authorities sent their servants to take him prisoner. \Vhen
Melchior saw that he was going to prison, he thanked God that
i<5 Der Leuchter des alien Testaments tiszgelegt, welcher im heylgen stund der hutten
Mose (Strassburg, 1529). See also above, Selection IX at notes 14 and 20
J
and the adaptation of Melchior s conception of the Tabernacle in Dietrich
Philips, below, p. 258.
i? Von der waren hochprachtlichen einigen Majestdt Gottes und von der warhaftigen
menschwerdung des ewigen worts und sons des Allerhdhsten, ein Kurz.es zeugnisz.
Gf. Leendertz, op. cit., Bijlage VIII, 386 ff., "M. Hofmanns Buchlein
vom Fleisch Christi."
is
Jan Volkerts Trijpmaker, who was driven from Emden to continue
baptizing in Amsterdam around Christmas of 1530, was a weaver of a
nonsilk, mock-velvet fabric, i.e., tripe-de- velours.
the hour had come and threw his hat from his head and took a
knife and cut off his hose at the ankle, threw his shoes away and
extended his hand with the fingers to heaven and swore by the
living God who there from eternity to eternity that he
lives
would take no food and enjoy no drink other than bread
and
^
water until the time that he could point out with his hand and
outstretched fingers the One who had sent him. And with this
19
he went willingly, cheerfully, and well comforted to prison.
All this, dear friends, which I write here I heard and received
orally from his own disciples
who would daily come and go
for him at Strassburg, and who were my companions and
fellow brothers. We also received his letters every day, how his
action, his visions, and revelations affected him. And this
increased from day to day.
During this time the preachers of Emden rose up and con-
demned all those who were disposed to imitate Melchior in his
manner of preaching against and calumniating baptism so
severely that great dissension and insurrection daily broke out
among the burghers; and the preachers resolutely got the upper
hand.
Thus it happened that John Trijpmaker, whom Melchior had
(veroordnef] as a teacher, fled
ordained to
Amsterdam, taught
and baptized there and in other places those whom he found
willing and ready. This he did until he was
taken prisoner, as
were six or seven others, and taken to The Hague to be con-
demned and put to death. 20
[125] This was, in short, the commencement
of the first
commission and became the beginning of the movement. But
who moved or commissioned Melchior to this or laid upon
him such an off ê or ordered him, or from whom was he sent or
called? Or, in sum, whether he was sent by someone else or
began by his own inspiration is entirely unknown to me, and I
cannot testify any further about this because I have not heard
about his commission from any of his disciples.
Now when John Trijpmaker was dead, there was no longer
anyone who dared to take over or assume the office of apostle-
ship (sendinghe], although there were many who were readily
19 Martin Bucer similarly described this event in a little book which appeared
December, 1533, in Strassburg: Quid de baptismate.
5, 1531. G. Grosheide, using The Hague court records,
20 December
established the names of ten men sentenced, including Jan Volkerts

(Trijpmaker) of Hoorn. Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenis der AnabaptisUn in
Amsterdam (Hilversum, 1938).
baptized, for baptism came rapidly into vogue among many

plain and simple souls. At the same time Melchior had written
from prison that baptism should be suspended for two years.
Only teaching and admonishing in quiet [were permitted] as
with the Temple of Zerubbabel, Ezra, and Haggai, who, in the
beginning of its construction, were obstructed for two years by
their enemies, so that they could not build for two years until
the time that God sent them stronger assistance in King
Darius. 21 All such figures and images were much discussed and
this caused much consternation among the others.
While Melchior was in prison and John Trijpmaker was dead
and no one dared to take up or assume the office of apostleship,
there rose up a prophet in Strassburg named Leonard Joosten,
to whomMelchior was as much devoted as to Elijah, Isaiah,
22
Jeremiah, or one of the other prophets. Joosten had a pam-
phlet published in which were printed all his prophecies,
which I have read through more than once, where so many
remarkable things are found, and which I leave unchanged and
in his words.
Shortly thereafter there also rose up two prophetesses in
Strassburg, the one called Ursula-, wife of Leonard Joosten, the
other Barbara. These also prophesied and predicted remarkable
things and had many visions, revelations, and dreams which
Melchior also commanded to be placed with the prophecies of
Leonard Joosten. 23 These prophetesses dealt with many
remarkable visions among the brethren at Strassburg and could
24 would
predict what deception arise, what attire, what
features, faith, or form [it would have]; and all this through
visions, images, and allegories [126]. One came dragging a
wagon without wheels, another wagon had three wheels, one
wagon had no shaft, some no horses, some no recognizable
driver, some had but one leg, some were lepers and beggars,
some wore a tunic or a cloak with a lappet of fur. 25 Some wore
an unusually strange garment; and so forth with these shapes
and appearances. All this they could interpret for the brethren
in a spiritual sense and according to everyone's belief and the
21 The basic texts for the two-year Stillstand or suspension (found also in
Caspar Schwenckfeld) are Ezra 4:24 and Hag. 1:1 f.
Joosten's vagaries soon drove the Strassburg authorities to lock him in
22
chains in an insane institution.
23 See
Leendertz, op. tiL> Bijlage VII, 384 ff.
24- The reference seems to be to the
apocalyptic abomination of desolations
(Matt. 24:15; Mark 13:14).
25 Another reacting could be "parti-colored."
points by which everyone stood and the articles

which many
held. Thus they were held in wholly sacred regard by the
brethren. And some of these things also proved true, as the
brethren later reported when they came from them to me.
One of the prophetesses also prophesied and that through
a vision that Melchior was Elijah. She saw a white swan
swimming in a beautiful river or watercourse, which swan had
sung beautifully and wonderfully. And that, she interpreted to
apply to Melchior as the true Elijah. She had also seen a vision
of many death heads on the walls around Strassburg. When she
wondered whether Melchior's head was among them, and she
tried to see, she became aware of Melchior's head, and as she
gazed upon it the head laughed and looked at her in a friendly
way. Thereafter she saw that all the other heads came alive,
one after the other, and they all began to laugh. This and
many suchlike visions and revelations they brought to light,
but only for the brethren. What use and profit came from this I
do not know.
She also saw a vision that occurred in this manner. She saw
in the vision a great drawing room or beautiful salon, grand and
stately, and full of brethren and sisters all sitting properly
around the room in a row. And there stood a youth in the middle
with a white garment draped about him. And he had in his hand
a golden chalice full of a strong drink and he went along the
row from one to the other offering each the chalice, but no one
could touch the drink, so strong was it. At last he came to one
brother named Cornelius Polterman, 26 who was Melchior's
disciple. He took the chalice from the youth's hand and drank
from it before all. This fantasy was interpreted to mean that
Cornelius Polterman would be Enoch. Some among them held
that Doctor Caspar Schwenckfeld 27 should be considered Enoch.
At that time it was also prophesied that Strassburg would be
the [127] New Jerusalem, 28 and after Melchoir was in prison
for a half year, according to the prophecy of the old man in
East Frisia, he would leave Strassburg with 144,000 true
preachers, apostles, and emissaries of God, with powers, signs
and miracles, and with all such strength of the Spirit that no
one could resist them.
26 Cornells Polterman of Zealand, preacher in Middleburg.
2? See above, Selection VIII, introduction. Hermann was never sure whom
he should consider the rightful Enoch, as his adverse view regarding the
J
false prophecies of one or another "Elijah" or "Enoch* indicates.
Cf. Leendertz, op. aX, 281.
28 Melchior originally calculated that the millennium would begin in 1533.
Thereafter Elijah and Enoch would stand upon the earth
as two torches and olive trees. 29 No one might harm or hinder
them; and they would be dressed in sacks; and, if anyone
should hinder them., fire would go from their mouths and
devour their enemies. Thereupon the prophets would have
such power as to strike the earth with many and manifold
plagues, as often as they would. The 144,000 were interpreted
as those in the Apocalypse (chs. 7:4; 14:1 ff.) who stood with
the Lamb on Mount Zion. And all had harps in their hands and
had the name of the Father written on their foreheads, and all
sang a new hymn which was known only by the 144,000 who
were redeemed from all peoples, the firstlings of God and the
Lamb. In their mouths no guile is found, nor are they defiled with
women, for they are virgins and follow the Lamb wherever it goes.
Now when these teachings and consolations with all the
fantasies, dreams, revelations, and visions daily occurred
among the brethren, there was no little joy and expectation
30 for we were
among us, hoping all would be true and fulfilled,
all unsuspecting, innocent, simple, without guile or cunning,
and were not aware of any false visions, prophets, and revela-
tions. We
supposed in our simplicity that if we guarded our-
selves against the papists, Lutherans, and Zwinglians, then all
was well and we need have no cares. 31 Thereby a man's
experience brings him great wisdom.
Now, dear friends, before the half year of Melchior's proph-
esied imprisonment came to an end there arose a baker of
29 Rev. 1 1
14.
30 The pamphlet literature of the period reveals a marked frequency of
prognostications beginning around 1528, dominating all other subjects
in 1532-1535 and ceasing abruptly in 1536. In the midst of the most
materialistic needs and anxieties of the populace appears a bright burst
of hope and anticipation of the coming of Christ. See Louis D. Petit,
ed., Nederlandsche Pampfletten (The Hague, 1882), 8, no. 47, 1532.
31 K. Vos held that the chiliastic millennialists drew very substantial follow-
ings because a variety of material circumstances drove a tense and
anxious populace to anticipate either the trumpets of doom or the
heralds of Christ. He believed that the appearance of three comets (in
I 53 I s I
532 and 1533) finally brought on the madness of the Munster
5
debacle. "Revolutionnaire hervorming," De Gids, IV (1920), 4341!. A

vicious plague caused a strict ban to be imposed in Amsterdam on July 28,
1534. A famine threatened the populace and a series of disastrous floods
may indeed have excited the people to cataclysmic anticipation. The
combination of these factors and the increasing persecution of heretics
brought about an exodus of religious dissenters to North Germany and to
England in a stream that began around 1527 and reached its height
Haarlem named John Matthijs, who had an elderly [128] wife
whom he deserted, and he took with him a brewer's daughter
who was a very pretty young slip of a girl and had great knowl-
edge of the gospel. He enticed her away
from her parents with
sacred and beautiful words and told how God had shown great
things to him, and she would be his wife, He carried her secretly
with him to Amsterdam and brought her to a clandestine place.
Now when he came there, he professed to have been greatly
driven by the Spirit and [told] how God had revealed great
tell to no one, that he was the
things to him which he could
other witness, Enoch. 3 2
Now when the friends or brethren heard of this, they became
apprehensive and knew not what they
should best do. For
Melchior, whom they regarded as Elijah, had written that they
should follow Zerubbabel and Haggai in building the
"Temple": they should refrain from baptizing for two years
(as heretofore explained). They
had also heard that Cornelius
Polterman was Enoch.
When John Matthijs learned of this, he carried on with much
emotion and terrifying alarm, and with great and desperate
curses cast all into hell and to the devils to eternity who would
not hear his voice and who would not recognize and accept
him as the true Enoch. Because of this, some went into a room
without food and drink, in fasting and prayer, and were almost
all as disconsolate over such threats as if they lay in hell. For
we were at that time all unsuspecting and no one knew that
such false prophets could arise in the midst of the brethren.
Thus there came a youth of around twelve years of age,
proclaiming peace, and hands were proffered and clasped in
greeting. Then they again came to themselves and the
fearful
anxiety subsided among them. And therewith and after much

negotiation they attached themselves to John Matthijs
and
became obedient.
about 1544. There was not, however, a steady increase in this flight. A
ebb occurred between 1530 and 1540. See A. A. van Schelven,
distinct
Be Nederduitsche vluchtelingenkerken der XVIe eeuw in Engeland en Duitschland
in hunne beteekenis wor de reformatie in de Nederlanden
(The Hague, 1909), 4.
The decrease in emigration may be explained in part by the stricter
enforcement of the ban on such movements at the time of Miinster.
3* When the court of Holland in The Hague condemned Matthijs on July
14, 1534, the sentence recorded that Matthijs "declared himself before
Christmas last (1533) in Amsterdam to be a prophet sent by the
. . .
Holy Spirit." Cornelius, op. cit., 78.

John Matthijs as Enoch and an envoy of God (for so he
professed to be) introduced them into the office of apostle and
sent them out in pairs as true apostles and emissaries of Christ.
Some, such as Gerard Boekbinder 33 and John of Leyden 34
departed for Mtinster. 35 Thereafter, through his corrupt
John of Leyden became king of Munster, all of which
activities,
Gerard Boekbinder later told me in Amsterdam in the presence
01 Jacob van [129] Campen 36 and several others. Now how
33 Gerrit Boekbinder rebaptized Bernard Rothmann, the leading Lutheran

preacher of Munster.
34
Jan Beukelszoon van Leyden, later king of Munster. The ten other
apostles listed in the Successio Anabaptistica (1603) are given by K. Vos
and the lives of all twelve traced from various sources in Doopsgezinde
Bijtragen (1917), pp. 98-100.
35 Munster was taken by the Anabaptists in February, 1534. In Amsterdam
the lenient magistrates were compelled by an apparent threat to civil
order to league together to protect themselves against a possible revolu-
tion. Both in Antwerp and in Amsterdam the commercial interests feared
an immediate cataclysm. It is noteworthy that the state of mind that led
one segment of the population to hope for a New Jerusalem caused in the
other half an equally vivid prospect of a material doom. Reynier Brundt,
counselor and attorney general for the imperial court in The Hague,
reported to Count Hoogstraten, imperial Stadholder of Holland,
Zeeland, and Frisia, that the intensified search for the heretics had taken
them into the swamps around the city and into the attics where the
pursued had hidden themselves in Amsterdam. He complained, however,
that many had fled, presumably to join the Miinsterites, and he had,
therefore, forbidden all ship captains to take the refugees aboard. See
G. A. Cornelius, Die niederldndischen Wiedertdufer wdhrend der Belagerung
Miinsters 1534 1555, Bayerische Akademie, Abhandlungen, XI (1869),
bis
Abt. II, p. Hoogstraten moved quickly to halt the migration.
90.
Altogether, some three thousand men, women, and children from the
northern provinces attempted to join the Miinsterites. Cf. J. S. Theissen,
De regeering van Karel V in de Noordelijke Nederlanden (Amsterdam, 1912),
248-249.
36
Jacob van Campen revealed in his confession (Cornelius, op. tit., 98)
that he had been acquainted with the young "king" of Munster while the
gifted John of Leyden was a member of one of the rhetoricians' chambers
(which openly mocked the priesthood and their indulgent habits). See
J. le Petit, La Grande chronique de Hollands (Dordrecht, 1601), VII, 101 fT.,
and T. v. Domselaer, Historische Beschrijving van Amsterdam (Amsterdam,
1665), VI, 163 ff. The extensive examination made by G. Grosheide of
the municipal records and court testimony on the Amsterdam uprisings
reveals conflicting accounts of the role of Jacob van Campen. Cornelius
(op. cit.
9 97 ff.) exonerated van Campen from all implication in the
attempted revolution. Van Campen consistently maintained in his
confession at the repeated hearings that he had refused to heed the orders
sent him by John Matthijs and John van Geelen. Testimony indicates
that van Campen, like van Geelen, awaited some word or sign from
Miinster marking the deliverance of Amsterdam. The message that
2l6 SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
in Miinster 37
everything their activities and first beginnings
unfolded is not entirely worth describing. Therefore I shall
relate only the essentials.

During these events there came to us in Leeuwarden
in
Frisia two of these commissioned apostles, namely, Bartholomew
Boekbinder 38 and Dietrich Kuyper.^ 9 And when some of us
fourteen or fifteen
gathered together with the others, about
and proclaimed
persons, both men and women, they proposed^
to us peace and patience with some words and instructions, and
therewith they began to reveal the beginning of their apostleship
and the compulsion (drijuinge) of the Spirit, and how John
Matthijs had come to them with such signs, miracles,
and
of the that words failed them to describe it
agitation Spirit
enough to us, and they said we should not doubt but that they
were no less sent forth with power and miracle than the
apostles at Pentecost. Those same words I have reflected on a
hundred times.
They comforted us and said we need have no anxiety
also
nor fear we had long had because of the great tyranny
as
since no Christian blood would be shed on earth, but in a short
time God would rid the earth of all shedders of blood and all
tyrants and the godless which at that time did not please me
too well in my heart and mind although I did not dare to
contradict this because it was then the time that none dared
to say much in opposition. And whoever spoke against this
would immediately be resisting and slandering the Spirit,
would be ajannes or Jambres ([II Tim. 3:8; cf. Ex. 7:11] who,
with their sorcery, had resisted Moses and Aaron) They also .
finally came was that the brethren

in Amsterdam had inherited the
sword from Miinster, to be appropriately used. Van Campen declared
that he would use arms only to defend himself, not to harm others.
37 The interrelationship between the Miinster and the Amsterdam Ana-
Geschiedenis der Neder-
baptists is readily apparent. Cf. Walter J. Kiihler,
landsche Doopsgezinden in de zestiende eeuw (Haarlem, 1932), and John
Horsch, "Is Dr. Kiihler's Conception of Early Dutch Anabaptism
Historically Sound?", MQR, VII (1933) 4 8 97- C. A. Cornelius demon-
;
strated the practical relationship between the two communities.

38 Bartholomew Boekbinder is to be distinguished from Leonard and
Gerard. All three were among the twelve apostles chosen by John
Matthijs. BRN, VII, 31.
39 Willem (here incorrectly Dierick) Cuyper was one of the twelve com-
missioned by John Matthijs. He and Bartholomeus in turn baptized and
commissioned Obbe. Obbe, in turn commissioned his brother Dietrich
and Menno Simons. BRN, VIE, 558. But it was Peter Houtzagher who
baptized Dietrich, See below at n. 43. On Willem Cuyper, see Mellinck,
op. cit., 353.
frightened the hearts with damnation so that no one dared
contradict them and each feared that he might in some way
sin against them and speak against the commission or the
ordination of God. For we were all guileless as children and had
no idea that our own brethren, who were daily with us amid
the perils of death and had to suffer persecution, would betray
us. 40
Thus did we on that day almost all permit ourselves to be
baptized.The following day, when they were ready to go on,
they summoned us along with John Scheerder, at the sugges-
41
tion of other brethren, and with the laying on of hands laid upon
us the office of preaching, [commissioning us] to baptize,
teach, and stand before the congregation, [130] etc. could We
feel the laying on of hands and we could also hear all the words,
but we neither felt nor heard the Holy Spirit, nor received any
power from above, but [heard] many loose words which had
neither strength nor lasting effect, as afterward we amply
discovered; and after they had done these things with us, they
immediately went forth the same day.
42
Eight days later came Peter Houtzagher with the same com-
and Dietrich 43 and several others at
mission, baptized Philips
the time when I was outside the town in the countryside to
preach, so that I did not speak with this Peter. But they told
me all about it and that there were many of the Zwinglians 44
there who contradicted him so that he did not accomplish
much there. After a day or two he departed again for Amster-
dam, and as soon as this Peter Houtzagher was outside
40 It is not without justification that Obbe and his followers feared betrayal.
John Trijpmaker himself had revealed the names of some fifty or sixty
Anabaptists. Fortunately, informants in turn warned most of the betrayed
so that only nine were arrested and consequently executed with Trijp-
maker. Cf. G. Grosheide, op. cit., 36. Charles V, who sought both to
maintain religious unity and to take able men for the galleys, offered
inducements to betrayal, typically in his edict published June 10, 1535:
"He that delivers them up, or makes them known, shall have a third9
part of the confiscated estate." See T. J. van Braght, Martyrs
Mirror.
41 Hans Scheerder, after 1535 a revolutionary. He is mentioned in Sel. IX,
n. 42.
42 Pieter
Houtzagher (woodsawyer) was one of the twelve apostles of John
Matthijs.
43 Dirck Philips. See below, Selection XI, introduction.
44 This designation is unusual and undoubtedly means the sacramentarians
of Dutch origin. See critical Dutch edition, n. 3; cf. above, pp. 208 f., and
below, p. 222.
Leeuwarden, all prophecy and spiritual braggadocio ceased. He

himself was immediately and severely pursued and sought
after, first in the town and then
in the countryside and in all die
for the authorities
villages, so that he only narrowly escaped,
45 In the meantime Scheerder, my companion,
had him hunted.
and I set out again for Leeuwarden on a Sunday and when we
arrived at the town gates around midday, there stood the gate-
close the portals. He spoke to usâs
keeper, who was about to
he saw us approaching and said that if we wanted to get in,
we must enter quickly. When we heard this we were much
alarmed and we asked what the trouble was. He said: There
are Anabaptists in the town who will all be taken prisoners.
Then we became even more frightened and thought of the
prophecies. Nevertheless, we
had not reckoned on this and we
and went into the town in the bright mid-
gathered up courage
In the house I found my wife much distressed,
day. entering
and she told me of the business about Peter Houtzagher, that
some had strongly spoken out against his word and commission,
which resulted in a great clamor and persecution, begging
me to get out of the way [131] to some other house until
it was dark (for it was winter, between Christmas and
46
Candlemas).
These three men, dear friends, who boasted to us of such
commission and apostolic offices and told us that no more blood
would be shed on earth, themselves shortly thereafter through
the driving of the Spirit, walked through Amsterdam [March
23, 1534]. One cried out: The new city is given to the children
45 The procurator general Reynier Brundt appealed to Stadholder Hoog-

straten on February 14, 1534, to impose his imperial authority in Amster-
dam where, wrote Brundt, "all these troubles have come about principally
[through] the fault and negligence of the officers [of the city]" (Corne-
lius, op. cit. 9 76). Hoogstraten toured Holland in April and May
of 1534
with the result that about a hundred persons were executed by fire,
sword, and water. The confession of Jannetgen Thys, January 23, 1535,
confirmed Brundt's worst fears. Some sixty of the Amsterdam militia
were secretly Anabaptists, she reported, and two magistrates and one
burgomaster were counted among the brethren. She also asserted that
the signal would soon be given from Minister for the Amsterdam
brethren to use the sword and take the city. Differences of doctrine and
purpose, however, split the leaders of the group, she added. Had they
been able to reach an accord, they would already have taken the city.
Cornelius, op. cit.> 86 f.
4 The winter of 1533-1534.

of God; another called: Repent ye, repent ye and do penance;
the third cried: Woe, woe
to all the godless. 47
Now, as they were captured in the midst of these outcries,
they and some fifteen or sixteen other teachers and brethren
were taken as insurrectionists and Anabaptists to Haarlem
where they were all condemned and tortured to death. 48 Some
were smothered and put on a pike; then the others were be-
headed and set on the wheel. This I myself thereafter saw and
stood among the executed with some brethren who had traveled
with me because I was curious to know which in the heap those
three were who had baptized us and had proclaimed such
calling and promise to us. But we could not identify them, so
frightfully were they changed by the fire and smoke, and those on
the wheels we could not recognize either, nor tell one from the
other.
See, dear friends, so did it come to pass with the first com-
mission among us and such was the reliability of their proph-
ecies. 49
Now one may really wonder what the courage of our hearts
was when we thought of the highly daring and boastful words,
which I did not read in a book nor receive or hear in round-
about ways, but which I received from their own mouths. O
God! Their message to us was entirely opposite: and all they
told us would come upon the world, the tyrants and the godless
on earth, that came upon us and upon them first of all, for we
were the very first who were persecuted and put to death. O
man, how can the great consternation among us be expressed
we are oppressed by the world [132] and severely persecuted
4? Dietrich Kuyper, Bartholomew Boekbinder, and Peter Houtzagher

marched through Amsterdam, brandishing swords, on March 23, 1534,
and were executed on or about March 26. The "new" city was the west
side of Amsterdam, where most of the Anabaptists resided or gathered.
The chronicles reported that they cried out: "In the name of the Lord:
God's blessing over the new side, God's curse over the old city!"
48
Hoogstraten was officially informed from The Hague on March 26, 1534,
that seven Anabaptists, among them Peter Houtzagher, were executed
on that day. Cf. Cramer's comments in BRN> VII, 106 f.
49 This event may have been the moment of the Obbenite defection from
the Melchiorite movement in The Netherlands. It appears that the
execution of Peter Houtzagher and the others shocked Obbe into seeing
their promises ("henceforth no Christian blood will be shed on earth")
as lies and false prophecies, betrayed in the violence of their miserable
deaths. Eventually, the legality of his ordination by these men, and thus
his own authority to ordain and to preach, was cast in doubt.
and even by our own brethren we are every day deceived and
betrayed.
After this some others arose who were made teachers by the
previous ones mentioned
and who had been ordained by
a of
John Matthijs such as Jacob van Campen, teacher^
Amsterdam, Dainas of Hoorn, Leonard Boekbinder, Cornelius
5
from the Brielle, Nicholas of Alkmaar, Maynard of Delft,
and many others, with all of whom I have spoken and dealt
much with and such strange instruction was heard among
them! One corrupted marriage. The second taught nothing but
parables. The third would pardon
no one nor recognize him
as brother who fell into apostasy after baptism and herewith
referred to the wilfuland knowing sin unto death. 51 The fourth
would have the baptism of John before the baptism of Christ,
etc. Others stood firmly by visions, dreams, and prophecies.
Some also were of the opinion that when the brethren and
teachers were put to death, they would immediately be
resurrected and would rule on earth with Christ a thousand
years, and all that they left behind
them would be restored to
them a hundredfold. Thus there were almost as many meanings
as there were teachers, each comforting himself with lies and
false promises, visions, dreams, and revelations. Some had
a new trek
spoken with God, others with angels until they got
under way to Munster. During this business, those at Miinster
accepted the teaching and commission of the emissaries
[apostles] of John Matthijs, namely,
Gerard Boekbinder and
John of Ley den; and in time, with the message and their
apostolic role, they took Munster
with the sword and by
force.
In the most prominent in Munster were John
this business,
Matthijs and John of Leyden, who later became king of

52 If one were to describe the
Munster, also Bernard Rothmann.
and end of all those events and how it all transpired,
beginning
one would have to write a book about it of the books, writings,
and letters they daily sent to us, of the great signs, wondrous
visions, and rev[i33]elations they had daily since such
highly celebrated prophets and prophecies came so quickly to
an end and misrepresented themselves. One may perceive of
so Others of the twelve. BRN> VII, 31.
si Cf.Heb. 6:4-6 and 10:26; also see Melchior Hofmann, Sel. IX, n. 12.
52 Bernt Rothmann, popular Lutheran preacher, was converted to restora-
tionisni by the Wassenberg refugees who carried into Munster certain
ideas of John Gampanus. See above, n. 33, and Sel. VII, n. 3.
A CONFESSION : OBBE PHILIPS 221
which spirit they were the children and by which spirit they
were led and driven. Thus we leave this and look further to how
they represented themselves to us in order that we may clarify
a little the trek to Mtinster.
This lively interchange with Minister took place rapidly
through and through diverse teachers from Holland who
letters
professed and not Strassburg was the New

that Miinster
Jerusalem. For Melchior was forgotten with his prophets and
prophetesses, with his apostleship of 144,000 true apostles of
Christ out of Strassburg, with his Elijah role, and all his boasting.
In time we gave the matter little belief; rather, it was for the
most part forgotten, for Melchior was and remained imprisoned
until death and died in prison. All his apostleship, prophecy,
Elijah role, and his dispatch of apostles from Strassburg all
went to nought and to shame. And so it was told to me by the
brethren that Melchior even had to break his own fast, using
other food and drink because of the weakness of his condition,
for he could no longer keep alive on water and bread. The ever
gracious God must take pity on his poor soul and be merciful,
for a truly reasonable person can clearly imagine what the
courage of Melchior's heart must have been when the time of
the prophecies had elapsed and no deliverance, help, or comfort
came to him. Everything that he so boldly professed from' the
mouth of the prophets and prophetesses he, in the end, found
it all falsehood and deception, in fact and in truth; and he was
so deceived with all their visions, prophecies, commission,

dreams, and Elijah role that my heart today feels pity for his
on account of this distress of his soul, which indeed was much
more severe for him than all the persecution and tyranny, as
all sensible people can readily comprehend. This Melchior,
who was to have been Elijah, was soon scorned and forgotten
by the brethren, as already described, when they had Enoch in
the Netherlands.
Just as John Matthijs was truly Enoch with the true com-
mission [134] and apostolic office, so he also came to his end
and received his reward according to his works. Melchior died
in prison and did not come out again as the prophets and
prophetesses had predicted, and all his intentions with all his
following toppled to the ground and came to nothing more.
John Matthijs, as an apostle and Enoch, was beaten before the
gates of Miinster in a skirmish or hostile encounter, for he
daily strode there in his armor and with his musket like a wild
man out of his senses. He was so fierce and bloodthirsty that he
brought various people to their deaths; yea, and he was so

violent that even his enemies for their part were terrified of
him, and when finally in a tumult they became too powerful
for him, they were so incensed that they did not just kill him
like other people but hacked and chopped him into
little
so that his brethren had to carry him in a basket

pieces,
when the tumult was over. Yet some of the brethren
insisted that, following the prophecy of Enoch and Elijah, he
would be resurrected on the fourth day and before all people
he would rise up to heaven or be carried away by a cloud.
So blind with such frightful blindness were some ofthem smitten.
See, dear friends, how we have here the beginning
and end of
both Elijah and Enoch with their commissions, visions, proph-
ecies, dreams, and revelations. What spirit compelled
this
each judge for
performance, office, and commission, will
I let
himself.
Thus continued with muskets, pikes, harquebuses, and
it
halberds.Thus would they fight and no longer suffer. They

would put on the armor of David; they would deal out^to the
godless double their tyranny according to the Scripture.
Munster and not Strassburg was then Jerusalem. Amsterdam was
followed
given to the children of God. There one insurrection
another [notably May 10, I535]- 53 There the godless would
meet their end and be punished. But all that came to nothing.
All prophecies were false and lying, for the tables were always
turned the other way. Those who denounced others as godless
[135] were such themselves. And
those who would exterminate
the others were themselves annihilated. Everywhere it was
dealt out to them twofold. And still we poor people could not
that we were
yet open our eyes, for it all happened so crudely
not able to put our hands on the lies and obscurities. But God
53 The spectacle of seven "naked walkers" in February, 1535,
was a con-
vincing example to the city that the treacherous
madness of Anabaptism
must be finally and completely destroyed. This little coterie of wild
visionaries proclaimed the "naked truth" of an apocalyptic judgment
and the coming of a communistic paradise. Cf. Selection IX, at n. 21. The
final explosion occurred on May 10, 1535. A group of thirty-three insur-
rectionists took possession of the town hall where they were subdued by
cannon and militia in a day and a night. Such reinforcements as had been
hoped for by the rebels from Flanders and Frisia arrived too late. By
holding back their followers from joining the Anabaptist rebellion,
Obbe and Jacob van Campen ultimately determined the failure of
the abortive revolution in Amsterdam, The Miinsterite leader, John
van Geelen, was fatally wounded; and his followers were promptly
executed.
knows that Dietrich and I could never find it in our hearts
that such onslaughts were right; we taught firmly against this,
but it did us no good, for most of the folks were inclined to this.
Some men always wanted to answer this and turn it to good
account, making the shame into an honor, and attach to it a
nice flaxen beard. 54
how many times were some of us so distressed to death
that the heart in our bodies turned cold, and we did not know
where to turn, nor what best to do; the whole world pursued us
to death with fire, water, sword, and bloody tyranny for our
belief. The
prophecies deceived us on all sides and the letter of
the Scriptures took us prisoner. The false brothers whom we
punished and spoke out against vowed our deaths and yet the
love of so many hearts caused such pity in us that the all-
highest King of Glory knows that my heart was often grieved
to death. Were it not for the love I felt for the simple hearts
who were daily misled by the false brethren, I would long
ago have left them and departed from all my acquaintances
55
with some of these innocent hearts. For a time there was no one
among the teachers who would help me to resist the false
brethren against all insurrectionists, except Dietrich Philips,
since we were never in our hearts given over to such seditious
inspiration and false prophecy. Indeed, I may well say with
truth that my love of the brethren in the zeal for the house of
the Lord very nearly engulfed me.
1 am still miserable of heart today that I [136] advanced
anyone to such an office while I was so shamefully and miserably

deceived that I did not stop forthwith, but permitted myself
to bring poor souls to this that I through the importuning of
the brethren commissioned to the office [apostleship] Dietrich
56 in
Philips Amsterdam, David Joris 57 in Delft, and Menno
Simons 58 in Groningen.
54 to prettify their intentions.
I.e.,
55 Obbe broke from Menno and Dietrich only c. 1539-1540, whereupon
the former branded him a Demas (II Tim. 4:10).
apostle Peter Houtzagher who had baptized Dietrich Philips
56 It was the
(above, at n. 43), but it was Obbe who ordained or commissioned him.

The question of orders and the ministry remains an obscure chapter in
Anabaptist history. See "Ministry," Mennonite Encyclopedia.
Joris, who regarded himself as the third David in succession to
Si David
King David and Christ, misled the more fanatic remnants of the Miin-
sterite debacle from his new base in Basel where he lived splendidly under
a false name. The most recent study is that of Roland Bainton in The
Travail of Religious Liberty: Nine Biographical Studies (Philadelphia, 1951).
58 Menno Simons (1496-1561) could not have been ordained before
It is this which is utter grief to my heart and which I will
lament before my God as long as I live, before all my com-
panions, as often as I think of
them. At the time that I took
leave of those brethren I had warned Menno and Dietrich and
declared my commission unlawful and that I was therein
deceived. I wished from my heart that they had not touched or
assumed such an office. I wanted to free my soul in a confession
of this before God, acknowledging my guilt and deception. ^
They might then do what they wished and may still do what
they will. I thank the blessed, gracious,
and merciful God with
all his mercy, who opened my eyes, humbled my soul, trans-
formed my heart, captured my spirit and my downcast mind
and soul, and who gave me to know my sins. And when I still
think of the resigned suffering 59 which occurred among the
brethren in Amsterdam, in the Old Cloister [in Bolsward], in
Hazerswoude, in Appingedam, in the Sandt [in Groningen],
and above all at Miinster, my soul is troubled and terrified
before it. I shall be silent about all the false commissions,
prophecies, visions, dreams, revelations,
and unspeakable
pride which immediately from the first hour
spirit[i37]ual
stole in among the brethren. For those baptized one day cried
on the morrow about all the godless, that they must be rooted
out. And actually, as soon as anyone was baptized, he was at
once a pious Christian and slandered all people and admitted
no one on earth to be good but himself and his fellow brethren.
Was that not a great and terrible pride? And who can express
the great wrangling and dissension among the congregations,
of debating and arguing about the Tabernacle of Moses, the
cloven claw, 60 about the commission, the armor of David,
about the thousand-year Kingdom of Christ on earth, about the
1
incarnation, baptism, belief, Supper, the promised David/
December, 1536, or January, 1537. He neither acknowledged nor denied
the ordination. Menno led the remnants of the Obbenites (themselves,
the pacifistic dissidents from among the Melchiorites) into a firmly
his name and
disciplined international Anabaptist fellowship bearing
using his Foundation Book as their guide. Obbe Philips' brother, Dietrich,
and Leonard Bouwens were the chief associates of Menno in this
endeavor.
59 The Dutch word here is verbeydinghe. This could be a misprint in the
which case it should be translated
early editions for verleydinge, in
"deception."
<>0 On the Tabernacle, see Hofmann, Sel. IX, at n, 14 and passim and
Dietrich Philips, ibid. On the cloven claw, see Hofmann, Sel. IX, n. 42;
"
Hubmaier, Sel. V, at n. 12; "Gespauwde Klauw3 Mennonite Encyclopedia.
Above, n. 57.
second marriage (dubbelde Echti), free will, predestination, the
conscious sin unto death. 62 And all this occurred with ban,
condemnations, blasphemy, slander, the blackening of reputa-
tion, backbiting, judging, and adjudication, [the labeling of
others] as heretical, godless, papistical, Lutheran, Zwinglian.
And this the brethren did among each other, the one as
much as the other, the one this and the other that.
Thus it is that a reasonable, impartial Christian may truly
say that it is no Christian congregation but a desolate abomina-
tion, that it can be no temple of God but a cave of murderers,
full of hate, envy, jealousy, spiritual pride, pseudo piety,
hypocrisy, contempt, defamation. They could suffer neither

the love nor benefit of another who was not of their belief, sect,
opinion, and who did not say yes and amen to all their enter-
prises and onslaughts.
Thus was the beginning of the commission and apostolic
office of Elijah and Enoch continued by the teachers and its
end revealed and sufficiently exhibited. So also can one who is
not otherwise blind easily see that the one errs and fails here,
the other there; the one promotes an offense and tumult
63 and lauds God
here, another there; one fetes here, the other
there. If I were to tell everything in full that I know of all this,
of the commission, doctrine, office, and the teachers whom I
have known and of the positions which they actually held, it
would be much too much, yes, grievous, to hear and also would
not be appropriate to relate.
62 Cf. Hofmann, Sel. IX. at n. 12.
63 The rather extraordinary word (bancketieri) may refer to the holding of
the Lord's Supper and love feast.
XI
The Church of God
l
By Dietrich Philips
c. 1560
INTRODUCTION
WE HAVE IN THE WORK OF THE YOUNGER
brother of the foregoing Obbe Philips (Selection X) a
HERE more constructive reaction to the confusions and mis-
calculations of the Mtinsterite Anabaptists. Here is a vigorous
delineation of the church, organized strictly on the apostolic
pattern (as the Miinsterite commonwealth had not been) with
a programmatic suppression of any claim to its being the
Kingdom of God.
In the following Selection from Dietrich's Enchiridion^ which
has had a place in Mennonitism comparable to that of Melanch-
thon's systematic Loci communes within Lutheranism, the whole
of Mennonite theology can be glimpsed in concentrating on
one aspect of it.
The Church of God may be conveniently divided into three
parts: (I) the creation of the church and its restoration among
angels and men, (II) the seven ordinances of the true church,
i There is no full-length study of Dietrich Philips in English. Besides brief
descriptions of the two Philips brothers in the general and regional

histories cited in the introduction, n. i, mention may be made of an article
byJohnHorsch, "The Rise of Mennonitism in the Netherlands," MQR,
VIII (1934), 147, and the most recent general study of Dutch Ana-
baptism by Walter Kiihler, Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Doopsgesinden in
de zestienden eeuw (Haarlem 5 1932). Kiihler 's stress on the humanist strand
supplied by the devotio moderna and Erasmus as well as Kiihler's willing-
ness to grant a fairly close connection originally between Amsterdam
and Minister was vigorously assailed by John Horsch, "Is Dr. Kiihler's
Conception ... Sound?", MQR, VII (1933), 4^j 97- The most recent
study of Dutch Anabaptism is by A. F. Mellink, De Wederdopers in de
Noordelijke Nederlanden, 1531-1544 (Groningen, 1953). See the brief
references to Dietrich in Obbe's Confession, Selection X, at notes 43, 55,
and 56.
226
THE CHURCH OF GOD: PHILIPS 227
and (III) the ten marks of the church. Part I is indirectly
indebted to Augustine, though Augustine's seven periods of
sacred history are allowed to fade behind the more typical
Anabaptist stress on the distinction between the Old and the
New Dispensation. Dietrich does not find occasion here to date
the fall of the New Covenant church; and though, like Brait-
michel in the Hutterite Chronicle (Selection I), he apparently
holds to a continuity of the faithful remnant down through the
Middle Ages, he cites no names. In contrast to Obbe (also
Schwenckfeld, and Franck, Selection VII) Dietrich holds that
the church of the apostles has truly been restored (Part II). At
the same time its marks (Part III) partake of the bright hues
of the eschatological church of the Apocalypse. In fact, the
magnificence of the conception is due to the fact that after the
debacle of the Mimsterite theocracy the Dutch Anabaptists
appropriated the Apocalyptic language of the church
triumphant for their own conventicles militant. The cogency of
this treatise depends in part upon the strong and resourceful
undergirding supplied from Scripture at every juncture.
Nevertheless, to reduce its bulk, the editor has removed many
of the Scriptural references. The text has also been slightly
reduced at points indicated by ellipses but at two points
expanded in the notes with material taken from another part of
the Enchiridion (On Becoming Man) to allow Dietrich to speak
more fully on the heavenly flesh of Christ and the implications
of the doctrine for the observation of the Supper (c Schwenck-
feld, Selection VIII).
2
The Church of God
By Dietrich Philips
c. 1560
THE TEXT
[I. THE ORIGIN AND PRIMORDIAL FALL AND RESTORATION OF
THE CHURCH]
The church (Gemeynte) of God was originally begun by God in
heaven with the angels, who were created spirits and flaming
fire (Ps. 104:4; Heb. 1:7), to stand before the throne of God
praising and serving him, and also that they should minister to
and be fellow servants of the believers (Rev. 22:9). For,
although they are such high and exalted creatures of God, they
are nevertheless one and all ministering spirits, as the apostle
says (Heb. 1:14), sent forth to minister for them who shall be
the heirs of salvation. For they guard the children of God, they
encamp round about the camp of those who fear God (Ps.
34:7; Ex. 14:19). They went before Israel, they led Lot out of
Sodom (Gen. 19:16; Ps. 2o:6 3 34:22; Matt. 18:10). In short,
;
they serve the saints and chosen people of God, they preserve
them in all their ways, yet always beholding the face of the
Father in heaven. Hence the church (Gemeynte) had its origin in
the angels in heaven.
Afterward the church (Gemeynte) of God was begun in
2 Van die Ghemeynte Godts, first published c. 1560 without indication of date
or place, was later taken up into the Enchiridion (1563). The critical
edition of the text is published by F. Pijper, Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neer-
landica,X (The Hague, 1914), pp. 377-414. (These pages are referred to
in brackets.) The whole of the Enchiridion was translated from the German
edition by A. B. Kolb (Elkhart, Ind., 1910). The present translation is
indebted to that of Kolb but is based upon the Pijper text. As to the
numerous Scriptural references, a few have been dropped as not partic-
ularly pertinent; a few (in brackets) have been added to fix an obscure
allusion. Where the Scriptural reference of the Pijper text has been faulty
it has been corrected without comment.
It is in the Vulgate text, Ps. 19:7 b, that this reference has significance:
"The salvation of his right hand is in powers [= angels]."
228
THE CHURCH OF GOD: PHILIPS 22Q
paradise with Adam and Eve, who were created after the image
of God and in his likeness (Gen. 5:2), upright and pure creatures
of God, incorruptible and immortal (Gen. 2:7; 9:6; Wisdom of
Solomon 2:23), and in whom there was an upright devout
nature and a divine [381] character, and in whom was a true
knowledge (Ecclesiasticus 16:25) of God and the fear and love
of God so long as they remained in their first creation and
ordinance and bore the image of God. 4
Therefore the church of God is a congregation 5 of holy beings,
namely, of the angels in heaven and of the believing reborn men
on earth, who have been renewed in the image of God. These
are all united together in Jesus Christ (Eph. 3:6; Col. 1:27), as
Paul well explains in his epistles, especially to the Hebrews
(ch. 12:22-24), when he writes: Ye are come unto Mount
Sion, and unto the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusa-
lem, and to a company of many thousands of angels, to the
congregation of the first-born, who are written in the heavens,
to God, the Judge over all, to the spirits of just men made
perfect, to Jesus the Mediator of the New Covenant, and to the
blood of sprinkling, that speaketh better things than that
blood of Abel.
From these words it is to be clearly understood that the
company of angels, the congregation of the first-born, which are
inscribed in the heavens, and the spirits of just men made
perfect, together with all believers who have been added thereto,
all together comprise the congregation of God, over which God,
the righteous Judge, rules, of which Christ is the Head (Eph.
1:22), and in which the Holy Spirit dwells (I Cor. 3:16;
6:19).
But the first falling away from God in his congregation
occurred among the angels in heaven, who sinned (Job 4:18)
and were untrue to their Creator, and were therefore cast out
of heaven, and bound with chains of darkness (II Peter 2:4),
so that they can no longer do anything but what God suffers
them to 9:1), although they are evil spirits and angels,
do (Luke
who now rule in the air (Eph. 2:2), warring against Christians,
seeking their destruction (Matt. 4:1; I Peter 5:8; James 4:7),
operating in the children of unbelief and possessing the world;
but they are preserved, up until the Day of Judgment, unto
4 As in Hubmaier (Selection V) man originally had the knowledge of good
and evil sufficient to his needs.
5 Hereafter the Dutch word Gemeynte will be more accurately rendered
4' ' '
congregation.
eternal painand damnation, yea, for the hellish fire, which
be quenched (II Peter 2:4; Matt. 25:30).
shall never
The second falling away from God in the congregation
occurred through Adam and Eve in paradise, who were
deceived by the craftiness of the [382] serpent (Gen. 3:6) and
which they lost
corrupted by sin (Rom, 5:12; I Cor. 15:21), by
the image of God, the holiness of their immaculately created
nature and pre-eminent reason; full of exalted wisdom and
was fervent
knowledge of God and of his creation; and which
in love and obedience toward God. All this they lost. Yea,
from righteousness they passed into unrighteousness, from that
immortal state into corruption and condemnation, and out of
eternal life into eternal death.
The first restoration of corrupted man, and the renewal in
him of the divine image, and the reconstruction of the ruined
church (Kercken) occurred in the promise of the coming seed
crush the serpent's
(Gen. 3:15) of the woman, which should
head. This seed is
principally (principdijck) Jesus Christ,
and he
is called the seed of the woman because he was promised to
Adam and Eve by God and is, according to the flesh, born of a
woman (Matt. 1:25; Luke 2:7). For although Mary conceived
him by the Holy Spirit and brought him forth as a pure maiden,
she is nevertheless called a woman in the Scriptures (Luke 2:5;
Gal, 4:4), and in the same way Christ is also called her seed
and the fruit of her body. And this Jesus Christ is the Crusher
and Conqueror of the crooked old serpent (Rev. 12:17), who
by his death redeemed the human race from the tyrannical
power of Satan, sin, and eternal death (Rom. 5:1; Col. 1:20;
Heb. 2:14).
This was the first preaching of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the
only Redeemer and Saviour of the world, by whom Adam and
Eve were again restored and again got back the lost image of
God (John 3:36); for they were created anew of God, born
anew of him, because they accepted the gracious promise of
the gospel in true faith by the power and enlightenment of the
Holy Spirit.
Of this Adam and Eve, his housewife, came Cain and Abel,
two brothers, one upright, the other godless (Gen. 4:1); Abel,
a child of God and a fellow member of the Christian church;
in contrast, Cain, a child of the devil (I John 3:12) and embraced
in his fellowship. The devout and righteous Abel was hated by
the wicked and murderous Cain and slain because of the envy
of his wicked heart. This is a clear representation and testimony
THE CHURCH OF GOD: PHILIPS 23!
that from that time on there were two kinds of people, two
kinds of children, two kinds of congregations [383] on earth,
namely, the people of God and the devil's people, God's
children and the devil's children, God's congregation and the
synagogue or assembly ( Vergaderinghe) of Satan, and that the
children of God had to suffer persecution from the children of
the devil, and that the congregation of Christ must be sup-
pressed, hunted, and put to death by Antichrist's assembly
(Matt. 23:38; John 8:44), which fact God also made known in
this,that he has put enmity between the serpent's seed and the
seed of the woman, and that the serpent's seed would lay a snare
for the seed of the woman, or bite him in the heel; for Christ
Jesus is the true promised seed of the woman, as said above
(and I say again, of a promised seed, and not of a natural seed,
or else the serpent's seed also would be natural [John 16:33]),
and he is the only conqueror of the devil. Besides this, all
believers are the seed of the spiritual Eve, just as the unbelievers
are the seed of the crooked old serpent, and that in a spiritual
sense. And between the children of the aforementioned Eve
and the serpent has been put an eternal enmity by God so
that the children of the devil all the time hate, envy, and per-
secute the children of God (Gen. 3:15); and, on the other hand,
the children of God overcome the serpent and its seed, the
world and all that is in it, by the blood of the Lamb, by their
faith in Jesus Christ, by their confession and testimony to the
truth, and by their steadfastness in the Word of God unto
death (Rev. 7:14; 12:12; I John 5:4).
Further, God gave Adam and Eve another son in Abel's
stead, the God-fearing Seth (Gen. 4:25). And from him
descended other devout people up to Noah who found favor
before the Lord at a time when God punished with a deluge
the children of men along with those children of God who had
intermingled with the daughters of men and thus transgressed.
Thereupon he destroyed, removed, and annihilated all flesh
except Noah and those that were with him in the ark. What this
figure signifies, however, we have explained
in our Confession 6
and in Spiritual Restitution. 7
God made a covenant with Noah and his two sons Shem and
Japheth, or at least renewed it, and these at that time constituted
6 First published separately in 1558 and taken up into the Enchiridion^

critical Dutch edition, BRN, X, pp. 60-1 1 1 ; English translation, pp. 18 fF.
7 First published separately in 1558 and taken up in the Enchiridion, critical
Dutch edition, pp. 339-376; English edition, pp. 321-65.
his congregation. But Ham, the third son of Noah, though he
had been in the ark, was a mocker of his father and was [384]
cursed by him, and so, in Cain's stead, became a new beginning
of the congregation of Satan upon earth, the father of Canaan
and his seed, the wicked children, who have always tormented
and mocked the children of God and fought against God.
From Shem in direct line Abraham came forth, the father of
all the faithful with whom God renewed and confirmed his
covenant. ...
So then the covenant of God with all its gracious promises
descended from Abraham to Isaacand Jacob, upon the twelve
patriarchs, and afterward upon Moses and Aaron, upon
David, and upon all the God-fearing who lived then and âfter-
ward and who in upright faith served God. These constituted
the congregation of God, the commonwealth of Israel (Eph.
2:12), the temple of the Lord,
the testament and sanctuary of
the Most High. Here wisdom had her abode in Jacob and her
heritage in Israel (Ecclesiasticus 24:8) until the time of Christ,
in which time there were many devout and God-fearing people
among the Jewish nation in Jerusalem and throughout Judea,
such Zacharias and Elizabeth, Joseph and Mary, the aged
as
Simeon and Anna the widow, etc.
Besides these there were many God-fearing people among
the Gentiles, such as Melchizedek, king of Salem, a priest of
the Most High, whose pedigree is suppressed by the Spirit;
Abimelech, king of Gerar (Gen. 14:18; Heb. 7:1; Gen. 20:2);
Job an Idumean, his friends, and many others. Therefore Paul
same effect in] Rom.
writes [to the 2: 14-16; 26-29 . . . [385]. - . .
Moreover the promise of God to Abraham was that in his
seed all the nations of the earth should be blessed, and that he
should become the father of all nations and of the Gentiles.
And there God changed his name, so that he should be no
longer called Abram, but Abraham. There are likewise also
many prophecies in the Pentateuch (Gen. 15:5; 17:3-5; 22:18),
the psalms (Ps. 18:43), and the Prophets (II Sam. 22:44)
concerning the Gentiles, that they should be called by Jesus
Christ into the flock of Israel, and that many should believe
in God and be obedient to the gospel (Rom. 1 1 :25).
Therefore the Jews and Israelites cannot be counted alone
as the congregation of God, but all who truly confessed, feared,
honored God, and lived according to his will, by the law of
nature inscribed by God in their hearts; and all among the
heathen who have believed in Jesus Christ, are in their
uncircumcision of the flesh (Rom. 2:26) and in their heathendom
counted as the spiritual seed of Abraham and of the promise
(Gal. 3:20). Hence it follows that they have been of God and of
Christ.
[386] Thus the congregation of God from the beginning
existed in Christ, by whom all things are renewed. Indeed there
are united into one body all that are in heaven and on earth
(Col. i
by whom the congregation of God was made more
:i6),
glorious and also was multiplied; for then figures had an end,
but the true realities came into being (Col 2:9; Rorn. 10:4);
grace and truth came by Jesus Christ (John 1:17). Then the
lost sheep of the house of Israel were sought and led by Christ
into the right sheepfold (Matt. 10:6). Then did the Gentiles
of all nations come unto Mount Sion to learn the law of the
Lord our God, and to hear the gospel of Jesus Christ, and to
walk in the way of the Lord. Then was the prophecy fulfilled
that the desolate should be comforted, and the shame and
contempt of the unfruitful be forgotten (Isa. 54:1; GaL 4:27)
because he who created her became her husband, his name is
the Lord Sabaoth, the Redeemer and Saviour of Israel, the
Lord and God of the whole earth. Then did Jerusalem arise
and shine, for her Light came (Isa. 60: i), and the glory of
God illumined her and his radiance shone over her, so that the
Gentiles walked in her light, and the people of the earth in the
brightness that had risen upon her. Then were given to the
believers, through the knowledge of Jesus Christ, by God, the
most precious promises, that they through the same [knowl-
edge] should be made partakers of the divine nature (II Peter
1:4), if they but escape the corrupting lusts of this world. In
short, the true knowledge of God and Christ then appeared
like a bright morning star (Rev. 22:16), grace flowed then like a
living stream of water out from the paradise of God, then was
the Holy Spirit poured out abundantly by God upon his sons
and daughters (Rev. 22:1; Joel 2:28; Acts 2:17), then was the
New Testament of the Lord completed with the house of Israel
and Judah according to his promise by the prophet Jeremiah
[ch. 31:31-34]; yea, then was the congregation extended
and
the Kingdom of God increased throughout the whole world
(Matt. 28:19; Mark 16:15) by the true messengers (emissaries)
of the Lord (Col. 1:28), prepared and endowed with many
precious promises and ordinances, thus becoming
a glorious
house of the living God.
But how this came to pass, and how this building up of the
congregation of Jesus Christ took place the Scripture shows us
with great clearness, namely, by the right teaching of the divine
Word and by the faith that cometh out of the hearing of the
divine Word (Rom. 10:17 f.). It is because of this that the
enlightenment of the Holy Spirit comes; for no one can enter
into the Kingdom of God, into the heavenly Jerusalem, that is,
into the [387] congregation of Jesus Christ, unless he from the

heart amend his ways, sincerely repent and believe the gospel
(Matt. 3:2). For just as God founded his congregation on earth
in paradise with pure and holy people, who had been created
in his image and made and begun after his likeness, so he still
desired such as are created in Christ Jesus and have been
renewed by the Holy Spirit in his congregation. Although the
salvation promised to man has been wrought by Jesus Christ
the Saviour, and although the forfeited life has been redeemed
by the blood of the unique sacrifice, and is offered to all men
by the gospel (Titus 2:13; Heb. 2:2; 10:18-20), nevertheless,
not all men
enjoy this eternal salvation and eternal life, but
those alone [a] who in this life here are born again by the Word
ofJesus Christ, who allow themselves to be sought and found by
the light of the divine Word, and who obey the voice of their
Shepherd (I Peter 1:23-25; James 1:18-19; John 3:3; 8:32;
12:46); [i] who are enlightened with the true knowledge of
God and his will and in sincere faith accept the righteousness
of Christ.
[a. Spiritual Rebirth]
Christ testifies of this to Nicodemus and says (John 3:3, 5):

Verily, verily, I say unto thee, except a man be born again, he
cannot see the Kingdom of God. Verily, verily, I say unto thee,
except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot
enter into the Kingdom of God.
Here the Kingdom of God is absolutely denied by the Lord
himself to all who are not born again of God, and who are not
created by him anew in the inner being in his image. Hence
those who desire to enter the Kingdom of God (I here speak of
intelligent beings) must be born again.
This rebirth does not take place outwardly, but in the under-
standing (Verstant), mind (Siri), and heart of man. It is in the
understanding and. the mind that man learns to know the
eternal love and gracious God in Christ Jesus who is the
eternal image of the Father (II Cor. 4:4; Col. 1:16) and the
brightness of the divine being (Heb. 1 13) It is thus in the heart
.
that man loves this same almighty and living God, fears,
honors, and believes in him, trusts in his promise, which cannot
take place without the power of the Holy Spirit, who must
inflame the heart with divine power which must also give faith,
fear with love, hope, and all good virtues of God.
[388] Neither are we regenerated by flesh and blood, nor by
any temporal or corruptible things, but as Peter (I, ch. 1 123)
and James (ch. 1:18) testify viz., by the Word of the living
God, just as we have written in our booklet Of Regeneration and
the New Creature 9 and every one who desires may read there.
'
Moreover, the Word of God is twofold, viz., the law and the
gospel. The law is the word of command, given by God through
9
Moses on Mount Sinai with such a terrifying voice, with such

quakings, storm, thunder, and lightning that the Children of
Israel could not bear it, but said to Moses (Ex. 20:19): Speak
thou with the Lord, and we will hear; and let not God speak
with us, lest we die. Even Moses himself had become afraid
and trembled (Heb. 12:21), which shows the sternness of the
law; for it sin and condemnation, since it demands
shows to us
perfect righteousness in the inner man (Rom. 4:13-15; Deut.
4:1-6; 6:1-3; Matt. 19:17-21) and the holiness of the whole
created nature and of the higher understanding, full of true
knowledge of God and added to this: a holy, pure heart that
is fervent in love to God.
Moreover, the law condemns the inward uncleanness of

nature, that is, the damage and loss of the created wisdom and
knowledge of God and the inwrought righteousness and holiness
of the heart (Ps. 51:6-12; Eph, 2:1-3). Again, it condemns the
wicked desire and inclination that are contrary to the law of
God; for whoever reads the law with unveiled countenance
must be terrified at God's wrath (Rom. 3:20; 7:7; II Cor.
3:13-16; Ex. 34:33, 35; 20:19 f.; Heb. 12:19) and be humbled,
just as has been pictured to us in the case of Israel and indeed
in the case of Moses himself.
Therefore the law is given by God, not that it might bring
with it to man perfect righteousness, salvation, and eternal life
(for by the deeds of the law shall
no flesh be justified, Rom.
3:20; Gal. 2:16), but that it might, by revealing sin, teach man
to fear God, to know and humble himself under the mighty hand
8 First published separately, after 1556; in critical Dutch edition, pp.

313-337; English translation of the Enchiridion^ pp. 293-321.
9 The BRN edition includes this sentence in the preceding paragraph.
of God, and thus be prepared with penitent heart to^ accept
his grace and merit alone
Jesus Christ the only Saviour and by
seek and hope for salvation (I Peter 5:6; I Tim. 2:6; Eph.
2:13; Acts 15:8).
[389] Inasmuch then as the
law teaches the knowledge of
sin and as from such knowledge comes the fear of the Lord,
which is all wisdom (Rom. 7:7; Ecclesiasticus
the beginning of
1:16), without which no man may be justified, and as from the
fear of the Lord comes a broken and contrite and humbled
therefore the
heart, which is acceptable to the Lord (Ps. 51:10),
law serves or is conducive in part to, the new birth, in view of the
fact that no one can be born again or spiritually quickened and
no one can believe the gospel, except he first sincerely repent,
as the Lord Jesus Christ himself testifies (Matt. 3:2); for he
taught the people repentance first of all, and then faith,
and so
he also commanded his apostles to do (Luke 24:47).
But the gospel is the word of grace. It is the joyful message
of Jesus Christ, the only begotten Son of God, the only Re-
deemer and Saviour (I Tim. 2:5; Titus 2:14) who gave himself
for us that we might be ransomed from the power of Satan, sin,
and eternal death, and made us children and heirs of our
Heavenly Father, to be a royal priesthood (Gal. 1 14; Heb. 2:15;
Rom. 8:14; Eph. 1:5), to be a holy people and an elect race
and a possession of God in the Spirit (I Peter 2:9). Therefore
he also says in the gospel (Matt. 1 1 128-30) Come unto me, all
:
ye that are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Learn of me;
for I am humble and meek in heart. Take my yoke upon you,
for my burden is light and my yoke is easy. Again (John
5:24) Verily, verily, I say unto you: He
: that heareth my word,
and keepeth it, hath everlasting life, and shall not come into
condemnation; but is passed from death unto life; (John
11:25 f-) I am: ^
resurrection, and the life; he that believeth
in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: and whosoever
liveth and believeth in *ne shall never die; again (John
3:16-18): God sent not his Son into the world to condemn the
world; but that the world through him might be saved. . . .
This is the true gospel, the pure doctrine of our God, full of
grace and mercy, full of comfort, salvation, and eternal life,
given to us by God from grace without our merits and works of
the law, for the sake of the only eternal and precious Saviour
Jesus Christ, who made himself [390] subject to the law for our
sakes and became the fulfillment of the law unto eternal salva-
tion for all believers, if it be that we accept it in true faith. . .
THE CHURCH OF GOD! PHILIPS 237
Now, all who from
the teaching of the law learn to fear God,
recognize sin, sincerely repent, turn away from their sinful life
and godless being and with penitent heart believe the gospel
and accept Jesus Christ as their Saviour (Matt. 3:8; Mark
1:5; Luke 3:8) are born anew of God by his eternal Word
(I Peter 1:23) i n tne power of his Holy Spirit, by whom they
are renewed and also sealed unto the day of their redemption;
and they have free access to God and to the throne of grace
by faith in Jesus Christ (James 1:18; Eph. 4:30; Heb. 5:3,
Rom. 3:24). Here the law, which once condemned, now
becomes silent. Here are silenced the peals of thunder, the
earthquake, the storms, and the dreadful manifestations on
Mount Sinai (Ex. 19:16). Here shines a clearer light of the
gospel and the Sun of righteousness into believing hearts
(John 3:19; 12:46)5 here is an entirely new man, a new heart,
mind, and feeling (Gkemoet), a child of God, and an heir of the
Kingdom of Heaven convenanted (verbonden) with God, born
anew of God, strengthened by his power and ready for ever-
lasting life (Wisdom of Solomon 5:6).
And that is the spiritual rebirth out of God's Word wherein
we get or receive that lost image of [391] the knowledge of
God, of his will, and that image of the divine righteousness
whereby we are able to stand before God through Christ.
And this is the will of God and the right ordinance of the Lord
that thus we should be born again by the Word of God and
grow daily in the knowledge of God, in faith, in love (Eph.
4:15), and proceed in all obedience to the Word of God, to the
praise of the Lord, and to our salvation (Matt. 10:22).
[b. The Knowledge of the Triune God]

Of necessity connected with this rebirth is a true knowledge
of the one God, that is, of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit
(Matt. 28:19; I John 5:8). The Father is the fountain spring of
all good (Ex. 3:6), the Essence of all things, the Creator of all
being, the eternal, invisible God, who dwelleth in light (as the
apostle says, I Tim. 6:16) which no man can approach unto;
whom also no one hath seen, neither Moses on Mount Sinai nor
John the Baptist at the Jordan, nor the apostles on Mount
Tabor, nor Paul in the third heaven (Ex. 20:21; Matt. 3:16;
17:5; II Cor. 12:1-8). But in a devout
and pious condition of
mind believers have always beheld and confessed God in
Christ Jesus, who is the image of the invisible God, the
brightness of Ms glory, the mirror of his divine clarity, the only
begotten of the Father, the Word, by whom all things are made,
in whom is life, the Life that is the light of men (II Cor. 4:4;
Col. 1:15; Heb. 1:3; Wisdom of Solomon 7:26; John 1:3), and
which has come into the world and shineth into the darkness,
and the darkness has not comprehended that light. This Word
was made flesh, was received in the maiden Mary from the
Holy Spirit, and was born of her a Son of the Most High
(Matt. 1:18; Luke 2:7), but the world did not comprehend the
great mystery that God has been revealed in the flesh (I Tim.
3:16), that wisdom has appeared upon the earth (Baruch
3:20-23), and that the Word of life has become man (I John
i :i f.), and has yet remained the Word of life; for since he was
to be the Mediator between God and man, and also make

reconciliation between us and the Father (I Tim. 2:5; Eph.
2:16; Col. 1:20)5 therefore he had to be both God and man in
one person. Inasmuch as he was to take away the sin of the
world (John i
129) and with his righteousness make nought all
unrighteousness and to swallow death (I John 3:14; I Cor.
15:34; Heb. 2:15; Jer. 21:8; John 14:6), therefore he had to be
himself righteousness, eternal life, and salvation. Again inas-
much as he was to give his flesh for the life of the world, there-
fore his flesh had to make alive. For this reason Christ himself
the bread of life, that came down from heaven
calls his flesh
(John 6:33); therefore it is not of the earth, nor of the flesh and
blood of any mortal man. 10
10 In the foregoing paragraph Philips becomes as explicit as anywhere in
this tract concerning his adaptation of the Melchiorite doctrine of the
celestial flesh of Christ. His thought at this point may be amplified with
the following excerpt from another tract in the Enchiridion, namely,
Van der Menschwerdinghe, BRN, X, pp. 140 f.:
"But if the body of Christ had been made by Mary (as the world thinks
and says with such want of understanding regarding it), then there would
be no difference between the body of Christ and that of Adam, because
like as Christ was conceived of the Holy Spirit in Mary, so also Adam
was made by God and had no other Father than God. What difference
would there be, then, between the body of Christ and the body of Adam,
if the body of Christ had been made of the earth, the same as the body of
Adam? . . Far from it! God, the Heavenly Father, prepared for Jesus
Christ, his only begotten Son, a body (Heb. 10:5), but not of corrupt
human seed (Luke 1:35), rather of his incorruptible seed, with which he
caused Mary, the pure virgin, to conceive through the power of his
Holy Spirit. . Therefore Christ everywhere testifies that he came down
. .
from heaven, but he speaks of his origin especially in John 6:51. . . .
"Now, if Christ is the bread of heaven, and if the bread of heaven,

moreover, is the flesh of Christ, it is impossible for the flesh of Christ to
[392] In great work of redemption, by which God
this
redeemed the lost human race, there is represented to us and
set before our eyes the picture of divine majesty, wisdom,
righteousness, mercy, and friendliness, in this that God sent
his only begotten Son (who was in the divine form) in the form
of sinful flesh (Phil, 2:6), made him subject to the law, made
him to be sin, and cast him under the curse. And he who was
immortal, yea, he who rules all things with his powerful word,
became weak and mortal (Gal. 4:4; Rom 8:3; II Cor. 5:21;
Gal. 3:13; Heb. i -.3); nevertheless he rose again from the dead,
and by his divine power he overcame all his enemies (Rom.
4:25; I Cor. 15:25).
This is not the wisdom of the world, nor yet of the angels in
heaven, but is the wisdom of God, hidden in mystery, which
was preached by the apostles, not with words of human
cleverness, but with such words as the Holy Spirit taught them
(I Cor. 2:6). That is also the stern, exalted, and courageous
(dappere}.> yea, eternal, righteousness of God that he inflicted
punishment and expiation for our sins (which could be re-
deemed and taken away by no other means) on his own beloved
Son with such severity that it is [clearly] not [of] human love
and mercy but [of] God's eternal love, God's fathomless grace
and mercy, 11 that Jesus Christ died for us when we were yet
sinners, godless, and enemies of God (Isa. 53:9; I Peter 2:24;
Gal. 1:4; Rom. 5:8). This is the mystery of godliness (I Tim.
3:16) that is so great and so wonderful, of which Paul writes
(I Cor. 2:10), that it cannot be apprehended except by the Holy
Spirit, which searches all things, yea, the deep things of
God.
And since the world cannot receive the Holy Spirit (as Christ
himself says, John 14:17, because it sees him not, neither knows
him), therefore also it does not understand the mystery of
godliness in its power. It does not rightly know Jesus Christ and
does not believe in him, as the Scripture testifies (John 7:27;
I John 2:22). But some deny his true divinity, some argue
against his holy, spotless humanity, and some reject his salva-
tion godly teachings, etc.
The Holy Spirit is the third name, person, power, and
be formed of the seed of Mary; for neither the seed of Mary, nor that of
any earthly creature can by any means be the true living bread that
came down from heaven, or be so called."
II The doctrine of the celestial
origin of the flesh or humanity of Christ
(cf. n. 10 above) intensifies
the divine as distinguished from the human
action in the atonement.
the Father
operation in the Godhead, one divine being with
and the Son (Matt. 28:19); for he proceeds from the Father
through [393] the Son and also with them wrought creation,
and he is the Spirit of truth, a Comforter of the conscience
(I John 5:8; John 16:13), and
a Dispenser of all spiritual gifts
(I Cor. 12:1, n), which are poured out by God the Father
through Jesus Christ and infused into the hearts of believers
by which they are enlightened, renewed, and sanctified
(Titus 3:6; I Cor. 6:11) and become
a possession of God
and new creatures in Christ, and saved unto ever-
(Eph. 1:14),
lasting life, and without whom no one knows God,
nor believes
in Jesus Christ (I Cor. 12:3), since all good gifts come from the
eternal Father (II Cor. 5:16; Gal. 6:18; James 1:17), and are
divided to us by the Holy Spirit (Matt. 7:11).
The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, then, is the only true and
living God and Lord (Isa. 40:28; 42:5),
beside whom there is
no other God and Lord, neither in heaven nor upon earth; the
first and the last, the only, eternal, wise and just God, Redeemer
and Saviour (Rev. 1:17; 22:13). And this knowledge of God
must exist in connection with the new birth, in a good conscience
with true faith from the Word of God (John 3:36), compre-
hended by the enlightenment of the Holy Spirit, of which we
have written at more length at another place, 12 and of such
reborn people and new creatures Jesus Christ has gathered his
13
congregation, and for them he has set up several ordinances
and has given several commandments which they must keep,
and thereby be known as his congregation.
[II. THE SEVEN ORDINANCES OF THE TRUE CHURCH]

ordinance is that the congregation above all other
The first
things must have the pure and unfalsified doctrine of the divine
Word (Matt. 28:19 f.) and along with it correct ministers
(Dienaers) both are regularly called
;
and chosen by the Lord
and the congregation of the Lord. What the true and plain
Word of God is and that it is twofold, namely, the law and the
12 The reference is apparently to The True Knowledge of Jesus Christ and
especially to Of Regeneration.
is There are seven such ordinances. These may be related to the traditional
seven gifts of the Holy Spirit (Isaiah 1 1:2 in Septuagint and Vulgate).
The seven ordinances are placed in polemical parallelism to the seven
sacraments. Sebastian Franck in his letter to Campanus (see p. 148)
refers to the seven orders of the Catholic Church prescribed by (Pseudo-)
Jerome.
gospel, we havealready explained above. Likewise as to the

manner in which the calling, choosing, and ordaining of the
true ministers is to take place, Scripture teaches us very clearly
[where it speaks of] the calling of the prophets by God, the
sending forth of the apostles by Jesus Christ (John 20:21), and
the ordaining of the elders by the Holy Spirit and the Christian
congregation, through the united, common (gelijcke) voice,
over the flock of God [394] to pasture and to tend them
14
(Matt. 10:1; Acts 13:2; 20:28; I Tim. 3:2-7; Titus 1:5 ff.).
And we have in our booklet On the Sending of Preachers 15
explained this very well, in part, and therefore here again say
only briefly that the true ministers of the divine Word are easily
recognized by the saving teachings of Jesus Christ, by their
godly walk, and by the fruits which they bear, and moreover by
the persecution which they must suffer for the sake of truth and
righteousness. For whoever speaks the Lord's Word is sent of
God (John 3:34), and he that doeth righteousness is born of
God (I John 2:29), and he that converts men from unrighteous-
ness to the living God remains in the counsel of God and declares
to the people the Lord's Word (Jer. 23:3), and he that is
persecuted because he teaches and bears witness to the truth
fares just as the Scripture says, and as all good prophets and
apostles, yea, as the Lord himself fared (Matt. 5:11, 12;
10:22-25; 12:14; 21:46; John 15:19). ^
Again, how the ministers are ordained and how they must
be sent may be well observed and noted from the Old Testa-
ment figures of Aaron and his children. . . .
Aaron and his children [are] as a figure pointing to the reality,

to the teachers in the congregation of God, especially so far as
the sons of Aaron are concerned. For Aaron is really a figure of
Jesus Christ, our only High Priest (Heb. 2:17; 5:6; 8:1; 10:11).
Nevertheless, in view of the fact that Christ sends forth his
ministers, even as the Father sent him (John 20:21), it follows
that the ministers of Jesus Christ and of his holy Word must be
conformed to his image (Rom. 8:28). Hence the figure of
Aaron and his children [395] may properly be understood,
according to the Spirit, to mean that the ministers of Christ
who preach his Word and proclaim his gospel must be washed
n Note the Triune sanction of the threefold ministry of prophet, apostle
(emissary), and elder (all called Dienaers).
is
Of the Sending of Preachers or Teachers, first published as a separate booklet in
1559, incorporated into the Enchiridion, critical Dutch edition, BRN, pp.
205-248; English translation, pp. 173-221.
with the pure water of the Holy Spirit and sprinkled with the
precious blood of the spotless Lamb Jesus Christ who offered
himself for us (Heb. 10:18-22; John 1:29; I Peter 1:24), first
on the right ear, that the ears of their understanding may be
opened to hear what God speaks to them; secondly, on the
thumb of their right hand (Heb. I2:i2f.), that they may lift
up holy hands to God (I Tim. 2:8); and thirdly, on the great
toe of their right foot, that they may walk uprightly before the
Lord, in the way of righteousness. They must put on the holy
garments, that is, they must be clothed with Christ Jesus
(Rom. 13:14; Gal. 3:27; Eph. 6:11), girded with the band of
love and of truth, and adorned with the silk of righteousness
(Rev. 19:8). The breastplate with Urim and Thummim and
with the twelve precious stones must be hung on them, that is,
they must have the treasure of the divine Word in their hearts,
for they are ministers of the Lord (Gal. 6:16) over the spiritual
Israel in order to teach Jacob the judgments of God and Israel
his law (Deut. 33:10). The cap with the golden frontlet of the
holy crown is upon their head, that is, they rightly divide
the Word of God between the Old and New Testaments,
between the letter and the Spirit, with a clear understanding of
the divine mystery (Matt. 13:52; I Tim. 3:9; Eph. 6:19). They
have also a living hope of salvation, and there is laid up for
them the crown of righteousness for that day (II Tim. 4:8).
They enter the sanctuary of God (Rom. 12:1; I Peter 2:5), and
their prayers ring out and are heard by the Most High, so that
he remembers his congregation. The anointing oil is poured
out upon them, for they have received the anointing of him
who is holy, and they are thereby sanctified (I John 2:27) ...
[396]....
The which Christ established in his congrega-
second ordinance
tion the proper, Scriptural use of the sacraments of Jesus
is
Christ, that is, of baptism and the Supper. For the penitent,
believing and reborn children of God must be baptized and for
them the Supper of the Lord pertains (Matt. 3:16; 28:19;
Mark 1:9; Acts 2:41; 8:12; 10:48; 16:15; 18:8; 22:16). These
two symbols Christ gave and left behind and subjoined to the
gospel because of the unspeakable grace of God and his cove-
nant, to remind us thereof with visible symbols, to put it
before our eyes, and to confirm it. In the first place [he ordained]
baptism, to remind us that he himself baptizes within and in
grace accepts sinners, forgives them all their sins, cleanses them
with his blood (Matt. 3:11; John 3:5), bestows upon them all
his righteousness and the fulfilling of the law, and sanctifies
them with his Spirit (Rev. 1:5; I Cor. 3:23). In the second
place, [he ordained] the Lord's Supper, which testifies to the
truth of the divine acceptance and redemption by Jesus
Christ (Matt. 26:26-28; Mark 14:22; Luke 22:19); namely,
that all believing hearts, who are sorry for their sins, hasten to
the throne of grace (Jesus Christ), believe and confess that the
Son of God died for us and has shed his blood (Rom. 3:25;
4:25; 8:3), do obtain forgiveness of sin, deliverance from the
law, and everlasting justification and salvation by grace
without the merits of works through Jesus Christ (Gal. 3:13;
Eph. 1:7; Rom. u:6).
16
These two tokens [baptism and the Supper] are left us by the
Lord that they might admonish us to a godly walk (Col. 2:6;
Rom. 1 6: 1 8), to a mortification of the flesh, to a burial of sin, to
a resurrection into the new life, to thanksgiving for the great
benefits which have been given us by God, to a remembrance
of the bitter suffering and death of Christ, and to the renewing
and confirming of brotherly love, unity, and fellowship
(Matt. 26:26; Mark 14:23; Luke 22:20; I Cor. 10:17; 11:25);
i<5 The thought of the writer may be amplified at this point with the
following excerpt from another part of the Enchiridion, p. 140. It is the
immediate sequel of the matter similarly introduced above, at n. 10.
"Christ says much, according to John, of the eating of his flesh and the
drinking of his blood. It, therefore, behooves us to see and consider, how
the flesh of Christ shall and must be eaten and his blood drunk, namely,
thus, that we accept and obey the Word of God with pure hearts and in
true faith. Why do we eat the flesh of Christ and drink his blood? Because
God's Word was made flesh, and hence the Word of God and the flesh
of Christ are one and the same, as Christ himself shows with these words
(John 6:51): I am the living bread which came down from heaven;
and the bread that I will give is my flesh, which I will give for the life of
the world. And the living bread (which is Christ and his flesh) is beyond
all doubt and contradiction the Word of God, and therefore if any man
believes and obeys the word of God, receives Christ, the Word of life and
the bread of heaven, yea, be eats the flesh and drinks the blood of Christ.
And because of this, Jesus calls his flesh 'meat indeed,' and his blood,
'drink indeed/ because the Word of God is really meat for the soul.
But inasmuch as the Word was made flesh (John 1 114), and therefore the
Word and the flesh of Christ are the same, therefore also the flesh of
Christ is meat indeed, and his blood drink indeed.
"Lastly: Christ Jesus is the living bread which came like dew or
manna from heaven, and what was the food of angels has also become the
food of men (Ps. 78:25). But the bread, which he is himself, and gives
men that is, believers to eat, is his flesh, which he has given for the life
of the world."
The close connection between Christology and the Eucharist is
apparent. Cf. Schwenckfeld, Selection VIII.
again, that they should distinguish the congregation of God
from all other sects, who do not make right Scriptural use of
the sacramental symbols of the Lord Jesus Christ, although
they have the appearance of doing so, and in their hypocrisy
profess much about them, and commit and perpetrate shameful
sacrilege therewith. For they do not use the sacraments of
Jesus Christ according to his Word, nor according to his
command and example, nor according to the precepts and
practices of the apostles, but according to the world's establish-
ment and the ideas of men. Besides this, they remain impenitent
in the old sinful life [397], full of unrighteousness, covetousness,
uncleanness, pride, envy, slander, and all manner of wickedness,
which is a sure evidence that they have not the pure Word of
God and the true faith, with the proper use of baptism and the
Supper ofJesus Christ according to the Scripture. For wherever
the gospel that is testified to with such solemn vows of God,
confirmed by the precious blood of Jesus Christ, and sealed
by the Holy Spirit, is rightly taught and believed, and the
sacraments of the Lord are thereupon regularly (ordineerlijck)
received with true faith in heartfelt devotion and meditation
upon the mysteries which are hidden therein, as this should
be done, there the Spirit of God comes into the heart, there he
renews daily the lost image of God, there he imparts the knowl-
edge of the Father in his image, Christ, there he increases faith,
hope, love, patience, and all the virtues of God (Heb. 6:3;
Gen. 15:18; 17:7; John 3:16; 5:43; Acts 2:46; Titus 3:5;
Eph. 4:23; Rom. 3:24; John 15:10; Gal. 4:5). Again he comforts
the consciences, cleanses the hearts and makes them fruitful in
the knowledge of God and Christ and endows them with all
manner of spiritual wisdom and understanding in heavenly
things. He gives boldness to the mind to call upon God and to
address the exalted majesty of God, saying, Abba, dear Father
(Col. 1:9; Rom. 8:15; Gal. 4:5, 6). He teaches true humility,
meekness, patience, kindness, and brings the peace of God to
the conscience (Gal. 5:22). Here, then, the adversary, the devil,
must flee; here the flesh is crucified with its lusts and desires
(James 4:7; Gal. 6:14, 16); here by the power of faith in Jesus
Christ the world lies trodden under feet (I John 5:4). Where
this does not take place and cannot be seen, there is neither
God, nor Christ, nor Holy Spirit, nor gospel, nor faith, nor
true baptism, nor the Lord's Supper. In short, there is no
congregation of God.
The third ordinance is the foot washing of the saints, which
Jesus Christ commanded his disciples to observe, and this for
two reasons. First, he would have us know that he himself must
cleanse us after the inner man, and that we must allow him to
wash away the sins which beset us (Heb. 12:1) and all filthiness
of the flesh and the spirit, that we may become purer from day
to day, as it is written (Rev. 22:1 1) He who is pure let him be
:
even purer; he who is him be even more holy, and he

holy, let
who is righteous, let him be even more righteous, and this is
necessary, yea, it must be done, if we would be saved; therefore
Christ says to Peter (John 13:8, 10): If I wash thee not, thou
hast no part with me. Then [398] Peter answered: Lord, not
my feet only, but also my hands and my head. To this Jesus
replied: He that is washed needeth not save to wash his feet,
and is clean every whit. By this Christ makes it evident that the
washing of feet (wherewith Christ washes us) is very necessary,
and what it signifies, inasmuch as those whom he does not wash
shall have no part with him, and that those who have been
washed by him need no more than that their feet be washed,
and they are wholly clean, for it is Christ who must cleanse us
from our sins with his blood. And he that is sprinkled and
washed therewith needs have no more than that the earthly
members, the evil lusts and desires of the flesh, be mortified
and overcome through the Spirit; and by grace he is wholly
clean and no sin is imputed to him (Rom. 3:24; Eph. 1:4-7;
Col. 3:5; I John 1:7; Rev. 1:5; Rom. 8:13).
The second reason why Jesus instituted foot washing is that
we should humble ourselves toward one another (Rom.
12:10; Phil. 2:3; I Peter 5:5; James 4:10, n), and that we
should hold our fellow believers in the highest respect, for the
reason that they are the saints of God and members of the body
of Jesus Christ, and that the Holy Spirit dwells in them
(Rom. 12:10; Col. 3:13; I Cor. 3:16). This Jesus teaches us in
these words (John 13:13-17): Ye call me Master and Lord:
and also ye say well: for so I am. If I then, your Lord and Master,
have washed your feet, ye also ought to wash one another's
feet. For I have given you an example, that ye should do as I
have done to you. Verily, verily, I say unto you, The servant is
not greater than his lord; neither the apostle greater than he
that sent him. If ye know these things, happy are ye if ye do
them. Now, if they are happy or blessed who know and do this,
how void of blessing those remain who profess to be apostles or
messengers of the Lord and do not know these things; or, if they
know, do not do them, nor teach others to do them. But their
heart is altogether too proud and puffed up, so that they will
not humble themselves according to the command and example
of Christ. Because of this they are either ashamed to do so, or
else it appears like folly to them (exactly as the divine wisdom
has always been looked upon by the world as foolishness,
I Cor. i :i8-2i; 3:19). But they greatly
prefer to have the honor
of men they love to be called Doctors, Masters, and Sirs
(John 5:44) rather than the honor that comes from God,
which is obtained by upright faith and a holy conduct. This
they do not aspire to, yet they want [399] to be the church of
Christ and be so known, yea, held exclusively as such. But God,
who resisteth the proud and giveth grace to the humble (I
Peter 5:5; James 4:10), knows them well and will at the last
day reveal what kind of assembly or congregation (yea, I
might more properly say sect) they have been.
The fourth ordinance is evangelical separation, without which
the congregation of God cannot stand or be maintained. For
if the unfruitful branches of the vine are not
pruned away they
will injure the good and fruitful branches
(John 15:6). If
offending members are not cut off, the whole body must
perish (Matt. 5:30; 18:7-9), that is, if open sinners, trans-
gressors, and the disorderly are not excluded, the whole con-
gregation must be defiled (I Cor. 5:13; I Thess. 5:14), and if
false brethren are retained, we become
partakers of their
sins. Of this we have many
examples and evidences in the
Scripture (II John 10 f.).
In Joshua we have the terrible example of Achan, who had
stolen some of the condemned goods in Jericho and hidden them
in his tent. Because of this the Lord's anger was stirred
against
Israel, so that he permitted a number in Israel to be slain in
battle, and among other things he said to Joshua (ch. 7:12):
The Children of Israel could not stand before their enemies,
but turned their backs before their enemies, because they were
under the ban: neither will I be with you any more, unless ye
destroy the ban[ned] from among you. Therefore Achan and
all that belonged to him were
destroyed and rooted out of
Israel. And Joshua (ch. 7:25) said to him:
Seeing thou hast
troubled us, the Lord must trouble thee this day, etc.
We have likewise in Numbers (ch. 16:1 1) a notable example
in Dathan, Abiram, and Korah, who set themselves
up against
Moses and Aaron, and many of the most prominent or esteemed
in Israel took their part. But Moses said to the
congregation of
the Lord (Num. 16:26): Depart from the tents or tabernacles
of these godless men, and touch nothing that belongs to them,
lest ye be consumed in all of their sins.
From such and like historical incidents and examples given
in Holy Writ it may be easily observed and understood that no
congregation or assembly can be maintained before God that
[400] does not properly and earnestly exercise the ban or
separation according to the command of Christ and the
teaching and example of the apostles, but that they will fare
according to the common proverb that (I Cor. 5:6) a little
leaven leaveneth the whole lump, and that one scabby sheep
contaminates the whole flock; yea (Hos. 4:9): Like the priest
or the prophet, so also is the people.
Separation or exclusion must also be practiced for the
reason that thereby the offender may be chastised in the flesh
and be made ashamed, and so may repent that he may be
saved in the day of the Lord Jesus (I Cor. 5:5), which is the
highest love, and the very best mastery or medicine for his
poor soul, as may be observed in the case of the Corinthian
fornicator. Moreover, necessity demands that there be a
separation from apostates and wicked persons, that the name of
God, the gospel of Jesus Christ, and the congregation of the
Lord be not on their account put to shame (Ps. 50:21; Ezek.
36:20-24; Rom. 2:24).
Now, what those sins are which must be punished with the
ban are shown us by the Evangelists and apostles in express
words (Matt. 18:13-17; Rom. 16:17; I ^ or 5 :io I Thess. '
>
5:14; I Tim. 3:1-7; Titus 3:10; II John 10), and we have also
in our confession 17 regarding the evangelical ban carefully
explained it. And what the congregation of the Lord determines
with his Word, the same is judged 18 before God, for Christ
gave his congregation the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven
(Matt. 16:19} that they might punish, exclude, and put away
the wicked, and receive the penitent and believing. What the
congregation binds upon earth shall be bound in heaven, and,
i? The reference to
is A
Loving Admonition, first published separately, 1558,
and taken up into the Enchiridion as Book Six; critical edition, BRN,
pp. 250 fF.; English edition, pp. 223 ff. Philips also wrote another work
with the title A Plain Presentation of the Evangelical Ban and Shunning,
firstpublished in French and after his death in Dutch, critical edition,
BRN, pp. 657 ff.; English edition, pp. 519 ff. Since Philips here calls his
work specifically Evangelical, he may well refer to the French-Dutch
work which at the time circulated in manuscript. Gf. Menno, Selection
XII with its greater stress on New Testament practice.
*a In the sense of "confirmed."
on the other hand, what they loose on earth shall be loosed in
heaven. This must not be understood as meaning that men have
power to forgive sins or to retain them (John 20:23), as some
imagine and assume, and therefore deal with the confessional
and absolution as with merchandise. But no minister of Christ
is to do this, neither is the congregation of the Lord to permit
any simony (Acts 8:9, 13, 18), for to no prophet or apostle on

earth has it been given to forgive sin, to hear confession, and to
absolve the people, although Christ said to his disciples
(John 20:22 f.) Receive ye the Holy Spirit: whosesoever sins ye
:
remit, they are remitted unto them; and whosesoever sins ye

retain, they are retained. The holy men of God did not [401]
assume divine honor, but were perfectly conscious of the fact,
through the prompting of the Holy Spirit, that God alone
forgives sin, as the Scripture unanimously testifies. But the
congregation has received the Holy Spirit and the gospel from
Jesus Christ (Isa. 43:25; Matt. 9:6; Ps. 51:4) in which is pro-
claimed and promised forgiveness of sins, reconciliation with
God, and eternal life to all who truly repent and believe in
Jesus Christ. On the other hand, disfavor, wrath, and
damnation are threatened and promised toward all unbelievers,
disobedient and perverted ones.
This word, together with the Holy Spirit, is the judge in the
congregation over all false brethren (Titus 3:10), over all
heretical people (Rom. 10:16) and all disorderly and dis-
obedient persons who warning do not better
after sufficient
themselves; and on the Judgment Day no other sentence will be
pronounced, as the Lord himself says (John 12:48). And this
word the congregation has received from God, by which, in the
name of Jesus Christ, and in the power of the Holy Spirit, it
testifies, judges, receives, and expels, and what it thus binds or
looses on earth with the Word and Spirit of the Lord is bound
or loosed in heaven.
Thtjifth ordinance is the command of love which Christ gave
his disciples, saying (John 13:34, 35; 15:12, 17): new A com-
mandment I give unto you, that ye love one another, as I have
loved you, that ye also love one another. By this shall all men
know that ye are my disciples, if ye have love to another.
From this it is easy to understand that pure brotherly love is a
sure sign of genuine faith and true Christianity. But this is
true brotherly love, that our chief desire is one another's
salvation, by our fervent prayers to God, by Scriptural instruc-
tion, admonition, and rebuke, that thereby we may instruct
him who is overtaken in a fault, in order to win his soul. And
all this [we do] with Christian
patience (Gal. 6:3; II Thess.
i:n; James 5:19; I John 5:16)5 having forbearance toward
the weak and not simply pleasing ourselves.
Then again brotherly love is shown in this, that among our-
selves we serve one another by benevolently reaching out our
hand, not only with spiritual, but also with temporal, gifts,
which we have received from God, that we take it upon our-
selves to give richly according to our ability because of the
needs [402] of the saints (Rom. 12:13); yea, that it be done
among us as it was done under the literal Israel, namely, he
that gathered much manna had nothing over, and he that
gathered little had no lack (Ex. 16:18; II Cor. 8:15). Thus then,
the rich, who have received many temporal possessions from
the Lord, are to minister to the poor therewith (Rom. 15:27;
II Cor. 8:9) and supply their lack, so that the poor in turn may
come to their aid as they have need. Therefore Christ says, in
the Gospel (Luke 16:9): Make to yourselves friends of the
mammon of unrighteousness; that, when ye fail, they may
receive you into everlasting habitations. And Paul writes to
Timothy (I Tim. 6:17-19): Charge them that are rich in this
world, that they be not high-minded, nor trust in uncertain
riches, but in the living God, who giveth us richly all things to
enjoy; that they be communal (gemeynsaem) that they give
9
gladly in order that they lay up a treasure for the future, that
they may obtain eternal life. And John writes in his epistle
(I John 3:16-18): Hereby perceive we the love of God, because
he laid down his life for us: and we ought to lay down our lives
for the brethren. But whoso hath this world's good, and seeth
his brother have need, and shutteth up his heart from him, how
dwelleth the love of God in him? My little children, let us not
love in word, neither in tongue; but in deed and in truth. How
necessary love is, the apostles show us everywhere in all their
writings, especially Paul to the Corinthians (I, ch. 13:1-4). . . .
From this it may be easily understood how widely those

differ from the upright faith and Christianity who do not love
one another, who do not prove their love toward one another
by their works, but allow their poor to suffer want and openly
beg for bread, against the command of the Lord (Deut. 15:4;
Rom. 12:13; II Cor. 8:14; Gal. 6:8), contrary to all Christian
nature and contrary to brotherly love and fidelity. And, what is
worse, they trespass upon, hate, envy, backbite, defame, scold,
blaspheme, persecute 3 throttle, and kill one another, as is seen
before our eyes and as their deeds amply show; and although
they do this, nevertheless they want to be called Christians and
the congregation of God. But if they do not repent, they will
find out, on that day when they appear before the judgment
seat of Jesus Christ, what fine Christians they have been. For
where love is not, God is not, seeing that God is love (I John
4:8), as John (ch. 4:16; 2:11) says: He that dwelleth in love
dwelleth in God, and God in him. But he that dwelleth not in
love is in darkness, and walketh in darkness, and knoweth not
whither he goeth, because that darkness hath blinded his eyes.
The sixth ordinance which Christ has instituted for his con-
gregation is the keeping of all his commandments (Matt.
28:20), for he demands of all his disciples a godly life, that they
walk according to the gospel, openly confess the truth before
men (I Cor. 7:19; Phil. 1:27; Matt. 10:32), deny self, and
faithfully follow in his footsteps (Matt. 16:25; I Peter 2:21),
voluntarily take up his cross, forsake all things, and earnestly
seek first the Kingdom of God and his righteousness (Matt.
6:16, 20), the unseen heavenly things, and eternal life. He also
teaches his disciples to be poor in spirit (Matt. 5:3, n), have
godly sorrow, meekness, purity of heart, mercy, peacemaking,
patience in persecution for righteousness' sake, and happiness
of conscience when they are despised and rejected for his name's
sake (Luke 9:24; 17:33). He also instructs his own in true
humility and warns them faithfully against all spiritual and
carnal pride. Moreover, he holds before them the fact that they
must hear and keep God's Word, hunger and thirst after
righteousness, beware of false prophets (Luke 8:14; John
8:47; Matt. 5:6), follow not the hireling, and should flee from
the strange voice (Matt. 16:6; John 10:12); also that they are to
fast, and to pray without ceasing, that they are to guard
against overabundance of food, drunkenness, and anxiety
regarding temporal nourishment (Matt. 6:5; Luke 21:34);
that they must watch, and prepare for his appearing (Matt.
24:32; 25:13), and they must beware of the leaven of the
Pharisees, which is hypocrisy (Matt. 16:6), so that they will not
glory in their own works and seek a false righteousness therein;
that they shall not watch for the mote in their brother's eye and
not be aware of the beam in their own eye (Matt. 7:3); also, not
swallow camels while they strain at gnats (Matt. 23:24); etc.
Yea, he prescribes to his own the rule of perfection (Matt.
5:48), how they [404] must love their enemies, do good for
them who do them evil, pray for their persecutors, bless those
THE CHURCH OF GOD: PHILIPS 25!
who curse them (Matt. 5:44), and from the heart forgive their
debtors just as they desire forgiveness from God for their
debt;and avenge not themselves, but leave the matter to God
(Rom. 12:19).
Also, they are not only to guard against the works of the
flesh which are manifest, such as murder, adultery, false
swearing, but also against anger, bitter words, inordinate
etc.,
lusts unbecoming of the heart, and they are to guard against
all kinds of swearing, and not do this in any manner, on pain of
hell-fire, as may be seen in Matthew (ch. 5). The apostles

likewise teach in their epistles that Christians must in all things
show themselves obedient children of their Heavenly Father as
the elect and chosen ones of a holy God (Col. 3:12; I Peter i :i;
II Cor. 6:4), as the servants 19 of the Lord Jesus Christ, as the
instruments of the Holy Spirit, as a royal priesthood (I Peter
2:9), as a chosen generation, a peculiar people, zealous of good
works (Eph. 5:27; Titus 2:14), as the children of light, who
must walk no longer in darkness, but in the light, having been
called out of darkness into the wonderful light that they might
declare the power of God, and are therefore delivered from the
hand of their enemies to serve God in holiness and in righteous-
ness all the days of their lives (Luke i :yo fL).
This is the heavenly philosophy, which Jesus Christ, the Son
of God, received of his Father, brought down from heaven, and
taught his disciples. This is the counsel and will of God, the
saving doctrine of Jesus Christ (Acts 20:27), and the testimony
of the Holy Spirit; and in all this the Lord Jesus Christ is to his
own a master sent of God, whom they must hear (Matt. 3:17;
17:5); a leader (Voorganger], whom they must follow (I Peter
2:25);an example, to which they must conform (Rom. 8:29).
This the rule of Christianity, of which Paul writes (Gal. 6:16)
is :
As many as walk according to this rule, peace be unto them, and

mercy, and upon the Israel of God. But those who will not walk
according to this rule are not Christians, let them profess what
they will.
The seventh ordinance is that all Christians must suffer and be
persecuted, as Christ has promised them and said thus (John
16:33) The world shall have joy, but ye shall have tribulation:
:
but be of good cheer, for your sorrow shall be turned into joy;
again (Matt. 24:9) Ye [405] shall be hated by everyone for
: my
name's sake; again (John 16:2): The time cometh, that
is The word here is
normally translated in this text "ministers" (Dienaers)
and might be so rendered here.
whosoever killeth you will think that he doeth God service. Paul
concurs with this and says (Rom. 8:17): If so be that we suffer
with him, we shall also be glorified together, and inherit our
Heavenly Father's Kingdom; again (II Tim. 2:12; 3:12):
All that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution.
Again Paul and Barnabas testified (Acts 13:50) in all the con-
gregation that they must through much persecution and suffer-
ing enter the Kingdom of Heaven. In short, the entire Holy
Scripture testifies that the righteous must suffer and possess
his soul through suffering (Luke 21:19). Where there is a pious
Abel, there does not fail to be a wicked Gain (Gen. 4:1 f.);
where there is a chosen David, there is also a rejected Saul to
persecute him (I Sam. 18:11); where Christ is born, there is a
Herod who seeks his life (Matt. 2:16); where he openly preaches
and works, there Annas and Caiaphas, together with the blood-
thirsty Jews, gather together and hold counsel against him
(Matt. 26:3 ; Mark 14:1; Luke 22:1; Acts 4:6), nor can they
cease until they have killed him and force Pilate to do their
will.
Thus must the true Christians here be persecuted for the
sake of truthand righteousness, but the Christians persecute
no one on account of his faith. For Christ sends his disciples
as sheep in the midst of wolves (Matt. 10:16) ; but the sheep does
not devour the wolf, but the wolf the sheep. Hence they can
nevermore stand nor be counted as a congregation of the Lord
who persecute others on account of their faith. For, in the first
place, God, the Heavenly Father, has committed all judgment
unto Jesus Christ (John 5:22), to be a judge of the souls and
consciences of men and to rule in his congregation with the
scepter of his word forever. In the second place, it is the office
or work of the Holy Spirit to reprove the world for the sin of
unbelief (John 16:8). Now it is evident that the Holy Spirit
through the apostles and all pious witnesses of the truth did not
administer this reproof by violence nor with an outward
sword, but by God's word and power. In the third place, the
Lord Jesus Christ gave his congregation the power and estab-
lished the ordinance that she should separate, avoid, and shun
the false brethren, the disorderly and disobedient, contentious
and heretical people, yea, all in the congregation who are
found wicked, as has already been said (Rom. 16:17; I Cor.
5:10; I Thess. 5:14; Titus 3:10); what is done over [406] and
above this is not Christian, evangelical, nor apostolic. In the
fourth place, the parable of the Lord in the Gospel proves
THE CHURCH OF GOD*. PHILIPS 253
clearly to us that he does not permit his servants to pull up the
tares lest the wheat be pulled up also; but they are to let the
wheat and the tares grow together in the world until the Lord
shall command his reapers, that is, his angels, to gather the
wheat into his barn and cast the tares into the fire (Matt.
13:29).
From this it is evident that no congregation of the Lord may
exercise dominion over the consciences of men with the outward
sword, nor seek by violence, to force unbelievers to believe, nor
to kill the false prophets with sword and fire; but that she must
with the Lord's Word judge and expel those in the congrega-
tion who are found wicked; and what is done over and above
this is not Christian, nor evangelical, nor apostolic. And if
someone ventures to assert that the powers that be have not
received the sword in vain (Rom. 13:1), and that God through
Moses commanded that the false prophets be put to death
(Deut. 13:5), I will give this answer in brief: The higher
power (Ouerheyi) has received the sword from God, not that it
shall judge therewith in spiritual matters (for these things must
be judged by the spiritual, and only spiritually, I Cor. 2:13),
but to maintain the subjects in good government (Policie) and
peace, to protect the pious and punish the evil. And that God
commanded through Moses to kill the false prophets is a
command of the Old, and not the New Testament. In contrast
to this we have received another command from the Lord
(Matt. 7:15; John 10:5; Titus 3:10) that we are to beware of
false prophets, that we are not to give ear to them, that we are
to shun a heretic, and thereby commit them to the judgment of
God. Now, if, according to the Old Testament command,
false prophets were to be put to death, then this would have to
be carried out, first of all, with those who are looked upon as
false prophets and antichrists by the God-fearing and under-
standing persons, yea, by almost the whole world. Likewise the
higher powers would be obliged to put to death not only the
false prophets but also all image worshipers, and those who
serve idols,and who counsel other people to commit sacrilege
(Ex. 22:18), and all adulterers, and all who blaspheme the
name of the Lord, and who swear falsely by that name, all
who curse father and mother and profane the Sabbath (Ex.
20:7; Deut. 27:16); for they are all alike condemned to death
by the law as well as the false prophets are.
[407] It is therefore nothing but an effort to sew fig leaves
together to hide their shame, on the part of those who would
decorate their tyranny with Scripture and propose that they
do not put Christians to death, but only heretics, and that God
thus commanded through Moses. Yea, the world even looks
upon the most pious Christians as the most wicked heretics,
just as all good prophets were always
looked upon by the
world as liars, agitators, demented persons, and deceivers
Acts 6:14), and
(Jer. 11:21; Amos 2:9; Matt. 5:11; 23:30;
Christ himself was numbered with the transgressors (Mark
set forth as the least, and as it were,
15:28). And the apostles are
appointed unto death, made a curse of the world,
and a purga-
sacrifice (veechoffer) of the world (Ps. 44:13 I Cor. 4:9).
tory ;
And this is still the case with all upright Christians; but they
are comforted herein. For they trust in the Lord their God and
comfort themselves with the glorious promises given them by
God, namely, that they are saved (Matt. 5:108!), that theirs
is the Kingdom of Heaven and that the Spirit of God rests
upon them when they are persecuted for righteousness' sake,

when men say all manner of evil against them falsely and for
the sake of the name of Christ, if they have become partakers
of the sufferings of Christ and for his sake are despised, knowing
that they shall also be made partakers of his glory (I Peter
4:14; Rom. 8:17; II Tim. 2:12).
I have now briefly pointed out and discussed what the con-
gregation of God is, how and by what means it is built up, what
ordinances are included, by what symbols it is portrayed, how
it may be recognized, and how distinguished from all sects; for
in all false anti- Christian congregations these things are
and
notfound; namely: no real new birth; no real distinction between
law and gospel, that brings forth fruit, and by which people
truly repent and are converted from unrighteousness unto the
living God (Matt. 3:8; Luke 3:8); no true knowledge
of the
eternal and only God, who is life eternal, the fullness of wisdom
and of righteousness, that is manifested by the keeping of the
commandments of Christ (John 17:3; Wisdom of Solomon 15:3);
no true confession of the pure, holy, and spotless humanity of
Jesus Christ; no faith that produces fruits; no Scriptural baptism
or Lord's Supper; no Christian washing of the feet of saints
(John 13:5-17) in the quietness of true humility; no key to the
Kingdom of Heaven; no evangelical ban or separation; no
shunning of the temples (Tempderi) of [408] idolatry nor false
worship, no unfeigned brotherly love; no God-fearing life nor
keeping of the commands of Christ; no persecution for righteous-
ness' sake. All these ordinances and evidences of true Christianity
are found in no anti-Christian congregations in correct form,
but everywhere the reverse and opposite, as may be clearly seen
in these days, if so be that a man has eyes to see, ears to hear,
and a heart to understand (Matt. 13:9; Rev. 2:7; 3:6).
[III. THE TWELVE NOTES OF THE CHURCH]
Furthermore, the congregation of the Lord is easily recog-

nizable from its description, namely, that she is the Holy City,
New Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven,

prepared as a bride adorned for her husband (Rev. 21:2),
having the glory of God: and her light is like unto a stone most
precious, crystalline jasper; and has high and great walls, and
has twelve gates, and at the gates twelve angels, and names
written thereon, which are the names of the twelve tribes of the
Children of Israel (Rev. 21:12); and the building of the wall of
it is of jasper; and the city is pure gold, like unto clear glass.
And the foundation of the wall and of the city is garnished with
all manner of precious stones. [Here follows Rev. 21:18-27
complete except, significantly, for v. 24 b.]

[409] This is a description or lifelike portrait of the Christian
congregation, how it goes on here in the first place in the Spirit,
and hereafter in the perfection of heavenly existence. For, in the
first place, the Holy City is the congregation, whose citizens
are the Christian believers and members of the household of
God (Eph. 2:19), and it is called a city for the reason that as in a
city there must be concord; the citizens must hold firmly
together, living and conducting themselves according to the
same polity, law, and statutes, if the city is to continue to
exist. So it must also be in the congregation: there must be
unity of Spirit and of faith (I Cor, 1:9; 10:21; Rom. 12:16);

there the same rule of the divine Word must govern the walk of
its members, and the divine polity which this city has received
of God must be concordantly observed. Therefore also the
prophet (Ps. 122:3) declares that Jerusalem is built as a city
whose citizens are united, whereby there is portrayed to us the
unity of the congregation of God, of which the Scripture says
much (Eph. 4:3; Col. 3:5; Gal. 3:28; John 17:11).
In the second place, the congregation is the New Jerusalem
(Rev. 21:2) because all things have become new through Jesus
Christ (Rom. 7:6); the oldness of the letter and of the flesh has
passed away, and the upright new being of the Spirit has been
ushered in by Jesus Christ (II Cor. 5:17). Jerusalem is as much
as to saya vision of peace, and therefore the congregation of the
Lord the
is true Jerusalem, for it is at peace with God ^through
Jesus Christ, and peace is within her walls, and no ^disturbers
against evangelical teaching may
be suffered to remain therein;
for God is a God of peace in all his congregation. Christ is the
Prince of Peace and has given and left with us his peace. The
of believers,
Holy Spirit gives peace and joy to the consciences
and the apostles admonish us to this peace in all their epistles,
that it the upper hand in our hearts (Rom. 5:1; 14:8;
get
Heb. 12:15; Eph. 4:4; Phil. 4:1).
12:19;
In the third place, this New Jerusalem has come down from
as Christ
heaven, for the Christians are not of this world, just
also is not of this world (John 17:14), but they are born from
above. Therefore also they are not carnally, but spiritually
minded and by faith seek those things which are above (I John
3:6; Rom. 8:5), where Christ sitteth at the right hand of the
Father (Col. 3:1). With Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob they are
content to dwell in tents, and to be strangers here on earth;
for they seek for a city which hath foundations [410], whose
Builder and Creator is God (I Peter 1:1; 2:11; Heb. 11:10).
Those who by the grace of the Lord and by the power of their
faith are thus minded are the congregation of God, the Jerusa-
lem that is above, of which Paul writes to the Galatians (ch.
4:26).
In the fourth place, the congregation is prepared as a bride
adorned for her husband; for by faith she is espoused and wedded
to Jesus Christ, and is the glorious, beautiful bride (Hos. 2:19;
II Cor. 1 1 :4) of the Lamb, adorned with many virtues of God
and gifts of the Holy Spirit. Here is the great mystery of Christ
and his congregation, of which Paul writes to the Ephesians
that Christ is the head of the con-
(chs. 5:23; 1:22), namely,
flesh of his flesh, and bone of his bones; therefore he
gregation,
loved it and gave himself for it, and cleansed it with the water
bath in the word, that he might present it to himself a glorious
congregation, in order that she would
not have spot nor
wrinkle, nor any such thing, but that she should be holy and
unblamable, yea, partaking of the divine nature (II Peter 1:4),
if she hold the beginning of the nature of Christ steadfast unto
the end (Heb. 3:14). Therefore also the congregation in turn
must love Christ and surrender herself wholly to him, for his
sake forsake everything and cleave unto him alone, and wholly
avoid all spiritual adultery, that is, idolatry, and flee therefrom
(Matt. 10:37; 16:24; I Cor. 6:18; 10:14).
In the fifth place, this Holy City has in it the glory of God,
and she has no need of the sun nor moon to give light unto her,
for the glory of God lightens her, and her light is like the most
precious stone, like crystalline jasper; and the heathen of them
which are saved shall walk in the light of it (Rev. 2 1 1 1 f.; etc.) ;
:
that is, the congregation is a kingdom of the Most High, exalted

above all the kingdoms of the earth, in which the saints shall
have spiritual dominion (Dan. 7:27), and are the conquerors
over the whole world by their faith; and Jesus Christ, the bright-
ness of the everlasting light, the express image of the Person of
God, is the light of his congregation, which is enlightened by his
appearing, yea, with the clarity of his Word, so that she needs
no other light, and the Gentiles who shall be saved are called
from darkness to this light and walk in this light, as children of
light, and shine as lights in the world in this, that they hold fast
to the Word of life. Therefore also Tobit says in his song of
praise (Tobit 13:11): O Jerusalem, thou holy city, thou shalt
[411] shine in glorious brightness, and in all the ends of the
earth thou shalt be honored.
In the sixth place, this city of Jerusalem has walls great and
high, and the building of the wall is of jasper, and the founda-
tions of the wall of the city are garnished with all manner of
precious stones. This represents to us that the congregation is
built upon the precious foundation of the apostles and prophets,
of whom Jesus Christ is the chief cornerstone (Eph. 2:20);
and this same congregation has had from the beginning many
glorious ministers, preachers of righteousness (I Cor. 3:5;
I Peter 5:1), adorned with exalted gifts of the Spirit, which are
like a wall round about the city of God to protect them from
her enemies, and as a fence round about the vineyard of the
Lord, because of the little foxes, that is, to keep out of it the
false prophets who would creep in, so that they destroy not the
vineyard of the Lord (Isa. 5:1; Song of Solomon 2:15).
In the seventh place, there are twelve gates to this city
Jerusalem, and twelve angels, and names written thereon,
which are the names of the twelve tribes of the Children of
Israel. This indicates to us that the congregation of the Lord
has the doctrine of the apostles, which leads to the heavenly
Jerusalem, and that there is entrance by no other way; for
the apostles have preached to us the true gospel, and beside this
no other may be preached (Gal. 1:9). And if we would enter
into the congregation of the Lord we must enter in through these
gates, for Christ is the only way to the Father,
the only door to
the sheepfold, that is, the only means of entrance into the con-
gregation, and into the Kingdom of God (Luke 13:22; John
10:7; 14:7). And in view of the fact that the apostles preached
Christ, proclaimed the gospel, and thus brought the people to
Christ, they are therefore called gates, by which one enters into
the Holy City. They are also angels of the Lord, and the emis-
saries of the Most High, the sealed servants of God, and the
names of the twelve tribes of the Children of Israel are written
upon them (Mai. 3:1; Ps. 103:20), for to them they were sent
first by Christ, and they were first called to the fellowship of the
gospel, and they take precedence; and from them came the
apostles of the Lord.
In the eighth place, the aforementioned city is of pure gold,
as it were clean glass, and there is no temple therein, for the
Lord God Almighty is its Temple and the Lamb. This [412]
reveals to us the fact that the congregation of the Lord is clean
and pure, purified by much tribulation (Ecclesiasticus 2:5;
Wisdom of Solomon 3:6), even as the Scripture points out to us
that God tries his saints, as gold is tried in the fire, with many
trials, that the trial of their faith may be found much more
precious than [of] gold that perisheth. Neither does the con-
gregation need any external temple made with hands, which
does not avail before God, and therefore none is found in the
congregation, but the tabernacle of God is with them (Acts
7:48; 17:24), and the dwellings of the Most High are therein
(Ps. 48:9; Rev. 21:22). Moreover, the congregation herself is
the temple of the living God, as it is written (II Cor. 6:16;
I Cor. 3:16): I will dwell in them, and walk in them; and they
will be my people and I will be their God, says the almighty
Lord.
In the ninth place, the gates of the city shall not be closed by
day; and there is no night there. That is: the entrance to the
congregation of God is always open to penitents and believers;
for them the door of grace is always open, for them the day of
salvation always shines (II Cor. 6:2), and there is no darkness;
since God, who dwells in eternal light and in whom is no alter-
ation nor changing of the light nor of the darkness, is in his
congregation and enlightens her with his divine brightness,
here in the heart, by his Word and Spirit, which is accepted in
true faith; and hereafter in the eternal Kingdom, in which the
justified shall gleam as the sun forever.
In the tenth place, a stream of living water, clear as crystal
proceeds from the throne of God and of the Lamb through the
midst of the streets of the heavenly Jerusalem, and on either
side of the stream are the trees of life, which bear fruit every
month, and whose leaves are for the healing of the heathen. This
clear stream of living water represents the Holy Spirit, who
proceeds from the eternal Almighty God and Father (John
15:26) through the Son and is a spirit of the Father and the
Son, and he is in the congregation. He quickens and comforts
the believing souls with the everlasting comfort of the divine
grace, and by this same Spirit Jesus Christ is glorified (I Peter
1:11; John 16:15), the Word of life, the comforting gospel, is
proclaimed, which becomes fruitful in the hearts of the
believers, and is conducive and profitable for eternal salvation
to all who [413] have been converted from heathendom to the
Almighty God and led into his congregation (I Cor. 2:10).
In the eleventh place, the glory and honor of the heathen
shall be brought into this holy city. And there shall in no wise
enter into it anything that defileth, neither whatsoever worketh
abomination, nor maketh a lie: but they who are written in the
Lamb's book of life (Rev. 2i:26f.) that is the Gentiles, who
through the hearing of the gospel that was preached to them
have, by the power and working of the Holy Spirit, believed,
have praised God (as the prophets testify in many places,
Rom. 15:9; Deut. 32:43) and have made the congregation of
God glorious, because many thousands of Gentiles have been
added to the congregation. But the impure and the liars and
those that work abomination may not enter into this Holy
City; for the ungodly, says the prophet (Ps. i :5), shall not stand
in the judgment, nor sinners in the congregation of the
righteous. Yea, they shall have their part with the dragon in
the lake that burneth with fire, as it is written (Rev. 21:8):
But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the superstitious, and the
abominable, and murderers, and all liars, shall have their part
in the fiery lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which
is the second death. O Lord! where shall those remain who
now with such proud and haughty words profess to be the con-
gregation of the Lord, and yet are wholly intoxicated with
carnal pleasures and are openly the servants of idols, and Mars
against the truth and commit all manner of abomination before
the Lord?
Lastly, the servants of the Lord in this Holy City serve the
Most High, and his name is on their foreheads, and they shall
see his face, and shall reign from eternity to eternity. These
servants are the true Christians who serve the Lord faithfully
in his congregation, who have yielded their members to the
service of righteousness in order that they might be holy
(Rom. 6:19) and in the end acquire the salvation of their souls
(I Peter 1:9). These have
the mark on their foreheads, the
name of their God. They openly confess the truth, as those
whom the Holy Spirit has sealed, and rejoice in the mercy of
the Lord and are not ashamed of their praise of him (Ecclesias-
ticus 51:29); they do what God has commanded them to do
with upright [414] confidence. Therefore God will reward them
in due season, and the Lord Jesus Christ will transfigure them,
and they shall be like him, for they shall see him face to face in
the resurrection of the just and shall reign with him from
eternity to eternity (John 12:28; 17:5; I Cor. 13:12; Phil.
3 2i)
:
. .
Thus has the Holy Spirit portrayed to us in the Scripture

the congregation of Jesus Christ, from which we may under-
stand how the congregation here must be qualified, how
glorious she is, and how she shall be eternally in heaven, when
all these things shall come to pass and be fulfilled in the fullness
of power and glory. And now, in whatever congregation this is
begun in the Spirit and may be seen and found, there is the
true congregation of the Lord, the city of the living God, the
New Jerusalem, come down from above. Blessed are they that
do the commandments of the Lord, that their strength be in the
tree of life, and that they may enter in through the gates into
the city. For without are dogs and sorcerers, and idolaters, and
whosoever loveth and maketh a lie (Rev. 22:1 4 L).
May God, the Father of all mercy, who by his grace has
called us into the congregation of his dear Son, preserve us
therein and strengthen us unto his Heavenly Kingdom,
through Jesus Christ. Amen.
XII
On the Ban: Questions and Answers
l
By Menno Simons
INTRODUCTION
AND THE BAN WERE THE TWO KEYS
controlling the entry to and the exit from the regenerate
BAPTISM
church of Anabaptism. By [re] baptism one entered the
church. By the ban the wayward member was extruded. Only
the pure could participate in the communion of the celestial
flesh of Christ (cf. Dietrich Philips, Selection XI and Caspar
Schwenckfeld, Selection VIII). The ban was, of course, based
on Matt. 18:15-18. With it came to be associated the practice
of avoidance or shunning, based on I Cor. 5:11. Paul's injunc-
tion not to eat with the faithless could be interpreted as limited
to the Supper of the Lord or it could be extended so as to
exclude all social intercourse with the banned. And as the
movement passed from the phase of widespread baptismal
recruitment in the spirit of Conrad Grebel (cf. Selection III,
at n. 21), George Blaurock (Selection I), and Melchior Hof-
mann (Selection IX) to that of disciplined consolidation
(cf. Hutterite Ulrich Stadler, Selection XIII), the problem
of
the extent to which the faithful might properly associate with
former members who had been banned, including spouses,
became acute. In the Netherlands the rigoristic interpretation
of avoidance set in after the defection (c. 1540) of Obbe
1 The best biography in English is that of John Horsch, Menno Simons:

His and Teaching (Scottdale, 1916). Horsch apparently did not
Life, Labor,
know at the time the work of Karl Vos 3 Menno Simons, 1496-1561:
%ijn leven en werken en zijne reformatorische denkbeelden (Leyden, 1914).
Cornelius Krahn built upon both in his Menno Simons: Ein Beitrag Z.UT
Geschichte und Theologie der Taufgesinnten (Karlsruhe, 1936). A
major
source for the biography is Menno's own reminiscence in his Reply to
X
Gellius Faber. See also Selection at nn. 55 and 58.
261
Philips (Selection X) and the banning of Adam

Pastor in
1547 for incipient Unitarianism. Among the rigorist leaders
were Menno's two chief lieutenants, Dietrich Philips (cf.
Selection XI, at notes 55 and 58) and Leonard Bouwens.
Menno himself, however, wavered on the question of shunning
a banned spouse, bed and board. Whereupon he was himself
threatened with excommunication. By 1555 a schism opened
on this issue with Menno leading the slightly moderated
rigorists over against the laxist or mild-banner Waterlanders,
who became the forerunners of the liberal Doopsgezinden. From
the following Selection it is clear that the Anabaptists could be
fully aware of the vindictive, spiteful, and otherwise un-
charitable motives which might get mixed up with the religious
acts of banning and shunning. Menno was much concerned to
have Christ's second key turned with as much care as the first
and "with vigilant love" both for the sake of the sanctity of the
church and the ultimate salvation of the wayward.
The editor is tempted to take note of the antiquity of the ban
as a persistent motif in religious history. The Dead Sea Manual
of Discipline supplies an instructive parallel to the "Rule of
Christ" (Matt. 18:15-17=00!. vi, i).
On the Ban: Questions and Answers2
By Menno Simons
1550
THE TEXT
QUESTION i. Is separation a command or is it a counsel of
God? Answer. Let everyone weigh the words of Christ and of

Paul [i Cor. 5: n]...and he will discover whether it is
a divine commandment or whether it is a counsel. Everything
which Paul says in regard to separation he generally speaks in
the imperative mode, that is, in a commanding manner*
Expurgate ) that is, purge, I Cor. 5:7. Profligate, that is, drive out.
Sejungere, that is, withdraw from, I Tim. 6:5. Fuge> that is,
flee, Titus 3:9. Again (II Thess. 3:6): We
command you,
brethren, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. I think,
brethren, these Scriptures show that it is a command; and even
if it were not a command but an advice of God, should we not
diligently follow such advice? If my spirit despise the counsel of

the Holy Spirit, then I truly acknowledge that my spirit is not
of God. And to what end many have come who did not follow
God's Spirit, but their own, may be read in many passages of
sacred history and may be seen in many instances, at the present
time.
QUESTION 2. If any person should not observe this ban
and yet be pious otherwise, should such a one be banned on
that account? Answer. Whoever is pious will show his piety in
obedience, and not knowingly or willfully despise and dis-
regard the word, commandment, will, counsel, admonition,
2 This isa portion of a larger series of questions and answers (Sommige

Vrageri)printed in the Amsterdam edition of 1681 (pp. 473-474)
and trans-
lated into English at Elkhart, Indiana, in 1871. The present selection is
adapted from the Elkhart translation compared with the Dutch. The most
recent treatment of the subject is by Frank Peters, "The Ban in the
Writings of Menno Simons," MQR, XXIX (i955)> l6 -
263
and doctrine of God. For if anyone willfully keeps commerdum
with such whose company is forbidden in Scripture, then we
must come to the conclusion that he despises the Word of
God, yea, is in open rebellion and refractoriness (I speak of
those who well know and acknowledge, and yet do not do).
For rebellion is as the sin of witchcraft and stubbornness is as
iniquity and idolatry (I Sam. 15:23).
Since the Scripture admonishes and commands that we shall
not associate with such, nor eat with them, nor greet them, nor
receive them into our houses, etc.; and then if somebody
should say, I will associate with them, I will eat with them, I
will greet them in the Lord, and receive them into my house
he would plainly prove that he did not fear the commandment
and admonition of the Lord, but that he despised it, rejected
the Holy Spirit, and that he trusted, honored, and followed his
own opinion rather than the Word of God. Now judge for
to hear and obey
yourself what kind of sin it is not to be willing
God's Word. Paul says (II Thess. 3:6, 14): Now we command
,you, brethren, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye
withdraw yourselves from every brother that walketh dis-
orderly, and not after the tradition which ye
received of us;
And if any man obey not our word by this epistle, note
again:
that man, and have no company with him, that he may be
ashamed. Inasmuch as the ban was so strictly commanded by
the Lord, and practiced by the apostles (Matt. 18:17), there-
fore we must also use it and obey it, since we are thus taught
and enlightened by God, or else we should be shunned and
avoided by the congregation of God. This must be acknowl-
edged and confessed.
QUESTION 3. Should husband and wife shun each other
on account of the ban as also parents and children? Answer.
First, that the rule of the ban is a general rule,
and excepts
none: neither husband nor wife, neither parent nor child.
For God's word judges all flesh with the same judgment and
knows no respect of persons. Inasmuch as the rule of the ban is
general, excepts none, and is no respecter
of persons therefore
it is reasonable and necessary to hear and obey the Word of the
Lord in this respect; no matter whether it be husband or wife,
parents or children.
Secondly, we say that separation must be made in the congre-
gation; and therefore the husband must consent and vote with
the church in the separation of his wife; and the wife in the
separation of her husband. If the pious consort must give his
ON THE BAN: SIMONS 265
consent, then it is also
becoming that he also shun her, with the
church; for what use is there in the ban when the shunning and
avoiding are not connected with it?
Thirdly, we say that the ban was instituted to make ashamed
unto reformation. Do not understand this shame as the world
is ashamed; but understand as in the conscience, and therefore
let it be done with all discretion, reasonableness, and love.

If then my husband or wife, parent or child is judged in the
church, in the name of and by the power of Christ, to be banned,
it becomes us (inasmuch as the
evangelical ban is unto refor-
mation), according to the counsel of the Holy Spirit, to seek the
reformation of my own body, namely, of my spouse, and also
of our nearest kinsfolk as parent or child; for spiritual love must
be preferred to anything else. Aside from this I would care for
them and provide the temporal necessaries of life, so far as it
would be in my power.
Fourthly, wesay that the ban was given that we should not
be sullied by the leaven of false docirine or unclean-living
flesh, by apostates. And as it is
plain that none can corrupt and
leaven us more than our own spouses, parents, etc., therefore
the Holy Spirit counsels us to shun them, lest they leaven our
faith and thus make us ashamed before God. If we love husband
or wife, parent or child more than Christ Jesus, we cannot
possibly be the disciples of Christ.
Some object to this, saying that there is no divorce but by
reason of adultery. This is just what we say; and therefore we
do not speak of divorce, but of shunning, and that for the
aforementioned reasons. To shunning, Paul (I Cor. 7:10) has
decidedly consented, although this is not always coupled with
adultery; but not to divorce. For divorce is not allowed by the
Scripture except by reason of adultery (Matt. 5:32; Luke
16:18); therefore we shall never consent to it for other reasons.
Therefore we understand it that the husband should shun
his wife, the wife her husband, parents their children and the
children their parents when they apostatize. For the rule of
the ban is general. They [the godly] must consent, with the
church, to the sentence; they must aim at Scriptural shame unto
reformation and diligently watch, lest they [themselves] be
leavened by them, as said above.
My beloved in the Lord, I would here sincerely pray you
that you would make a difference between commandment and
commandment and not consider all commandments as equally
weighty. For adultery, idolatry, shedding blood, and the
like
shameful and abominable works of the flesh will be punished
more severely than a misunderstanding in regard to the ban,
and particularly when not committed willfully and perversely.
Therefore beware that in this matter of matrimony you press
no one farther than he is taught of God in his heart and that
he in his conscience can bear, lest you boil the kid while it is
still sucking its mother's milk [cf. Deut. 14:21]. On every hand
the Scriptures teach that we should bear with the weak.

Brethren, it is a delicate matter. I know too well what has been
the result of pressing this matter too far by some in my time.
Therefore I advise you to point all to the sure and certain
ground. And those consciences that are, through the Scripture
and the Holy Spirit, free and unencumbered will freely, with-
out the interference of anyone, by the unction of the Holy
that which he
Spirit and not by human encouragement, do
advises, teaches, and commands in the Holy Scripture, if it
should be that one's spouse should be banned. For verily I

know that whoever obeys the Holy Spirit, with faithful heart
will made ashamed.
never be
QUESTION 4. Should we greet one that is banned, with the
common, everyday greeting, or return our respects at his
greeting? For John says (II John iof.): If there come any
unto you, and bring not this doctrine, receive him not into your
house, neither bid him God speed; for he that biddeth him
God speed is partaker of his evil deeds. Answer. Mildness,
politeness, respectfulness friendliness to all mankind
and
becomes then, an apostate should greet me
all Christians. If,
with the common greeting of Good Morning or Good Day
and I should be silent; if he should be respectful to me and I
should turn my face from him, and bear myself austerely and
unfriendly toward him, I might well be ashamed of myself,
as Sirach says. For how can such a one be convinced, led to
repentance, and be moved to do better by such austerity? The
ban is not given to destroy but to build up.
If it should be said that John has forbidden such greeting, I for
myself would answer that, before my God, I cannot understand
that John said this in regard to the everyday greeting, but that
he says, if some deceiver should come to us who has left the
doctrine of Christ, that we should not receive such a one into
our houses, lest he mislead us; and that we should not greet
him as a brother lest we have communion with him, But not so
with the worldly greeting. For if the worldly greeting have such
power in itself that it causes the communion of the vain works
ON THE BAN; SIMONS 267
of those whom I greet, then it must follow that I would have
communion with the fornication, adultery, drunkenness,
avarice, idolatry and bloodshed of the world, whenever I
should greet a worldly man with the common greeting or
return his compliment. Oh no! But the greeting or kiss of
peace does signify communion. Yet if one should have conscien-
tious scruples in this matter, with such a one I do not dispute
about it. For it is not worth contending about. But I would
much rather see all scruples in regard to this matter removed
and have Christian discretion, love, politeness, and respectful-
ness practiced for [our] improvement rather than stubbornness,
unfriendliness, malice, and unmercifulness unto disruption*
Brethren, beware of discord and controversy. The Lord grant
every God-fearing person a wholesome understanding of his
holy Word. Amen.
QUESTION 5. Are we allowed to show the banned any
charity, love, and mercy? Answer. Everyone should consider,
(i) the exact meaning of the word commercium; (2) for what
reason and purpose the ban was ordained by the Holy Spirit
in the Scriptures; (3) how a real true Christian is reborn, bred,
and endowed 3 ; (4) how the merciful Father himself acts with
those who are already worthy of his judgment and wrath.
All those who can rightly see into these will doubtlessly not
deny necessary services, love, and mercy to the banned. For the
word commerdum does not forbid these, but it forbids daily
company, conversation, society and business, as was explained
above. The ban is also a work of divine love and not of perverse,
unmerciful, heathenish cruelty. A
true Christian will serve,
aid, and commiserate with everybody; yea, even with his most
bitter enemies. Austerity, cruelty, and unmercifulness he hates
with all his heart. He has a nature like his Father of whom he is
born: for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good,
and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust. If I, then, be of
a different nature than he, I show that I am not his child.
Therefore I say with our faithful brother Dietrich Philips 4
that we should not practice the ban to the destruction of man-
kind (as the Pharisees did their Sabbath) but to its improvement;
and thus we desire to serve the bodies of the fallen, in love,
reasonableness, and humility, with our temporal goods when
necessary, and their souls with the spiritual goods of the holy
Word. And we should rather, with the Samaritan, show mercy
3 The text has "uyt geboren, geaert ende genatuert."
* See Selection XI, the fourth ordinance.
to the wounded than to pass by him with the priest and Levite.
James says (ch. 2:13): For he shall have judgment without
mercy, that hath showed no mercy, and mercy rejoiceth against
judgment. Be ye therefore merciful as your Father also is
merciful. Blessed are the merciful; for they shall obtain mercy.
In short, if we understand the true meaning and nature of the
word commerciwn, we understand for what reason and purpose
the ban was instituted, how a true Christian is and should be
minded; and if we conform ourselves to the example of Christ
and of God, then the matter is all helped along. And if we have
not this grace, we will shamefully err in this ban and be cruel,
unmerciful Christians; from which error and abomination may
the gracious Father eternally save all his beloved children.
My brethren, I tell the truth and lie not when I say that I
hate with all my heart such unmercifulness and cruel-minded-
ness. Nor do I wish to be considered a brother of such unmerci-
ful, cruel brethren, if there
should be such, unless they desist
from such abomination and discreetly follow, in love and mercy,
the example of God and Christ. For my heart cannot consent to
such unmerciful action which exceeds the cruelty of the heathen
and Turks; and by the grace of God I will fight against it with
my Lord's sword unto death. For it is against the doctrine of the
New Testament, and contrary to the Spirit, mind, and nature
of God and Christ, according to which all the Scriptures of the
New Testament should be judged and understood. All those
who do not understand it thus are already in great error.
But in case my necessary service, charity, love, and mercy
should become a commercium, or that my soul should thereby be
led into corruption, then we confess (the Lord must be praised)
that our daily intercourse is forbidden in the Scripture, and that
it is better to leave off our charity, love, and mercy than to
ensnare our souls thereby and lead them into error. The
unction of the Holy Spirit will teach us what we should best
do in these matters.
QUESTION 6. Are we allowed to sell to, and buy of, the
apostates inasmuch as Paul says (I
Cor. 5:11) that we should
not have intercourse with them? And yet the disciples bought
victuals in Sychar, and the Jews dealt with the Gentiles
(John 4:5). Answer. That the apostles bought victuals
in Sychar
proves nothing at all; for many of the Samaritans were a

remnant of the ten tribes, as we have sufficiently shown above,
from the Holy Scripture. But we do not deny that the Jews
dealt with the Gentiles, yet they shunned their commercium, that
is,their daily association, company, and conversation, and did

not eat or drink with them, as the writings of the Evangelist
sufficiently and plainly show in many Scriptural
passages.
And inasmuch Christ points us to the Jewish ban or
as
shunning, namely, that as they shunned the Gentiles and sinners,
so we should likewise shun an apostate Christian; and as the
Jews had dealings with them, although they shunned their daily
intercourse in company, association, and conversation; there-
fore we say that we cannot maintain, either by the Jewish
example to which Christ points or by any explicit Scripture, that
we should not in any manner deal with the apostate, if no such
daily intercourse arises therefrom. For such intercourse with the
apostate is strictly prohibited by Scripture; and since it is
prohibited, it is manifest that a pious, God-fearing Christian
could have no apostate as a regular buyer or seller. For as I
have daily to get my cloth, bread, corn, salt, etc., and exchange
for it my grain, butter, etc., it cannot fail but that intercourse
will arise therefrom. But with a trading which is conducted
without such intercourse this is not the case.
And because such business which is carried on without inter-
course cannot be shown to be disallowed by virtue of the
Scripture, as was said, therefore we would pray all God-fearing
brethren and sisters in the Lord, for the sake of God and of love,
to act in this matter, as in all others, as reasonable, good,
discreet, wise, and prudent Christians and not as vain, reckless,
self-conceited, proud, obdurate, and offensive boasters; for a
true Christian should always strive after that which is the best
and the surest, and follow the pure, unfeigned love, lest he
abuse the freedom which he seems to have, to the injury and
hindrance of his own soul, to the affliction and destruction of his
beloved brethren, to the scornful boasting of the perverse, and
to the shameful defamation of the holy Word and the afflicted
church of Christ. Besides, I pray and desire in like manner that
none will thus in the least be offended at his brother and mistake
and judge him by an unscriptural judgment; as he has in this
case no reproving example among the Jews nor forbidding word
[in the Scriptures] .
O
my sincerely beloved brethren, let us sincerely pray for
understanding and wisdom that all misunderstanding, error,
jealousy, offense, division, and untimely reports may be
utterly exterminated, root and branch; that a wholesome under-
standing, doctrine, friendship, love, edification, and
a sound
judgment may get under way and prevail. Let everyone look
with pure eyes and impartial hearts to the example to which
Christ points, and to the wholesome, natural meaning of the
holy apostles, and let true, Christian love take precedence; and
everyone will know, by the grace of God, how he should act
and proceed concerning this matter.
QUESTION 7. Are we allowed to be seated with an apostate
in a ship or wagon, or to eat with him at the table of a tavern?
Answer. The first part of this question ... we deem childish and
happens without intercourse and must
useless, since this so often
needs happen. As to the second part, namely, [whether] to
eat at the table with an apostate, while traveling, we can point
the questioner to no surer ground and answer than this,
namely, we advise, pray, and admonish every pious Christian,
as he loves Christ and his Word, to fear God sincerely, and follow
the most certain way, that is, not to eat by or with him; for
thereby none can be deceived; and if perchance some God-
fearing brother might do so, then let everyone beware, lest he
sin against his brother by an unscriptural judgment; for none
may judge unless he have the judging word on his side.
Whosoever fears God, whosoever desires to follow after his
holy Word, with all his strength loves his brother, seeks to
avoid all offense and desires to walk in the house of God in all
peace and unity, will act justly in all things and will not offend
or afflict his brethren.
QUESTION 8. Who, according to Scripture, should be
banned or excommunicated? Answer. Christ says (Matt.
18:15-17): If thy brother trespass against thee, etc., and will
not hear thee or the witnesses, nor the church, let him be unto
thee as a heathen man and a publican. And Paul (I Cor. 5:11):
If any man that is called a brother be a fornicator, or covetous,
or an idolater, or a railer, or a drunkard, or an extortioner;
with such a one do not eat. To this class also belong perjurers,
thieves, violent persons, haters, fighters and all those who walk
in open, well-known, damnable works of the flesh, of which
Paul enumerates a great many (Rom. 1:29; Gal, 5:19; I Cor.
6:9; Eph. 5:5). Again, disorderly persons, working not at all,
but who are busybodies; such as do not abide in the doctrine of
Christ and his apostles and do not walk therein, but are dis-
obedient (II Thess. 3:11, 14). Again, masters of sects. Again,
those who give offense, cause dispute and discord concerning
the doctrine of Christ and of his apostles. In short, all those
who openly lead a shameful, carnal life, and those who are
corrupted by a heretical, unclean doctrine (Titus 3:10), and
who will not be overcome by the wine and oil 5

of the Holy
Spirit, but remain, after they have been admonished and sought
to be regained in all love and reasonableness, obdurate in their
the name
corrupted walk and opinion. They should, at last, in
of our Lord Jesus Christ, by the power of the Holy Spirit, that is,
by the binding Word of God, be reluctantly but unanimously
separated from the church of Christ and thereupon, according
to the Scriptures, be shunned in all divine obedience, until
they repent.
s Cf, Hubmaier, Selection V, introduction and p. 130.
XIII
Cherished Instructions on Sin, Excommunication,
and the Community of Goods

1
By Ulrich Stadler
PROBABLY IN BUGOVICE, MORAVIA, c. 1537
INTRODUCTION
SELECTION ILLUSTRATES THE RELIGIOUS
motivation of Hutterite communism as a way of
THIS
achieving selflessness and abandonment in the Lord,
5
Gelassenkeityvariously translated as "resignation/ "yielded-

ness." We
have already encountered this characteristic religious
term, notably in Grebel (Selection III), in Denck (Selection IV),
and in Hofmann (Selection IX). The first outward step in
dying to self is submission to rebaptism; withdrawing into the
wilderness and living the communal life of paradise and the
primitive church consummate the abandonment of self in the
Lord. (We have already encountered the wilderness motif in
Hofmann, Selection IX.) The regenerated life is felt by the
Hutterites to be that of a colony of heaven or of the Saints of
the Most High, sojourning in misery and exposed to hardships
and to martyr death in the Last Days. Outside of membership
in this pilgrim community of mutual suffering and love there
is no salvation. Indeed, in the language of Cyprian, Stadler
holds that whoever is outside the covenantal commonwealth of

the twice-born "has no Father in heaven."
Moravian communism as a restitution of the usage of the
primitive church is, of course, inspired also by the model in
i There are only brief notices of Ulrich Stadler. He died in 1 5405 bishop
of the Hutterite settlement in Bucovice in Moravia. He had
(Vorsteher)
been a mine official in Sterzing in the Tyrol and was briefly a Lutheran
before becoming a member of the Hutterite community in Austerlitz.
On the Hutterite epistles in general, see Robert Friedmann, MQR,
XX (1946), 93; for recent research in Hutterite Anabaptism, ibid.,
XXIV (1950), 353-363; and for a recent analysis of Hutterite theology,
Franz Heimann, "The Hutterite Doctrines of the Church and Common
Life," ibid., XXVI (1952), 22; 142.
272
CHERISHED INSTRUCTIONS: STABLER 273
Acts, chs. 2 to 5. Likewise the Fifth Letter ofClement of Rome
was no doubt influential. Detached from the Pseudo-Isidorian
Decretals, it was popularized in the Geschichtsbibel of Sebastian
Franck (Selection VII) as supposedly reflecting the apostolic
communism in Rome and Jerusalem. The Decretals (them-
selves a ninth-century forgery) embodied Pseudo-Clementine
material from the third century in which the communism of
The Acts, the Golden Age, and Biblical paradise were mingled.
By way of Campanus (Selection VII) Franck's evaluation of
Pseudo-Clement reached Bernard Rothmann in Minister. 2 By
what specific way Clement's ideal reached Moravia has not yet
been fully worked out, but the phrasing of his Letter is echoed by
Stadler. His Instruction occupies a place in the long history of the
community of disciplined friends who have dreamed of or prac-
ticed in love the communion in goods from Platonism and
Stoicism through medieval monasticism to what Luther
excoriated as the "new monachism" of the Anabaptists.
The Selection is illustrative of the mood and organization of
the Hutterite congregation-commonwealth (gmairi). It dates
from the period when, after the dissolution of the Hutterite
colony in Austerlitz under persecution in 1536, Stadler's
following joined a colony under Hans Amon, one mile to the
east. The amalgamating groups are known to have agreed
upon certain articles of which our document may well be the

echo.
2 See Hans von Schubert, Der Kommumismus der Wiedertaufer in Munster
und seine Quellen, Sitzungsberichte, Heidelberger Akademie der Wissen-
schafte, phii.-hist. KL, 1919, 1 1. Abh. Clement is quoted in the Hutterite
Article Book (1547). See Friedmann, "Eine dogmatische Hauptsdirift,"
Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte* XXVII I (1931), 135.
The Clementine letters were published by John Sichard in Basel, 1526.
The Fifth Letter can be read in the Decretals as edited by Paul Hinschius
(Leipzig, 1863) on pp. 65 f. where the reading, so important at Minister,
remains intact: . . . communia debere esse amicorum omnia . . . sine dubio
et coniuges.
Cherished Instructions on Sin, Excommunication,
3
and the Community of Goods
By Ulrich Stadler
PROBABLY IN BUCOVICE, MORAVIA, c. 1537
THE TEXT
4
[EXCLUSION]
* . One speaks 5 without any distinction just as though one
.
could not miss God's grace and as though the door of

grace
always stood open to be entered whenever one wished and to
let the Lord in whenever he should knock.
[But] he also turns
away and after [such conduct] does not allow himself to be
found in time of trouble. And, moreover, a person can become
so blinded and hardened that he will no
longer see or hear*
Thus people are not taught rightly to recognize the pure fear
of God and his divine severity in judgment.
Though he is, to be sure, merciful indeed and gladly takes
mercy on the sinner, helps him out, and lifts him in Christ out
of his filth like the prodigal son, nevertheless he is also at the
3 The German title is Eine Hebe

unterrichtung Ulrichen Stadlers, diener des
worts, der sund halben und des ausscklus^ wie er darinen stehe, auch
gemainschaft
der zeitlichen gueter halben. ... It is
printed by Lydia Miiller, Glaubens-
zeugnisse pberdeutscher Taufgesinnter, I (Leipzig, 1938), 215 ff. The
numbers in brackets refer to the pagination of this text. The document is
colloquial and not tightly constructed. The Instruction opens with the
problem of original sin. Only the last section of this portion is here trans-
lated, but the remaining two portions of the work are
complete.
Another writing by Stadler on the same subject but not ascribed to him
is
published by Rudolf Wolkan, Die Hutterer: Oesterreichische Wiedertdufer
und Kommunisten in Amerika (Vienna, 1918). Five other
writings besides
our selection are edited by Miiller, and there is a
long letter of his to the
rulers in Poland preserved in the Hutterite
Chronicle, ed. Ziegelschmid,
pp. 166-170.
4 Exclusion
(ausschlusz) is more than the ban of the noncommunitarian
Anabaptists, because the whole of the exile's economic and social as well
as his religious life is involved.
5 The reference is to the foregoing query of critics, possibly from within the
Hutterite group, as to why God will not forgive
many times.
274
CHERISHED INSTRUCTIONS: STADLER 275
same time a pure and holy God, [who] wills 6 that man sin no
more but that he serve and laud him, [a God who is] often a
consuming fire above those who thus sin against him and defile
themselves after he has cleansed them. Thus let him who, after
being once helped, gladly, wittingly, brazenly sins against him
according to recognized truth, seek an expiatory offering
wherever he will; I do not know where to find one to show him
in Christ, the High Priest, Rather, God's Spirit testifies that a
terrifying judgment and the zeal of fire await him, which will
consume all the perverse. For the seeding with the Lord's
Word takes place once. Thereafter the Lord waters it con-
tinually with rain. Now when the ground which is seeded and
receives rain continually bears only thistles and thorns, it must
for the best be burned up. Again, one does not always haggle
(dinget) over a planted tree, but rather cultivates it for several
years [220] [to see] whether it bears fruit, and if not, it is cut
down. This the Lord also testifies in Christ [John 15:2!^]:
Every branch in me which beareth not fruit the Father will cut
off. Whoever abideth not in me is cast forth as a branch of the
vine and is withered and men gather it and cast it into the fire
and it is burned. Whoever exceeds and does not abide in the
doctrine of Christ has no God,
Therefore, whoever proclaims and promises mercy to such a
persistent sinner, who blasphemes the Spirit of grace and treads
the Son of God under foot, let him be answerable for himself
rather than [maintaining] that God's Spirit ever so testified.
But it is said, if someone is able to do penance, God will not
fail him. Yea, but it is not of one's (own) willing and running;
in short, it is not in the hands of man to convert himself but
rather of God the long-suffering. But that he is merciful to
them who consider the blood of the New Covenant impure by
which they have been purified, God's Spirit does not testify
declares, in fact, just the opposite, namely, it is impossible
that such a one should be renewed by repentance. Therefore,
ye elect saints of God, be on your guard, watch and fear God.
For now is the time when the Lord will lead out his own in
tribulation and thereafter receive them with everlasting joy
splendor, to the glory of the Father in heaven.
and It is so in
Christ. ^
Further, it is adduced against me that I do not wish to
6 Stadler on free will and divine chastisement is similar to Hubmaier and

Denck (Selections IV and V),
? The sentence is mutilated.
receive anybody in the communion of the saints in Christ.
To this I say to Christ our Lord; It is proper for the
my sons in
true deacons [of the Word] 8 of the Lord to have watchful eyes
in all this and to judge and treat everybody in his community
according to the mind and Spirit of Christ, lest that one be
bound and not accepted who before God has been loosed. For
the truth itself testifies concerning someone who unwittingly
or in haste stumbled, and so forth, and the children of truth as
his witnesses testify [in his behalf]. So it is, indeed, possible to
receive [someone] in the Lord with the consent of the whole
brotherhood. Paul also warns the Corinthians [II, ch. 13:1] that
in the mouth of two or three witnesses every matter should be
confirmed in the Lord; the same, John in Epistle III [v. 12]
concerning Demetrius. Otherwise the wicked, malicious
impure, unrepentant hearts could also weep, holler, and implore,
acknowledge and confess, but still show no improvement in
force and thus deceive the innocent children of God.
In the matter of the exclusion of such I hold as before,
namely, that the deacons should exercise the power in the
house of the Lord and with severity punish all who are dis-
orderly, disobedient, and obstinate and not put up with them
in the house of the Lord, ban them also from the house of the
Lord with the consent of the whole people of God, yea, all
sinners who work unrighteousness. For what's the purpose of a
steward and deacon in the church (kiirchen] of the Lord who
has no power or authority in the Lord, nor the righteous
severity and zeal to ban and punish what is unrighteous? He
bears the name of a deacon of the Lord without any strength
[221] and vitality. The people, however, as zealous for the
Lord should unanimously concur with him and he with them;
and this is, according to the command of Christ and his holy
apostles, the real truth and correct usage. Defame it however
8 In the Hutterite communities there were two diaconates: that of the
Diener der Notdurft, which I am translating as "deacon of welfare/ and the
5
Diener des Wortes, "deacon of the Word." Of the latter there were at least
two kinds: the apostle who preached and gathered the saints and the
minister of the Word who remained within the community. Stadler
himself was deacon of the Word at Austerlitz and died as bishop ( Vorsteher)
or chief minister in Bucovice. On J
Stadler s ministry specifically and on the
organization of the Hutterite church-commonwealth in general, see
Joseph Beck, ed.^ Die Geschichts-Bucher der Wiedertaufer (=Fontes Rerum
Austriacarum, 2. Abt. 5 XLIII), (Vienna, 1883), 149 and Introduction; and
on the latter point also Lydia Miiller, Der Kommunismus der mdhrischen
Wiedertaufer, Verein fur Reformationsgeschichte, Schriften, No. 142
(Leipzig, 1927).
one may, may God grant them
it to to see it. For it is said we
[deacons] have stolen the power of the congregation (gmain)
of the Lord! I should rather be a swineherd than a deacon of
the Lord, if I did not have in the Lord power and authority to
punish. Surely, 1 might, at least, strike a miscreant pig and drive
it back to the herd! Once someone is
recognized as fitted for
such an office of the Lord and that the Lord honors him with
appropriate gifts of his Spirit, and he is true and also pure in his
life, then he should be fully entrusted with his office, as already
said. Where not, let it be abandoned. It would not be
possible
that deacon and community could die and recover together.
There would never be peace and concord among them, but
instead the congregation would be full of suspicion toward the
deacon, the deacon would have a malevolent heart against the
congregation. God protect us from this. I know in part what
pains this can bring.
THE TRUE COMMUNITY OF THE SAINTS
There is one communion (gmain) of all the faithful in Christ

and one community (gmainschaft) of the holy children called
of God. They have one Father in heaven, one Lord Christ; all
are baptized and sealed in their hearts with one Spirit. They
have one mind, opinion, heart, and soul as having all drunk
from the same Fountain, and alike await one and the same
struggle, cross, trial, and, at length, one and the same hope in
glory. But it, that is, such a community (gmain) must move
about in this world, poor, miserable, small, and rejected of the
world, of whom, however, the world is not worthy. Whoever
strives for the lofty things [of this world] does not belong.
Thus in this community everything must proceed equally, all
things be one and communal, alike in the bodily gifts of their

Father in heaven, which he daily gives to be used by his own
according to his will. For how does it make sense that all who
have here in this pilgrimage to look forward to an inheritance
in theKingdom of their Father should not be satisfied with their
bodily goods and gifts? Judge, O ye saints of God, ye who are
thus truly grafted into Christ, with him deadened to the world,
to sin, and to yourselves, that you never hereafter live for the
world or yourselves but rather for him who died for you and
arose, namely, Christ. [They] have also yielded themselves and
presented themselves to him intimately, patiently, of their own
2^8 SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
free will,naked and uncovered, to suffer and endure his will 9
and, moreover, to fufill it and thereafter also to devote them-
selves in obedience and service to all the children of God.
Therefore, they also live with one another where the Lord
assigns a place to them, peaceably, united, lovingly, amicably,
and fraternally, as children of one Father. In their pilgrimage
they should be satisfied with the bodily [222] goods and gifts
of their Father, since they should also be altogether as one
body and members one toward another.
Now then, each member withholds assistance from the
if,
other, the whole thing must go to pieces. The eyes won't see,
the hands won't take hold. Where, however, each member
extends assistance equally to the whole body, it is built up and
grows and there is peace and unity, yea, each member takes
care for the other. In brief, equal care, sadness and joy, and
peace [are] at hand. It is just the same in the spiritual body of
Christ. If the deacon of the community will never serve, the
teacher will not teach, the young brother will not be obedient,
the strong will not work for the community but for himself and
each one wishes to take care of himself and if once in a while
someone withdraws without profit to himself, the whole body is
divided. In brief, one, common builds the Lord's house and is
pure; but mine, thine, his, own divides the Lord's house and is
impure. Therefore, where there is ownership and one has it,
and it is his, and one does not wish to be one (gmainsam) with
Christ and his own in living and dying, he is outside of Christ
and his communion (gmain) and has thus no Father in heaven.
If he says so, he lies. That is the life of the pilgrims of the Lord,
who has purchased them in Christ, namely, the elect, the called,
the holy ones in this life. These are his fighters and heralds,
to whom also he will give the crown of life on the Day of his
righteousness.
Secondly, such a community of the children of God has
ordinances here in their pilgrimage. These should constitute
the polity (policeien) for the whole world. But the wickedness of
men has spoiled everything. For as the sun with its shining is
common to all, so also the use of all creaturely things. Whoever
appropriates them for himself and encloses them is a thief
and steals what is not his. For everything has been created free
in common (in die gmain}. Of such thieves the whole world is
This same bridal imagery (cf. also n. 14, below), derived in part from
medieval mysticism, is prominent in Melchior Hofmann. Selection IX,
at n. 5 and passim.
full. May God guard his own from them. To be sure, according
to human law, one says: That is mine, but not according to
divine law. 10 Here in this ordinance [in our community] it
[the divine law] is to be heeded (gilt es aufsehens) in such a way
that unbearable burdens be not laid upon the children of the
Lord, but rather ones which God, out of his grace, has put
upon us, living according to which we may be pleasing to him.
Thus only as circumstances dictate will the children of God
have either many or few houses, 11 institute faithful house
managers and stewards, who will faithfully move among the
children of God and conduct themselves in a mild and fatherly
manner and pray to God for wisdom therein,
ORDINANCES OF THE SAINTS IN THEIR COMMUNITY

AND LIFE HERE TOGETHER IN THE LORD WITH THE
GOODS OF THEIR FATHER
In order to hold in common all the gifts and goods which God
gives and dispenses own, there must be free, unhampered
to his
(ledige),patient (gelassem), and full hearts in Christ, yea,
hearts that truly believe and trust and in Christ are utterly
[223] devoted. Whoever is thus free, unhampered, and resigned
in the Lord from everything, [ready] to give over all his goods
and chattels, yea, to lay it up for distribution among the
children of God it is God's grace in Christ which prepares
men for it. Being willing and ready that makes one free and
unhampered. But whoever is not thus at liberty to give over
and lay up in Christ the Lord, as indicated, should nevertheless
not hold back, nor conceal, nor disavow anything but instead
be willing and ready to give even when there is nothing at hand,
yea, even to let the deacons in to collect in order that [at least]
they might have free access in the Lord to them and at all
times to find a willing, open heart ready to share. The house
10 The remainder of this paragraph is not entirely clear. One might expect
Stadler to distinguish between two laws, the one for the worldlings (even,
when they might call themselves Protestant or Catholic) and one for the
elect. But instead, he seems to be moderating the divine law of the
complete community of goods as in paradise in its application to the

saints, recognizing their inherited inequalities and their insufficiently
eliminated imperfections.
11 The Austrian and Moravian authorities were slightly less alarmed if the
Anabaptists managed to avoid concentrations and the appearance of a
threat of revolution. But it was precisely their faith as well as their
misery which induced them to live together.
managers who have devoted themselves to the Lord and his
people with body and substance in the service of, and obedience
to, the Lord in his community should not be changed where
they are recognized as fitted for the work and found faithful
nor the [management of] the necessities withdrawn from them
in the Lord, as long as they deal faithfully. Where, however,
avarice or selfishness is detected, it should not be permitted.
They must also be more community-minded with all the

wretched of the Lord.
[As] deacojis of welfare, true men should be ordained who
take care that everything proceeds equally in the whole house
of the Lord, everywhere in all the households, lest one have and
another want. They also should be fatherly with all the little
children of God; and also do all the buying and selling for the
community.
The children of God should group themselves and hold
together here in misery after they have been driven out in the
worst sort of way if they can achieve this, for it is good and
it [can be managed] without
purposeful; however, if hardship
they should not make big concentrations
12 but
rather, as
opportunity affords, they should have many or at least a few
[separated] houses. In brief, it belongs to all the children of
God to live, to serve, to work, to seek not their own benefit
but that of another, since we are all of the Lord. [Such] is
their behavior on their pilgrimage.
Again, the brethren ought not to do business with each other,
buy and sell like the heathen, each being rather in the Lord the
Lord's own. Finally, everything should be arranged for the good
of the saints of God in the church of the Lord according to time,
place, propriety, and opportunity, for one cannot set up a
specific instruction for everything. The
hearts which are free,
willing,unhampered, patient, [ready] to serve all the children
of God, to have everything in common with them, yea, to
persevere loyally and constantly in their service, shall remain
always in the Lord. Where such hearts of grace exist, everything
is soon ordered in the Lord. But whoever goes about in the
congregation and the community of the saints with cunning
and deception, untruth or lies, the Lord will bring to ruin 13 .,
. .
however long postponed [also him] who seeks himself or

does not work faithfully as for the Lord himself or as with the
goods of the Lord, and does not rightly go about in the fear of
the Lord.
12 See n. 1 1. is Small
gap in the MS.
CHERISHED INSTRUCTIONS: STABLER 28l
[224] Now follow the counterarguments.

Someone says that it is better, because of bickering and
complaining, to be separate from each other, and that if every-
one takes care of and lives unto himself, it stays more
peaceful.
Answer: The complainer and grumbler, of course, who have
never mortified the flesh, who do not control their desires and
lusts, who have indeed abandoned the patience and the true
love of God (whoever has this love of God in his heart is
long-suffering and patient along with the rest of the pious here
in these troubled times lest he lose himself too far in the world),
yea, because of these things it is difficult or even impossible
[for them] to live along with and in the midst of the others
[for them] who seek themselves, [who seek] to maintain their
own life here comfortably, and to cultivate their body, as they
have since childhood learned and been accustomed to doing
according to the perverse manner [of the world]. Indeed, for
such unmortified, carnal, natural men without the Spirit,
it certainly is a heavy, bitter, unbearable life. Such
persons
seek freedom only to dwell someplace unto themselves in order
that they might live pleasantly according to the flesh and unto
their corruption. Otherwise they would surely be captured by
the snares of blessedness and love. Those who had not been
constrained to love within their hearts would nevertheless
endure it in order not to become obvious, but upon such as
these, God's severity should be visited.
Secondly, it is said that the children of God cannot all dwell
in the same place. They cannot all be even in one land; nor is
this really necessary, for the whole earth is the Lord's and it
makes no difference where one dwells, so long as it is in the
fear of God.
Answer: This is indeed true, but as far as it can be had and
achieved, it is very good and purposeful to be together as well as
can be so that all is possessed as by sojourners who seek another
habitation. For to wander in the world and to have much to do
with it and still to keep from being unsullied is possible for only
a few and very hazardous. But whoever likes danger very likely
comes to disaster thereby, especially in these times, which are
much more full of danger than ever before. In this time a
place has been given to the bride of the Lamb in which to dwell
amid the wasteland of this world, there to put on the beautiful
bright linen garment and thus to await the Lord until he leads
her after him here in tribulation and afterward receives her
with eternal joy. 14 The time is now. Whoever has ears to hear,
lethim hear.
But when some are with others in one place even in misery
and nevertheless do not live communally as friends and
brothers in the Lord (as even children driven out hold together),
but rather seek excuses the one on account of his stomach, the
other because of his wife and child, the third with another
excuse, as it has gone on now for some time they [obviously]
do not recognize the other in their heart as one of their own, for
whom they have as much love as for self. Otherwise they
would surely bear and suffer one another. And also the well and
the strong would surely be considerate of him who is ill and
[225] has a weak stomach and distribute to each one what is
necessary for him to maintain the poor, miserable body. There
are, in fact, several gross members of the community without
understanding, who think that everyone has a good stomach
and can digest anything [but due care should be given the
15
weak]. May the deacons of welfare have, in this [whole
matter], faithful supervision, so that on neither side is too much
done for anybody lest the body be coddled with faithless eating
and drinking! In brief, wherever things are as described and
each one sets up his kitchen, there it canfnot] be said in truth
that there is the one heart, soul, and body which must, however,
and always should be among the children of God. If that is not
the case, it must be remedied in the house of the Lord.
Thirdly, it is alleged for the time of the apostles that the
congregations of Christ were not so ordered and were not
thereby thrown upon one another, having all in common, as
their letters show, except for a brief period in Jerusalem up to
the separation [from Judaism],
Answer: I say there is a great difference in the times. There,
they [the primitive Christians] were left in their homes and not
at once driven into misery, but now the children of God have no
place in the whole Roman Empire. For the Babylonian whore
16
who sits on the dragon with seven heads, I mean the Roman
Church, a synagogue of the living devil, spews out all the
14
Again (see above, n. 9) the bridal imagery as in Hofmann and the motif
of withdrawal into the desert or wasteland. The allusion is to Rev. 19:8.
Here also is the mystic's and notably Mimtzer's motif of the bitter
preceding the sweet in the experience of Christ.
15
Supplied as certainly necessary to make sense of the whole section.
is
Moravia, as distinguished from the Kingdom of Bohemia, lay outside the
Holy Roman Empire.
CHERISHED INSTRUCTIONS I STABLER $83
children of God and only drives them into the wilderness, unto
their place, as declared above. Nonetheless, truth is truth and
must so stand. And, moreover, all the elect follow it. She
[truth] says this: We are never for ourselves but of the Lord.
We have in truth nothing of our own, but rather all the gifts
of God in common, be they temporal or spiritual, except that
they [the deacons] should adapt the ordinances to the cir-
cumstances of time, place, and situation for the good of the
children of God and not rule [autocratically] over the children
of God, but rather they should at all times be ordered and inter-
preted for the improvement of the people. So judge all ordi-
nances according to propriety and opportunity for the good of
the saints and take hold with strength and bring it to pass that
property, that is, his, mine., thine, will not be disclosed in the
house of the Lord, but rather equal love, equal care and distri-
bution, and true community in all the goods of the Father
according to his will.
I say also of our own times if there were so many faithful
allowed to remain in their homes as with the communities of
Paul, they should but be true, faithful house managers and
dispensers, and all things would be nicely arranged, as Paul
shows. But the free, unencumbered, community-minded and
yielded hearts must still be and remain precisely those who
have everything in common with the children of God, gladly
distribute and dispense, and who also gladly endure and suffer
with the pious.
[226] Fourthly, it is said that not all are so free and resigned
that they are able to be one with the community of all the
elect, and these should not be expelled.
Answer: Such a selfful, unsurrendered heart must be hewn
and circumcized; and only then will it be useful for the con-
struction of the house of the Lord. He must be forthrightly
shown his retarded behavior and insufficiency in order that
it [the dressed rock] may be like-minded and of one color with
all the other resigned, holy children of God.
Further, it is said that God wishes to have a joyful giver,
indeed, unencumbered, [giving] out of love and desire, not ,
out of pressure and coercion.

Answer: Wait until one finds such grace in the Lord in a
person and take nothing that is proffered joylessly and despond-
ently. It is proper, however, for the deacons of the Lord in
such a case to instruct, guide, and admonish with all patience,
neither coddling nor rejecting, like Paul in whom one has an
ideal pattern. There is a lack of mortified, free, unencumbered,
yielded hearts. In the beginning they were [present] in the
Lord, but now that the pilgrimage is postponed, they nestle
down again in the world; and therewith there are few who long
to leave the world. Indeed, they really prefer to live than to
die [in Christ]. The saying: Death is my reward, 17 becomes
rarer among them, among many of them.
In conclusion, it is very good for the children of God, while
they make their pilgrimage in misery, to assemble and hold
themselves together, as well as can be achieved in the Lord,
and not to take counsel concerning this with the flesh, for the
fleshwould never recommend it but rather wants to be and
have only its own and not suffer it out with the pious.
Again, it is contended that nowhere in holy Scripture can it
be read that it is a command of the Lord to bring together all
the goods and to place deacons and stewards over them.
Answer: It is true abandon 18 to yield and dispose oneself with
goods and chattels in the service of the saints. It is also the way
of love. Moreover, true friends have all things in common;
indeed, they are called two bodies with but one soul. Yea,
we learn it in Christ to lose oneself in the service of the saints,
to be and become poor and to suffer want, if only another may
be served, and further, to put aside all goods and chattels, to
throw them away in order that they may be distributed to the
needy and the impoverished. That is the highest part and degree
of divine abandon and voluntary surrender to the Lord and to
his people through the Spirit of grace.
In brief, a brother should serve, live, and work for the
other, none for himself; indeed, one house for another, one
community 19 for another in some other settlement in the land,
wherever the Lord grants it that we gather together, one
communion, as a body of the Lord and members one to
another. This we
see in all the writings [227] of the holy
apostles, namely, how one
brother, one congregation, serves
the other, extends assistance and supplies to the other in the
Lord. Such is the life of the elect, holy children of God in their
pilgrimage. Arnen.
i? The Anabaptist motif of martyrdom, which combined the mystic's
impulse to die to self \vith the radical evangelical's
urge to imitate Christ
unto the cross.
is Gelassenhait.
i^
Versammlung.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MATERIAL IN
ENGLISH TRANSLATION WRITTEN BY
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE RADICAL
REFORMATION (1524-1575)*
Acontius, Jacob (1492-1566?), Satan's Stratagems (1565),

translated by Walter T. Curtis, with an introduction by
Charles O'Malley, Sutro Branch, California State Library,
Occasional Papers, English Series, No. 5 (San Francisco, 1940);
a historically important translation of the first four books is
that ofJohn Goodwin (London, 1647).
Anneken of Rotterdam (1511-1539), Letter: to David Joris
(1538)5 in Martyrology, I, 204-207.
Testament to her son Isaiah (1539), in Martyrology, I,
196-201.
Blaurock, George 1492-1529), Memorial and Exhortation
(c.
(1529), in Martyrology,I, 92-96.
Braght, T. J. van (1625-1664), The Bloody Theatre or Martyrs*

Mirror (1660), translated by Joseph F. Sohm (Scottdale,
Pa., 1938); translated by Edward B. Underbill as A
Martyrology, 2 vols. (London, 1850). Some of the longer 9
documents (up to 1550) contained in the Martyrs Mirror are
separately listed in this bibliography.
Castellio,Sebastian (1515-1563), Concerning Heretics (1554),
introduction ("Martin Bellius") and excerpts translated by
Roland H. Bainton, Concerning Heretics (New York, 1935),
pp. 121-251; also included are excerpts from other works:
Preface to the French Bible (c. 1553); Counsel to France in Her
Distress (October, 1562); Reply toCalvin's Book (1562); Con-
cerning Doubt and Belief, Ignorance and Knowledge, pp. 257-305.

Claeson, John (1544), Testaments (c. 1544), in Martyrology, I,
25I-59-
*A few English Anabaptist and early General Baptist tracts are also
included.
285
the Errors of
Goodie, Robert 1550), The Confutation of
(fl.
the Careless bj Necessity (c. 1557); edited by Baptist Historical
Society, Transactions, IV, 2 (1915), 88.
Confession: to the City
Council of
Denck,John (1495-1527),
The
Nuremberg (1524), paraphrased by Frederick L. Weis,
Life of Johannes Denck (Strassburg, 1924), pp. 23-25.
He Who translated by Weis;
Really Loves the Truth (1525),
typescript copy in Andover-Harvard Theological Library,
Cambridge, Mass.
Letter to Augsburg Council (1526), translated by Weis, op.
cit.ypp, 31-32.
Brief excerpts from various works, compiled by Harry
E. Fosdick, Great Voices of the Reformation (New York, 1952),
pp. 300-302.
Dortrecht Confession of Faith (1632), text in the Martyrs' Mirror,
\
and more recently reprinted in John Wenger, Glimpses of

Mennonite History (Scottdale, Pa., 1947), PP- 215-226; printed
separately as a Christian Confession (Philadelphia, 1727).
Elizabeth Dirks the Beguine (c. 1518-1549), Acts of (c. i549)>
in Martyrology> I, pp. 294-98.
to the Council of
Felbinger, Nicholas ( ? -1560), Confession:
Landshut (1560), translated by Robert Friedmann, MQR,
XXIX (1955), pp. 144-161.
Franck, Sebastian (1499-1543), The Forbidden Fruit (1534) ^
[London], 1640, under pseudonym A. Eleutherius

and
1642 by T.P. and M.S. for Benjamine Allen.
Grebel, Conrad (c. 1498-1526), Letter to gwingli (Sept. 8,
1517)5 translated and edited by Edward Yoder,
Goshen
College Record, XXVII (1926), pp. 33~37*
Poem (1521), translated by Samuel S. Jackson, Zwingli,
Selected Works, p. 292; translated by Yoder
I,
in Harold
Bender, Conrad Grebel (Goshen, Ind., 1950), p. 281.
Letter to Vadian (May 30, 1525), translated by Edward
Yoder. Reprinted by John Wenger, Glimpses of Mennonite
History and Doctrine, 2d ed. (Scottdale, Pa., 1947), pp. 202-203.
Letters to Andreas Castelberger (May, 1525), translated by
Yoder, MQR, I (1927), pp. 41-53.
trans-
Testimony before the Zurich Court (November, 1525),
lated by Bender, Conrad Grebel., p. 293.
On Baptism (1526), as recoverable from Zwingli's Elenchus,
translated by Jackson and assembled as a unit by Bender,
Conrad Grebel^ pp. 294-296.
Epistolae Grebelianae, translated by Yoder; typescript
BIBLIOGRAPHY 287
deposited in Goshen College Library, Goshen, Ind.; excerpts

therefrom printed by Bender, Conrad Grebel, pp. 281-282;
288- 293; several printed in full in M
QR, passim.
Haetzer, Louis (1500-1529), Hymn (1529), translated by Weis,
The Life of Ludwig Helper (Dorchester, Mass.), pp. 207-210.
Martyrdom (1529), in Martyrology, I, pp. 97-100.
Helwys, Thomas (?i55O-i6i6), The Mistery of Iniquity (1612)
(London, 1935).
Persecution for religions judged and condemned in a discourse
between an antichristian and a Christian (1615).
Hubrnaier, Balthasar (?I482~I528), Concerning Heretics and
Those Who Burn Them (1524), translated by Henry C.
Vedder, Balthasar Hubrnaier (New York/London, 1905),
pp. 84-88.
Form for the Celebration of the Lord's Supper, translated by
W. J. McClothlin, The Baptist Review and Expositor., Ill
(1906), pp. 82-97; reprinted in Fosdick, op. cit. pp. 311-315.
9
A Dialogue between Hubrnaier and %wingli on Infant Baptism

(1526), extensive extract in Henry Burrage, History of the
Anabaptists in Switzerland (Philadelphia, 1883), pp. 148-152.
On the Sword (1527), translated by Henry G. Vedder,
Balthasar Hubrnaier (New York/London, 1905), pp. 275-311.
A Song in Praise of God's Wordy translated by Vedder, op. cit.,
pp. 311-321.
A Dialogue Between the Preachers at Basel and Balthasar
Hubrnaier of Friedberg Concerning Infant Baptism (1527), trans-
lated by Vedder; manuscript in the Library of the Colgate
Rochester Divinity School, Rochester, New York.
Concerning Brotherly Discipline: Where it is not there certainly
is no church though water baptism and the supper of Christ be
observed (1527), translated by Vedder; manuscript in

Rochester.
Ground and reason why each one though baptized in infancy is
bound to be baptized rightly according to the order of Christ even if he
is a hundredyears old (1527), translated by Vedder; manuscript
in Rochester.
A Synopsis of Christian Doctrine which each man should know
before he is baptized in water (1526), translated by Vedder;
manuscript in Rochester.
A Short Apology: To all believers in Christ that they should not
be scandalized by the untruths invented and charged upon him by his
enemies (1526), translated by Vedder; manuscript in Rochester.
The twelve articles of Christian belief set forth as a prayer in
the water-tower at Zurich (1527), translated by Howard Osgood
in Vedder, op. cit., pp. 130-136.
The Complete Works, collected and photographed by
W. O. Lewis; translated by G. D. Davidson, William Jewell
College, Liberty, Missouri. Typescript. Copies in several
Baptist libraries. The copy the editor used was from the
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Library, Louisville,
Ky.
Hutter, Jacob ( ? -1536), Letter of Remonstrance to John Kuna
of Kunstadt (1535), in Martyrology, I, pp. 149-153.
John of Overdam ( -1550), Confession, Letter, and Acts

?
(c. 1550), in Martyrology, I, pp. 314-336; 339.

Joris, David (1501-1556), The Plea for Servetus, a letter, trans-
lated by R. H. Bainton, Concerning Heretics (New York,
1935), PP- 305-309-
Langenmantel, Eitelhans ( ? -1528), An Exposition of the
Lord's Prayer (c. 1527), translated by J. C. Wenger, MQR,
XXII (1948), pp. 40-42.
A Sermon (c. 1521), MQR, XXII (1948), pp. 36-40.
A Prayer (c. 1528), in Martyrology, I, pp. 86-88.
Mantz, Felix (c. 1480-1527), Petition of Protest and Defense to the
Zurich Council (late 1524), translated and edited by E. H.
Correll and H. S. Bender, GQR, XXVII (1926), pp. 23-31;
reprinted in part by Bender, Conrad Grebel, p. 287. It is here
ascribed to Grebel, but more recently it has been reassigned
to Mantz by Leonhard von Muralt and Walter Schmid,
Quellen zur Geschichte der Tdufer in der Schwerz, I (Zurich,
1952), p. 23.
Marpeck, Pilgram (? 1495-1556), selections from On the Sword,
translated by John Horsch, The Principle of J\fonresistance
(Scottdale, Pa., 1940), 24 f. This book is a collection of
similar excerpts from the early Anabaptists.
Ochino, Bernardino (1484-1563), Certaine Godly and Very
Prqfitive Sermons, of Faith, Hope and Charitie (1530), translated
by William Phiston (London, 1580).
A Dialogue of Polygamy (London, 1548).
Sermons (1541-62), translated by R.C. (London, 1548).
ATragaedy or Dialoge of the iniuste usurped primacie of the
Bishop of Rome, translated by John Ponet (London, 1549);
reprinted and edited by C. E. Plumtre (London, 1899).
Paracelsus (1493-1541), selected writings, edited by Jolande
Jacobi (New York, 1
95 1 ) .
Philips, Dietrich (1504-1568), Enchiridion or Handbook (1564),

BIBLIOGRAPHY 289
translated from the German translation from the Dutch by
A. B. Kolb (Elkhart, Ind., 1910).
Reublin, William (c. i48o-after 1559), Letter to Pilgram Marpeck
(1531), translated by J. C. Wenger, MQR, XXIII (1949),
pp. 67-75.
On Original Sin and theWay of Redemption, MQR, XXVI
(1952), p. 210.
Rldemann, Peter (1506-1556), Appeal to the Lords of Lichtenstein
(1545), condensed; translated by W. J. McGlothlin, Baptist
Confessions (Philadelphia, 1911), pp. 19-23.
Account of Our Religion, Doctrine, and Faith (1565) (London,
1950)5 Rinck. Melchior (1493-1545), Letter and a Note:
Allow the Children to Come to Me, etc., Mark 10, translated by
J. C. Wenger, MQR, XXI(1947), pp. 282-84.
Rothmann, Bernard (1495-1535), Earthly and Temporal Power
(c. 1 530), translated by George A. Moore, mimeograph (Chevy
Chase, Md., 1950).
Rys, John de and Lubbert Gerritsz (1534-1612), A Brief
Confession of the Principal Articles of the Christian Faith (1580,
Alkmaar, 1610). McGlothlin, Baptist Confessions, pp. 26-48.
Letter from the Waterland Church (c. 1610), B. Evans,
The Early English Baptists, I (London, 1862), pp. 211-
213.
S. B., an English Anabaptist, A Conference Between a Christian
[William White] and an English Anabaptist (1575), edited by
Albert Peel, Baptist Historical Society, Transactions, VII
(1920), pp. 78-128.
Sattler, Michael (c. 1495-1527), Concerning the Satisfaction of
Christ (c. 1527): an Anabaptist tract on true Christianity,
translated by J. C. Wenger, MQR, XX (1946), p. 234; also
in Mennonite Historical Bulletin, VII ( 1 946) .
The Hearing of False Prophets or Antichrists, translated by

J. C. Wenger, MQR, XXI ^( 1947), p. 276.
Concerning Evil Overseers, ibid., p. 280.
Concerning Divorce, ibid., p. 1 16.
Two Kinds of Obedience, translated by J. C. Wenger,
MQR, XXI (1947)5 P- J 8; reprinted by Fosdick, op. ciL,
pp. 296-299.
Letter to the Congregation in Horb (1522), in Martyrology,
I, pp. 27-34.
The Schleitheim Confession of Faith (1527), translated by
W. J. McGlothlin, Baptist Confessions of Faith (Philadelphia,
1911), pp. 3-9; also translated by J. C. Wenger, MQR,
2gO SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
XIX (1945)5 PP- 2 43~53> reprinted in Fosdick, op. cit.,
pp. 286-295.
Schwenckfeld, Caspar (1490-1561), Letter to Johann Hess
(October 14, 1521), Document II (Latin) Corpus Schwenck-
feldianorum, I, pp. 1315.
Letter toJohann Hess (June 13, 1522), Document III
(Latin), CS, I, pp. 39-41.
Letter to a friend who is on the point of losing hisfaith (March 31,
1523)5 Document IV, CS, I, pp. 64-66.

A Missive and Reminder to the Sisters in the Cloisters at Naumberg
am Queis: How they shall conduct themselves in the present
changeful time, and how they may profitably use the
cloistered life according to the freedom of the Spirit (Septem-
ber, 1523)5 Document VI, CS, I, pp. 124-129.
A Christian Exhortation for the Furtherance of the Word oj
God: an open letter to Jacob von Salze, Bishop of Breslau
(January i, 1524), by C.S. and Hanns Magnus von Langen-
walde, Document VII, CS I, pp. 284-304, reproduced by
9
Selina Schultz, Caspar Schwenckfeld von Ossig (Norristown,

Pa., 1946)5 pp. 33-53.
The [Lost] Twelve Questions or Argument Against Impanation
(July, 1525), Document XI, CS II, pp. 132-139; this is a
9
translation by C. D. Hartranft of what is presumably the

embodiment of the lost Questions in the larger Document
LXXXVII (August, 1529); the Hartranft translation is
reproduced by Selina Schultz, Schwenckfeld^ pp. 151-152.
Extract from the Diary [concerning the discussion with
Luther about the Eucharist] (December 1-4, 1525), Docu-
ment XVIII, CS, II, translated by Selina Schultz, Schwenck-
feld, pp. 75-97.
Circular Letter [on the suspension of the Supper] (April 21,
1526), by G. S. Valentine Crautwald, and the Liegnitz
Pastors and Preachers, Document XXVIII, GS, II, translated
by Selina Schultz, Schwenckfeld, pp. 106-109.
De cursu verbi Dei: A
Letter to Conrad Cordatus (March 4,
1527), Document XLI (Latin), CS II, pp. 583-599, translated
9
up to p. 596, line 6, by Selina Schultz, Schwenckfeld, pp. 130-135.

Appendix to De cursu verbi Dei (autumn, 1527), Document
LII, CS, II, pp. 675-79, line l8 Paraphrased by Selina
-
Schultz, Schwenckfeld> pp. 135136.

A Criticism of the Augsburg Confession (a 1530), introduction.
Document CVIII, CS, III, pp. 866-884; see below, A Delib-
eration on Christian Liberty.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 2Q1
Letter to Landgrave Philip of Hesse (after May 18, 1534),
Document CLXIV, CIS, V, pp. 99-103, paraphrased by
James L. French, The Correspondence of Caspar Schwenckfeld
von Ossig and the Landgrave Philip of Hesse (Leipzig, 1908), p. i.
Letter to the Landgrave Philip of Hesse (before September
26, 1535)5 Document CCIV, CS9 V, pp. 387-400, paraphrased
by French, op. cit., pp. 64-65.
Letter to the Landgrave Philip of Hesse (September 26, 1535),
Document CCVI, CS, V, pp. 402-403, paraphrased by
French, op. dt. 9 p. 6.
Helena Stretcher and Her Godfearing Daughters
Seventh Letter to
(before September 25, 1537), Document CCXXIX, GS, V,

pp. 697-709. Translated by Selina Schultz as "Christian
Patience and Humility," The Schwenckfeldian, L (1953),
pp. 116; 131; I455.I57'
Letter (and Treatise} to the Landgrave Philip of Hesse (January
i, Document CCCLV, GS, VIII, pp.
1542), 5-10, para-
phrased by French, op. cit. p. 11-12. 9
Letter to Landgrave Philip of Hesse (January 5, 1542),

the
Document CCCLVI, CS9 VIII, pp. 26-28, paraphrased by
French, op. cit., p. 18-19.
Letter to the Landgrave Philip of Hesse (July 20, 1542),
Document CCCLXX, CS VIII, pp. 138-146, paraphrased
9
by French, op. cit. 9 pp. 39-40.

Letter to the Landgrave Philip of Hesse (September 7, 1542),
Document CCCLXXVII, GS, VIII, pp. 263-265, para-
phrased by French, op. cit. 9 p. 49.
Letter to the Landgrave Philip of Hesse (April., ?, 1543)5
Document DCCCCXXXVII, (1555), CS XIV, pp. 437-446,
9
paraphrased by French, op. cit., pp. 53-54.

The Heavenly Balm and the Divine Physician (December i8 a
1545), Document DXIV, CS, IX, pp. 512-624. Translated
by F. R. Anspach in The Heavenly Balm and the Divine
Physician (Baltimore, 1858).
The Three Kinds of Human Life (c. June 21, 1546), Document
DXXXIV, CS, IX, pp. 826-940. Translated by F. R.
Anspach in The Heavenly Balm.
True and Heretical Faith [in respect to predestination] (August 24,
1549), Document DCCXX, GS, XI, pp. 887-906 (omits
pp. 906-913). Translated by F. R. Anspach as "A Letter to
Some Christian Friends" in The Heavenly Balm.
A Deliberation on Liberty of Beliefy Christian Doctrine, Opinion^
Conscience (before August, 1561), Document MCLIX, CS,
XVI. Translated by Selina Gerhard Schultz; typescript In
Pennsburg. The first five paragraphs reproduce almost
verbatim Schwenckfeld's A Criticism of the Augsburg Con-
fession (c. 1530), Document CXVIII, CS, III, pp. 863-864,
while the whole is in effect a concise restatement of the
whole of that introduction: pp. 866 19-884 15 .
A Summarized Statement concerning the Non- Observance of the

Lord's Supper (August i, 1561), Document MCLXI, CS 9
XVI. Translated by Selina Gerhard Schultz, Schwenckfeld,

in
pp. 112-114 (apparently complete except for ellipses
respect to Zwingli and 1
Calvin, p. 14).
Statement of Doctrine and Calling (after August, 1561),
Document MCLXVI, CS, XVI.
Servetus, Michael (151 i-i 553) , On the Errors of the Trinity (1531),
translated by E. W. Wilbur, Harvard Theological Studies,
XVI (Cambridge, Mass., 1932).
The Christianisimi Restitutio (1553). Selections translated
by Roland Bainton, Hunted Heretic (Boston, 1953). Section
on the lesser circulation translated by Charles D. O'Malley,
Michael Servetus: A Translation of His Geographical, Medical and
Astrological Writings with Introduction and Notes, Memoirs
of
the American Philosophical Society, XXXIV (Philadelphia,
1
953)3 202-208.
Simons, Menno (1496-1561), The Complete Works (Elkhart,
IncL, 1871), translated from the Dutch edition of 1681;
excerpts therefrom systematically arranged by John Horsch
and Harold Bender, Menno Simons' Life and Work (Scottdale.,
Pa., 1944), PP- 55*-no; A Foundation (1539), translated by
Daniel Rupp (Lancaster, Pa., 1863); The Complete Writings,
translated by Leonard Verduin (Scottdale, Pa., 1956).
The Cross of Christ (1556), newly revised translation by
Peter van Tuinen (Scottdale, Pa., 1946).
A Letter to a Troubled Christian; John Horsch, Menno Simons
(Scottdale,, Pa., 1916), pp. 214-16; reprinted by John C.
Wenger, Glimpses of Mennonite History and Doctrine, 2d ed.
(Scottdale, Pa., 1947), pp. 204-205.
Smuel, Andrew (Dietrich Peterson) (
? -1546), Confession and
Testament 1546), in Martyrologj), I, pp. 278-291.
(c.
Socinus, Faustus (1539-1604), The Racovian Catechism (1605),
embodying his influence, translated by Thomas Rees
(London, 1818).
An Argument for the Authority of Holy Scripture (1570),
translated by Edward Combe (London, 1731).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Socinus, Laelius (1525-1562), Confession of Faith (1555)3
translated by Edward M. Hulme in Persecution and Liberty:
Essays in Honor of George Lincoln Burr (New York, 1931),
pp. 216-218.
Thomas of Imbroich (1533-1558), Confession concerning Baptism
and Two Letters (1558), in Martjrology.
Walpot, Peter (Peter Scherer) (1519-1578), Reason and

Obedience: Letter to the Apothecary Simon (1571), translated
by Harold Bender, MQR, XIX (1945), pp. 29-37.
School Order (probably by Walpot, 1578), translated by
Harold Bender, MQR, V (1931), pp. 232-241.
Address to Schoolmasters (1568), translated by Harold
Bender, MQR, V
(1931), pp. 241-244.
Walter of Stoelwijk ( ? -1541), Epistle (c. 1541), in Martyr-
ology, I, pp. 211-236.
Weigel, Valentine (1533-1588), Of the Life of Christ (1578),
translated (London, 1648).
PART TWO
EVANGELICAL CATHOLICISM AS
REPRESENTED BY JUAN DE VALDES
Introduction
LIFE AND DEATH OF JUAN DE VALD&S
SUBJECT OF THIS CONCLUDING PORTION OF A

THE volume devoted to "Spiritual and Anabaptist Writers" is
Juan de Valdes,, the greatest of the Spanish Reformers.
His theological point of view as well as his personality was
closely related to contemporary Spanish historical and cultural
events. The first purpose of this introduction is to place Valdes
in the historical and cultural environment within which his
development as an original thinker may best be seen.
The life of Juan de Valdes spanned the first half of the six-
teenth century. Those years, embracing the reign of Charles I
(Charles V as Roman emperor), 1517-1556, were perhaps the
most decisive in the history of Spain, because it was during this
time that Spain suffered what I have elsewhere called "a
change of direction" in its national life. Up to this time, the
1
people, the real Spanish nation, and their sovereigns had not
come to a serious clash. This is exactly what happened in the
reign of Charles.
"This, the key period of Spanish history," says Madariaga,
"cannot be understood unless the spring motive which animates it is
appraised at its true value.
"Charles V
was the greatest monarch of the Austrian dynasty.
His very hesitations toward the Reformation should be read in
relation to the high and noble dream which animated him. He
heard on the one hand the duke of Brunswick, in the name of the
Catholic princes and the prelates at Mainz, urging him to take
strong action; on the other, the wise and generous advice of his
Spanish secretary (Alfonso) Valdes, whose leanings were not un-
i A. M. Mergal, Reformismo Cristiano y Alma Espanola, Gh. 22, pp. 1 7-32,
and Ch. 5, pp. 73-86.
297
favorable to the Reformation. His policy was not definite, but it was
clear. He wished to save the unity of Christendom while remaining
faithful to the purity of his faith; hence, while uncompromising as
to dogma, he tried to compromise as much as he could in every
other way." 2
Upon arriving in Spain, Charles found himself in the current

of a complex and rich tradition. Spain had become catholic in
the fullest sense of universality. That which was Spanish did
not fear the most versatile diversification. But very soon Spain
closed all its frontiers. The narrow circle of an exclusive
Hispanicism suffocated the very essence of the Spanish soul.
An observation of Benjamin WifFen, upon the death of
Alfonso de Valdes, which occurred in Vienna on October 5,
1532^ sums up the essence of this change:
"With him (Alfonso) seemed to come to an end the policy of the
party of freedom, which had caused Spanish affairs to arrive at so
prosperous a promise. .Two powers in the state became succes-
. .
sively absolute, neither of which paid any deference to the people,

who in all countries form the real basis of the commonweal the
court and the church. The latter was more oppressive than the former,
because freedom of the mind became more enthralled than freedom
of the person. "3
The main events of this important period are all meaningful

for a correct interpretation of the momentous change that was
going to take place in Spanish history. Let it be noted first that,
from the very beginning, Charles clashed with the Spanish
people, as represented by the Cortes, by the Comuneros, or by
such a typical Spanish character as Cardinal Ximenes de
Cisneros. 4
Although the Cortes were a very poor representation of the
people, the fact that Charles was unable to handle them was
very significant, revealing in him a profound misunderstanding
of the Spanish genius. Then, to check the revolt of the Castilian
Comuneros, Castile being the real soul of Spain, he had to pit
them against the northern and southern provinces.
Garcia de Loaysa, cardinal of Osma, Charles's confessor and
personal envoy to Pope Clement VII, voiced the feelings of that
half of the Spanish people that annihilated, in the name of their
,
emperor, the revolt for freedom of the other half. In Loaysa's

2 Salvador de Madariaga, Spain, pp. 46 and 66.
3 B. Wiffen, Life and Writings of Juan de Valdes\ pp. 91, 92.
4 William Robertson and William H.
Prescott, The History of the Reign of the
Emperor Charles the Fifth, pp. 416-422.
INTRODUCTION
own words, the defeat of the Commons had shown the pro-
cedure to be followed with the Protestants.
"I never found any better cure for heretics than the force of the
Catholic princes, because since heresy originates in the will only,
reason has no part in its cure.
"I always compared them (the Protestants) with the Castilian
Comuneros, following the path of soft dealings and less than honest
means; we lost our time, until the sure and only remedy was applied
to them, war. Your Majesty had better quit that fancy of
. . .
converting souls to God and from now on convert bodies to your

obedience. Even if they are heretics, let them be your servants.
. . . , . .
Don't be afraid even of buying their faith." 5
Although not so outspoken, such were and had been the

feelings of other advisers. But if many agreed with Loaysa's
opinion: "Let him part company with that ominous enterprise
of the Council," 6 his secretary of Latin correspondence,
Alfonso de Valdes, had quite different ideas. He championed
the Erasmian feelings of tolerance and peace, and with him the
archbishop of Seville and General Inquisitor Manrique,
university scholars, and deeply religious people all over the
nation. The idea of an ecumenical council where all things
would be arranged by peaceful and reasonable means was the
chief concern of Alfonso de Valdes. Nobody had any doubts
concerning the ends; the world must be saved for Catholic
Christianity; but concerning the means, Spain was a house
divided against itself. Some wanted tolerance in dogma and
intolerance in morals; some wanted it the other way around;
some wanted tolerance in both.
Quite clearly, two opposite tendencies in the religious sphere,
and two corresponding tendencies in the political sphere,
developed side by side during the Middle Ages, and during the
reign of Charles were coming swiftly to a sharp issue. These
two religious tendencies were faith by compulsion and authority
emanating from Rome, and faith by personal and free concern
for God. The first tendency follows the line: Saint Augustine,
Gregory VII, Saint Thomas Aquinas, Council of Constance,
Council of Trent, to mention only a few outstanding landmarks,
culminating with the proclamation of papal infallibility by
the Vatican Council in 1870. The second tendency runs from
Saint Paul to Saint Augustine, from Augustine to the nominalists
5 Cartas Intditas de Juan de Valdtts al Cardenal Gonzaga> p. LXXXIX.

Ibid., p. XG.
and mystics of the Middle Ages, to pre-Reformers, to Luther,
culminating, perhaps with the modern Friends.
The two outstanding political issues may be expressed thus:
the nationalistic ideal and the idea of a Catholic monarchy.
These two ideals fought each other within political ideology
developed from Augustine to Charles the Great, to Otto the
Great, and culminating with Charles V. No wonder that, at ^
the critical moment, all strong nationalistic realms sided with

Luther, and even the Castilian secretary, Alfonso de Valdes,
expressed a veiled sympathy for the German attitude, even if
not for Luther himself. 7
The political development of Spain is so tied to the develop-
ment of the religious and intellectual life that it is almost
impossible to separate these three aspects. Erasmus of Rotter-
dam and Adrian of Utrecht were the two most influential
figures in the spiritual formation of the emperor. Erasmus was
also the person of greatest religious and intellectual influence in
the lives of the Valdes brothers. The Erasmian influence and
the Erasmian controversy, indigenous spiritual movements like
"alumbrismo," 8 the Cisneros' reform, the progress of the
Inquisition, the religious personalities all over the nation, were
the most important events of this period as far as intellectual
and is concerned.
religious life
The of Juan de Valdes runs parallel to these profound
life
transformations in the Spanish scene. In the work of de
Valdes one can see his contributions to the desideratum of
liberty, the efforts that he made to preserve and enrich this
policy, and the effect all this had on his own inner life, and its
influence on Italy and on other reform currents in Europe.
Students of Juan de Valdes' life and work up to the present
have considered him either as a product of foreign influence,
Lutheran and Erasmian, or as a unique deviation from the
Spanish tradition. Without disregarding the self-evident
Erasmian influence upon Valdes' early thought, we consider
his best work an expression of a pure Spanish genius. In the
same line stand Raymond Lull, Cardinal Ximenes de Cisneros,
Queen Isabel I, Ignacio de Loyola, and Santa Teresa de Jesiis.
Juan and his brother Alfonso are two authentic represent-
atives of the Spanish soul. In his time, Alfonso was not only
7 B. WifFen, Life and Writings of Juan de Valdes^ pp. 30-35 and 4547.
8 "Alumbrismo*' is considered as an indigenous Protestant movement in
Spain. The followers were called "alumbrados" because they considered
themselves to be "illumined" or "enlightened" by the Holy Spirit.
INTRODUCTION 3<DI
better known, but also more important because of the political

influence which his position permitted him to exert. As secre-
tary of Latin correspondence for the emperor, Alfonso enjoyed
the intimate friendship of the sovereign and many relationships
throughout all of Europe.
Nevertheless, the influence of Juan has been more profound.
Alfonso was an Erasmian in his political action as well as in
his books. Juan succeeded in bringing to maturity an original
orientation within Hispanicism. Although he wrote incessantly,
only one of his books, the Dialogue on Christian Doctrine, saw
the light during the lifetime of the author. Of his other books,
published after his death, only one, the Dialogue on Language^ has
been published in its entirety in the original Spanish. The rest of
his works, with the exception of some fragments, were published
in Italian translations made by the followers of the author.
The greatest work ofJuan, nevertheless, was realized through
his personal contact with his followers. One of these followers,
Peter Martyr Vermigli, exerted a great influence in the English
church. About this, John T. Betts has written:
"The Zurich letters witness with what reverence both Arch-
bishop Cranmer and Bishop Jewell held Peter Martyr as the master-
spirit in Israel; and can it be otherwise than deeply interesting to the
English reader to study the sentiments of Juan de Valdes who
molded the mind, in Evangelical doctrine, of Peter Martyr, the
arch-counselor of the recognized founders of the English Church?" 9
At the close of the sixteenth century, the contribution of

Juan de Valdes to thought and reform attitudes was known all
over the Continent. When his thought was absorbed by the
Reform current, the author was forgotten, like so many others,
until he was rediscovered by a small group of Quaker scholars
about the middle of the nineteenth century.
The Valdes family, probably of Asturian origin, came to live
in Cuenca during the closing days of the reign of Alfonso
9
John T. Betts, Introduction to One Hundred and Ten Considerations, p. 200.
10 E. Cione, Juan de Voldfe, p. 15. Juan Pablo Martir Rizo, in his History of
the City of Cuenca, Madrid, 1629, p. 284, says: "The house of Valdes is one
of the most ancient and distinguished of the kingdom of Leon. A gentle-
man of this name and family, called Hernando de Valdes. came somewhat
more than three hundred and fifty years ago to settle in the City of Cuenca,
where he left magnificent houses, a chapel, and entailed estates; he had
many children and from them many noble descendants." Guenca is
situated between Madrid and Valencia, about thirty miles south of
Madrid.
The two persons who exerted the most powerful influence in
the determination of the character, ideas, and spirit of Juan de
Valdes were his father, don Ferrando, and his lord Diego
Lopez Pacheco, marquis of Villena and lord of Escalona. Both
of them were supposed to be connected with the political
movements of the Comunidades^ with the Italian humanistic
movements, and with the clerical reform movement which had
as its goal the deepening of Christian faith.
We have no reports of the childhood of the Valdes brothers,
but there is an autobiographical passage in the Dialogue on
Christian Doctrine:
"You must know that my father had this habit. Each morning, as
soon as he got up, he used to hold a reunion of his sons and daughters
and members of the household, and there he instructed them about
almost all these points that I have considered. And after that, he
would ask in more or less the same fashion what you have questioned
me. Because he said that in the same way that a bishop must instruct
the members of his diocese in Christian doctrine, and the curate the
members of his church, in much the same way was it his duty to
instruct the members of his household, especially so, since he was a
man of letters, and since he did not become learned in order to earn
a living, but for the edification of his soul and of the members of his
household.
"Besides this, my father had a teacher at home who was also
. . .
a friend of every good Christian thing; and with the continuous

communication and conversation of this one, I found that I was
much benefited and I learned many of the things I have told you." 11
In 1524, Juan de Valdes was living at Escalona in the service
of the marquis of Villena. A
pious atmosphere with strong
reform tendencies reigned at the court of the marquis. 12 In
1527, Juan was at the University of Alcala, dedicated to the
study of the humanities. Here he published in 1529, at the press
of Miguel de Eguia, his Dialogue on Christian Doctrine. Between
1527 and 1529 his brother Alfonso had written and circulated
his two dialogues, Mercuric and Charon and Lactancio and the
Archdeacon,, which together constitute the book Dialogue on the
Things Which Happened in Rome. These two Dialogues,, in which
Alfonso made Pope Clement VII responsible for the sack of
Rome by the troops of the emperor, brought upon the Valdes
brothers the enmity of the papal nuncio, Count Baldassare
Castiglione.
J. de Valdes, Didlogo de Doctrina Cristiana, Madrid,, Libreria Nacional,

11
1929, p. 121.
12 M.
Bataillon, Introduction to the Dialogue on Christian Doctrine, pp. 67, 79.
INTRODUCTION 303
Whenthe Dialogue on Christian Doctrine came out, the sound
of Castiglione's angry voice was still in the air. Although the
book was dedicated to the illustrious lord, Diego Lopez Pacheco,
marquis of Villena, hardly had it seen the light when it was
attacked by the Anti-Erasmians. A
lawsuit against its author
was begun. 12
By August, 153X5 Juan de Valdes was in Rome. In Spain he
was sought by the officials of the Inquisition. Although in
December, 1529, Alfonso had obtained a breve from Clement
VII 13 which absolved the imperial secretary and all the
members of his family, Juan did not dare return to Spain.
Juan de Vergara, his former Greek teacher at Alcala, and many
of those who, as members of a commission appointed by the
Inquisition, had examined the works of Erasmus and the works
of the Valdes brothers, had been, in their turn, judged and
condemned by the Holy Office.
After the death of Alfonso in Vienna, in October of 1532,
Juan lived some time at the court of the emperor in Mantua
and in Bologna. Through the mediation of Secretary Cobos,
the emperor paid Juan the salary of his brother from Octo-
ber on, and assigned him to the post of filer of Naples, for which
Alfonso had been named. Juan resigned this appointment in
December, 1533.
During his stay in Mantua, Juan established a close relation-
ship with Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga, a near relative of the
countess of Fondi, Giulia Gonzaga. Then, while Juan lived in
Naples, he sustained private correspondence with the cardinal
from December i, 1535, until January 12, 1537. This corre-
spondence affords an excellent opportunity through which to
contemplate something of the spiritual biography of Valdes.
Juan served as chamberlain to Pope Clement VII until the
latter's death in 1534. Then he moved to Naples, where he
lived for the rest of his life. The Neapolitan epoch, from 1535
until his death in 1541, was the period of his most creative
religious activity. Cardinal Pietro Carnesecchi, on whom
Valdes had a profound influence, was much surprised to find
him in Naples, devoted to such spiritual exercises.
"Although I had known Juan de Valdes at Rome in the time of

Pope Clement, I cannot say that I knew him as a theologian before
the year 1 540 in Naples. For when in Rome ... I knew him only
as a modest and well-bred courtier, and as such I liked him very
i3
John E. Longhurst, Erasmus and the Spanish Inquisition, p. 12.
much. ... At Naples, however, the friendship grew to be a spiritual
one, for I found him entirely given up to the Spirit,
and wholly intent
on the study of the Holy Scripture. This, however, would not have
been sufficient with me, to give him the credit I did, now that the
gentihomo di spada e cappa, the layman
and the courtier, had, for me,
observed what a high
suddenly become the theologian, had I not
place he occupied in the eyes of Fra Bernardino Ochino, who then
was preaching, to the admiration of everybody, at Naples, and
who professed to receive the themes of many of his sermons from
Valdes, from whom he used to get a note on the evening preceding
the morning on which he was to ascend the pulpit; and if Fra
^
Bernardino's opinion would not have been in harmony with that of

Flaminio, whom I thought was such a prudent and learned man,
that he would not have been imposed upon; and so sincere and
others."i 4
worthy, that he would not have wished to delude
From the inquisitorial lawsuit of Pietro Carnesecchi we learn
of the numerous people of distinction on whom Valdes
exerted a profound influence.
Bernardino Ochino di Siena was a preacher at the church of
Giovanni Maggiore. Charles V, upon returning from his
African expedition, heard him and was profoundly impressed.
Ochino came to England, invited by Cranmer, and stayed at
Oxford together with Peter Martyr Vermigli, who belonged also
5
to Valdes circle.
Giulio da Milano was a professor of theology. He published
a volume of sermons and founded some churches at Puschiavo,
in the Grisons.
Fabio Mario Galeota, a Neapolitan gentleman, was a
prisoner of the Inquisition at Rome and escaped the eighteenth
of August, 1559, when, on the death of Paul IV, the populace
attacked the prison. Garcilaso de la Vega, the famed Spanish
poet, was a friend to both Galeota
and Valdes.
Benedetto Cusano was Peter Martyr's fellow student at
Padua. Both of them became great Greek scholars.
Giovanno Mollio, of Montalcino, near Siena, was lecturer
at the monastery of San Lorenzo at Naples.
Lorenzo Romano, a Sicilian, recanted under the persecution
by the Inquisition.
Giarnbattista Folengo, prior of the Benedictines of Monte
Casino, wrote a commentary on the Psalms, published in 1542.
Pier Paolo Vergerio, bishop of Capo d'Istria, was papal
nuncio, and a member of the Council of Trent. He preserved
i4 Edward Boehmer, Lives of Juan and Alfonso Valdds, pp. 23-24.
INTRODUCTION 305
the manuscript of the One Hundred and Ten Considerations and
published this work in Basel in 1550.
Giovanni Francisco de Aloys, named Caserta, was Flaminio's
intimate friend. In March, 1564, he was beheaded and burned
in the market place of Naples.
Marc Antonio Flaminio was a distinguished Latin poet.
Jacopo Bonfadio was the author of the famous letter to
Carnesecchi, quoted below.
Pietro Carnesecchi, the papal prothonotary, secretary of
Clement VII, was of a distinguished Florentine family; he was
a man of great learning and deep piety. In 1546 he was called
to Rome by the Inquisition to defend himself, but was acquitted.
In 1565 he was summoned for a second time, and on October 3,
1567, was burned alive.
Among the famous women influenced by Valdes, three are
especially renowned in the Italian Renaissance. Constanza
d'Avalos, duchess di Amalfi, of noble Spanish ancestry, gave
her mind to the love and study of poetry.
Vittoria Colonna, marquesa di Pescara, daughter of Fabrizio
Colonna, grand constable of Naples, was the youthful widow of
Ferrante d'Avalos, marquis of Pescara, Charles V's commander
at the battle of Pavia. After the death of her husband, she
dedicated her life to sacred studies, poetry, and retirement.
She was also a friend of Michael Angelo Buonarotti, who
addressed several sonnets to her.
Giulia Gonzaga, duchess of Trajetto and countess of Fondi,
was Valdes closest friend. It was Giulia who inspired not only
3
The Christian Alphabet, but also most of Valdes' Commentaries on

the Holy Scripture; and it was probably she who preserved
the manuscripts of the works of Valdes.
The last years of Valdes' life, spent in Naples, were not only
years of the deepening of his Christian piety, but also of feverish
literary production. Pacheco, one of the speakers in the
Dialogue on Language , describes this period thus:
"I have never in my life seen a man more given to writing, always
in his home, who became a veritable Saint John the Evangelist,
pen in hand, so much so that I think he writes at night as well as
by day, and by day he writes what he dreams at night. "is
Valdes possessed a villa in Chiaja, one of the most beautiful
quarters of Naples. There he gathered his friends on Sundays.
The mornings were dedicated to prayer, meditation, and pious
is de Valdes, Didlogo de la Lengua, p. 16.
J.
conversations. In these meetings the One Hundred and Ten
Considerations arose. Also his translation and Commentary in
the Commentaries on Romans
Spanish on the Hebrew Psalms,
and Corinthians, and his Commentary on the Gospel of Saint
Matthew are from this period. These are the works that have
come down to us. he wrote commentaries to the other
Probably
three Gospels and to other Epistles of Paul.
Those who were contemporaneous to Valdes felt,
at his
that the of a great leader
death, the emptiness disappearance
always leaves. Jacopo Bonfadio, in a letter to Cardinal Pietro
Carnesecchi, has expressed this feeling with eloquence,
tribute to the Spanish
rendering at the same time a high
Reformer:
"May it please God that you may return. Yet, thinking on the
other side, where shall we go, since Signer Valdes is dead. This has
been truly a great loss for us, and for the world, for Signer Valdes
was one of the rare men of Europe, and these writings he has left
on the Epistles of Paul and the Psalms of David will fully confirm it.
He was, without doubt, in his actions, his speech, and in all his
conduct, a perfect man. With a particle of his soul he governed
his
frail and spare body; with the larger part and with his pure under-
the body, he was always exalted in
standing, as though almost out of
16
the contemplation of the truth and of divine things."
The poet Daniel Rogers, writing an epigram, on John

Jewell, includes Juan de Valdes among
the great names of the
Reformation.
"The Italians will evermore assert the claims of the

divine Martyr,
France may extol their Calvin to the stars;
Germany may boast and pride herself over Melanchthon,
And Luther drag in the same triumphal car with him. . . .
May John Knox's teaching characterize all Scotland,

Of Valdes, as an author, let all Spain be proud." 17
6C
This line of Rogers, Valdesio Hispanus scriptore superbiat
orbis," was selected by the Valdesians of the
nineteenth century,
WifFen, Boehmer, Usoz, and Betts, as the theme of all their
works newly published. Thus it was that a writer, practically
forgotten for almost two centuries,
once again came to life to
occupy the place that belonged to him not only in the history of
is Letters di Riforrmtori Italiani, Vol. I, p. 96.

Giuseppe Paladino, Opuscoli e
17 Lawrence Humphrey, Life and Death ofJohn Jewell, Bishop of Salisbury.
INTRODUCTION 307
Spanish culture., but also in the history of that spiritual revolu-
tion called the Reformation.
VALDESIAN THOUGHT
Those who have read with attention and with impartiality
the works of Juan de Valdes have always found reasons to
admire him. Some have admired him for his spiritual depth,
others for his literary style and contributions to Spanish letters,
others for his humane attitude, but all have admired him.
Jose Montesinos called him "the most well-balanced and
" 18
sensitive spirit of our sixteenth century,
Benjamin Wiffen, comparing him with Luther, wrote: "His
doctrine of justification by faith alone is an acceptation deeper
and more intimate, although less demonstrative than that
which Luther himself enunciated to reform Europe." 19
Perhaps Montesinos himself offers the best explanation of this
admiration which Juan de Valdes awakened among his con-
temporaries and awakens even among present-day readers.
"In the history of culture," he says, "one counts not only the
works, but also the attitudes, and today, when theology so little
interests us, we are attracted above all by his humanity."
This thing that Montesinos calls "his humanity," neverthe-
less, is the expression of his thought and deepest emotion. We
should like to be able to give an idea, although merely schematic,
of the development and structure of this thought, which, in our
judgment, is the most profound source of his spiritual poise.
There are three dates that mark prominent milestones in the
mental life of Juan de Valdes: 1529, the year in which he
published his Dialogue on Christian Doctrine; 15373 when his
correspondence with Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga ceased; and
the four remaining years of his life, dedicated to meditation and
spiritual conversation.
The first period could be called "Erasmian." If it is true that
Spanish humanism precedes that of Europe, and above all that
of Erasmus, by several years, it is also true, perhaps for the
same Erasmus was generally accepted among the
reason, that
Spanish humanists, and, above all, in the recently founded
University of Alcala. When Juan entered this university, his
brother Alfonso had already established intimate intellectual
relations with Erasmus and with all those Spanish Hellenists,
is
J. Montesinos, Didlogo de la Lengua^ p. XLVI.
19 B. Wiffen, Alfabeto Christiana, p. LIL
Latinists, and Hebraic scholars who were admirers of the
humanist from Rotterdam.
Erasmus is alive in the Dialogue on the Things Which
Happened in Rome, and also in the Dialogue on Christian Doctrine.
To the optimism of the humanistic position belongs not only
the understanding of the religious problem as a pedagogical
problem, but also his way of understanding the exterior and
interior imperial policy, the ecclesiastical reform, and the most
complicated theological and cultural affairs. The superficial and
ironic humor of the Praise of Folly is present, although strongly
affected by the natural Spanish gravity, in the Dialogue on
Christian Doctrine.
The fundamental antithesis which animates the Dialogue is
not yet the "oldness of the letter" face to face with the "newness
of the spirit" (Rom. 7:6), but "the verbal formula" face to face
with rationalistic or humanistic thinking.
Nevertheless, a new category, called by Valdes "contempla-
tion" already appears. It is not that first step or plane of
medieval mysticism, called by the same name. The Valdesian
"contemplation" is like an insight into a personal, spiritual
truth, not communicable through any resource of mediation
or gradation of a Catholic type but humanistic. The "arch-
bishop" describes it for "Eusebio" in the following manner:
"Read the psalm of David which begins, 'Blessed are the undefiled
way (Ps. 119), and there you will see how all contemplation
3
in the
and exercise of that most holy prophet was to think on the command-
ments and on the law of God, and in the same way you will find this in
many other psalms. Then if you will read some of the Epistles of
Saint Paul, in all these you will not find any other way of contem-
plation. Hold, then, for certain that this is the true contemplation;
because from it the soul takes all knowledge of the greatest good,
the grandeur and mercy of God; from it come to our knowledge,
our own smallness and misery. Here one learns what is that which we
ought to do for God and what we should do for our neighbors, and
what for ourselves; there is, finally, no good which cannot be reached
this constant 20
through contemplation."
Marcel Bataillon thinks that in spite of the evident Erasmian
spirit in this work, one can appreciate the way in which the
Spanish thinker differs from Erasmus.
"An irreversible movement from one to the other of these works
(Dialogue and Alphabet} separates Valdes from Erasmus."
20 de Vaides, Didlogo de Doctrina Cristiana y p. 124.

J.
INTRODUCTION 30Q
In the Enchiridion, for example, Erasmus places the emphasis
on the adhesion of man to the divine will, on the assimilation
that makes him a member of Christ and a participant of the
benefit granted once for all to humankind. He who allows
himself to be carried away by the eloquence of the Enchiridion
must notice a kind of wisdom, easily communicable, sufficient
to make him understand the horror of the judgment and the
disgust of false piety.
For Valdes, on the contrary, regeneration is at the same time
more free and less easy. One is not worthy of divine help until
he has understood, from the most profound depth of his being,
that without this help, no one can do anything that is truly
good. To find oneself miserable and at the same time obliged
to seek perfection is, for Valdes, the fertile paradox which
nurtures unceasingly the Christian life. At the same time that
he imitates Erasmus, Valdes moves in these dangerous regions
of grace which the Flemish humanist surrounded with prudent
barriers. In the transition from the Dialogue to the Alphabet.,
Erasmus disappears. 21
Between one work and the other run these years from 1531
to 1537, when his correspondence with Cardinal Gonzaga
ceased. In this correspondence Valdes still appears jovial, the
same who, in correspondence with Gracian de Alderete, is
pleased to send him fables, sayings, and jokes about monks. We
could say that this Valdes is a paradigm of human prudence
which later will deserve his disgust. He described himself as
55
"a poor man, a courtier, who likes to live royally.
The letter of March i, 1536, is revealing of a deep pre-
occupation, perhaps of a spiritual process in gestation:
"It is indeed true that thus for the stimulus that the letters of
your me to attain knowledge of what passes
illustrious lordship give
in the world as knowing how man should govern his own business,
I have desired that your illustrious lordship should have the grace to
command me to write sometime on whatever you think of impor-
tance; be it of a general nature, as to say what we could promise
ourselves about the pope, but I have not dared to ask because I
have never wished to aggravate him whom I must serve. About
what is going on now in this court, I have failed to advise your
illustrious lordship, holding it certain that you are always most well
informed from don Fernando as from the ambassador of the lord
duke; but from here on I wish to find what to say, even though it
21 M. Bataillon, Introduction to the Dialogue on Christian Doctrine, p. 149
et passim.
3IO SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
be nothing more than the relations which Neapolitan ladies have
with gentlemen of the court, of which I shall not now say anything
to what I am able
through reverence of ashes. Of the rest, according
to understand, we shall be here, more than many think, because in
order to tell your illustrious lordship the truth as I understand it, we
have neither prudence to rule, nor the will to exercise it, and thus
neither human prudence nor
everything goes out of hand, which
advice has any part in what is well done. God is the one who
guides us and who does everything,
and I hope that thus everything
5
will come to a good end.*
This "human prudence" in which Valdes places such con-

^
fidence will fail very soon. Perhaps this failure illumines a new
turn in the path undertaken already in the Dialogue on Christian
Doctrine.
The correspondence with Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga ceased
on January n, 1537. But in the letters addressed to the secretary
Francisco de los Cobos, even if the vigor of his tone is still the
same, he already confessed that in relation to political matters,
"I take very little interest."
In the introduction to The Christian Alphabet, Valdes tells us
that this book originated as he was coming out, escorting the
countess of Fondi from a religious service, where the general of
the Capuchines preached. In this work, the author of the
Dialogue on Christian Doctrine gives
himself over to the same
religious contemplation
described so many years before.
It seems strange to Montesinsos that Valdes, in his letter to
Ercole, hardly mentions religious matters. Yet the letter dated
March i, 1536, already quoted, seems to us to point to this
change, which to Carnesecchi seemed sudden. The biographer
Fermin Caballero is right when he says that it is not a usual
thing in a man of talent and good judgment, given to philos-
ophy and the humanities, to change in the last years of his
life to an austere mysticism, to devote himself to religious
a cata-
teaching and to the exclusive exercise of piety, unless
so that if it is not
strophic revolution has taken place in his spirit
converted into a mania, it must be considered as a real fanatical
urge.
22 It is neither mania nor a fanatical
urge which possesses,
during his last years, this man who was judged by Montesinos
as "the most levelheaded and sensitive man of the sixteenth
century." It was a slow and mature penetration into the
meaning of his own life which precipitated the spiritual crisis
which to the rest seemed a sudden change. Valdes' perfect
22 Fermin Caballero, Conquenses Ilustres, Vol. 4, p. 220.
INTRODUCTION 311
intuition of the inadequacy of "human prudence" to enable
man to understand the mystery of existence, to show man how
to govern his own affairs, revealed to him finally the truth of the
gospel. He followed that same road, dimly seen already in the
Dialogue on Christian Doctrine, and fully known now as the royal
road to truth.
"It seems," wrote Montesinos in his unpublished Letters, "as
if the consciousness of his political failures again activated his
religious doubts, if it be that they were ever asleep" (p. GXII).
"These letters are as a division between his official activity and
his apostleship" (p. GUI).
"The obscurity in which the documents leave us almost imposes
the conjecture that the turn which Valdes' life took later is the
result of his failure" (p. GXII).
The translation and Commentary on the Psalms helps to

illuminate this "obscurity" which Montesinos laments. This is
the first work dedicated to the countess; and it is worth noting
the similarity of style in his secular letters to Ercole Gonzaga
and the first work dedicated to Giulia Gonzaga. Here are
some samples:
"Men judge according to what their prudence teaches them; they
are deceived in almost everything" (Ps. 41, p. 244).
"The wicked sheep will be much pleased with ruling and govern-
ing himself by himself, and the good sheep enjoys more being ruled
and governed by God. The wicked sheep has as a jewel free will,
and the good one has it as a defect" (Ps. 23, p. 132).
"If indeed the pact with God is described, it will not be under-
stood except by those who reach the secrets of the Lord. 'Human
prudence' thinks that with ingenuity and with human smartness, it
will be reached; the more we weary ourselves and work hardest for
it, the least we understand it" (Ps. 25, p. 140).
"As happens when a good prince wishes with holy constitutions
to govern a people, but he is frustrated by those who are gross and
fat with the blood of the people; who, I understand that first they
lose the fear of God, renouncing and casting aside piety; then they
lose the shame of the world; and thus, daringly they place themselves
against their kings, princes, and superiors" (Ps. 143, p. 74).
"The people in whom the Holy Spirit abides, then trust more,
when they find and when they see less to trust in, doing the opposite
to what those who are controlled by human prudence do, who then
trust less when the danger is greater, when they see less in whom to
trust. ... In this house of God the pious must pretend to reach the
Holy Spirit, who instructs and teaches in all truths and in all the
secrets which can be understood and reached of God, to which
human prudence never attains] rather it is thus that finding them written,
they do not penetrate into them nor feel them, even if they pretend
to penetrate them and feel them" (Ps. 27, p. 149).
"God illustrates hispresence among Christian people, taking
away their love of the world and making them fall in love with him, making
them renounce the governing of 'human prudence,' and that they
should accept that of the Holy Spirit. But from this illustration men
see and understand as they feel and experiment" (Ps. 21, p. 170).
That kind of contemplation which in the Dialogue on Christian

Doctrine was an ideal seen from the distance has become a living
experience, a warm intuition of the mystery of the love and the
wrath of God. This immediate experience of the judgment of
God, in the sense of justification of some and the condemnation
of others, precipitates the revolution of his preceding expe-
rience. There are the same ideas, the same doctrines, but his
personal intelligence is new and different.
A passage from The Christian Alphabet will serve as a key to
comprehend this fundamental insight.
"You must know, my lady, that the human heart is naturally
inclined to love; in such a way, it must either love God and all
things for God, or it must love itself and all things for itself. That
which loves itself does all things for itself. I mean to say that it is so
far moved to them as its own self-interest invites it, and thus if it
love anything beyond itself, it loves it for itself and for its own interest,
and if it have any love toward God, it has it for its own interest and
in no other respect. Such a one, friar or nonfriar, because he has his
affection in a state of disorder, having placed it in himself, never
knows how, or in what manner, he ought to love created things.
Rather when he desires to dispose himself to love God, because he
does not conceive how to go out of himself, he never discovers the
way, and therefore goes continually wandering in mere appearances,
and thus being always confused and variable in his affections, bad
or good, he lives far away from the life of Christian perfection; and
so much the more will he live farther from it as the more he becomes
enamored of himself, although he may be very perfect in outward
observances; because God requires the heart.
"He who loves God performs everything he does for him. I would
say that he is moved to this by the love he bears to God, and this
he does with as much warmth and earnestness as the degree of
affection moves or incites him. And thus if he love anything besides
God, he loves it for the sake of God, and because God wills it so,
and he likewise loves himself because he knows that God wills that
he be loved. Such a one, friar or nonfriar, because he has his love
ordered in God, takes hence the mode and manner how he should
love all created things, and is most regulated and ordered in his
INTRODUCTION 313
love, and loves nothing inordinately. And now his good works please
and are grateful before God, because he is moved to work by the
impulse of love, because as God is love, so no work is grateful to
him that is not done by love. "23
The Contradictions in Natural Man

The tendency to see the relation between God and man,
between the Christian life and the non-Christian life, in the
form of contradictions or antitheses, is already manifested
5
very clearly in Valdes Commentary on the Psalms.

"When human prudence is illumined by the Holy Spirit, all the
interior ofman is resplendent; and when it is obscure, without the
Holy Spirit, all the interior of man is dark. Thus as the eye serves
man to see the light of the sun, but he cannot see it except with the
same sun, so human prudence serves man to see and know God; but
he cannot see or know Him except through the same God; because
God lets him see and know. Also I understand that, thus as it would
be great foolishness for one who wishes and presumes to see the sun
with the light of candles, trusting in the clarity of his eyes, so it is
most great temerity on the part of those who wish to know God in
the light of the writings and persuasions of men. It is necessary that
God light our candle, that he himself make our clouds disappear,
without which all that man knows of God is by opinion, is through
the imagination, which always has more of the false in it than of
truth."24
This analogy, similar to that used by Thomas Aquinas in his

25 seemed to Valdes so
Question 109, Article 6
Treatise on Grace, ,
adequate that he elaborated it in his Consideration XII, and

in other lesser writings. In it is reflected an intellectual
cautiousness in contrast to his profound faith in the illuminating
grace. It is this which imparts to his spirit that equilibrium so
admired by Montesinos and that certainty confused by Caballero
with fanaticism.
The point of departure in the thinking of Valdes is his per-
ception, as much emotional as intellectual, of a fundamental
contradiction of man and God. In his Commentary on the
Epistle to the Romans he emphasizes this contradiction upon
pointing out the incapacity of man to obey the absolute
commandment of love.
23
J. de Valdes, Alfabeto Cristiano, p. 69.
24
J. de Valdes, Salmos, p. 100.
25 Basic
Writings of Thomas Aquinas, ed. by Anton Pegis, Vol. 2, p. 979.
"And I understand that Saint Paul touches first upon self-
esteem, because it is so united with and so natural to man, that it
insinuates itself into all man's operations and exercises, and seeks,
if not the whole, at least the greater part, for its own sister to self-
love; it being so that where there is self-love, there is self-esteem, and

the converse. . . .
"There are some who naturally will that which is good; but
because that will of theirs ever springs from self-love, it being a carnal
will, it does not operate to disculpate either the work or the mode of
doing it, this being peculiarly the privilege of those who will that
which is good through the Holy Spirit, and because God has given
them the will. . . .
"Self-knowledge consists of a man's knowing that 'there dwells

5
no good thing in his flesh, so that a man's self-knowledge does not
consist in knowing himself to be, as is vulgarly said, a sinner but in
knowing the wickedness and the perversity of the root whence these
evils issue. This is natural depravity, aggravated by the acquired,
the iniquity together with the ungodliness which is rooted in man
from his mother's womb." 26
The perception of this contradiction may be considered as

the origin of The Christian Alphabet. Valdes points this out to his
friend the countess.
"If you do not know yourself, you can never cease to

love yourself
inordinately. And while you have this self-love you
cannot love
God. And while you do not love him, you cannot do, say, or think
anything that may be to his honor; and not being to his honor,
consider whether it would be to the service of your soul. And still
in this, signora, consists the deception, that not knowing yourself,
you think you do. I give you to know that he must be a very spiritual
person who entirely knows himself."
27
This contradiction is resolved when the believer learns,
through Christ, to put the honor of God above his own human
honor.
"I do understand that incorporation into Christ produces this

effect upon the man who accepts the grace of the gospel: that just
as he, prior to the time at which he accepted it, took pleasure in and
enjoyed, both mentally and bodily, the honors and dignities of the
world, seeking and courting them, neither relishing nor enjoying
those which are chief among divine things, nor at all aiming at them;
so after he has accepted the grace of the gospel, he hates in his mind
26
J. de Valdes, Romans, p. 235 and p. 109.
27
J. de Valdes, Alfabeto Cristiano, p. 96.
INTRODUCTION 315
what he previously thought and courted, and loves what he previously
condemned and avoided, altogether changing his purpose."28
From the point of view of this basic contradiction, Valdes
considers the other antitheses that make up his thought. These
are sin and virtue, the wisdom of God and human prudence,
unfaithfulness and faith, the kingdom of the world and the
Kingdom of God, the old man and the new man. Of these, the
most important is the antithesis faith = human prudence. It is
in relation to this antithesis that he reflects on the theme of
natural light in contrast to the light of grace, or supernatural
light.
The faith that wins the victory over human prudence is the
work of the Holy Spirit in the penitent. It is the sovereignty of
the Holy Spirit which constitutes, for Valdes, the pure essence
of the Kingdom of God. Consequently, the contradiction
between the kingdom of the world and the Kingdom of God
disappears only by submittance of the human spirit to the
Holy Spirit.
"
says the Commentary on Rom,
5
"By the 'Kingdom of God,

14:16-19, "he means the rule of the Holy Spirit, for it is through
God's ruling us by his Holy Spirit that we begin to enter, meaning
that we, in this present life, take possession of the Kingdom of God,
and that in the life eternal we shall continue it, rising again glorious,
impassible, and immortal."
In relation to this final victory of the Holy Spirit over his
four moral enemies, the devil, the flesh, honor, and death,
Valdes wrote Consideration LXV. In this is found the beautiful
comparison of the glass of water, in which Valdes describes in a
simple but penetrating way the theme of the Benefit of Christ
in relation to the Kingdom of God.
"These very persons, if their desire to enter into the Kingdom of

God be a call of God himself and not their own caprice, accepting
the justice of God executed upon Christ as their own, do in this
present life escape from the tyranny of three of the tyrants; they pass
from the kingdom of the world, and through Christ enter into the
Kingdom of God. I mean to say that Christ reigns as the Son of
God, he being in those who are in his Kingdom, and with them
properly, what the head is to the members of the body; for just as
virtue and efficacy descend from the head to the members of the
body, they being ruled by it, so virtue and efficacy descend from
Christ to those who are in the Kingdom of Christ, with which they
28
J. de Valdes, Consideraciones, p. 229.
combat the tyrants who despotically rule other men. And thus they
are ruled by Christ in this present life, and through him they shall
attain to the resurrection and life eternal; and thus they shall be
which
brought from subjection to the tyranny of the fourth tyrant,
is death, and shall enter into the Kingdom of God, where God
himself will reign.
"In the meanwhile, they who have passed from the kingdom of
the world, having felt the tyranny of the four tyrants, feel the
charm and sweetness of the Kingdom of Christ; experiencing inwardly
the virtue and efficacy of Christ and the guidance of the Holy
to be lords and masters of their sensual
Spirit, and feeling themselves
affections of honor and ambition;
appetites, and of the worldly
having determined their own course of conduct, and their bearing
to the world, forasmuch as being incorporated into Christ, they
find their flesh to be dead, and their regard for the world to be dead
likewise, and being assured of their resurrection, immortality,
and
eternal life. Such assurance works this effect in them, that though
they experience death as far as the body is concerned, yet through
an assured hope of the resurrection they do not feel it as to the soul.
I understand the Kingdom of Christ to consist in this.
"And because when the resurrection of the just shall have been
nor will it
accomplished we shall no longer have to resist the devil,
be necessary to mortify the flesh, nor to oppose the world, nor will it
then remain to conquer death, I understand what Saint Paul says,
that then 'Christ will deliver up the Kingdom to his eternal Father,
and that God shall be all in all (I Cor. 15:24-28), ruling and
3
governing everything himself. So that the Kingdom of Christ,

according to Saint Paul, shall last until the universal resurrection,
and the Kingdom of God in men shall then commence, and be
permanent, men continually acknowledging the benefit received
from Jesus Christ our Lord.
"As it happens to a thirsty traveler to whom a glass of spring-
water is presented; while drinking he feels the use of the vessel
which holds the water given him and, having drunk, when the glass
is laid aside, he thanks the individual who gave him drink, though he
knows that he received that benefit by means of the glass. And just
as the grateful traveler who is refreshed with a glass of cold water
after he has
experiences, while he drinks, the use of the glass and,
drunk, feeling and acknowledging the kindness of the individual
who gave him the glass, knows likewise the advantage of the glass,
so men, while they are in this present life, experience the Kingdom
of Christ, knowing by experience the benefit of Christ, and in the life
eternal they will feel and know the kindness of God, who has given
them Christ, and they will acknowledge the benefit rendered by
Jesus Christ our Lord."29
29 de Valdes, Considerations, pp. 145-147.

J.
INTRODUCTION 317
The Benefit of Christ signifies for the believer, according to
Valdes, the solution of the contradictions or antitheses inherent
in human life.
Originality
In Consideration CX, Valdes calls attention to the fact that

truth is revealed to man measure of his living
according to the
faith. Piety, regeneration, and knowledge are connected "to
such an extent that it is scarcely possible to understand
whether the distinctness of views be assignable to the perfection
of practice, or whether the perfection of practice be assignable
to the distinctness of views; and therefore, it is to say that both
one and the other are due to the Christian spirit, which mar-
velously operates, both the one and the other, in those persons
who accept the gospel of Christ. I have stated this for this
reason: that having regarded the matter of Christianity not as
a science, but as experience, I have endeavored to make this
truth intelligible to individuals by numerous illustrations. I
never satisfied my own mind so that it could appear to me that I
had expressed my views in my own way until now, when to my
own judgment, having apprehended it more distinctly, it seems
to me that I am better enabled to express it. ... But they are
incapable of understanding these Christian truths who are
inexperienced in Christian subjects; and this experience they
alone possess who, through the gift of God, and through the
Benefit of Christ, possess faith, hope, and charity, and hence are
pious, holy, and justified in Christ, and are intent upon appre-
hending the piety, righteousness, and holiness in which they are
apprehended (Phil., ch. 3), being like to God, and to the Son
of God, Jesus Christ."
Free both from medieval rational tyranny and from medieval
asceticism, Valdes is, undoubtedly, in the tradition of the
Spanish religious spirit that had produced, three centuries

before, a Raymond Lull, and which produced a few years
after Valdes the profound and beautiful Dialogues on the Names
of Christ by Fray Luis de Leon. Valdes is as far from Aquinas or
Calvin's dogmatic Summas as from the excesses of all sectarians.
In the particular constellation of contemporary thinkers,
Valdes had a position of his own, holding in common with
others those things which originate in the Biblical background
and philosophical currents running through the Middle Ages
from Augustine to Luther. At the same time he was within the
renascent philosophy running from Scotus Eriugena to the
Spaniards Leon Hebreo or Baruch Spinoza,
Concerning his orthodoxy, Fermin Caballero, Menendez
y Pelayo, Ludwig Pastor, Benedetto Croce, and Edmondo Clone
admit that he is not a Catholic. That question was decided
officially by both the Italian and the Spanish Inquisition by
placing all his religious books in the Index. But, furthermore,
Menendez y Pelayo, Pastor, and Rafael Altamira think that he
was influenced by Luther. Benjamin WifFen admits the possibil-
ity that he was influenced by Tauler's Institutes.
Edward Boehmer, after many years of careful research,
affirms that "a man of such overpowering originality should
not be considered Lutheran or Calvinist, and much less an
30 Manuel Carrasco and
Anabaptist." Eugene Stern, both
disciples of Boehmer, studied Valdes as a Protestant theologian
who was very original in his points of view.
Benedetto Croce has said that a proposition is valid only
within its context and "this doctrine of faith, as it was presented
by Juan de Valdes and accepted by Giulia Gonzaga, implied a
negation of the papal church, of its juridical decisions in things
pertaining to moral conscience, of its sacramental system, of
indulgences, and of everything else."
31
That opinion of Croce, I believe, is true. Even if, according to

Giulia Gonzaga and Fermin Caballero, Valdes died in the
faith in which he had lived, his faith was no longer Roman
Catholic. But what is not true is that Valdes was an Anti-
Trinitarian. The question is as old as the Christian church
itself, since even today it is very difficult to determine who is
and who is not an Anti-Trinitarian. In Consideration XCV, he
admits "that men are incapable of comprehending the divine
generation of the Son of God, and the spiritual generation of
the children of God," yet he believed in one as well as in the
other, the benefit of Christ being the essential experience on
which all his thought is based.
5
Valdes originality does not consist in pretending to invent, or
in having discovered, new truth. He realizes that truth is
eternal reality, the ground of all being. But the originality
consists in his approach to truth, in that he is apprehended by
the Origin of all truth and reality, in that he places himself at
the root of all being, and only in this sense he is original and
radical. Self-knowledge and knowledge of God, the inquiry
30 M. Menendez y Pelayo, Heterodoxos, Vol. 4, p. 250.
31 B. Croce, Introduction to the Alfabeto Cristiano, pp. XVIII-XIX.
INTRODUCTION 319
Into the image of man as he Is and the image of man as he
ought to be according to the image of God as revealed by Jesus
Christ this is his point of departure from which he approaches
all reality.He finds evil in man as a whole, body and mind.
The capacity for discriminating good from evil is the essence
of human personality, yet even that is the consequence of
original sin. To get beyond the limitations that evil places
upon man's judgment, a restitution of the original image of
God is necessary. This is done by the acceptance of the gospel
as a personal experience of pardon. Only then is truth unveiled
to man, even if not fully.
As may be easily appreciated from the pattern of thought
that we have endeavored to sketch above, spiritual motivation
and impulse is more important for Valdes than intellectual
constructions. His One Hundred and Ten Considerations is much
more a spiritual diary than a treatise of systematic theology.
Education is, for Valdes, the leadership of the Holy Spirit,
experienced by those who are elected and under God's grace.
In his Opuscules, he has given a description of his method of
preaching: "If he had to give regulations for preaching the
gospel of Christ, he would prescribe that penitence (self-
knowledge) should be preached first; secondly, justification by
faith; and connected with this article, thirdly, the necessity of
testifying to Christian faith by Christian works, which works,
he says, will be rewarded in the present life by corporal and
32
spiritual benefits and in the future life by greater glory."
This method, combined with great clearness and charm of style,
and freedom of spirit, is followed throughout all his works. And
3
this is the method that imparts originality to Valdes thought

an originality that springs from a radical change of all his
being.
32 de Vald6s, Trataditos, p. 162.
J.
I
A Dialogue on Christian Doctrine
INTRODUCTION
TEXT OF THE DIALOGUE OjV CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE THAT
has been translated for this Library of Christian Classics is
THE the facsimile edition published by Marcel Bataillon in
1925, by the press of the University of Coimbra, Portugal.
It was in the National Library of Lisbon that the French scholar
discovered a copy of the first edition, published by Miguel
Eguia 3 in Alcala de Henares, probably in 1529.*
Although this work is anonymous, from the very beginning
it was attributed to Juan de Valdes, the brother of the imperial
secretary, Alfonso, who two years before had published his

Dialogue of Lactancio* Bataillon characterizes the work as a
"moderate Erasmian catechism." Because of his Erasmian
sympathies and because of his relation to the Dialogue on
Things Which Happened in Rome, Juan de Valdes brought upon
himself and his work the hostility of the Inquisition. Already
in 1532 the reading or possession of the book was considered
bad by the Holy Office and it was included in the first Index of
Portugal in 1547 and in the first Index of Toledo in 1551.
There are in existence two other editions of the Dialogue: an
ordinary copy of that of Coimbra, printed in Madrid in 1929 by
the National and Foreign Library, and another published in
Buenos Aires in 1946 by La Aurora publishing house.
This work and the Commentary on the Psalms are the only
religious works of Valdes the Spanish text of which has been
preserved. I have tried to preserve in my translation the
Spanish idioms and the particular style of the author.
J
Juan de Valdes, Didlogo de Doctrina Cristiana, Reproduction en facsimile,
de 1'exemplaire de la bibliotheque nationale de Lisbonne (Edition
d'Alcald de Henares, 1529) avec une introduction et des notes por Marcel
Bataillon. Coimbra, Imprensa da Universidad, 1925, p. 68, et aL
320
I
A Dialogue on Christian Doctrine

2
Newly Composed by a Churchman
THE TEXT
Dedicated to the most illustrious gentleman Don Diego de
Lopez Pacheco, Marquis of Villena 3
A DIALOGUE ON CHRISTIAN PRAYER 4
Antronio: Then, according to your opinion, you would not

have us pray from books, if we are not compelled to do so, nor
with beads.
Archbishop: I do not say that. Let anyone who wishes pray
like that as much as he wants, but, to tell you the truth, I
will not consider it evil if he does not pray from a book, provided
he were not compelled to do so, neither with beads, provided
he were living properly. Neither will I consider a good man he
that prays much in both ways, if I do not see in him some other
sign of being a Christian. I say this, because I know many that
if you seethem in church with their books and beads,
you would
think they were some Jeromes, and when they come out, and
even in the church, as soon as they finish a number of Pater
Nosters and psalms, their tongues are so quick to gossip about
their neighbors, to utter lies, lowliness and slander as to be a
great pity.
Eusebio: Since they train their tongues to speed the Psalms,
maybe that is the cause that they are unable to keep them still
with respect to these other things.
2 "A churchman" is not the best translation, but the only one available for
the Spanish "un religiose," which means a person given exclusively to the
religious life, as a clergyman, monk, or otherwise.
3 The marquis of Villena, lord of Escalona, was the Spanish nobleman to
whose court Juan de Valdes was attached until 1525. He was a deeply
devoted person, dedicated to scholarly pursuits. In 1527, Francisco de
Osuna addressed to him the famous Tercer Abecedario, a book that exerted
a great influence on Spanish mysticism, very especially on Santa Teresa
de Jesus. Gf. Marcel Bataillon, op. cit., p. 28.
*
Praying without audible words, and without the ordinary helps provided
by the church, was one of the suspected practices of the alumbrados, as the
Spanish heretics of the time were known.
321
it may, at last they will discover themselves
AT; Be that as
deceived, no matter how well they work, if they do not cease
their low habits. I find consolation in knowing that there is a
happy and eternal life for the good and a sad and endless death
for the wicked.
An: In spite of all that you have said, I think you will consider
it good that all Christians pray the Pater Noster, and that for
this purpose it should be explained very well to them.
Ar: I surely do, and even more than good; but only after
they learn what I have said. It is much more important
and
more convenient for them to know so that their prayer be
above. Then it is very
agreeable to God, what we have said
for them to know how to pray, and also what they pray,
good
and for this purpose it is needed to explain to them in few words,
as you say, the Pater Noster, so that they would know both the
prayer and its meaning.
An: In that respect I say you are very right; but, pray, tell us
how do you think that brief exposition should be made?
Ar: I will tell you as far as God lets me understand it; God
will that it should be so to the point that you and I be happy
and satisfied.
An: It could not be any other way, but that what you say
will us happy and satisfied.
make
Ar: Then, trusting thus, I say it is a good thing that everybody
should know and feel about the Pater Noster in this way:
Let the first thing be for every Christian to know that this
Christ. And it
prayer was composed by our Redeemer, Jesus
was thus that his disciples came to him, asking him to teach
them to pray. Then, after telling them not to multiply words
when praying, he taught them this prayer, and for this reason it
should be esteemed more than all others that are written. In this
prayer our Lord Jesus Christ teaches us how we ought
to pray.
And by its own example the prayer teaches us that it should be
brief in words, but abundant in content; and this kind is the
Christian's prayer. Besides, the prayer should be more spiritual
than verbal. We are already in that time that Jesus Christ said
would come, when the true worshipers would worship their
eternal Father in spirit and in truth; because with this kind of
worshipers, says he, the eternal Father finds pleasure.
Also the
prayer must be said with much attention and very great fervor,
with complete and strong faith, with perseverance and finally
with full knowledge of God, and ourselves. In short, here you
see how every Christian should pray. It is also shown to us what
DIALOGUE: VALDES 323
we should pray for, considering all the prayer, that is nothing
more than those things pertinent to the glory of God and the
salvation of our souls and our fellow men. Having said this, we
should also ask what every Christian should consider when he
prays this prayer and with this exposition, you would have the
way in which it should be taught, since it is in this way that I
have ordered it to be taught. You should know that all this
prayer consists of seven petitions, which we shall point out as
we repeat it. So when the Christian says:
Father, after having considered God's greatest benignity by
which he takes pleasure when his enemies, who every day offend
him, yet call him Father, he should consider if his works are
those of a true son, and if he finds that they are not so, he should
be confused and humbled before God, acknowledging his
misery and smallness. When he says: our, he should remember
that through this word he shows that all those who call upon
this same name, and can do so, are his brothers. Then he should
search well if he does with all of them brotherly works and if he
loves them with all his heart as brothers. If he finds himself
lacking in these things, he should ask God for, not only with
tears in his eyes but also in his heart, a spirit of love with which
to love his brothers.
When he says: who art in heaven, he should remember the
banishment in which he is, and sigh truly after that heavenly
home where he will go to enjoy the beatific vision of the eternal
and sovereign God, where joy and rest is perfect and complete,
since you enjoy it without fear of losing it. Of this joy, even here
on earth, God gives the soul some taste so that, enthralled by its
sweetness, he will despise all worldly things and hold as deceitful
and vain all its pleasures and enjoyments.
When he comes to say: Hallowed be thy name, think that he
asks Godhere not to let that neither he nor anybody else think,
say, do, have, nor purpose any other thing but only that which
isdirected toward the glory of God, and that in all things, by his
grace, he should be respectful of his love and fear. This is the
way in which God's name is sanctified, when we sanctify
ourselves. This is the first petition, and I explain it as briefly as
I can, since if it is going to remain in the memory of all, it
should be declared like that, in few words, to the people and
especially to the children.
E; The order which you follow seems to me the best in the
world, and since it is so, Sir, proceed further.
Ar: I am agreeable, but on condition that you pay close
attention. Since the name of God cannot be hallowed unless the
Spirit abides and rules in our souls, the second petition follows,
where we ask in this fashion: Thy kingdom come. Here it is con-
venient for every Christian to know that with these words he
is asking God to redeem all men from the most cruel tyranny
that the devil, the world, and the flesh hold over all, under
which they are brought anywhere, as dragged by the hair, to
do the will of these three, and would that God allow his spirit
to rule and be the absolute Lord of us all. They need to know
also that this Kingdom of God in our souls is but a voluntary
subjection and whole obedience to God, a true peace, a mar-
velous rest and perfect satisfaction. Let them also know that the
reason for asking this from God is to break the tyranny of the
devil, and with sin cast off as far as possible, his soul will be
free and agreeable before his majesty, and be a temple of the
living God and having God only as ruler, so that through
exterior and interior obedience it will be a kingdom where God
reigns. This a very great truth that if we come to know how

is
great and how priceless is the good the soul possesses when God
is its Lord and King, we would say these words with such an
ardent desire and great fervor as to rend our hearts, wishing for
their fulfillment. For the love of the only God, I require from
you, father, that you will charge everybody with earnestness
to look after this, since their life and even much more than their
life is at stake. And thus because God does not reign in our souls
except when they are very obedient, both inside and outside,
and in order to attain this Kingdom the will of God must be
done, for this reason Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, taught us
to ask in the third petition in this fashion:
Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven.Here the Christian
should consider that because of his own nature he is inclined
to do evil and to be disobedient to God, and thus he regrets
it when God corrects and
punishes him; he asks God to give
him grace so that with good will he will agree that God's will be
fulfilled in him. It is as if he were to tell God: Eternal Father,
even if my sensitive flesh should resist, be not mindful, but do as
you do, punish me as you will, be thy will and not mine fulfilled.
In no way be my will fulfilled since it is always contrary to
yours, which only isgood, even as thou alone art good, and
mine always evil, even when it seems to me very good.
is
E: know that it is not only in that respect where we should

I
wish the will of God to be done.
Ar: True, indeed, but I said this first because it is there where
to do the will of God is most difficult and because he who
obeys God in this will be able to obey him very well in all other
things. Thus, the Christian asks that in all things the will of
God be absolutely fulfilled., here on earth, as it is in heaven,
where all are obedient to God with great joy and with the whole
will, since theirs is at one with God's. So, he who in truth says
the words of this petition and wishes the fulfillment thereof as
I have told you, I assure you his accomplisnient is not small.
An: As far as I am concerned, it seems to me I pray these
words in truth.
Ar: I believe it indeed, but I am not sure if you feel them as
truly as you say you pray them. But coming back to our theme:
since to be wholly and firmly in agreement with God's will is
something beyond human strength, God advised us to present
the fourth petition in this way:
Give us this day our daily bread. When the Christian says these
words, let him see well that what he asks for here is grace to be
able to fulfill God's will, which is the spiritual bread that
supports and imparts life to our souls. This bread is the grace of
the Holy Spirit, without which our souls cannot be pleasing to
God, not even for a moment. The soul is wonderfully sustained
by this grace. When by means of this bread our souls will have
impressed upon them the image of Jesus Christ, who is the true
and heavenly bread, they would be able to break their wills
completely and gladly, and they will feel as delicious and sweet
any suffering God may send. Finally, the Christian ought to
include in this petition that God send us true and holy doctors
that may distribute among the Christian people the bread of
evangelical doctrine, clean and clear and not soiled and dirty
with human opinions and affects. You see what a great need
we have of this bread.
E: So great it is that it cannot be greater and, since you speak
so well, I do not want to interrupt you. Proceed further; I am
extremely pleased with the order you follow.
Ar: Because it is not convenient to give this heavenly bread
to the dogs, nor should it be given to them, who are the people
that are soiled by sin, for this reason, in order to cleanse us
from these sins, God enjoins us to say in the fifth petition:
Forgive us our debts> as we forgive our debtors. This petition should
be carefully considered by every Christian since what he asks
here must be asked with full understanding of his guilt and
defects that he asks God to forgive. Freed from guilts and
defects he could sit at the table with the sons of God and eat
of this heavenly bread, from which eat only those to whom God
has forgiven their sins, accepting them as his own. And because
without this support our souls are unable to move through the
vicissitudes of this world; and since this support is not given but
to those whom God accepts as his own, and he does not accept
as his own any but those whom he forgives; and since everybody,
no matter how holy he may be, has something for which to be
forgiven, it is necessary that every day we ask for forgiveness
and that we acknowledge at the same time that we need to be

forgiven something. And something else should be kept in
mind here: we are not worthy to have our sins forgiven just
because we forgive our debtors, those who offend us, but
because God wanted to forgive us through his infinite goodness
and mercy; under these conditions we are forgiven. So, it is
necessary to forgive our neighbors in order that God may
forgive us, but let us not think that God forgives us because we
forgive, because this will amount to attributing to ourselves
what should be attributed only to God. I know some people
that, even though thinking of themselves as very holy and wise,
when they feel some enmity against somebody, not wishing to
forgive them, they do not pray this part of the Pater Noster,
but skip it. Have you ever seen greater foolishness or nonsense?
They are not afraid of calling God "Father," being sons of
Satan, and they want and ask for the heavenly bread which is
given only to the pure of heart, and they are afraid to ask God
for forgiveness because he would require from them the ful-
fillment of that condition for which they ask.
An: By my health, I did that whenever I was not in good
relations with any of my colleagues, and I did not even think
much of it.
Ar: See that you do not do it again from now on.
An: I accept it; but would it not be better if I abstain from
praying the whole Pater Noster instead of this part only?
Ar: Yes, for the sake of avoiding this new superstition, as long
as you do not want to stop being angry with your brother, but on
condition that you keep on asking for God's grace, that through
it you may overcome your anger, although it would be much
better to forsake your anger and forgive, and then you could
pray the whole prayer.
An: And if it is not within my power and I could not help
being angry?
Ar: If you feel sorry for not being able to overcome resent-
ment, then you could say the whole prayer and beg God to
help your good will, and since he gave you grace to wish the
good, he will give grace to attain it.
An: As true as I live, you have given me life by telling me this,
because I shall take advantage of this for myself and for
others.
Ar: May God so help you. And now, give me your attention
and we shall proceed. Since we have asked God's forgiveness,
and since perseverance in doing good is rewarded, and by our-
selves we will never attain it, since we are by nature fickle
and faithless and so we fall easily in temptation, for this the
sixth petition tells us:
Do not let us fall into nor be vanquished in temptation. When the
Christian utters these words it is convenient, in order to obtain
the results for which they are said, that he know the great
weakness of his flesh, and also the great power and diversity of
temptations with which the devil, the flesh, and the world
tempt us. And then, with this knowledge, he should consider
that what he asks from God in this petition is to be protected
and guided by His hand and never to let him be vanquished
by any temptation, nor to sin again, but on the other hand, to
give him persevering grace with which to fight like a man
until death. Since we know that God is just and that he
should punish us for our sins and we should endure our
punishment, and since the evil in us, the sin that governs our
bodily members, is the cause of it all, the last petition advises
us to say:
Deliver us from evil. It is necessary that the Christian, if he
possesses the aforesaid knowledge, should emphasize here that,
since this evil that abides in our flesh is the cause that we should
be tempted, should fall, and be punished for it, then God with
hissupreme power delivers him from this evil. Free from all evils
and sins, the Christian will then be, together with all those who
love Jesus Christ, a sanctifier of the name of God, will be part
of the Kingdom of God. Then he will do God's will in all
things; he will eat of and support himself with the daily bread
of God's grace and the Holy Spirit, and no sin will abide in him
that will not be then forgiven, and also he will not be vanquished
by temptations, from which we cannot be completely saved
while we live in this world.
E: That seems to me a very new way of explanation.
Ar: It is not as new as you think, and in my opinion it is
better than all those I have read and more practical.
E: In what respects?
Ar: you, and in order that you may see it better, I
I shall tell
shall tellyou first two other explanations. The first is about the
meaning of deliver us from all evil. Here theologians make their
distinctions saying that it is not the evil of punishment but the
evil of guilt. I do not want to meddle in this, but, according to
those who know Greek, the language in which the Evangelists
wrote, this explanation and distinction is beside the point. This
is the reason why Erasmus, in his translation of the New
Testament, says: Deliver us from the evil one, that is, from the
devil. And this is the second explanation. Both of them, in my
opinion, are holy and good, but in my judgment the one have
I
told you is more to the point; otherwise it would seem that in
this petition we do not ask anything further than in the previous
one.
E: In what way?
Ar: He who asks God to keep him and deliver him from
falling into temptations, is he not asking at the same time to be
delivered from the devil?
E: Yes, doubtless.
Ar: Then, the same is true of the other explanation.
An: By your life, sir, do not trouble yourself any more
talking about this; I am very well satisfied with what you have
said; do not trouble yourself with any more answers.
Ar: I will do what you say, and in conclusion I say it is to
the point that after asking God in the previous petition not to
let us be defeated in temptation, we should ask him afterward
to deliver us from that evil which brings temptation, that bad
tendency that comes to us from the sins of our ancestors.
E: I assure you that although I have replied to some of these
explanations, I have been extremely satisfied with them. 53
Ar: Very well. Let the end be that the word "Amen is a
sort of confirmation and general petition of all that has been
said. Besides, if we want to obtain the fruit of this petition, it is
necessary to remember that Jesus Christ taught us this way of
praying, and that he promised to grant us what we pray for if
we know how to ask him, and, keeping this in mind, we should
have steadfast hope that God will grant us, in order to keep his
word, what we ask for in this prayer.
An: Let us see, and if I cannot believe that God will hear
rne?
Ar: Do like the one who brought to Jesus Christ his son
possessed by a demon, who when Jesus Christ said to him, "If
you are able to believe, all things are possible to the believer/*
he answered, "Lord, I believe, but help thou and be gracious
with my incredulity and little faith."
E: By my life, you have given a wonderful answer and you
have declared very well the Pater Noster; I ain certain that
anyone who thinks of all these things will be greatly edified in
his soul whenever he prays.
II
One Hundred and Ten Considerations
INTRODUCTION
HIS DIALOGUE ON LANGUAGE, JUAN DE VALDES OFFERS
us some indications as to how the themes originated
IN which were later collected in One Hundred and Ten Considera-
tions.
"We, obey you and serve you, have spoken this morn-
in order to
ing about what you have wished, and very obligingly we have
answered you all that which you have asked. It is just that, since
you are so courteous and well-behaved to everyone, as everybody
says you are, you should be so with us too, taking pleasure that we
speak this afternoon about that which will most please us, answering
us and satisfying us with the answers to the questions that we may
propose to you, as we have done to those which you have proposed."
1
Juan de Valdes owned a country house in the quarter of

Chiaja, one of the most beautiful spots in Naples. Every
Sunday a select number of his friends resorted to hear him speak
upon sacred subjects. After breakfasting and enjoying them-
selves amidst the beauty of the surrounding scenery, they
returned to the house, where he read some selected portion of
the Scripture and commented upon it. Sometimes a theme
would be proposed and he would explain it. These subjects on
which he conceived that his mind had obtained a clearer
illumination are called "Divine Considerations" and constitute
the content of his book.
Clearness of thought, sincerity of feeling, and peace of soul
seem to be the main objectives of these pious meditations.
There is no pretense of systematic presentation and no polemic
intention. Yet, practically all the most important themes of
Jj.de Valdes, Didlogo de la Lengua } p. i.

330
HUNDRED AND TEN CONSIDERATIONS VALDES I
33!
Reformation thought and practice are touched upon in these
Considerations.
Celio Secondo Curione, in his "Letter to Christian Readers"
which precedes the first Italian edition of this work, has made
some pertinent observations, some of which are worth repro-
ducing here. In them is revealed not only the great admiration
of the pupils for their master, but also the profound influence
of Valdes on the most outstanding Reform thought of Italy.
"Many, both ancients and moderns, have written upon Christian

topics, and some of them have done so better than others; but it
would be difficult to find out the man who, since the days of our
Lord's apostles and Evangelists, has written better, more soundly, and
more divinely, than Juan de Valdes. . . .
"For bringing to our knowledge and into our possession this

great and heavenly treasure, we are all indebted to Maestro
Pietro Paolo Vergerio, who was, in the course of divine providence,
instrumental in causing it to be printed. Coming from Italy, and
leaving a feigned bishopric to come to the true apostolate to which
he was called by Christ, he brought with him. many beautiful
compositions. . . He left with me the One Hundred and Ten Con-
.
siderations in order that I might get them printed. .These Con-

. .
siderations, as is known to many, were originally written by the

author in Spanish, and afterward translated by a pious and worthy
person into Italian, and hence it is that they are not wholly divested
of the Spanish idiom peculiar to them. ..."
This is the work of Valdes which had the greatest influence in
Europe. This may be judged by the many translations which
were quickly made of this work to Dutch, French, and English.
In continuation we offer a bibliography of this work, chrono-
logically arranged.
Le cento e died divine considerationi del S. Giovanni Valdesso,

nelle quali si ragiona delle cose utili, piii necessarie e piu
perfette della Christiana professione. I Cor. II. Noi vi
ragioniamo della perfetta sapientia, non della sapientia di
questo mondo. ec. (con lettera introduttiva de Celio Secondo
Curione). In Basilea, MDL.
Cent et dix considerations divines de Juan de Val D'Esso. Traduites
premierement d'espaignol en langue italienne &
de nouveau
mises en frangais par C. R. P. Durer, morir e non perir.
Lyon, Claude Senneton, MCLXIIL (Colophon.) A Lyon,
par Jean d'Ogerolles, 1563.
Cent et dix consyderations de Jan de Val D'esso* Paris, Mathurin
Prevost, a Fescu de Venise, 1565.
Cent et dix considerations de Jan de Val D'Esso, A Lyon, par
Jan Martin, 1565.
Jo. Valdessi. Godsdige Anmerckingen uyt het Italiansche overgeset.
(Trad, di Adriano Garino) (s.i.e.t?) 1565.
Les divines considerations, saintes meditations de Jean de Val
d'esso, gentilhomme espaignoL Touchant tout ce qui est
necessaire pour la perfection de la vie chrestienne. Traduites
par G. K. P. Reveues de noveau &
rapportees fidelement a
1'exemplaire espaignol & amplifiees de la table des principales
matieres traictees par Faucteur. Lyon, Pierre Picard, 1601.
The hundred and ten considerations of signor John Valdesso,
treating of those things which are most profitable, most
necessary and most perfect in our Christian profession.
Written in Spanish, brought out of Italy by Vergerius, and
first set forth in Italian at Basel by Coelius Secundus Curio,
anno 1550. Afterward translated into French, and printed
at Lyons, 1563, and again at Paris, 1565. And now translated
out of Italian copy into English, with notes. Whereunto is
added an epistle of the author's, upon the Romans. I Cor.,
Nowbeit we speak wisdome amongst them that are
ch. 2.
wisdome of this world. (Translation by
perfect, yet not the
Nicholas Ferrar.) Oxford, Leonard Lichfield, 1638.
Divine Considerations, treating of those things which are most
profitable, most necessary, and most perfect in our Christian
profession. By John Valdesso. Cambridge: printed for E. D.
by Roger Daniel, Printer to the University, 1646. (Ferrar's
translation revised.)
îentoy diet Considerations de Juan de Valdes. Ahora publicadas
por primera vez en castellano. Valdesio hispano scriptore
superbiat orbis. (Dan. Roger Epigr. in Turn. Juelli Humphr.
Vita Juel. 4to. 1573.) Ed. e Trad, de Luis Usoz i Rio.)
S. 1. e. t. Ano de MDCCCLV. (Reformistas Antiguos
Espanoles, tomo IX.)
Le e died divine considerazioni di Giovanni Valdesso.
cento
(Ed. of
E. Boehmer) Seguono: FEpistola del primo editore
(Celio
Secondo Curione) et i "Cenni biografici sui fratelli Giovannie
Alfonso de Valdesso" dello stesso Boehmer. Si un
aggiunge
"Documento inedito," e alcuni "SuppKmente." Halle in
Sassonia, MDCCCLX.
îento i diez considerations leidas
i
explicadas hazia el aiio de
53 8 i J 539- Por Juan de Valdes. Conforme a un ms, castel-
r
lano escrito el a. 1558 existente en la biblioteca de Ham-

burgo, i ahora publicado por vez primera con un facsimile.
HUNDRED AND TEN CONSIDERATIONS! VALD&S 333
Valdesio hispanus scriptore superbiat orbis, Expana. Aiio
MDCCCLXIL (Reformistas Antiguos Espanoles, tomo XVI.)
Zjiento i diez consideraziones de Juan de Valdes. Primera vez
publicadas en castellano el a. 1855 P or Luis de Usoz I Rio
i ahora corregidas nuevamente con mayor cuidado. . . .
Londres, G. A. Claro del Bosque, 1863. (Reformistas

Antiguos Espanoles, tomo XVIII.)
Le cento e died divine considerations de S. Giovanni Valdesso. . . .
Londres, Claro de Bosque, 1863.

Life and writings of Juan de Valdes, otherwise Valdesso, Spanish
reformer of the sixteenth century, by Benjamin B. Wiffen.
With a translation from the Italian of his Hundred and Ten
Considerations, by John T. Betts. London, Bernard Quaritch,
1865.
Juan de Valdes. Aus dem
Hundertundzehn Gottliche Betrachtungen.
Italienischen von Hedwig Boehmer, Frau des
(tibersetzt
Ausgebers Eduard Boehmer). Mit einem Anhang Ueber die
Zwillings briider Juan und Alfonso de Valdes von Eduard
Boehmer. Halle a. s., Georg. Schwabe, 1870.
Juan de Valdes, Gottliche Betrachtungen, Uebersetzt von Otto
Anger. Leipzig, Buchh. des vereinshauses, 1875.
Consideraciones y Pensamientos de Juan de Valdes. Escogidos y
prologados por Juan Orts Gonzalez. Editorial Juan de
Valdes, Madrid, n.d.
Nicholas Ferrar, first translator of Valdes into English, sent

the manuscript of his work to the poet George Herbert.
Upon returning the book, Herbert wrote an interesting letter
from which we quote:
"You owe the church a debt, and God hath put this into your
hands (as he sent the fish with mony to S. Peter) to discharge it:
happily also with this (as his thoughts are fruitfull) intending the
honour of his servant the Author, who being obscured in his own
country he would have to flourish in this land of light, and region of
the Gospell, among his chosen. It is true there are some things
which I like not in him, as my fragments will expresse, when you
read them; neverthelesse I wish you by all means to publish it, for
these three eminent things observable therein: First, that God in the
midst of Popery should open the eyes of one to understand and
expresse so clearely and excellently the
intent of the Gospell in
the acceptation of Christ's righteousnesse (as he sheweth through
all his Considerations), a thing strangely buried, and darkened by
the Adversaries, and their great stumbling-block. Secondly, the
great honour and reverence, which he everywhere beares
towards
our deare Master and Lord, concluding every Consideration
almost with his holy Name, and setting his merit forth so piously,
for which I doe so love him, that were there nothing else, I would
print it, that with it the honour of my Lord might be published.
Thirdly, the many pious rules of ordering our life, about mortifica-
tion, and observation of God's kingdome within us, and the working
35
thereof, of which he was a very diligent observer.
The present version in English has been made taking into

account the Italian version of Gelio Secondo Curione, the
Spanish versions of Usoz, and the English version of Betts.
One Hundred and Ten Considerations
THE TEXT
Consideration I
How IT Is TO BE UNDERSTOOD THAT MAN WAS CREATED

IN THE IMAGE AND LIKENESS OF Goo 2
Oftentimes have decided to understand in what that image

I
and likeness of God
properly consists of which the sacred Scrip-
tures speak, when they declare that man was created in the
image and likeness of God. So long as I strove to understand it
by reading books, I did not achieve anything at all, because I
was led by reading, at one time to entertain one opinion, and
at another time another; until attempting it by the way of
reflection, it appeared to me that I apprehended it, or at least
that I began to understand it; and I feel certain that the same
God who has given me the knowledge I possess will give me
that which I still want.
I understand the image and likeness of God to consist of his
own particular being, involving his impassibility and eternity,
as likewise his benignity, mercy, justice, faithfulness, and truth.
1 understand that God created man in the terrestrial paradise
with these qualities and perfections, where, prior to his dis-
obedience to God, he was impassible and immortal he was
good, merciful, just, faithful, and true.
2
Both, in the Considerations as well as in The Christian Alphabet, Valdes
begins by a meditation on the image of God in man. As we have pointed
out, in the Introduction, Valdes seems to depart from the reflection on
man's Fall, from original sin. God and man, considered as antithetical
beings, and the recovery of God's image by man through the benefit of
Christ, seem to be the mainspring of all Valdes' thought. This approach
to the Christian doctrine is surprisingly similar to Calvin's. The French
thinker, nevertheless, produces an absolutely coherent treatise, guided by
the principles of a rigid, logical pattern of thought. The Spaniard, on the
other side, will seem a if not incoherent, at least diffuse and erratic. Valdes
follows the reason of the heart; Calvin follows the reason of the brain.
Valdes is more akin to Pascal and Unamuno. Calvin is more akin to
Thomas Aquinas.
335
Asunderstand, the first man lost this image and likeness of
I
God by disobedience to God, and so he became passible and
mortal he became malevolent, cruel, impious, faithless, and
mendacious.
After I understood this by reflection, desiring to compare it
with Holy Scripture, I find that it coincides admirably with
what Saint Paul says in Eph. 4:22-24, Col. 3:5-9; and thus J
am so much the more confirmed in my conclusion.
And proceeding still further, I understand that thisîmage of
God was in the person of Christ, as far as his soul was involved,
before his death, whence he was benign, merciful, just, faithful,
and true; and with reference to soul and body, after his resurrec-
tion, inasmuch as he now possesses, in addition
to benignity,
mercy, justice, faithfulness, and truth, both immortality

and
impassibility.
Moreover, 3 I understand that they who, being called and ^
drawn by God to the grace of the gospel, make

Christ's right-
eousness their own, and are incorporated into Christ, recover
of God
partly in this present life that portion of the image
which relates to the soul, and in eternal life recover also that
part which relates to the body; and thus we shall all, through
Christ, come to be like God, as Christ is; each one in his
degree Christ as the Head, and we as the members.
And it will truly be the greatest felicity to see in men good-
ness, mercy, justice, faithfulness, and truth; and to see them
likewise impassible and immortal to see them very like
Christ, and to see them very like God: and to see that the
glory of God increases with this happiness of man, and
that the
of the Son of God is thereby promoted also, through whom
glory
we shall all confess that we have attained our happiness, all
recognizing as our Head the self-same Jesus Christ our Lord.
Consideration II
THAT THE HAPPINESS OF MAN CONSISTS IN KNOWING

GOD, AND THAT WE CANNOT KNOW GOD UNLESS WE
FIRST KNOW CHRIST
Many have labored much, desiring to understand in what

3 This is a striking example of how difficult it is to keep, in a translation, the
semantic overtones of the original. "Moreover" is an acceptable transla-
tion of "e allende de esto," yet not completely adequate. It means, rather
"if you have a farther perspective," "if you look on the farther side of the
question," etc.
HUNDRED AND TEN CONSIDERATIONS: VALDES 337
man's happiness properly consists; and, having striven to do
so
as^ men, by
human prudence they have all erred in their
imaginations, as they are wont to err in almost everything, the
knowledge of which is sought through the same way. That
which I say so many have labored anxiously to understand, our
Lord Jesus Christ teaches in these words: Haec est vita aeterna
ut cognoscant te verum Deum solum et quern misisti
Jesus Christum
(John 17:3). "This is life eternal, to know thee the only true
God, and Jesus Christ whom thou hast sent": as if he had said,
men's happiness consists in this, that they know God and Christ.
But though Christ teaches this, they alone understand it who
cease to be men that is to say, who lay aside the image of
Adam and put on the image of Christ because these alone
know Christ, and only in Christ and through Christ do they
know God.
Truly, men attain, whilst but men, to a certain knowledge of
God, by contemplation of the created things, but they do not
obtain happiness by this knowledge; for in truth happiness is
not involved in it, but consists only in that knowledge of God
which they alone acquire who have ceased to be (mere) men
and, being incorporated into Christ, know God by first knowing
Christ. And I understand that the reading of Holy Scripture
and the contemplation of the creatures serve to increase and
augment in them that knowledge of God which involves
happiness and eternal life.
The knowledge which they acquire of God, who know him
through the creatures, I conceive to be similar to that knowl-
edge which an inferior artist acquires of a consummate painter
by looking at his paintings; and the knowledge which they
acquire of God who know him through the Holy Scriptures, I
conceive to be similar to that which an idiot, or an unlettered
man, acquires of a highly celebrated author by reading his
works. And the knowledge which they who know Christ, and
are incorporated into Christ, have of God, I conceive to be
similar to the knowledge which I have of the Emperor through
the sight of his portrait, and through an exceedingly minute
account of all his habits, by the report of individuals who are
upon very intimate terms with the Emperor. I conceive that
they who know God after this fashion, in reading the Scriptures,
know him as a learned man knows a great author by reading
his works. And
I conceive that these very same individuals, in
contemplating the creatures, know God as a good painter

knows a perfect artist by studying his paintings.
Having apprehended thus much, I understand in what
man's happiness consists, and I find myself happy, and I
understand much better than I ever previously did the great
obligation under which men are to God, and to the Son of God,
Jesus Christ our Lord.
Consideration III
OF THAT WHEREIN THE SONS OF GOD DIFFER FROM THE

SONS OF ADAM
We are sons of God just so far as we let ourselves to be ruled

and governed by God, Thus Saint Paul says: Qui spiritu Dei
aguntuT} ii suntfilii Dei (Rom. 8:14) "They who are led by the
Spirit of God, they are the sons of God." And hence it is certain
that he who is a son of God, lets himself to be ruled and
governed by God; and that he who is ruled and governed by
God is a son of God; and, on the other hand, they who are ruled
and governed by human wisdom are sons of Adam; and the
sons of Adam are guided and governed by human wisdom,
because they neither know, nor are conscious of, any other rule
or control. I understand this rule and control as exerting an
influence on the body as well as on the soul.
The sons of Adam, guided and governed by human prudence,
have certain medical laws to preserve and maintain health, and
they have others to regain health when sick; having, as they
have, herbs, roots, and many other things of which they avail
themselves to do so. But the difficulty is for them to know the
time and season when to employ these things, which is almost
impossible.
These same sons of Adam, in order to preserve their souls in
purity and simplicity, have the laws of God and the doctrine of
Christ and his apostles. But the difficulty is for them to under-
stand these laws and this doctrine, and to understand their
application, which I hold to be still more impossible. But were
either one or the other possible, I might perchance admit that,
as they know how to apply those drugs in the preservation and
maintenance of bodily health, so likewise they, by knowing how
to apply Holy Scripture, might preserve and maintain moral
health. But holding both to be impossible, I hold it to be
equally impossible for a son of Adam to maintain either bodily
health or spiritual health.
The sons of God, as they inwardly mortify their human
HUNDRED AND TEN CONSIDERATIONS: VALD^S 339
wisdom, so do they equally renounce the
utility of medicine,
together with all things appertaining and belonging to it,
accepting God alone as their physician, who is their Father, by
whom they are immediately governed, and kept in bodily
health, of which, if they have not as much as they desire, they
have at least as much as suffices to promote their spiritual health,
which is with them the principal thing. God permits them to
fall sick,but it is at one time to mortify them, at another to
tfy them, and again that they may know him to be their
Father and Lord; and when they are sick, he frequently restores
them, without the use of the medicines which the sons of Adam
employ. These same sons of God, in their drawing near to him,
resemble those Samaritans who said to the woman: Non propter
tuam loquelam (John 4:42) "Now we believe, not because of
thy saying"; and applying the words to the sacred Scriptures,
they say likewise, Non propter tuam loquelam. We have another
law and another doctrine, which keeps and preserves us in
holiness and righteousness; this is the Spirit of God, who dwells
in us, who so guides and governs us that we have no need of
any other rule or control as long as we will not forsake our
Heavenly Father. And as it is possible that an individual may
be a son of God, and yield himself up to be guided and governed
by God; so it is possible that a son of God may preserve and
keep himself in bodily and spiritual health.
The sons of God indeed employ physicians and medicines to
preserve bodily health, as they also employ Scripture to preserve
spiritual health; but they do so without placing confidence in
either one or the other, because all their confidence is placed in
God. Moreover, they observe time and place with reference to
the preservation of their bodily health, just as they observe
certain ceremonies for the preservation of their spiritual health.
This they do, rather in external conformity with the sons of
Adam than from any conscious necessity of such observances.
Nevertheless, these, being governed by God only, obey the
will of God and depend solely upon it. They understand these
truths, for they experience them; but others find them exceed-
ingly intricate, because animalis homo non perdpit ea quae sunt
spiritus Dei (I Cor. 2:14)' "The natural man discerneth not
the things of the Spirit"; and for this reason he ever censures
and condemns them.
In order to be better understood I offer this example. Two
men would like to swim across a great river. A man well
acquainted with the river comes up to them, and says, "If
you will pass over, you have but to go down into it here, and
then you have to regulate yourselves thus and thus; but if you
wish me to take you over, follow me, and be not afraid." One
of these two men, trusting in his own knowledge, and in what he
had been told, begins to ford the waters alone; I take this man
to represent the sons of Adam. The other, trusting himself to the
man acquainted with the river, follows him; this one I take to
represent the sons of God.
And as I hold it certain that the folly, presumption, and error
of the sons of Adam is much greater than that of him who,
when he might cross the river with a guide, and safely, ventures
to cross it alone; so, again, I certainly hold the prudence and
discretion of the sons of God, who submit to be ruled and
governed by the Spirit of Christ, to be much greater than that
of the man who wishes to cross the river with a guide rather
than alone.
And it is to be understood that we are to that extent the sons
of God, in which we are incorporated into Jesus Christ our
Lord.
Consideration V
UPON THE DIFFICULTY THERE Is OF ENTERING INTO THE
KINGDOM OF GOD; THE MODE OF ENTRY, AND IN WHAT
IT CONSISTS
Man by nature does not trust in his fellow man, unless it be

in reference to what he cannot do himself; neither does he trust
in God, unless in reference to what he knows and sees he cannot
attain by means of any creature. Such is the wickedness of the
human mind. And hence, the more a man is favored by the
creatures, the more difficult is it for him to be brought to
confide in God.
And that such is the fact we may learn from the sick, of whom
those only are brought to resign themselves to the will of God
who are destitute of means to pay for physicians and medicine,
and those likewise who, though they have the means, are at
last brought to despair of help from either one or the
other.
Hence I am led to reflect upon man's perverseness and to
meditate further upon the goodness of God, inasmuch as he
still helps and favors those who, through their inability to resist
HUNDRED AND TEN CONSIDERATIONS: VALDES 34!
further, submit themselves to his will; and disregarding, as for
that matter, how far we have been pious or impious, he is
simply intent to keep his word, by which he has engaged him-
self to help those who submit themselves to him.
That this is true we have constant proofs, not only in what I
have stated about sickness, but likewise in everything occurring
to man in this present life. Precisely that which we have seen
experimentally in external things, I feel assured we shall be
able to see in those which are internal; for man is never brought
to commit his justification, his resurrection, or his eternal life to
God, until he knows and sees them to be unattainable through
the creatures.
Now, reflecting that the rich man has, as he thinks, the means
of availing himself of the creatures, both for external as well as
for internal things, without submitting himself to the will of
God, that he may dispose of him as he pleases, I understand the
reason why Christ says, in Matt. 19:23, "that it is difficult for a
rich man to enter into the kingdom of heaven" that is, that he
be brought to resign himself to the will of God, and to allow
himself to be guided and governed by God, renouncing the
guidance and governance of human wisdom, and renouncing
the assistance of the creatures.
Whence I gather that God first opens the eyes of any man
be he rich or be he poor whom He purposes to introduce into
his Kingdom, so that man may know his own impotence, and
how impossible it is for the creatures to give God that which He
aims at and desires. And I consider the difference between
the pious and the wicked, when commending themselves to
God, to consist in this, that the wicked submits to God when he
can no longer resist; and the good man submits to God whilst
he might still further use and avail himself of the creatures, and
this both as to external things and internal things. And I think
that a man may know when he has inward confidence in God,
by what he discovers of his outward reliance upon God.
Those who are in the Kingdom of God in the way I have
described, are the poor in spirit, whom Christ commends.
David felt himself such when, in Ps. 40:17, he called himself
poor and needy. And I consider that such have partly attained
what is sought in the prayer, Adveniat regnum tuum "Thy
kingdom come." And contemplating the happiness that results
from being and remaining in this Kingdom, I understand the
motive why John began his preaching with announcing this
Kingdom, and the reason why Christ began his with the same ?
and the reason why he sent forth the apostles for^the very same
purpose. Whence I gather that the beginning, middle, and end
of Christian preaching should be to preach the Kingdom of
God, and to constrain men to enter into it, renouncing the
kingdom of the world, and all that belongs to it.
The men who are, as it were, the natives of this Kingdom I
look upon as being planted in God, as a tree is planted in the
earth; and, as the tree subsists and produces flowers
and fruits
the virtue communicated to it by the earth, so he who is
by
planted in the Kingdom of God subsists
and produces flowers
and fruits by the Spirit of God, which guides and governs him.
And such a one is a son of God, is just, and will rise glorious,
and have eternal life, because he is conformed to Jesus Christ,,
the Son of God; and, in addition Matt., ch. 6 he enjoys
this world's goods little or much, as best comports with the
glory of God.
Between that which those persons know and understand of
this Kingdom of God, by what they read and what they hear,
who are outside it, and that which those know and understand
of the same Kingdom, by what they feel and by what they
a much greater
experience, who are within it, I recognize
difference than between what those persons know and under-
stand of the rule and government of a most perfect king, by
reading and hearsay, who are outside it, from what those know
and understand of the same rule and government, from sight
and experience, who are within it.
I will add what is in my judgment apposite: that precisely
as diverse plants in the same meadow imbibe the virtues of the
soil in different proportions, according to their respective
qualities the one more, the other less; one after this fashion,
and another after that so, according to the diverse constitu-
tions of those who are in God's Kingdom, God communicates
his Spirit to them in different degrees to one more, to another
less; and to this fashion, and to another after that.
one after
And all same Kingdom, and all participate of the
are in the
same Spirit; as all the plants that are in the same meadow,
all participate of the same virtues of the soil. As all the plants,
were they endowed with the faculty, would affirm the truth of
what has been said of them; so they who belong to the Kingdom
of God, because they have the Spirit, declare that to be true
which has been said of them, recognizing everything as pro-
ceeding from the favor of God, through Jesus Christ our
Lord,
HUNDRED AND TEN CONSIDERATIONS: VALD&S 343
Consideration VI
DEPRAVITY IN MAN Is OF Two KINDS THE ONE NATURAL,

AND THE OTHER ACQUIRED
In all men
not quickened by the Holy Spirit I consider two
modes of depravity the one natural, and the other acquired.
I understand the natural one to be
expressed in that passage
in Job 14:4, Neque infans unius diet "They go astray from the
womb 59
;
and
in that in Ps. 51:5, In iniquitatibus conceptus sum
"In sin did mother conceive me"; and in that of Saint
my
Paul, Eph. 2:3, Eramus natura filii irae "We were by nature
children of wrath"; and similarly in all those places of Holy
Scripture in which our human nature is condemned. I under-
stand the acquired one to be set forth in Gen. 6:12, Omnis caro
corruperat viam suam "All flesh had corrupted his way"; and
in that passage of Saint Paul in Rom. 7:9, Ego autem vivebam sine
lege quondam "For I was alive without the law once"; and
generally in all those passages of Holy Scripture which speak
of the corruption of our flesh. The acquired proceeds from the
natural, and the natural is inflamed by the acquired.
Of these two kinds of depravity, I apprehend that the natural
one cannot be rectified save by grace; and thus I apprehend
that those persons only are freed from it who by faith enter into
the Kingdom of God, and become children of God by the Holy
Spirit which dwells in them. So that, in those who know Christ
by revelation, and accept the covenant which he established
between God and man, believe and because they believe are
baptized, their natural depravity is corrected, and they retain
only that which is acquired. From this they gradually free
themselves, receiving for that end the help of God's Spirit.
And whilst they are thus freeing themselves from it, their
offences are not imputed to them as sin, because they are
incorporated into Christ Jesus, and on that account, as Saint
Paul says, Rom. 8:1, "Nothing now brings them under con-
demnation."
I apprehend that just as the acquired depravity which incites
the natural is acquired by habit, so it may be laid aside by
habit. And to accomplish this, I understand that they are
helped by the laws and precepts which human prudence
devises, so that a man may by himself free himself from acquired
depravity and from inflaming natural depravity, as we read
that many have freed themselves. But man will never free
himself from natural depravity by himself, because, as I have
said, we are freed from this by the grace of Jesus Christ our
Lord.
Consideration VII
IT Is GOD'S WILL THAT WE COMMIT TO HIM THE

EXECUTION OF ALL OUR DESIRES
True indeed it is, that we know many things by experience

which we never should have understood by science only.
Having frequently purposed to do many things, each more
pious, more holy, and more Christian than the other, and having
observed that purposes almost always issued contrarily to
my
what I designed, and that many pious, holy, and Christian
had
things in connection with myself have succeeded without my
ever having exerted any previous thought or deliberation
respecting them, I found myself as it were perplexed, not
understanding wherein the secret lay.
I did not marvel that things upon which I, as a man, had
resolved, should issue contrarily to what I wished; but I did

marvel that the same should occur to me with reference to
things upon which I, as a Christian, had resolved: and finding
myself in this perplexity, it happened that I read that declara-
tion of Saint Peter, in Mark 14:31, Si oportuerit "Though I
should have to die with thee, yet will I not deny thee." And
reflecting that, although the resolution was pious, holy, and
Christian, the issue was the reverse of what he had resolved; I
understood the reason why my resolutions proved wholly in
vain. It was because I resolved without taking into considera-
tion inability to carry into effect what I
my had resolved.
Moreover, I learned that though God chastised my thoughtless-
ness by not permitting me to succeed in what I desired; yet,
on the other hand, he satisfied desire by permitting me to
my
succeed in what I had never striven after, never hoped for, nor
aimed at. Whence I have gathered that it is the will of God that
I am so dependent on him, that I never resolve or propose
anything without having him present in my mind, without

laying before him good purpose, and without leaving to
my
him its execution; and that not only in things which relate to
outward and bodily life, but likewise in those relating to inward
and spiritual life. This the divine will so checks me that,
although I know what I have said to be what he demands of
me, yet I do not dare to resolve, saying, "I will do so and so";
because I know my Inability to carry it out. And not daring to
make resolution, I venture to desire to be ever conformed to
this will of God, and to leave the execution of it with and God;
I am assured that God in his mercy will favor me In this my
good purpose; and I am
convinced that I ought to regulate
myself in all things after this manner. Fresh desire to confide in
God in all things will come upon me, and I shall commit
myself to him, in order that he may carry this my purpose into
execution. Thus I desire to be ruled by love, hope, and self-
denial; in a word, by all that may conduce to make me like
Christ and like God, and in all that may result in bodily and
spiritual advantage to my neighbors; so that whilst the purpose
remains lively and entire in me, its execution is left to the good-
ness of God. I entreat every Christian thus to regulate himself,
or, more properly speaking, thus to submit himself to be ruled
by God, assuring him that God will not only fulfill his desires,
but "will satisfy him in many other things which will be done to
the glory of God, to his own edification and to that of his
neighbors, without his ever thinking of them, hoping or desiring
them; God will do this through Jesus Christ our Lord.
In proof of what has been stated, I hold that a man naturally
resolves only to do, or not to do, what he believes himself
capable of doing; no man resolves to bring about either wet or
fine weather. Whence I gather that our resolutions will never
be free from arrogance and presumption if we think that to be
in our power which is not more in it than to bring about wet or
fine weather. Hence it is not our province to make resolutions,
but to desire and to leave the execution of what we desire with
God. And, keeping the same end in view, I hold that we ought,
in our Christian resolutions, ever to reflect whether that which
we resolve upon be pleasing to God or not; because it is a mark
of great ignorance to resolve to do something to the honor of
God of which we are not certain that it is pleasing to God. And
thus I feel assured that our resolutions will then be good and
wise, when they are conformable to God's will concerning us
and conformable to our ability, seeing that it is folly to promise
another what we are not able to perform. And this being the
truth, it has been well said that resolution consists in desiring,
leaving the execution of our desires with God, being assured
that he favors us in them, through Jesus Christ our Lord.
Consideration VIII
THE COVENANTS WHICH OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST

ESTABLISHED BETWEEN GOD AND MEN
All men, in gratitude to God for the creation of our being,

are born under obligation to love God, to depend on him, and
to submit ourselves to be ruled and governed by him. This
obligation, thwarted by our depravity and evil inclination,
draws us in the contrary direction. We
may call this obligation
a law of nature, and we may say that the law which God gave
the Hebrews, by the hands of Moses, came to discover our
obligation and depravity (Rom. 3:30). For, "by law is the
knowledge of sin." And so powerful is this evil inclination in
the minds of men that, however much they may strive, they
never succeed in the full discharge of their obligation. God,
knowing this, sent his only-begotten Son, made man, into the
world, and willed that his justice should be executed upon him
for that wherein all men had failed, and should thereafter fail,
in the obligation incident to their birth. So that this is the
covenant between God and man: that they believe and hold
that that justice which was executed upon Christ, the Son of
God, frees and exempts them from the punishment which they
deserved, in having failed in the obligation under which they
were born; and that God justifies them, and accepts them as
his adopted children, and as such rules and governs them
during
this life, and afterward raises them up and will give them
eternal life. Human prudence is incapable of admitting this
covenant; because, in the first place, looking upon Christ as an
ordinary man, it does not apprehend that he is the Son of God;
besides, it does not see on what basis the truth of this covenant is
laid, so as to believe it, to hold it undoubtingly, and to rely on it.
To attain this, a particular and peculiar revelation from God is
needed, which may cast down all the arguments of human

prudence; so that holding it as assured and settled that Christ
is the Son of God, and that the
justice which was executed upon
him exempts us from responsibility in having failed in our
we oblige God to justify us, according to the covenant
obligation,
which he has entered into with us. And being justified, we are
incorporated into Christ and grafted into him. Precisely as a
plant is sustained by the virtue of the earth where it springs up,
or is planted, so we are sustained by Christ's virtue, in which we
are planted in order that we may persevere in the covenant.
Two other covenants depend upon this covenant. The one is,
that we believe that Christ rose from the dead glorified, and
that faith in this gives us fellowship in Christ's resurrection, so
that we rise again even as he rose, and that God will accom-
plish in us what he wrought in Christ. Human prudence finds
no grounds to warrant belief in this resurrection, and does not
believe it; but the man who has accepted the first covenant
easily accepts this second. The other covenant is, that we
believe that Christ lives evermore with God, in the highest
exaltation; and that this faith gives us eternal life, and that by
this faith God works in us what he wrought and still works in
Christ. Human wisdom finds no grounds to warrant the hope of
eternal life; but the man who has accepted the first covenant,
through revelation, and through the first has accepted the
second, easily accepts this third. So that, we, being assured that
Christ is the Son of God, accept the covenant of justification
by faith, which gives us fellowship in Christ's death; we accept
the covenant of Christ's resurrection, which gives us fellowship
in the resurrection; and we accept the covenant of eternal life,
which gives us fellowship in the eternal life wherein Christ lives.
We believe four things, and God works four things in us.
We believe that Christ is the Son of God, that he died, and rose
again, and that he lives; and God makes us his children,
justifies us, raises us again, and gives us eternal life.
We enjoy
the two first in this life, and they bring it to pass that we love
God, that we depend on him, according to the obligation with
which we are born, having in a great measure overcome our
evil inclination; we shall enjoy the two others in a future state.
And experiencing in this life, in the two first things, the truth
there is in the covenant which Christ established between God
and us, we are assured of the truth when it pleases the divine
Majesty for us to do so; in the meanwhile, let us wait and per-
severe in the covenant and covenants which have been made
with us by Jesus Christ our Lord.
Consideration IX
ONE EXCELLENT PRIVILEGE OF PIETY
All the good works to which we are excited in this life could
be attributed either to our human nature or to our piety.
The fact that we are men leads us to sympathize with, and help,
each other; that is to say, in all things that belong to the comfort
34-8 SPIRITUAL AND ANABAPTIST WRITERS
of life. Piety leads us to confide in God, to love him, to depend
upon him: leads us to confide in Christ, to love him, and to
preach him: leads us to mortify our fleshly affections and lusts:
and leads us to condemn all that the world prizes, such as
honors, status, and wealth. There shall be a person wholly
alien to piety who, led by his humanity, will exercise himself
not only in all offices that stand related to it, but, beyond these,
will discharge those that stand peculiarly related to piety
striving to fulfill the one, and partly performing the other;
and there shall be another decidedly pious, who not only will
exercise himself in duties peculiar to piety, but moreover in
those which are peculiar to humanity, ever discharging them
when an opportunity presents itself. And as the alien to piety,
exercising himself in duties peculiar to piety, does not exercise
himself in piety, but in the duties which stand related to
humanity, because his principal design is his own peculiar
interest, which incident to his being human; so, on the other
is
hand, the person who is decidedly pious, exercising himself in

the practice of duties incident to humanity, practices himself in
piety, because his principal design is the glory of God, which is
the characteristic of piety. And it will come to pass that an
alien to piety will preach Christ, yet will not exercise himself
in piety, because his principal design will be his own
glory and
his own private interest; and, on the other hand, it will come
to pass that a pious man will do good to one that is without
piety, and will practice himself in piety, because his principal
design is the glory of God; and although he was not moved to
that by Christian charity, but by human pity, nevertheless he
exercised himself in piety. Whence I gather, how very great are
the advantages which they enjoy who have piety wrought in
them by the Holy Spirit, and communicated to the faithful
through Jesus Christ our Lord.
Let me add, that he who is a stranger to piety is not only
precluded from the perception of this difference between the
works of the two classes of persons which is here laid down, but
likewise precluded from knowing that he never practices
piety
himself; whilst the pious man perfectly well understands when
he exercises himself in matters peculiar to humanity, and when
he exercises himself in matters peculiar to piety: and this he
does by reflecting for an instant, or, more properly
speaking,
by not forgetting himself. But, indeed, it is true that these
privileges of piety are as books, as Isaiah says, "which God hath
prepared for those who love him"; that is to say, for those who
come to know and love him, being justified by faith In Jesus
Christ our Lord.
Consideration X
IN WHAT RESPECT THE STATE OF THAT CHRISTIAN WHO
BELIEVES WITH DIFFICULTY Is BETTER THAN THAT OF
ANOTHER WHO BELIEVES WITH FACILITY
Amongst those who bear the Christian name, I note two

classes of men: the one, to whom it is extremely easy to believe
all that is said to them in matters of religion; and the other, to
whom extremely difficult. And it appears to me that the
it is
facilityof belief in the one springs from superstition, and slight

consideration; whilst the difficulty in the other springs from
excessive consideration. The former never take counsel of
human prudence upon any subject whatever; whilst the latter
call in its aid upon every occasion, and are brought with
difficulty to believe in anything which human prudence does
not approve. The former believe many things that are false,
along with some that are true; and it does so happen that they
give much greater credit to the many things that are false than
they do to the few that are true: the latter do not believe the
false, and hesitate to accept the true. Pondering the matter
more deeply, I find that the former are assured as to the true
things they believe in by the Spirit of God, when he is com-
municated to them, and by this attestation they are by degrees
disabused as to the false, which they thus gradually abandon.
Again, I find that the latter have it certified to them by the
same Spirit of God, when he is communicated to them, what
things are true; and by his attestation they are strengthened in
the belief of things which are true, and in the disbelief of those
which are false. So that the Holy Spirit, by its entrance into
two individuals the one of whom is very easy of belief, and
the other very difficult places them in this condition, that the
one struggles with himself, laboring to dispel from his mind
those untruths which he so easily accepted; whilst the other
struggles with himself, laboring to attain conviction
of those
truths which, when delivered by men, he was unable to believe.
Both these men have to strive; but I hold the position of the
man who found it difficult to believe better than that of the
man who found it easy to believe: and this for three principal
reasons. The first, because the man who is aided by the Holy
Spirit, and has many other subsidiary helps, finds it more easy
to believe the truth than to disbelieve falsehood; the difficulty
in doing which is owing to superstition and various other things.
The second,, because the man who believes easily may readily
be deceived; whilst he to whom it is hard to believe is with
difficulty misled. And the third, because the person who is
time under various delusions,
ready to believe remains for a long
as did those in the primitive church who were converted from
Judaism to Christianity; and he who is slow to believe remains
free from every error, since he only believes what the Holy
Spirit teaches him.
Hence I conclude that the position in which the Holy
Spirit places the person who believes with difficulty, when He
begins to teach him, is beyond all comparison better than that
in which He places the man who believes easily. Again, I am
clearly of opinion that he who believes, without having been
taught by the Spirit of God, relies more upon opinion than
upon faith, and is ever involved in error and false conceits.
Whence it should be understood that, when a man believes
alike in all the statements made to him, he is without the Spirit
of God; he believes upon report, by human suasion, and by
received opinion, and not by revelation, nor by inspiration.
And it being true that the Christian's happiness does not
consist in believing merely, but in believing through revelation
and not by report, we are to conclude that the Christian's
faith is not what is based upon report, but that the Christian's
faith is by revelation alone: and this is what makes us happy; it
is what brings with it love and hope, and is what
purifies the
heart, and it is also what is in every respect pleasing to God. 4
May we be enriched with it by God himself, through Jesus
Christ our Lord!
* All thinkers presuppose, even before the start of all reflection, a universal
criterion of truth. Valdes seems to express here, in a very unphilosophical
way, his criterion. It may be considered an adequate answer to Pilate's
famous question, "And what is truth?"
Ill
The Christian Alphabet

Which Teaches the True Way
to
Acquire the Light of the Holy Spirit
INTRODUCTION
ORIGIN OF THIS DIALOGUE IS TOLD BY JUAN
de Valdes himself in the short envoi which precedes it.
THE Valdes has given us his own estimate of his work. It Is
Intended only as a guide in the way of Christian perfection.
When the way is known the guide is not needed any more.
The Dialogue was translated by Marco Antonio Magno for
Giulia Gonzaga. His words seem to imply that Giulia herself
trusted Marco Antonio with the Spanish manuscript.
The first edition of this work was printed in Venice in 1545.
Four years later It was Included in the Index of Prohibited
Books, i
For the present selection, we have followed the Italian text,
edited by B. Croce in 19385 the English version edited by
Benjamin B. Wiffen in i86i ? and the Spanish version edited by
B. Foster Stockwell in 1948.
EDITIONS OF "THE CHRISTIAN ALPHABET"

Alphabeto Christiano^ che insegiia la vera via d'acquistare il lume
dello Spirito Santo. Con privilegio della 111. Signoria di
Vinegia che per X
aiini futuri non si possa stampare questa
opera sotto 1 suo Dominio MDXLV. (Colophon.) Stampato
5
In Vinegia per Nicolo Boscarino, ad instantia di M. Marco

Antonio Magno. (Found in the National Library of Naples
by Eugenio Mele.)
Anonimo. Alphabeto Christiano, che insegna la vera via
d'acquistare il lume dello Spirito Santo. In che maniera II
i Fr. H. Reusch, Die Indices Librorum Prohibitorum des sechszehnten
Jahrhunderts, Tubingen,, 1886, p. 142.
ha da studiare nel suo propio libro,
christiano et che frutto
ha da trahere dello studio, et come la santa scrittura gli
serve per interprete e commentario. (Venezia) s.t., stampata
con gratia I
9
anno MDXLVI.
Alfabeto christiano scritto in lingua spagnuola per Giovanni di
5
Valdes. E dallo stesso manoscritto autografo recato nell
italiano per Marco Antonio Magno. Ora ristampata
fedelmente la versione italiana pagina per pagina, con
Paggiunta di due traduzioni, Tuna in castigliano, Paltra in
inglese. Valdesio hispanus scriptore superbi at orbis
Londra, Fanno MDCCGLX. (Reformistas Antinguos
Espanoles, T. XV.)
Alfabeto Cristiano, by Juan de Valdes, which teaches the true way
to acquire the light of the Holy Spirit. From the Italian of
1546, with a notice on Juan de Valdes and Giulia Gonzaga.

By Benjamin B. Wiffen. "Valdessio Hispanus Scriptore
Superbiat Orbis." D. Rogers. London, Bosworth and
Harrison, 1861. (Only one hundred copies printed for publi-
cation.)
Giovanni di Valdes. Alfabeto Cristiano. Dialogo con Giulia
Gonzaga. Introduzione note e appendici di B. Groce.
Ritratto della Gonzaga conforme all 'originale di Sebastiano
del Piombo, con la serie degli altri ritratti. Bari, Gius.
Laterza e figli, 1938.
Juan de Valdes, Alfabeto Cristiano. Que enseiia el verdadero
camino de adquirir la luz del Espiritu Santo* Con notas
biograficasy criticas sobre el autor, por B. Foster Stockwell,
y sobre Julia Gonzaga, por Benjamin B. Wiffen. Editorial
"La Aurora," Buenos Aires, 1948.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE BY MARCO

ANTONIO MAGNO
Marco Antonio Magno to the most illustrious lady the Signora
Donna Giulia Gonzaga his patroness
II
Having read the dialogue in the Spanish language, entitled

Alphabeto Christiana, written by a person who truly did not seek
honor to his name, yet who has indeed acquired it, because this
work inspires in the reader Christian piety more than any
other book that I have read, and considering that it will
excite me more to pursue the true way of Christ, that it teaches
us, I decided to translate it into our Italian language as closely
as my knowledge would permit. And not being solicitous to
write Tuscan dialect in other respects than so as to make it well
understood, I use almost the same words that the author
himself employed. And thus I send to your most illustrious
ladyship the effigy of yourself, that you may see whether I have
been able to make it discourse as persuasively in your language,
as the author of the work has made it inspire, by such divine
arguments, to the love of the Holy Spirit, in his own language.
353
INTRODUCTION BY JUAN DE VALDfiS

Juan de Valdes to the most illustrious lady, Signora Donna
Giulia Gonzaga
Constrained by the commands of your most illustrious
ladyship, disregarding my own opinion, I have written in form
of dialogue all that religious conversation in which we were so
deeply interested the other day when returning from the
sermon 1 that only the night made it necessary for us to break it
off. If I rightly remember, no point which we then discussed
is here omitted, nor is any subject we then touched upon left
unexamined. Read it when you have leisure; and if anything
be wanting, or is superfluous, or if anything afresh occurs to
you in reply to what is here stated, inform me of it; because by
erasing the one and inserting the other, the dialogue will at
length be left perfectly conformable to your wishes; for my
purpose in writing it has solely been to please and satisfy your
ladyship.
This reason may serve at the same time as an answer to
such persons who, on reading this dialogue, may think it much
too strict and rigid, and as a reply to others to whom it may
appear as much too free and bold: they not reflecting that I did
not discuss it with them, nor write it for them, but I did it with
your ladyship, and write it for your ladyship, including, how-
ever, all such persons who, in your name, and as an affair
entirely your own, may incline to make use and avail themselves
of it.
In return for the labor I have for several days employed in
writing this treatise, I desire from your ladyship only two things.
i The Preacher was Fr. Bernardino Occhino, whose sermons delivered in the
church of S. Giovanni Maggiore were admired by the emperor himself.
B. Croce says this dialogue took place during the Lenten season, 1536.
(Gf. Alfabeto Cristiano, Introduzione, p. VII.)
354
CHRISTIAN ALPHABET: VALD&S 355
One Is that you may which you will here read no
give to that
than as it appears and is made clear to
trust or belief further
you that it has foundation in the Scriptures, and invites and
leads you forward to that perfect Christian charity which is the
mark by which Christ desires that his followers should be dis-
tinguished from all other persons. The other thing is: that you
make use of this dialogue as children use a grammar when they
learn Latin, in the manner of a Christian alphabet, in which
you may learn the rudiments of Christian perfection, making it
your aim, the elements being attained, to leave the alphabet
and apply your soul to things more important, more excellent,
more divine. It is convenient that your ladyship do as I say,
as much for your own advantage as for my safety. Because
if you do so, I shall not then into the error of those
fall
persons who sell their own writings and imaginations at the same
price for which they sell Holy Scripture, nor will your ladyship
fall into the mistake, far more hurtful than beneficial, into which
those persons fall, who with a pious simplicity apply themselves
to the mere writings of men, without looking for something far
beyond them. It frequently happens to such persons, that
finding in those writings the milk of the doctrine of rudiments,
they make so much relish of it, that persuading themselves
they can gain from it the higher consolations that belong to
Christian perfection, they are not careful to go onward, seeking
the food of the perfect Christian, which is to be found in the
sacred Scriptures alone. Because those only in some measure
accommodate themselves to the capacity of them that read,
who at the first give the milk of the word and afterward present
the stronger food to the more proficient for their nourishment.
Hence it arises that such persons, depending upon men and
always reading their writings, remain imperfect, and yet
frequently judge of and satisfy themselves that they are most
perfect. Now desiring that your ladyship may never judge
nor satisfy yourself that you are perfect, but that you may be so
in truth, both in view of God and the world, I wish you not to
read this composition, not to hold it in greater estimation than
ought to be given to the writings of one who, desirous to gratify
you in this Christian object, only points out to you the way by
which you may arrive at Christ himself and become united with
him.
And I desire that your Christian intention may be to make
Christ the peaceful possessor of your heart, in such a manner that
he may absolutely and without contradiction rule and regulate
all your purposes. And when your ladyship shall have done this,
believe me that you will not feel the want of anything whatso-
ever in this present life that can give you entire contentment
and repose. Because Christ himself will provide the most
pleasant banquets for you, even the knowledge of his divinity,
in which in quietness and confidence you shall lie down and
rest. And when I shall know and see that your ladyship is in
this glorious state, assured and certain of your spiritual progress,
I shall not hesitate to believe that my intention in this work has
been altogether a Christian one, and that your ladyship has
perused it with a mind pure, humble, and discreet.
May God, our Lord, make it suitable for your most illustrious
ladyship's need, and for the object which I, as your most
affectionate servant, perpetually desire.
THE TEXT
Giulia Gonzaga Juan de Valdes
Giula: I trust so much in our friendship, that it seems to me

that I could freely communicate to you even those things that
we scarcely reveal to the confessor. Therefore, wishing now to
impart to you some things dearer to me than life itself, I
entreat you, if you have not more important business elsewhere,
to listen attentively to what I wish to say to you. And notice, if
you think you cannot attend closely to me now, through having
your thoughts engaged elsewhere, tell me with all freedom; for,
if so, I can defer it to another day.
Valdes: On the contrary, signora, I gain a favor by whatever
you command me; and you know already that I have no
business which can hinder me, especially in what relates to
your service.
G: Now, setting aside all vain rhetoric and useless ceremony,
which between us are quite superfluous, I wish you to know that
I live almost continually so dissatisfied with myself, and in like
manner with everything in the world, and so disappointed with
them, that if you saw my heart, I am sure you would pity me;
for in it you would find nothing but confusion, uneasiness, and
perplexity. And of these I have now more, now less, according to
the nature of the circumstances that present themselves. But
I never feel so much calmness of mind that, wishing to settle it,
I can conclusively understand what it is that I would wish for,
or what thing would satisfy it, or with what it would rest
contented. Hence, I cannot conceive what can not be offered to
me, sufficient to remove this, my confusion of mind, appease
my uneasiness, and resolve this perplexity. Many years have I
lived in the manner I describe, and during this time, as you
know, various circumstances have happened to me sufficient to
357
disturb a tranquil spirit, much more a soul so disquieted and
confused as mine. Besides this, you know that at the first
sermons I heard from our Preacher he persuaded me by his
words that, by means of his doctrine, I should be able to calm
myself and bring peace to my mind; but now, at last, I find it
altogether the reverse of what I thought. And although I
attribute this more to my own imperfections than to any
defect in him, yet altogether it gives me pain to perceive that
my hopes have not succeeded. This disappointment might be

tolerable, yet it is the worse that, instead of being cured of one
infirmity, I have entered into another, without being released
from the former. This is a most heavy and cruel conflict, so
bothersome and disgusting that tears frequently come into my
eyes through not knowing what to do myself, or what to lean
upon. The sermons of the Preacher have produced this conflict
in my mind. Through them I see myself violently assailed, on
the one side by the fear of hell and the love of paradise, and on
the other by the dread of people's tongues and the love of the
world's honor. In this manner two kinds of fears and two kinds
of love, or to speak more correctly, two affections of fear and
two different ones of love, are what fight within me, and have
kept me such as I am for some days. If you could feel what I
now feel, you might truly wonder how I can pass it off and
conceal it as I do. This is what I find within me, and in this
state (which I have described well or awkwardly, as I have been
able) my concerns still remain. Since you have shown so much
affection and good will to aid me in my outward affairs, I
entreat you to be ready to assist and counsel me in these interior
things, because I very well know that, if you are willing, you
have more skill to assist me in these than in the others.
V: Say freely, signora, all that you wish to ask of me, and you
may be assured that I will always expend in your service all that
I know and am able to do.
G: In such confidence I have entered into this conversation
with you, and in the first place, I wish you may tell me from
what cause you believe the confusion, doubt, and perplexity
spring, which for so long a time I have felt in my mind, and
whether you think they can be bettered, and what means can
be used for the purpose. This said, you will tell me concerning
the contradictions that have arisen in me after I heard these
sermons, whether it would be
possible by any way to quiet my
mind, eitherby assent, or really by resistance, because this
tempest of affections and appetites, of imaginations and diver-
CHRISTIAN ALPHABET: VALDS 359
sities will, cannot endure much longer; and I wish you
of
not to lose time with excusing yourself by the usual, not to say
feigned, humility which in such a case people frequently use.
V: On the contrary, without any delay, I will at once mate
a beginning. Yet, I wish you first to make me one promise.
G: What promise?
V: It is this, that, if I make you truly comprehend from what
cause your confusion, uneasiness, and contradictions proceed,
and show you the way by which you can be freed from them,
you will give me your assurance and word that you will walk
in it.
G: If I might be so certain that you would do what you say,

as I am certain that in such case I would do what you ask of me,
1 should already begin to quiet myself.
V: Now then, I hope, not so much from any skill or sufficiency
of my own, as in the affection and willingness I have to serve
you, and likewise in your lively understanding and lucid
judgment, and above all in the grace of God, that before I
leave this place you shall not only learn what you wish, but
you shall know and understand the way by which you can free
yourself from your former infirmity and from the subsequent
consequences. Be very attentive, signora, because upon every
single thing which I shall say to you, you can reply to me what
may occur to you.
G: I will do so*
V: Then, in order to understand, signora, whence proceed the
travail and confusion which you say you have felt for so many
years, I wish you would bring to mind how that man is made in
the image and likeness of God.
MAN, THE IMAGE OF GOD

G: Let me understand what this image and likeness of God is.
V: I wish rather that Saint Paul may explain it to you, and
thus you will understand it by what he says to the Colossians,
where, admonishing them to speak the truth one to another, he
counsels them to put off the old man with his deeds, and to put
on the new man, who is renewed in knowledge conformable to
the image and likeness of Him who created him. 2 And you will
also understand it by what Saint Paul again says to those of
Ephesus, reminding them that by becoming Christians they
have learned to put off the old man and to be renewed in the
2 Col.
3: 9-10.
spirit and clothed with the new man, who is created in the
image and likeness of God. From this it appears that in such a
3
degree as man possesses and retains in himself the image and

likeness of God, in the same measure he sees and knows, under-
stands and relishes, spiritual things in a spiritual life and con-
versation. This truly known, and examining well the objects
you set before your mind, you will understand clearly how all
the uneasiness, all the travail, all the confusion you feel, arises;
because your soul desires you to procure its restitution to the
image of God to which it was created, and of which it appears
you have deprived it. Submitting to your appetites, and
persisting in obliterating this image, you have put before it
things earthly and transitory, not by any means worthy of that
excellence for which it was created. For this reason it cannot be
satisfied or contented with any of these things. It seems to you
that it knows not what it wishes for, and hence you know not
how to set before it that which it would desire. This state of
mind that happens to you, ever befalls worldly persons who
having attained to a reflective intellect and clear judgment,
knowing truly that their souls find not, nor ever can find, entire
satisfaction in outward things, turn themselves to seek for it in
things relating to the mind. Yet as the supernatural Light, by
which alone truth is discovered, seen, and known, is wanting to
them, they go wandering in a labyrinth of appearances and
opinions. And thus some seek happiness in one thing, some in
another. I think it not worth-while to refer here to examples,
because this is not the point of your proposition. It is enough
that you know this, that all these persons deceive themselves
and could never imagine, not to say know, with certainty the
things in which true happiness consists; who, if they had had a
little of the light of faith, would most easily, and with the grace
of God, have acquired it, and thus they would have quieted
and pacified their souls. Have you now understood the cause
whence your uneasiness, confusion, and labor proceed?
G: Yes, very well.
V: Now, then, you should know that it may surely be
remedied, and that the remedy is in your own hands.
G: In my hands?
V: Yes! in your hands. Because whenever you determine
yourself to do what I tell you, and what Saint Paul tells you,
respecting the renewing and restoring within you of the image
3
Eph. 4:12-24.
CHRISTIAN ALPHABET: VALDES 361
and likeness of God, you will find peace, quiet, and repose of
spirit.
MAN'S HAPPINESS
G: And how must I do this?
V: By withdrawing your mind from things fallen and transi-
tory, and by applying to those that are fixed and eternal; not
it
wishing or endeavoring to feed it with things corporal, but

spiritual, not nourishing with things worldly, but with things
it
celestial. And in this manner your
spirit, finding its proper
alignment, and seeing itself clothed with the new man in the
image and likeness of which it was created, will always live
content and cheerful; and here in this present life it will begin
to taste of that happiness which it expects to enjoy forever in the
life eternal, being thus that the happiness of man consists in his
knowledge of God and of Christ shown by the light of faith, and

in the union of the soul with God through faith, hope, and
charity. To this happiness only the true Christian can arrive.
G: I should well believe this you say, because indeed it
appears founded in reason, but as I know many persons who
have as much, and perhaps more, canceled the image of God
than \ have done, and who do not present to their minds things
more spiritual than I present to mine, yet they live in pleasure,
finding contentment and satisfaction in the things of this
world; so that I know not what to believe.
5
V: Such persons minds dwell in a low and vulgar state, and
therefore low and mean objects give them satisfaction. But a
spirit generous and refined like yours, cannot calm itself and
take repose, except in that greatness for which it was created.
Hence, I repeat, if you are disgusted and live with your mind in
confusion, it is because you do not turn it to things spiritual
and divine, and because you continually fix its consideration
upon these low and transitory concerns. You will better under-
stand it by this comparison.
Two persons set out from this place to go to Spain. One of
them is so careless and forgetful of his purpose that, whenever
anything amusing or delightful occurs on the way, he not only
partakes of it and enjoys it, but quite forgets his principal
journey, and gratifies his body and mind, stopping on the road.
The other, on the contrary, is so solicitous and punctual that,
with all the entertainments and feasts that are offered to him,
he will not taste or enjoy any, because he knows and is sure that
he is not to remain there; nay, they are frequently displeasing
and distasteful to him, and he considers them as hindrances and
interruptions of his journey. And such a person,
even now., has a
want of satisfaction in these things whenever his principal
journey becomes more impressed on his remembrance, and
although at times he may forget himself and lose sight of his
a
object, there remains impressed upon his memory altogether
something, I know not what, which causes him to find no true
enjoyment in anything that the journey presents to him.

Such are we in this life. We are all born and created to know
God, to believe God, to love God, and after this state of exist-
ence to enjoy God. And, yet, there are some who feed on the
pleasures of this world, not only delighting and giving
them-
selves up to rest in them, but who are wholly forgetful of that
other life for which they were created. There are also others who,
being offered the same delights and pleasures, enjoy them not,
nor take relish in them; nay, they are often insipid and dis-
tasteful, keeping always in view that other life for which
God
created them. And although for a time these forget themselves,
losing the remembrance of the other life, yet
because God
stands ever at the door and calls them, it will be impossible that
they should find relish and enjoyment in things of this world;
and if they expect or endeavor to find them here, they will live
in confusion, disgust, and inquietude, as you are living,
like him who knows how
signora. In the same manner, then
to taste of the things of this world, yet does not enjoy them as
will be lasting, but
things suitable to his better nature, or that
who looks at them as the curious beholder views them, turning
away from the recreations and banquets offered to him by the
way I wish, signora, you to do the same. Turn within yourself,
open the ears of your soul, so that you may hear the voice of
God, and think as a true Christian that in this life you can have
no other real contentment and rest than what will come to
you by means of the knowledge of God, through the faith and
love of God. Settle your mind on this consideration, most
earnestly putting aside all those things that are transitory
and
cannot endure. Doing this, I promise that you will occupy a
much shorter time in quieting, soothing, and giving peace to
it. And if you
your mind, than you have spent in disturbing
do not thus overcome it, I am content that you should never
give credit to anything I may say to you,
G: Truly I believe that you have found the source whence my
infirmity proceeds, without erring in a single point.
O God, do
thou assist me! How blindly do we worldly persons go on!
Even now I am sure that you have found truly how to give me
the medicine by which I shall be healed of my weakness. It
only remains that I put my trust in God and take it. I have no
doubt that it will heal me, so much the more having such a
physician as you on my side.
V: The true physician of the soul is Christ crucified. Put all
your confidence in him alone, and you will discover the remedy.
G: From what you have said, one doubt has come to my
recollection, on which I am often accustomed to think; I
entreat you to tell me how it appears to you.
V: Ask it freely.
G: I wish to know from you how it comes to pass that people
fall into such blindness, and go on lost in the things that gratify
the senses, forgetful chiefly of those which they ought continually
to care for?
V: These are remains of original sin,
ORIGINAL SIN. BAPTISM

G: This is what I do not understand. They say God pardons
original sin in baptism. Since it is thus he pardons us, how is it
that there remains with us these evil inclinations and this
blindness, being so prejudicial to our salvation?
V: Signora y you must understand it in this manner. In original
sin two things are to be considered, one the guilt, the other the
inclination to evil, which is that of which you speak. And it is
thus in baptism through faith, God pardons us the guilt of sin,
and as to the inclination to evil he goes on medicating and
curing it by his grace, little by little, in such a manner that a
person may, by the grace and favor of God, so much perfect
himself as almost to come to lose all evil inclinations, all un-
restrained appetites, and all inordinate affections that reign
in us through original sin. Conformable to this is that saying of
Saint Augustine, that the Spirit of God restores and renews in us
the image and likeness of God to which we were created. But you
will understand it better by this example.
A great nobleman has a servant whom he loves and to whom
he shows much grace and favor. This servant commits a
serious offence against his lord, for which he not only deprives
him of all favor and grace, but with just indignation sentences
him to death. It happens at the time, that a person in high
favor with the nobleman entreats for that servant, to whom, in
consideration for such person, he graciously gives pardon of his
life,and although he does not admit him to the same place in
his favor as beforehe had sinned, he gives him the entry of his
palace and chamber, so that he may in time return to occupy
the station in which he stood at first.
G: By this example I completely understand it, and am so
well satisfied that I remain tranquil, and am without any
scruple as to this point. So you may believe that you have
accomplished not a little.
V: If I were conversing with a person of a low, gross, and
unpolished understanding, I might well think I had already
done something; but, addressing whom I do, I have need of only
a little diligence to make you capable of receiving the truth in a
manner that leaves me with nothing to pride myself except the
credit you give to my words.
G; Come now, no more of this. Let us come to the subject, and
tell me your opinion about the mental contradiction that I feel.
V: I say, signora^ that as I pity and regret that you are
livingunder the confusion of mind, of which we have just now
spoken, so also I am pleased and satisfied that you feel the
contradiction of which you speak.
G: Whyso?
F: I will tell you. I regret confusion, because it proceeds
from your fault, as we have said, and tends to your injury, as
you yourself experience; and I am pleased at the contradiction
of mind, because I know that it proceeds from this: that the
preaching of the gospel produces its first effect in you.
THE PREACHING OF THE GOSPEL
G: Why do you call this contradiction the first effect of

preaching the gospel?
V: Because the first thing that light does when entering into a
dark room is to disperse the darkness, and to discover and show
what is not seen in the obscurity; so, in the same manner, when
the light of evangelical truth begins to shine in the soul of a
worldly person, dispersing in some degree the darkness and
obscurity, as well of the senses as of human reason, it shows
and brings to light what before was hidden; and then when such
a person turns within himself he begins to feel that what he
before regarded as good is evil; what he judged to be true is
false; and that which seemed to him sweet is bitter. And
because of our incapacity and fragility, the light of this evan-
gelical truth shines not so much at first in our souls as would
suffice to scatterfrom them at once all the obscurity, so that
they could clearly and manifestly know the nature and exist-
ence of these things. It then happens that, the darkness con-
tending with the light, and human reason with the Christian
spirit, these contests cause them to feel those earthquakes of
inward contradiction that you, signora, now feel. We
have so
many instances of this, as well in the history of Christ which the
Evangelists wrote as in what Saint Luke wrote of the acts of the
apostles, and also in the Epistles of Saint Paul, that if I wished
to quote all the passages one by one, I should spend all our
time in doing this ; and not to spend the time in doing so, I
will leave them for you, since you have the New Testament in
Italian, to read them there yourself, I pointing them out to you.
I only wish to tell you this: that you should consider these
contradictions of mind which you feel as a gift and blessing from
God, and you should make use of them as such, giving place to
the Light as it shines more and more in your soul. In this manner
you will become freed from the contradiction, and will put
yourself into a capacity to receive the other gifts of God, which
will be sweet and well flavored. May God preserve you, signora,
from not feeling this contradiction, because not to feel it is a
sign of hardness and obstinacy.
G: At last, this is my conclusion: that I cannot understand
either of you. All the Preacher's theme is to say that the preach-
ing of the gospel soothes and pacifies the conscience, and now
you say quite the contrary. I know not what to say, except
that I do not understand you.
V: Then I will make you understand us, and, comprehending
it, you will know that we both speak rightly, and that there is
no contradiction in our language. And it is thus: The Preacher
says very truly that the preaching of the gospel soothes and
pacifies the conscience. Yet you must understand that it
produces this effect in all those persons who receive and embrace
Christ through faith, in a way that by means of preaching the
gospel, which announces remission and pardon of sin by
Christ, faith soothes and pacifies the conscience, yet only of
those persons who have living and entire faith. So, also, I speak
truly that the same preaching begets contradiction, terror, and
dismay, yet it is in those persons who hear the preaching,
although they do not thereon determine to embrace the truth
through faith, nor keep it, except as it may be merely for a rule
of moral doctrine. Finding that it is opposed to their affections
and appetites, and desiring to make it conform to them, at one
time they desire one thing, and at another time they wish
another, and, not concluding to determine themselves, they
truly feel one of the effects of the gospel preaching,, but do not
enjoy the fruition of it. Have you understood it?
G: Yes, very well. But I do not understand why you are
pleased to see me in this state of contradiction.
V: Because it is a sign that you hear the doctrine; and
although the evangelical preaching does not exercise in you its
chief office, which is that described by the Preacher, I may be
is what
glad that at least it executes the office of the law, which
I describe to you, and I hope, in the grace of God, that after
the preaching has performed in you the office of the law, it
will then exercise the service of the gospel.
G: I imagine that I can nearly understand what you wish to
explain, but I shall have pleasure in learning
a little more
what is the office of the law, and what the office
particularly
of the gospel.
THE LAW AND THE GOSPEL

V: Indeed it is most proper, signora, that you should under-
stand both of them. Know then that the law is the rule of
conscience, and it is thus that conscience is no other than the
law understood; whose office is to evidence sin, and also to
increase it. Saint Paul understood both by experience and, as
he truly had experienced it, he writes to the Romans, in that
his most excellent Epistle, and says himself that the law works
wrath, because persons become resentful, angry, and excited
when restricted by the law. (Rom., ch. 8.) He says more, that
the law is spiritual, for it is not observed in its integrity, nor
rightly understood, unless the person is a spiritual person. The
prophets call the law a heavy yoke, a rigorous scepter, and other
names of this kind, which signify severity. And when God gave
the law to Moses, the people of Israel, who stood at the foot of
the mountain, saw great lightnings and thunderings, so that all
trembled with fear and dismay. All say that these things signify
the terror, alarm, and conflict of the affections which the law
generates in those minds to whom it is given. But with all this,
you, signora, ought to know that the law is very needful to us,
for if we had not the law, we would not have conscience, and if
without conscience, sin would not be known, and if sin were
not known, we should not humble ourselves, and if we did not
humble ourselves., we should not obtain grace, if we did not
obtain grace, we should not be justified, and not being justified,
our souls would not be saved. And this I believe Saint Paul
wishes to be understood where he says that the law is as a
schoolmaster or governor who leads and conducts us to Christ,
although by means of faith we are justified. 4 Here you perceive
the office of the law. The gospel executes the same office in those
persons who receive it only as law; but in them who receive it as
an ambassador or messenger of grace, its own office is to heal the
wounds made by the law, and to preach grace, peace, and
remission of sins; to calm and pacify the conscience; to give
strength to accomplish what the law shows us to be the will of
God, and by which the enemies of the soul are warred with, and
by which they are overcome and beaten down to the ground.
And thus Christ comes to them compassionate, humble,
pacific, and full of love and charity, and not terrible and
alarming like the law. In this manner the law teaches us what
we have to do; the gospel gives us spirit by which we are enabled
to fulfill it. The law makes the wound; the gospel heals it; and
finally, the law slays; the gospel gives life. I do not care to go on
confirming this with the authority of the sacred Scriptures, not
to occupy the time.
G: You have done very well. Do not trouble yourself if you
do not quote your authorities; when you shall say anything
that appears difficult to me, I will ask you to prove it to me by
some authority from Scripture.
V: Let it be so. And since you have already understood the
office of the law and of the gospel, by this too you will more
clearly discover the source whence springs the contradiction
that you feel; it will be as well that we go forward.
G: I wish first that you would tell me a little more about this
subject.
V: I know not what more to tell you, if I do not go into
particulars.
G: Now this is what I wish.
PARADISE AND HELL
The Preacher, signora, by his sermons, has awakened in

F:
your remembrance what you already had conceived of heaven
and hell, and has known so well how to picture it to you that the
fear of hell makes you love heaven, and the love of heaven
4 Gal.
3:24.
makes you dread hell. And in connection with showing you
this,he tells you that you cannot fly from hell except through
the observance and keeping of the law and the doctrine of
Christ. And as he declares this to you in a manner it seems to
you that you cannot perform without hazard of being whispered
about, disesteemed, undervalued, and considered as little by
people of the world, the forecast for the future life conflicting
within you on one side, and on the other an unwillingness to
bear the troubles of this, so the contradiction you feel is
generated. All this is born of the self-esteem with which you
5
love yourself. You fear hell for your own interest; you love
heaven for your own interest; you fear the confusion of the
world for your own interest; you love the glory and the honor of
the world for your own interest. Thus in everything you fear
and love, if strictly noticed, you will discover yourself there.
G: Then whom do you wish that I should find in my own
things if not myself?
V: I wish that you should again find God, and not yourself,
if you wish be free from contradiction, confusion, inquietude,
to
discontent, and a thousand other discomforts beside, from which
you can never become freed; but when you find God, you will
find peace, serenity, quietness, content, cheerfulness, and
courage, and such an infinitude of spiritual blessings that you
will not know how to gather them. Now if you wish to slight
him, and if you are willing to deprive yourself of heaven and
blind yourself to hell through unwillingness to go a little out of
yourself and enter into God, why, see you do it. For myself, I
assure you that there is nothing in the world that could give me
equal satisfaction and content than to see you walk in this
Christian path; because I know your mind so well inclined, I
hold it certain that if you begin to enamor yourself with God,
you will surpass in holiness many of those saints who stand in
heaven.
G: Indeed I desire no other thing; God knows my wishes.
V: Then why do you not take what you desire?
5 In this case, we have translated the Spanish idiom "amor propio" by
"self-esteem" and not by "self-love." There is not an exact English equiva-
lent for this phrase. Valdes' own context is the best explanation of what the
Spanish "amor propio" means. It is semantically related to the Spanish
"point of honor" or "pundonor." In other places Valdes contrasts the
human "point of honor" with the honor due to God and the honor of
God in himself, offended by man's disobedience. There is a striking simi-
larity between Valdes' ideas concerning God's honor and Anselm's theology
of atonement as expressed in Cur Deus Homo?
G: Because I do not know how to do so.
V: the only means the gospel con-
Effort., effort, signora, is
cerned demands. And so Christ said: "From the days ofJohn the
Baptist until now, the Kingdom of Heaven suffereth violence,
and the violent take it by force." 6 Thus if you wish to take the
Kingdom of Heaven, do violence to yourself, and so you will
fear nothing, because, as a Spanish lady of high rank said,
although I think not upon this subject, "Quien a si vence, a
nadie teme" ("He who conquers himself fears no one").
G: Let us leave mere words; the fact is, that I indeed believe
all my confusion, my
inquietude, and my contradiction of
mind would cease by entering upon the way of God, and for this
reason I would resolve to enter upon it immediately, but it
seems to me so difficult to find that I dare not set myself to
seek it.
V: What do you see that makes it so troublesome to find?
G: I see few who walk by that road.
FIVE CLASSES OF PERSONS

V: In this you are so far right, that few walk in it. But you
should know that this does not arise so much from the difficulty
of the way as from our own evil nature and imperfection. And
because I desire to confirm you in this truth, I wish you to know
that in the present life you will discover five kinds of persons.
Some there are who know not the way of God, neither wish to
know it, because they foresee that by walking in that way they
must deprive themselves of their amusements and pleasures.
And these persons, although they do not speak it with the lips,
yet from the heart they use the language that Job utters when
noticing the wickedness of the impious: "Depart from us, for
we desire not the knowledge of thy ways." 7 The same says
David: "The fool hath said in his heart there is no God." You
will find other persons who know the way of God, but overcome
by their affections and appetites they do not conclusively
determine to walk in it. Christ says of such: "The servant who
knew his lord's will and did it not shall be beaten with many
stripes." And truly it is so also in this world. Such persons feel a
continual remorse of conscience which keeps them discontented
and without enjoyment.
You will find another kind of persons who desire and have
the will to learn and know the way of God, but being bound by
6 7 21
Matt. 11:12. job -.14.
the love of the things of this present life, and taking supreme
delight in them, they are not willing to give them up, and so
they do not dispose themselves in a manner that God should
teach and show them his way. Satan directly sets before such
persons certain masked passages, which he gives them to
understand are the right paths, and they, blind with love of
themselves, willingly yield themselves to be deceived and injured
by supposing that God carries them whilst it is the devil who is
leading them. Hence are born superfluous ceremonies; hence
arise pernicious superstitions; hence come false worships. God
says of such persons by Isaiah: "They seek me daily, wishing to
learn andknow my ways like people who have lived righteously,
and have not abandoned the justice and judgment of the Lord
their
God/'*
You will find another kind of persons who are willing to
know the way of God and dispose themselves toward it.
These, hearing in their souls the voice of Christ which says:
"Come to yourselves, ye who go wandering; that is not the right
path in which you are walking for you cannot go by that to
the Kingdom of Heaven," these come to themselves and,
perceiving that they are lost, leave the road they are pursuing,
and before they take any other course pray unto God that he
would show them the true way. And the disposal is this. Such
persons are presently sensible of Christ who says to them:
"Whoever will walk by the true and certain way, let him deny
himself, take up his cross and follow me, imitating me in what
33
he can ; 9 and they are sensible that in another place of
Scripture he declares this to them: "Learn of me, for I am meek
and lowly of heart, and ye shall find rest unto your souls." 10
And thus they immediately enter by the way of patience and
true humility.
You will find some other persons who know the way of God
and walk by it, some with more and greater fervency than others,
yet in a manner that neither one nor the other go out of their
way or forsake it. They go on well, and these in truth are but
few, as you say, signora, although they are not so few as you
think, because their path being spiritual, they cannot be seen
but by spiritual sight, nor are they possibly known except by
persons who walk by the same road. These live in continual
care not to offend God; and if at times they fall into any mortal
sin through weakness, overcome by temptation, they turn
s Isa. 58:2, 9 Matt. 16:24; Mark 8:34; Luke 9:23.
10 Matt. 11:29.
immediately to God, confess their offense, and have no need
of many preparations for their confession, for as David says,
speaking of himself, their sin is ever before their eyes. These
very persons have some negligences and defects which are
signs that their minds stand not entirely mortified. Indeed their
defects and negligences are often the cause of their
improve-
ment, because they repent and humble themselves, and thus
learn to mistrust themselves and to confide in God. For this
reason Saint Paul says that all things work together for good to
them that love God, and hence he says in another place that
there is nothing to bring condemnation to them who, having
entered upon this road, stand united to Christ Jesus by faith
and love. 11
The first persons are the wicked; the second, the blind; the
third, the unsteady; the fourth, the prudent; the fifth, the holy.
In this manner you can see that if few persons walk by the
Christian way, it is more through their
impiety, blindness, and
fickleness than through its difficulty; and knowing this, you
should have no fear of finding it. And since you, signora, as I
think, are one of the fourth sort of persons, set yourself to listen
to the voice of Christ, for he will put you forward by the true
way; and consider it certain that as soon as you shall have
entered upon it, you will feel no more confusion, inquietude,
travail, or perplexity; in short, you will not feel any of those
conflicts of mind, but, on the contrary, you will experience
great peace, cheerfulness, satisfaction, and supreme content.
G: All that you have said satisfies me. And since I absolutely
wish to enter upon this way, it remains for you to lead me by the
hand, instructing me in those footsteps by which I believe you
have walked.
V: I know not what more you wish to learn from me of that
which the Preacher tells you every day.
G: I am weak, and cannot make such resistance to my
inclination as the Preacher speaks of.
V: I already, in good part, understand you, signora. What
need have you to go by the branches? I know well what you
would wish.
G: How annoying! Since you know it, why do you not
mention it?
V: Because I wait that you should ask it with your own lips.
G: Please say it, since you know it; and I will admit the truth
if you tell it to me in all its different aspects.
nRom. 8:28 and 8:1.
A ROYAL ROAD
V: I am agreeable to this. You, signora, wish to be freed from
the troublesome things that come and go through your imagi-
nation and, being convinced that this is the true way to free
you from them, you wish me to show you some royal and lady-
like road by which you may be able to get to God without
turning away from the world, and by which you can attain the
interior humility without showing it outwardly; possess the
virtue of patience without the occurrence to you of what would
exercise it; despise the world, but in a manner that the world
may not condemn you; clothe your soul with Christian virtues
without despoiling the body of its accustomed ornaments;
nourish your soul with spiritual viands without depriving the
body of its usual banquets; you wish to appear good in the
sight of God without appearing ill in the eyes of the world; and
in short by this path you wish to be able to lead your religious
life, but in a mode that no person of the world, even with the
great familiarity and intercourse he might have with you,

could discover in your life more than he at present knows. Am
I right?
G: Very nearly; or at least if you are not completely right,
you can say that you have almost hit the mark.
V: This suffices me to be able to tell you that, as I understand
it, you would free yourself from the conflict you feel rather by
compromise than by verdict.

G: Don't you always tell me that a bad compromise is better
than a good verdict?
V: Yes, I say so, but not in this case in which the com-
promise is very dangerous and terribly hurtful. Know you not
that Christ says that we cannot serve God and the world;
either we must serve the world and despise God, or we must
love God and despise the world. And have you not understood
that Job says that the life of man, here in this world, is but a
constant warfare? But know that the warfare is between the
flesh and the spirit, when the flesh draws us towards the world,
and the spirit draws us towards God. And woe to those who
do not feel this warfare!
G: Now, then, I well understand and experience both, and
I wish that without more delaying you would
decidedly tell
me whether your mind is sufficient to put me into a way which
leads somewhat to that which you have described, although it
be not so loose, for I am not so subjected to my appetites as you
must think, according to what you have expressed by your
words.
V: If I knew, signora, anything in your manner of life and
outward conversation disgraceful or base, or that you had any
relic, or any show or appearance of evil, I would freely tell
you, that my mind is not sufficient for me to satisfy you in
what you desire, because it being necessary in such a case that
you should depart from all that might be evil, it would be
necessary that there should be seen in you a different person
from her whom we now see and know. But knowing your way of
life and conversation to be so decorous, your manners as regular
as can be wished for in such a lady, and seeing that all the
reformation necessary to you in order to conquer and obtain
the end you desire consists in the affection and appetites of the
soul, which corrected and reformed, it would be an easy thing
to reform the exterior in what appears to have need of reforma-
tion, I am bold to tell you, my mind is equal to set you in the
way you desire, without worldly persons perceiving it in you,
in such a manner that if you engage yourself to it, with the
grace of God, before many days have passed, you will begin to
feel the peace of conscience and the other benefits which
spiritual persons enjoy.
G: If you do this, I shall
remain forever obliged to you.
V: Withthe grace of God I will do this; and I only wish that
you should remain obliged to God himself, from whom I wish
you to acknowledge every good that comes.
G: I will endeavor to do what you say. Now do that which
belongs to you to do.
V: I am agreeable to it. But first, tell me whether you have
ever crossed any stream by a ford.
G: Yes, I have, many times.
V: And have you considered how that, by looking upon the
water, it seemed as though your head swam, so that if you
have not assisted yourself, either by closing your eyes, or by
fixing them on the opposite shore, you would have fallen
into
the water in great danger of drowning?
G: Yes, I have noticed it.
V: And have you seen how by keeping always for your object
the view of the land that lies on the other side, you have not
felt the swimming of the head, and so have suffered no danger of
drowning?
G: I have noticed this too.
V: Then, if you, signora, wish to cross the running flood of
things of this world, do so in the same manner.
Look not upon
them with your affections, so that such danger may not happen
to you as befalls them who, gazing on the stream, fall into it
and are drowned. And endeavor to keep the view of your soul,
fixed and nailed with Christ, on the cross. And if at any time,
through want of care, you set your eyes upon the things of the
world, in such a manner that you feel your heart incline to
them, turn back upon yourself, and return to fix your view upon
Christ crucified, and in this way your course will go on well.
And, therefore, I wish you, signora to take above all things, for
your principal purpose, to enamor yourself with Christ,
regulating all your works, all your words, all your thoughts by
that divine command which says: "Thou shalt love the Lord
thy God with all thy heart, with all thy mind, and with all thy
12 And I
strength, and thy neighbor as thyself," say, hold fast
this command as your principal rule, for Christian perfection
consists in loving God above all things and your neighbor as
yourself.
CHRISTIAN PERFECTION
G: I marvel at what you say, because I have all my life
been told that friars and nuns are in the rule of perfection by the
vows that they make, if they observe them.
V: Let them say so, signora., and give credit to me that,
whether friars or nonfriars, they possess so much of Christian
perfection as they have of faith and love of God, and not
a
grain more.
G: It would much please me if you could enable me to
understand this.
SELF-LOVE AND LOVE OF GOD

V: I will do it You must know, signora, that
very willingly.
the human
heart is
naturally inclined to love; in such a way, it
must either love God and all things for God, or it must love
itself and all things for itself. That which loves itself does all
things for itself. I mean to say that it is so far moved to them as

its own self-interest invites it, and thus if it love anything
beyond itself, it loves it for itself and for its own interest, and if
it have any love toward God, it has it for its own interest and
in no other respect. Such a one, friar or nonfriar, because he has
his affection in a state of disorder, having placed it in himself,
12 Mark 12:30-31.
never knows how, or in what manner, he ought to love created
things. Rather when he desires to dispose himself to love God a
because he does not conceive how to go out of himself, he never

discovers the way, and therefore goes continually wandering
in mere appearances, and thus being always confused and
variable in his affections, bad or good, he lives far away from
the life of Christian perfection; and so much the more will he
live farther from it as the more he becomes enamored of him-
self,although he may be very perfect in outward observances;
because God requires the heart,
He who loves God performs everything he does for him. I
would say that he is moved to this by the love he bears to God,
and this he does with as much warmth and earnestness as the
degree of affection moves or incites him. And thus if he love
anything besides God, he loves it for the sake of God, and
because God wills it so, and he likewise loves himself, because
he knows that God wills that he be loved. Such a one, friar or
nonfriar, because he has his love ordered in God, takes hence
the mode and manner how he should love all created things
and is most regulated and ordered in his love, and loves nothing
inordinately. And now his good works please and are grateful
before God, because he is moved to work by the impulse of
love, because as God is love, so no work is grateful to him that is
not done by love. Agreeable to this is what Saint Augustine
says: "Good works follow them who are already justified, and
do not go before in him who has to be justified." 13 I mean to
say that works are good when done by a person already justified,
and none can be justified unless he stand in love and charity
with God and his neighbor. 14 In such a manner a person will be
more perfect, the more he continues fervent in this love. You
can confirm this truth yourself by considering how you estimate
what a person does in your affairs when you know that he is
not moved to do it by the affection he bears toward you, but by
13 For the Augustinian position with respect to the relation of justification

and works, see Eti&nne Gilson's Introduction a FEtude de Saint Augustine,
Paris, 1949, pp. 200 ff. and W. J. Gates,
Vrin Basic Writings of Saint
J. ?
Random House, 1948, V. I, "On Nature and Grace," p. 540;

Augustine,
"On the Grace of Christ," p. 602; "Enchiridion," p. 675; "On Grace
and Free Will," p. 743.
14 The influence of Saint Augustine is obvious in all Valdes* works. On the
see my Intro-
importance of Christian love (agape) in Valdes' thought,
duction. For the same theme in Augustine, see the above-quoted volume
of his Basic Writings, "Enchiridion," pp. 719, ?27> and "On Grace and
Free Will," p. 763-
some other design of his own. But since you wish one not born
under the obligation to love you, to serve you for love, as all of
us are born to love God, think whether God would at least
that you wish; how much more from
require from us the same
those persons who are regenerate and born again in Christ, by
the new, spiritual regeneration through faith and baptism;
because such of us have a fresh obligation to love God. Speak I
of one obligation? Rather should I say infinite obligations, since
we see that he loved us infinitely, and Christ loves us, and by
infinite modes and ways he sought, and still seeks to bring us to
himself and to unite us with himself through grace and love.
Reflecting on this, I am sure you will make yourself capable of
^
this truth, that Christian perfection consists in loving God, and
that each one will be so much more perfect as he shall so much
the more love God, whether he make monastic vows, or
whether he make them not, provided only that he keep the vow
that he made in baptism by which we are Christians.
G: I rest satisfied now with what you have said of perfection,
in such a degree that I already know from your argument what
I had not known until now. And since you wish me to take for
my chief the love of God and of my neighbor in order

purpose
to become a perfect Christian, and I determine to do so, it will
be well, if you please, to mention some rules by which I may
know and understand what it is I ought to do, and how I
must conduct myself not to swerve from the love of God and of
my neighbor; because I wish absolutely to give myself up to be
enamored with God, so much so as may deprive of God's
favor, not only you, but a hundred others like you.
V: Be deprived of favor! No! Learn rather, signora> that in this
divine love there is no jealousy because it is communicable
from itself. And it is thus, that so much the more you love God,
so much more you will rejoice that God loves others of us, and
that God should be loved by others of us. But leaving this,
until you learn it in time by experience, I say, signora, that
there are no better rules for this that you ask than those God
has given to us in his most perfect law, which we understand
not like the Jews, but as Christians, in the form and manner in
which Christ declared it. It teaches us what we ought to do in
order not to swerve from the love of God and of our neighbor.
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS

G: If it be not troublesome to you, since you say that the
rules of the law of God are right for what I desire, it will be
well that you should briefly describe the way in which you
understand them.
V: I will do so very willingly because I know this is the door
that leads and conducts you in the way I have pointed out.
But as I desire that my words should not generate scruples in
your conscience, I wish to advise you first of this, that I will
explain to you the law of God, not in a manner that you are
obliged to observe it under pain of mortal sin, but in the way
that all those persons should understand it who desire to become
so much masters of their own affections and appetites as that
they may in all things be obedient to the Spirit. For, as he is in
danger of poison who carries a viper or scorpion in his bosom, so
he goes in danger of mortal sin who bears about his affections
and appetites active and entire.
G: You have found out the scruples. Take no further care,
but begin to tell me, for I shall remain so attentive that perhaps
1 shall not lose a single word.
THOU SHALT LOVE THY GOD

V: You ought to You will take for the^r^ rule to make
do so.
God in such a manner
absolute lord of your heart that you
do not hope or confide in any created thing, nor love or fear,
except God alone. In a manner that then you may be able to
count that you keep your heart ordered conformably to this
rule, when, despoiled of all mere human
affections, you shall
feel within you that neither prosperity will elevate you, nor
adversity depress you, honors will not make you proud, nor
injuries abase you, and with all this, you shall continue to
believe in Christ, hope in Christ, love Christ, and live safely and
contentedly with Christ, embracing the cross of Christ, and
taking it as sweet to suffer with Christ, having in abhorrence
the glory of the world, and holding the pleasures of the world
as bitter.
And it is not enough that the heart be kept in this
since
manner the lips do not conform to it, it is proper that you
if
take as a rein to them the second rule,, and this will be that you
continually praise, magnify, invoke, and bless the name of
God, slighting and holding in little consideration your own
name and glory, in such manner that all your words go always
directed. And because the divine Majesty is much offended by
our oaths, we should ever hold in remembrance those words of
us that we should by no
Christ, where, after he has reminded
means swear at all, he says: "Let your communication be yea,
nay/'
15
meaning to say that when we would affirm
yea; nay,
a thing, weshould assert it with a simple yes; and when we
would deny a thing, we should deny it by the like simple no.
Because when more than this is said, it is a sign that the heart
is not well ordered.
Again, since God is not satisfied

without being absolute lord
of our hearts and of our lips, but wishes to govern our actions,
take for the third rule to make an offering to God of your whole
all to his divine Majesty, in such
will, referring it in all and for
mode that he may regulate it and govern it without your putting
into your concerns anything of your own. And this remitting of
yourself to the divine will, you should know, signora, is the
rest is
celebrating of the Christian Sabbath, for by bodily
understood the spiritual rest, and by servile labors are under-
stood the works of sin. Saint Paul entreats us to make this
offering, saying: "I beseech you therefore, brethren, by
the
mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice,
16 in a manner that
holy, acceptable unto God/' you entirely
offer to him all your will, all your understanding, all your
memory. And I entreat you also, that you do not conform your
conduct to the conduct of persons of the world, and that you be
transformed by the renewing of your mind, that you may know
and understand the will of God. 17
See here, signora, three rules according to the three command-
ments of the law of God, which are so spiritual that while you
observe them, you may be certain that you truly love God in
the manner he desires to be loved. And consider that you will be
so much nearer, or farther from this love, as you feel your
affections and appetites remain nearer, or farther from con-
formity with these three rules, which I entreat you to print
on
your memory. And though it will indeed be, that while you
live in conformity with these rules, living with love to God you
will live in love to your neighbor, it may therefore seem in a
manner superfluous to give you any rule for this yet considering
that God, to assist our weakness, has also given us rules by
which we may live in love toward our neighbor, I am willing
to repeat them. And so you will take those already given, as
well as these now mentioned, as rules of God and not mine.
The first rule will be, such being the will of God, that with
is Matt. 5:33-37. 16 Rom. 12:1. I? Rom. 12:2.
Inward obedience you obey and be submissive to your parents,
to your seniors, to your superiors in whatever
pre-eminence or
authority they may be, not opposing them, nor murmuring at
them. And observe, signora, that you do not think to satisfy
yourself with exterior observance, because God is not satisfied
that his commands be kept only in appearance, but he chiefly
desires the heart.
And because the worldly things most corrupting to Christian
charity are strifes, hatred, and enmities, from which proceed
homicides, I wish you to take for the second rule, that you make
your mind patient, quiet, pacific, humane, compassionate, all
feelings of hatred, anger, and retaliation being eradicated and
banished. Doing this, you will live conformably to that doctrine
of Jesus Christ which in short says that we should not be angry
against our neighbor, nor scorn him by outward signs, nor
revile him with injurious words. And consider, that you
cannot do this, unless you have first composed your mind in
the manner I have told you. And that you may conceive the
great importance of this, consider what Saint John says:
"Whosoever hateth his brother is a murderer." 18
So that in order not to be homicidal, you must allow to die
in you all feelings of wrath, retaliation, rancor, and ill-will.
Begin, then, signora, henceforward to make this self-denial, for
the sooner you begin it, the sooner you will come out of it, and
pass on to the third rule. This will be, that you endeavor, as
much as possible, to hold all your outward senses subjected, in
such manner, that nothing rude or disreputable may ever pass
through them to your mind. For God desires that your actions,
your words, and your thoughts may be chaste and modest.
And in order to be able to fulfill this, it is proper that you keep
your feelings so subdued as I have said. It is proper also that
you be temperate in eating, in drinking., and sleeping, in inter-
course with worldly persons, and, in short, in all those things
that can generate in your mind any unlawful desire. Know
surely that as well to preserve your mind pure and spotless as
also not to offend Christian charity, it is necessary that all the
sensual appetites, from which spring many hindrances to the
love of our neighbor, should die out. Therefore, Christ, closing
the entrance of such thoughts to us, says: "Whosoever looketh
on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with
her already in his heart. 3319 So that he who wishes not to sin
is I 19 Matt. 5:28
John 3:15.
desires the affections and appetites toward sinful things within
him to die out.
Another rule is, because and thine are mortal
this mine
enemies of Christian charity, God
provides us a healthy, wise
and necessary doctrine, which you may take for tht fourth rule.
This is, that you subdue in your heart all desire and appetite
for those things which people of the world call good, in such
degree that, not putting any happiness in them, you do not
even wish for what you have not; and that you possess those
things you have, not as owner, but as a trustee, so that if you
were wronged, you would not be so disturbed as that you
should come to feel ill-will toward the person, or those persons,
who took them from you. Then, having your mind so well
ordered, you will willingly do what Christ says, whether as to
leaving the cloak to him who would bring you into litigation
for the gown, or as to giving up your property to them who
demand it. 20 This is Christian liberality, and this is the true
poverty so much praised and commended in the Holy Scriptures.
And I certainly believe that David for this calls them poor who
so serve and obey God. And hold for certain that this is the
true way to root out and expel cursed avarice, which is so
intimate an evil that they are little aware of it who are most
addicted to it. But ask Saint Paul the inconveniences that follow
from it, and he will tell you that covetousness is idolatry. 21
Thus, as God wishes us not to offend divine love by the lips
he lays down the second rule, which I have mentioned, speaking
of the care you ought to take for the love of God, so also for the
care of the love of our neighbor he lays down a rule over the
tongue, and this will be the fifth rule. This is, that you keep the
tongue well ruled and governed, and use it only for the glory of
God, and for the religious or physical good of your neighbor
and your own, taking away and removing from you every
occasion that may lead or induce you to let anything escape
from your lips that offends, or may offend, the most lowly or
abject individual of all who are found in the world. And that
you may see how
important is, wish you to know that
this I
Saint James says: "If any man offend not in word, the same is a
22 And
perfect man." notice, signora, that I do not tell you that
in order to keep the commandment of love toward his neighbor
perfectly, a person must do all these things precisely, for I do
not say so; but that a person who wishes to be perfect must
20 Matt. 5:40-42. 21 Coi. 3:5. 22

James 3:2.
keep so obedient and well regulated that when
all his affections
it may be needful for the honor of God to do so, he will not
find in himself a repugnance to them.
In conclusion, I may say that you ought to compose your
mind in conformity with these five rules which you have heard,
if you wish to attain to the love of
your neighbor perfectly, and
maintain yourself in it, which Christ comprises in a single rule
saying: "Do unto others what you wish others should do unto
you." And it is so, that there is no person in the world who is
23
not pleased by being obeyed by them who ought to obey him;

nor is there an individual who is not pleased to preserve his
life, or not to have ill-will or hatred from another; nor any who
are not pleased that people entertain no ill thought of their
wife, children, sisters, or relatives, especially as to disreputable
deeds; nor is there anyone who is not pleased to be assisted and
succored in his necessities, and who, if he have property, does
not endeavor not to be wronged, or encroached upon; and
finally, there is no one who is not pleased when everybody
speaks well of him, and who is not grieved by the contrary.
So that doing to our neighbor all that would please us that
he should do toward us, we should accomplish the law of
God, since we keep ourselves in accordance with them in love
and charity. And on this, as Christ says, hang all the law and
the prophets. 24 To this you can resolve all that is written in the
sacred Scriptures.
G: You have kept me so much surprised after you began to
enter into these rules, considering what perfection is necessary
in order to live in conformity with them, that I have been
unwilling to reply to anything that you have said. But now that
you have finished, I wish you to tell me whether all those
persons are condemned who do not live with the purity,
sincerity, and care that you have described in these rules.
COMFORT IN SAINT JOHN
V: Saint John, in one of his epistles, says: "My little children,

these things I write unto you, that ye sin not. And if any man
sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus
Christ the
25 This same I
righteous. And he is the propitiation for our sins."
say unto you, signora, that I set before you this perfection, in
order that laboring and attaining to live conformably to it, you
may never sin. But should you commit sin, I wish you to
24 Matt. 22:40. 25 I 2:1-2.
23 Matt. 7:12. John
remember that Jesus Christ is your advocate before his eternal
Father, who satisfied for our sins and for the sins of the whole
world. So you may not think that the persons will therefore be
condemned, who have not so mortified their appetites as I say
that I wish you to hold yours, according to these rules that I
have shown you. Yet I wish you to know, that those persons
who, not arriving at this perfection, but having opened their
eyes, and known their evil way
and discovered the way which
Christ teaches, according to what I have here told you, if they
would be saved, endeavor and strive to walk in this path,
truly, as far as human weakness allows, mortifying
the old man,
and renewing the new, whilst they do not arrive at perfection,
they confess in the sorrow of their soul that they are not what
God would wish them to be. Having this lively conviction, they
use most affectingly the expression of the Lord's Prayer:
"Forgive us our debts," and those of David: "Create in me
a
clean heart, O God! and blot out my transgressions; therefore
acknowledge my iniquity, and my sin is ever before rne."
2<J
I
If all who walk by the Christian way would always thus
perfectly live as we have said, Saint John
would not have said
that if we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the
truth is not in us, 27 and a just man falleth seven times and riseth
And know, signora^ that he is a just man because he
28
up again.
goes by the way of justification, which is that which Christ
taught us. He who fails through weakness, and turns to arise
again through the faith and trust that he has in Jesus Christ,
will be forgiven; and these are the infirmities which Saint Paul
means, when, speaking of Christ, he says that we have a high
priest who can have compassion
on our infirmities, having been
himself clothed with the garment of humanity. 29 The whole
affair consists of leaving at once the way of the world and enter-
ing into the way of God; and after having entered upon it,
falling and rising, stumbling and
not falling, everything goes
well for us. Hence fear not the purity of this Christian perfec-
tion. And so I entreat you rather that you may enamor yourself
of it, for warrant you, that you would never have understood
I
it to you. And because
it, if God had not first internally taught
he gives you to understand it, proper it is that you should
dispose yourself to experience it.
G: I would wish this, that you would let me comprehend, for
what purpose God sets before us a rule so painful to observe
26 Ps. 27 I 28 Prov. 24:16.
51 13-10. John i :8.
29ffeb. 4:15.
that we have always to confess ourselves his debtors; for it has
in appearance an odor, I know not how, of tyranny.
ON THE DIFFICULTY OF OBSERVING THE LAW

V: Rather know, signora, that God has shown the love he
bears toward us as well in this as in all the rest he has done for
us, for so arrogant is the human mind that unless it were acknowl-
edged debtor to fulfill the whole law, it would not consider
itself as a sinner and unless it considered itself a sinner, it would
not fear the judgment of God; and unless it were humbled it
would not gain the grace of God and without his grace it could
not become justified before him, and if not justified, then not
saved. Now think whether this singular blessing of God may
not be as good as all the others And know, signora, that so much
!
as a person in this present life will be more perfect, and will

stand more united to God in love and charity, so much the
more will he humble himself before God, as knowing more his
imperfection and the necessity he has that God would con-
tinually pardon him his faults, and purify and accept his
actions. Therefore David calls, not those persons who never
sinned, blessed, for all have sinned, but he calls them blessed
to whom God pardons the sins they commit. 30 Do you rest
satisfied with this explanation?
G: Yes, I rest satisfied; you can now proceed further.
THE THREE WAYS OF SIN
V: I wish you now to consider that in this present life we sin

in three ways: through evil design, through ignorance, and
through weakness. They sin by evil design who neither know
the way of God nor wish to know it. According to Saint Paul,
the sin of these is punished by blindness and obstinacy in sin. 31
God pronounces a similar sentence by Jeremiah. These with
difficulty raise themselves, as Jeremiah says. Through ignorance
they sin who, not caring to discover the way of the Lord, depart
from him. 32 He is ready to pardon these, according to Saint
Paul, for so he says that because he sinned through ignorance in
persecuting the Christians, God had mercy on him. They
sin
through weakness who, having entered upon the way of God,

wish in no manner to offend his divine Majesty, but at times
30 Ps.
32:2.
31 Rom. 1:28. 32j er 5:4.
.
fall,overcome by temptation. David was one of these, and one
of such was Peter, when he denied Christ. The sin of such as
these God pardons more readily than any others, because as
soon as they know it, they speedily humble themselves and thus
quickly regain the grace of God. It even frequently happens
that, humbled by the sin, they walk more resolutely on the
Christian way. Thus David shows it occurred so with him,
saying: "Good for me was it that thou humblest me, that so
I might learn thy forgiveness." 33 I have wished to tell you this
because you raise in your conscience all sorts of scruples, which
are commonly born of self-love, and slight knowledge of God,
being certain that walking by this Christian way you will not
sin, except through weakness. God will quickly forgive you for
this in which you so offend, by the humility with which you
will ask his pardon, and through the faith and trust that you
will maintain in Jesus Christ.
G: You have entirely given me life by this, for you had kept
me greatly terrified.
V: If you wish to banish all fear from your soul, love Christ,
signora,) for no fear can ever dwell in the soul which sets its
view with a lively and efficacious sentiment on Christ crucified,
considering with entire faith that Christ made atonement and
payment for it. Now I say, signora, in conclusion, that these
rules will lead you to the love of God and of your neighbor,
and will preserve you in both. And then you will know by
experience the fruits of charity, according as Saint Paul
describes them, saying: "Charity suffereth long, and is kind;
charity envieth not; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed
up, doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is
not easily provoked, thinketh no evil, rejoiceth not in iniquity,
but rejoiceth in the truth; beareth all things, believeth all
hopeth all things, endureth all things." You will also
34
things,
know, that which Saint John says that perfect love casteth out
all fear from the conscience. 35 For they who truly love have no
fear.
G: I am already satisfied with what refers to charity. May
it God to make me feel and relish it in my soul as well
please as
you have made it penetrate my understanding. But because at
times I have heard you say that charity is the fruit of faith, I
wish you to tell me something relating to faith.
33 Ps.
119:71. 34J Cor. 13:4-7. 35 I
J hn 4:18.
CHARITY AS THE FRUIT OF FAITH
V: It Is true, as you say, that I have told you that charity is
the fruit of faith. And do you know why I said so? Because I
am sure that where there is a living faith, there is charity. And
know, signora, that, as fire cannot fail to warm, so a living faith
cannot fail to work deeds of charity, and you must imagine
that faith is like a tree; as the tree when it is dried up yields no
fruit, so faith wanting in the heart of a person, there is no
charity. And notice, signora, that when I speak of faith, I do
not understand by faith a mere historical belief in the history of
Christ, for this can well exist without charity, and therefore
Saint James calls the faith bad Christians have a dead faith,
such as the evil spirits of hell have. 36 But understand that when
I say faith I mean to speak of that faith which is alive in the
soul, acquired not by industry, nor human contrivance, but
by means of the grace of God communicated with supernatural
light. This faith gives credit to all the words of God, as well to
his threatenings as to his promises, so that when it hears said
what Christ said, that he who will believe and is baptized shall
be saved, and that he who will not believe shall be con-
demned, 36 giving such credit to these words as holding them
for a certainty, has not the least
it doubt of salvation.
G: In this we so well agree, both you and I, because in
believing, no one shall be before me.
V: Do not presume, signora, that you believe, for very
spiritual must he be who would have a faith so lively as to be
fit to be justifiedby it. Rather know that you are weak in the
faith, and call upon Christ with the apostles: "Lord, increase
my faith!" and say with the37lunatic's father: "Lord, I believe,
help thou mine unbelief! And in this manner you will
5'
gain more than by persuading yourself that you believe. It is

a great thing, signora^ to obtain from our souls that they entirely
confide in God. You will see it by this: that if you are asked
whether you believe the articles of faith, one by one, you will
answer yes; but if inadvertently, on your coming to confession,
they should ask you whether you believe that God has pardoned
all your sins, you will say you think so, but that you are not
certain. Now know that this uncertainty arises from want of
faith, because if you entirely relied upon the words of Christ,
who says to the priests 38 that whatsoever they shall bind on
earth shall be bound in heaven; and whatsoever they shall loose
36
James 2:17-19. 37 Mark 9:24.
38 Matt. 18:18; John 20:23.
on earth shall be loosed in heaven; and if you shall truly
believe that which you confess in the Creed when you say that
you believe the remission of sins, you will not hesitate to say
with a full voice, feeling grief in your soul for the offense done
to God, and having confessed it, that you hold it certain that
God has pardoned all your sins. Do you wish to see clearly
and manifestly how you do not entirely confide in God? Tell
me with what thing you would rest most without care and be
most at ease with, and in what you most confide to assure
yourself that you have this year wherewith to live upon;
whether with a good sum of money that you have in a bank, or
in that which Christ promises to them who seek the Kingdom
of God, when he says to them: "Take no thought, saying what
shall we eat, or what shall we drink, or wherewithal shall we
be clothed? Since God takes thought for you, seek first the
Kingdom of God, and God himself will provide for you all
3 '
these things. 39
G: There no doubt but that I should have most confidence

is
in the money But if I knew myself so perfect as to

in the bank.
merit that God should take thought of me, perhaps I should
then trust more in the words of Christ.
V: Rather it is the contrary. The more perfect you might be,
so much the want of merit would you find in yourself* And it is
thus, that he who stands nearest to the grace of God stands
farthest from thinking that he merits it. And for this reason
Saint Paul said that by the grace of God he was what he was;
not attributing anything to his own merit. 40 So that, signora, if
you have little confidence in the words of Christ, it is not because
of what you say, but through not giving credence to them;
and this is the greatest injury you can do toward God.
G: You are too sharp with me. You will soon make me to
believe that I have no faith.
V: I do not wish you to believe that you have it not, but I
wish you to think that what you have is a dead faith; and I
wish you to pray very urgently to God, that he would quicken it
and make you strong in that faith, for according to Saint Paul,
without faith no one can please God; 41 and if you are willing
to notice this, you will find that in nothing can your friend
offend you so much as by not giving credence to your word;
and on the contrary, nothing can do you greater service, or
give you more pleasure, than by his giving entire faith to
whatever you shall say to him.
39 Matt. 6:31-33. 40 i Cor. 15:10. Heb, 11:6.
G: In this you so rightly speak the truth, that it extremely
grieves me whenam I am
not believed, and I greatly pleased
when others give me credence.
V: Since you know this of yourself, you ought at least to
think the same of God. And thinking so, you should labor to
confine and subject your intellect to the obedience of faith; thus
you would learn to confide in God and to give entire faith to his
words, as much so when he threatens as when he promises.
Not to dwell much upon this, I may say that if we put all our
confidence entirely in Christ, giving entire faith to all his
promises, we shall not depend upon, nor be so bound to,
created things, in which we put more confidence than we do
in Christ, since we are carnal and we judge of things only so
far as the outward sense represents them to us, and so we make
no count of the interior. I could well tell marvelous things if I
wished to begin to praise faith to you, but this is enough to
know, that you will be so far a Christian as you shall know that
you confide in Christ; it being thus that to be a Christian
person is to be justified; and no one can be justified except by
42
faith, because the just live by faith.
FAITH AND HOPE

G: Never have I been able to understand fully what differ-
ence there is between faith and hope; and it would gratify me
to know from you in what manner you distinguish between
them.
V: I do not wonder that you do not understand this, because
the same thing occurs to many learned persons. Know then
that faith is exercised in the things of the present life, hope in
those of the life eternal. This you should understand in this
way. You wish to go from the pier to the Isle of Capri, but you
do not know how. I come to you and say, "Trust yourself to
me, signora for I will lead you on foot by the hand without
9
your being drowned in the passage, and when crossed over, I

will place you in that spot of the island where you desire to be."
You, although it appears to you a thing beyond all reason, give
credence to my words, and, trusting in them, you take my hand
and walk through the water. See here, faith carries you, and
you are at the same time borne up by the expectation of
enjoying the satisfaction you have said you should feel when you
42 Rom. 1:17.
should find yourself upon the island. Do you now comprehend
the difference?
G: Yes, very well.
A GUIDE TO CHRISTIAN PERFECTION

V: Now, turning to our subject, I wish, signera } that you set
before the view of your soul the idea of Christian perfection,
according to what we have discoursed, and that you set your-
self to be enamored of it, and when enamored of it, you will
not satisfy yourself until you have reached very near to it; and
consider that you will then be near it when you shall know in
truth that your heart is not inclined to love anything out of
God, nor your tongue taste sweetness in naming any other
name than that of God, and this only when naming it for his
glory. And when you shall feel that you are not inclined to
perform anything that may not be conformable to the will of
God; and when you shall find your mind most obedient and
submissive to your superiors, and far removed from all ire and
all revenge and rancor, filled with peace and humility; and as
far removed from all sensual vice that you will not find in it a
thought that is not chaste; and so poor in spirit, that you would
incline your desire to nothing more than to preserve what it has;
and so fervent in love toward your neighbor that you not only
never speak to his prejudice, but if you hear others speak so,
you excuse and exculpate him as much as possible; by all this
I wish to say, that when you shall feel yourself as dead to the
outward affections and appetites as to the interior, that neither
the estimation of the world exalts you nor its dishonor abases
you, that neither anger overrules you nor envy molests, nor less
the flesh disturbs you then well and truly may you believe
that you are indeed near to Christian perfection. I say not that
you should imagine you are not in a good state, when you are
not so much advanced in Christian perfection as I have said;
but I say that until you feel and know this perfection within,
such as I have depicted it, you should not fail to entreat God
continually that lie would increase it in you, although you
should come to perform miracles; and on the other side, until
you should feel yourself very strong and firm in this Christian
perfection, I would not wish that you should think you had
gained anything. This is the perfection to which Christ invites
us when he says: "Be ye perfect, even as your Father in heaven
is 43
Saint Paul invites us to the same, saying to us:
perfect."
"Be ye therefore followers of God as dear children"; 44 and in
another place saying: "Follow me as I have followed Christ." 45
To same perfection I invite you, and to the same I desire
the
you me to come by words and by works.
to ask
G: O my God, what would I pay to see a Christian so perfect
as the one you have here pictured! I think it would be worth
that I should strip myself of all that I have.
V: And would it not be still better to see yourself as perfect a
Christian as I have here described?
G: Yes, butthis is impossible!
V: Howimpossible? Do you not know what Christ says,
that all things are possible to him who attains/ 6 as it were
naturally, to put his whole confidence in God ?
G; I have indeed heard say so, but I am weak.
V: And yet so much the more you are weak so much greater
will be the grace of God which will make you strong; if then
you confess in sincerity that you are weak, and trust in Christ,
he will strengthen you. Do you not know what the gospel says,
that the things that are impossible with men are possible with
God? 47
G: I desire it so much that
dare not expect it.
I
V: Now if you wish of God, and entreating him for
it, ask it
48 and I
it, as Saint James says, confidently, he will give it you,
promise you that it will not be wanting to you. A grand thing

this is, that persons wish to be believed in their promises, being
naturally fickle and, as David calls them, liars, and that they
are not willing to give credence, nor trust themselves to the
promises of God! I truly believe that this may be the greatest
injury that a person can do to the divine Majesty, as to believe
and trust in his promises is also the most grateful sacrifice that
can be made to him.
G: Do not care to detain longer upon this point, but begin
to guide me in this way of Christian perfection; since you have
already enamored me so much of it, that it seems as though I
could not live content until I attain it, if not entirely, at least
in such a degree as may be needful to me, that my concerns
may become accepted in the sight of God. But it is understood
that you always have regard to lead me so privately that no
I wish not
person be sensible of me, because, if I can avoid it,
to give occasion for talk among the people.
43 44 45 1 Cor. 11:1.
Matt. 5:48. Eph. 5:1.
47 Luke 48
46 Mark 9:23. 18:27, James 1:5.
V: I will do what you say; but notice, signora^ that again I
wish you to promise me to govern yourself by what I shall say
to you, because I shall not be willing to have lost my time, and
that you should remain the same individual as before.
G: Trust me; and I promise you that, with the grace of
God, before many days you will see the effect of your words
upon me.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I
WORKS BY JUAN DE VALDES NOT INCLUDED IN THE

SELECTIONS
Juan de Valdes al Cardenal Gonzaga. Introduction and

Cartas Ineditasde
Notes by Jose F. Montesinos, Madrid, Revista de Filologia
Espafiola, 1931.
Commentary on the Gospel of St. Matthew, translated by John T. Betts,
London, Triibner and Co., 1882.
Commentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, translated by John T.
Betts, London, Triibner and Co., 1883.
Comentario a los Salmos. Escrito por Juan de Valdes en el siglo XVI
y ahora impreso por primera vez. (Editado por Manuel Carrasco.)

Madrid, Libreria Nacional y Extranjera, 1885.
Saturnino
Didlogo de la Lengua, edicion de J. Moreno Villa, Madrid,
Calleja, 1919.
F. Montesinos,
Didlogo de la Lengua, Introducci6n y notas por Jose
Madrid, La Lectura, 1928.
Instruzione Cristiana e Comparazioni, Firenze, Tip. Claudiana, 1884.
In qual maniera si doverebbono instituire i figliuoli dei christiani (?)
154. ... (Prohibited in the Index for 1549.)
Qual maniera si dovrebbe tenere a informare insino da fanciullezza
i
figliuoli dei christiani delle
cose della religione. S. n.t.
Lacte spirituale col quale si debbono nutrire et allevare i figliuoli
dei christiani in gloria di Dio. Proverb. I. Accio che a piccioli

sia data prudentia, et a giovinetti scientia et intelletto. De tali
e il regno di Dio. Luc. XVIII. Pavia, Francesco Moscheno, 1550.
optimae spei puero D.
Illustri Eberhardo, Illustrissimi
atque
Principis et Domini Ghristophori Ducis Wirtembergensis & c.
exulis Jesu Christi.
filio primogenito munusculum Vergerii
3.1.4.6., MDLIIII.
Lac spirituale, pro alendis ac educandis christianorum pueris âd
Dei. Munusculum Vergerii. Illustrissimo Domino
gloriam
Nicolao, illustrissimi Principis D. Nicolai Radivili Ducis Olicae
ac Nesuvisi, Palatini Vilnensis &c., primogenito. A diecta sunt:
Varia aliorum authorum. (155?.)
Em Edel Schrifftlich Kleinath und verehrung des Ehrwiirdigen
Herrn Petri Pauli Vergerii, An des Durchleiichtigen Hoch-
gebornen Ftirsten und Herrn, Herrn Christoffs Hertzogen zu
Wiirtemberg. u. erstgebornen Son, Herrn Eberhartum, lateinisch
geschriben: Dieser Zeit aber zu nutz und wolfarth aller Christ-
lichen lieben Jugendt ins Teiisch gebracht. 2 Timoth. 3. Weil du
von Kind auff die heilige SchrifFt weissest, kan dich die selbig
underweisen zur seligkeit durch den Glauben an Christum Jesum.
Tubingen, Anno DMLV (sic.)-
Upominek. Ktory Vergerius Jasnemu panu, Mikolaiowi. Oswie-
conego Pana: Mikalaia Radzivila, Kxiazecia W. Olice y
Wnieswiezu Woiewody Wilenskiego c. Synowi pierwssemu
Poslal. II Timo. III. Chciei statecnie, stac, y zostac przy tym
czegos sie nauczyl, y coc iest zwierzono, wiedzac od kogos sie
nauczyl. A izes iesscze wneth, proczawssy od dziecinnych lath,
swiete pismo umial, ktorecie moze dobrze wycwiczyz y wyprawic
kuzbawienu ktore iest w Christusie Jesusie, Wycisnal, Alexander
Augezdecky, w Krolewcu Pruskym Rohu pafiskiego. 1556.
(The only known copy of this version is found in the University
Library of Koenisberg.)
Lac Spiritual. Institutio puerorum christianorum Vergeriana.
Edidit F. Koldewey. Brunsvigae, sumptibus Alfredi Bruhn,
MDVVVLXIV.
Lac Johannis de Valdes institutio puerorum Christiana
Spirituale.
edidit Fredericus Koldewey. Accedit epistola Eduardi Boehmer
ad editorem dat libri scriptore. Editio altera. Halis, sumptibus
G. Aemilii Barthel, MDCCCLXXL
Geistliche Milch fur Christenkinder, um sie damit zur Ehre Gottes zu
nahren und aufzuziehen. Von Juan de Vald6s. Aus dem
Lateinischen des P. R. Vergerio von Ludwig de Marees. In
VI (21 Juli, 1872), n. 30, pp. 273-279.
Christliches Volkshlatt,
Juan de Valde*s. Spiritual Milk, or Christian instruction for children.

Translated from the Italian, edited and published by J. T. Betts.
(With the lives of Juan and Alfonso Valdes by E. Boehmer, with
introduction by the editor.) London, Trubner and Co., 1882.
Giovanni Valdes. La Instruzione Cristiana per U Fanciulli. (Con lettera
introductiva di E. Boehmer.) In Revista Cristiana, Firenze, X,
1882, pp. 3-15.
Juan de Valdes. Leche Espiritual.(Re-traduccion espanola de E.
Boehmer.) In Revista Madrid, III, 1882, pp. 44-46, 58-62.
Cristiana,
Joya cristian del siglo XVI. Manera que se deberia observarpara informar
desde la ninez a los cristianos en las cosas de la religion, por Juan de
Valdes. Madrid, Libreria Nacional y Extranjera, 1882. (This
editionwas reprinted in 1 884.)
Juan de Valdes. Instruccion cristiana para los ninos. En ocho lenguas.
(Octaglot) Christliche Kinderlehre* Die ubersetzungen des sech-

zehnten Jahrhunderts ins Italienische, Lateinische, Polnische,
BIBLIOGRAPHY 393
und neue aus den Italienischen ins Deutsche, Englische,
Franzosische, Engandinische, nebst Riickubersetzung ins
Spanische. Bonn, Webers Verlag, 1883. (With an Introduction by
Edward Boehmer.)
II
GENERAL WORKS
Amabile, Luigi, II Santo Officio della Inquistione in Mapoli, Gitta di
Castello S. Lapi, 1892.
Amante, Bruto, Giulia Gonzaga, Contesa di Fondi e il mommiento religioso
femenino sul secolo XVI, Bologna, N. Namichelli, 1 896.
Bertrand Barraud, Daniel, Les Idees Philosophiques de Bernardin Ochin
de Sienne, Paris, F. Vrin, 1924.
Boehmer, Eduard, Alfonsi Valdessii Litteras XL Ineditas, in Homenaje
a Menendezy Pelqyo, Madrid, Victoriano Suarez, v. I, pp. 385-412.
Boehmer, Eduard, Spanish Reformers of Two Centuries, Strassburg,
Karl Triibner, 1874, 2 vols.
Brown, G. K., Italy and the Reformation to 1550, Oxford, B. Blackwell,
i933> PP- 224-235.
Gaballero, Fermin, Conquenses Ilustres, Alfonso y Juan de Valdes,
Madrid, Oficini Tip. del Hospicio, 1873.
Carrasco, Manuel, Alonso et Juan de Valdes y leur vie et leur ecrits
religieux, Geneve, Imp. Ch. Schuchardt, 1890.
Gione, Edmondo, Juan de Valdes^ la sua vita e il suo pensiero
religioso, con una completa bibliografla delle opere del Valdes e
degli scriti in torno a lui. Bari, Gius Laterza e Figli, 1 938.
Gonzalez Blanco, A. Juan de Valdes^ el gran heresiarca espanol,
Estudio III, 1919, pp. 353~45-
Hare, Gristopher, Men and Women of the Italian Reformation^ London,
Stanley Paul and Go., 7 1914, pp. 219-240.
Heep, Jacob, Juan de V aides , seine Religion sein Werden seine
Bedeutung, Leipzig, Verlag von M. Heinsius Nachfolger, 1 909.
Jones, Rufus M., Spiritual Reformers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth
Centuries London, Macmillan
,
& Co., 1914, pp. 235238.
Linhorff, Liselotte, Spanische Protestanten und England, Emsdetten,
H. & F. Lechte, 1934.
Longhurst, John E., Erasmus and the Spanish Inquisition: the Case of
Juan de Valdes., Albuquerque, The University of New Mexico
Press, 1950.
Longhurst, John E., 55"The Alumbrados of Toledo: Juan del Castillo
and the Lucenas, in Archiv fur Reformationgeschichte, Berlin, G.
Bertelsmann Verlag, 1954, pp. 233-253.
Menendez y Pelayo Marcelino., Historia de los Heterodoxos Espanoles,
Buenos Aires, Libreria Perlado, 1945.
Morpurgo, Giuseppe, Un umanista martire. Aonio Paleario e la
riforma te&ica italiana nel secolo XVL Citta di Castello S. Lapi,
1912, pp. 324-326,
Paladino, Giuseppe, Giulia Gonzaga el il movimento valdesiano, Napoli,
Tip. Sangiovannij 1909, pp. 31-56 and 69-74.
Schlatter, Wilhelm, Die Briider Alonso und Juan de Valdes, Zwei
Lebensbilder aus der Geschichte der Reformation in Spanisch und
Italian, Basel, R. Reich, 1901.
Stern, Eugene, Alonso et Juan de Valdes. These k la Faculte de
Theologie protestante de Strassbourgh. G. Silbermann, 1869.
Tacchi-Venturij Pietro, Stato della religions in Italia alia metd del
secolo XVI) Roma, Milano, Abrighi et Segati, 1909,
Vald&s, Alfonso de, Didlago de Mercurio y Car6n 9 Introducci6n y

notas por Jos F, Moxitesinos, Madrid, La Leetura, 1928.
Vald^s, Alfonso de, Didlogo de las Cosas Ocurridas en Roma, entre
Lactancio y un Arcediano. Introduccion y notas por Jos6 F.
Montcsinos, Madrid, La Leetura, 1928.
Webster W. 5 Gleanings in Church History, chiefly in Spain and France,
?
London, S,P.G.K., 1902, pp. 136-157,

INDEXES
TOPICAL AND ANALYTICAL INDEX
Aaron, 62, 83, 185 04, 206, 232, 241, Altamira, Rafael, 318
246 Altar, 192, 202 n4S
Abel, 230, 231, 252 Alumbrados, 321 114
Aberli, Henry, 82, 85 "Alumbrismo," 300, 300 n8
Abgrund, 58 nso Ambrose, 151
Abimelech, 232 Amen Amen, 170
Abiram, 246 America, 31
Abraham, 60, 107, 232, 233, 256 Ames, William, 133 1113
Abram, 232 Amish, 20
Absalom, 67, 125 Amon, Hans, 273
Achan, 246 Amsterdam, 182, 202, 203 1142, 209 ni8,
Achreda, archbishop of, 80 025 210, 213 n3i, 214, 214 n32, 215, 215
Acontius, Jacob, 285 nss, 215 ns6, 216 n37, 217, 218,
Acts of the Apostles, 61, 213 218 n45, 219 n47 220, 222, 222 n53,
Adam, 81, 103 ng, 104, 112, 115, 118, 223, 224, 226 ni
119, 120, 121, 122, 125, 127, 128, 130, Anabaptism, see Baptism; 138 n7, 140
131, 156, 198, 229, 230, 232, 238 nio , ni2, 182, 205, 206 n2, 261 ; communi-
338, 339 340; new, 188; old, 187, tarian, Hutterite, in Moravia, 41 n2;
188, 191, 197; second, 103 ng Evangelical, 28, 31; Hutterite, 272
Adrian of Utrecht, 300 ni; South German, 136; Swiss, 31,
Adultery, 196, 202, 265 136; Swiss Evangelical, 31
Adveniat regnum tuum> 341 Anabaptist, 145, 152 n25, 200 n35,
Advent, 154 205, 222 n 53, 223, 224 1158, 227; as
Advocate, 140, 185, 382 apostle, martyr, and pilgrim, 137,
Agape, 375 014 273; Hessian, 208 ns; South German,
Agricola, 84 n42 204; sect, 153 ns i
Ahnfechtung, 176 Anabaptists, 20, 21, 2 1 n3, 22, 23, 24,
99
Aigenschajft, 25, 26, 27, 151, 155 ns6, 156 n4i,
Ain falsch vertrawen de gewissenn, 176 162, 208 mo, 215 n35, 216 n37,
n3 J 217 n40, 218, 218 n45, 219, 219
Ainfaltige,174 n47, 219 1148, 262, 273, 279 mi;
Albert of Brandenburg, 78ni3 "charismatic," 29; "chiliastic," 29;
Alcala, University of, 302, 303, 307 Contemplative, 29, 30, 32; Conti-
Alcald de Henares, 320 nental, 25; Dutch, 204, 226 m, 227;
Alderite, Gracian de, 309 Evangelical, 23, 30, 32, 48, 63 n7o,
Alexander the coppersmith, 199 71, 73 n3, 1 12 ni, 145; Hutterite, 31;
Alfonso VIII, 301 Maccabean, 295 Miinsterite, 22, 23,
AllsUdt, 48, 49, 73 26, 226; Revolutionary, 29, 48, 204;
Swiss Evangelical, 41 n2; "utopian,"
Alpha and Omega, 127
Alsace, 139 nn 29
395
396 INDEXES
Angels, 129, 201, 220, 226, 228, 229, Augustine, 80, 81, 81 n25, 127, 131 09,
239 258 151, 162, 166 117, 167, 167 nio, 177,
Anglicanism, 19 177 n34, 227, 299, 300, 317, 363,
Angst, 43 375 nis, 375 ni4 .
Anima 1 1 6
3 Augustinian Neoplatonism, 87
Animalis homo non precipit ea quae sunt Ansschlusz, 274 n4
Ausslegung der . . .
Qfftnbarung Ioannis>
spiritus Dei, 339
Anna, 232 202 n4i
Annas, 252 Austerlitz, 272 ni, 273, 276 n8
Anneken of Rotterdam, 285 Austria, 156 n4i
Anointed, in D'Avalos, Constanza, duchess di
Anselm, 368 n5 Amalfi, 305
Anshelm, Valerius, 141 ni4 D'Avalos, Ferrante, marquis of Pescara,
Antechamber, 188 305
Anthropomorphists, 135 Avertendo, 135
Anti-Trinitarian, 20, 21, 24, 318; Avoidance, see Ban
Evangelical Rationalists, 24 n5
Antichrist, 42, 68, 150, 152, 154, 159; Baal, 68
Antichrist, 75, 77, 149, 151, 152, 153. Babel, 84 n42
I55 207, 231, 253 Babylon, 54, 63, 109, 207
Antonio, 321-328 Babylonian whore, 282
Antwerp, 215 n35 Backsliders, 200
Apelles, 162 Ban, 36, 77 ni, 213, 214 1131, 247 ni7,
Aphar, 116 254, 274 n4
Apocalypse, 208, 227 Ban and avoidance, 23, 30, 79, 80, 149,
Apocalyptic judgment, 222 n53 183, 196, 196 1131, 197, 225, 246-248,
Apoliinaris, 162 252, 253, 261-271, 272, 274; by the
Apostle, see Ministry; 137, 200, 215, whole congregation, 248; exercised
of the King-
241 ni4, 245, 248, 276 n8; of the by ministers, 276; keys
Baltic, 182; apostles, 62, 148, 150, dom, 120, 247
152, 153, 166, 1 86, 193, 197, 207, Ban, Jewish, 269
217 n42, 221, 236, 237, 239, 241, Bancketiert, 225 n63
244) 247, 251, 252, 254, 256, 258, Baptism, 34, 40, 41, 45, 46, 72, 74, 81,
264, 268, 282, 284; apostles, twelve, 83, 85, 113, 140, 1 88, 192, 193, 200,
216 ns8; apostles, twelve (Dutch), 210, 21 1 ; first rebaptism, 43, 72;
2151134 God's adoption in, 190; inner
_ ^
Apostolic Christianity, 33 baptism, 149; of infants, 81, 192, 193;

Apostolic Church, 39, 145 of John and Jesus alike necessary,
Apostolic communion, 273 220; rebaptism a capital offense, 46
Apostolic succession, 44 ni2 ni8; Red Sea a symbol, 187, 188
Appingedam, 224 ni4; theology of, 29, 30, 42-44,
Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 299, 313, 317, 44 nio, 44 ni2, 80, 81, 158 049, 182,
335^2 242, 243, 272
Archbishop, 321-328 Baptism, 75, 82, 136, 151, 154, 156,
Archimandrite of Constantinople, 179 172, 183, 188 ni2, 189 ni6, 196,
197, 208, 224, 244, 254, 261,
Aristotle, 124
Ark of Noah, 140 Baptist Brethren, 1 53
Armenia, 154 Baptists, 20; regular, 24
Armor of David, see Scripture Barbara, 211
Ascherhain, Gabriel, 34 Barbarians, 150
Athenians, 68 Barnabas, 252
Atonement and salvation, 41, 51, 75, Basel, 78 ni4, 78 ni6, 223 n57,
81, 86, 87, 93, 95, 102, 103, 105, 1 08, 3p5
no, 113, 124, 132, 134, 185, 192, Basil, Saint, 63 n6g
198, 229, 231, 234, 236, 238, 239, Battaillon, M., 302, 308, 309 n2i, 320,
239 nn, 277 320 ni, 321 n3
Augsburg, 86, 88, 208 n6; Confession, Beelzebub, 199
INDEXES 397
Benedictine monastery, 141 ni3 Brother, Fattened Swine, 6 1 ; Soft Life, 6 1
Benefit of Christ, 315, 316, 317, 335 112 Brundt, Reynier, 215 n35, 218 n45
Bestatet, 44 Brunswick, Duke of, 297
Bestdtigung, 44 ni2 Bubel, 84 n42
Bethesda, 129, 200 ni2 Bucer, Martin, 82 n2g, 136, 210 nig
Betrothal, as image of conversion, see Bucovice, 272, 272 ni, 274, 276 n8
Bride Buenos Aires, 320
Betts, John T., 301, 301 ng, 306, 334 Bugenhagen MS., 148 n6
Biandrata, George, 23 Builder, 256
Bible, 22, 28, 32, 33, 34, 54, 58, 60, 62, Bullinger, Henry, 26
84, 84n42, 130, 142, i6on55, J 77 Bunderlin, John, 21, 146, 147 n2,
Bible, blare and babble, 84 147 n4, 156, 156 1141, 157
Biblical, commonwealth, 22; paradise, Buonarotti, Michael Angelo, 305
.273 Burgrave, 114
Bildad, 134 Business, whether to be avoided with
Binitarian, 158 n49 the banned, 267, 268, 269, 280
Bishop, see Ministry
Black magic, 56, 56 n39 Caballero, Fermin, 318
Blaurock, George, 31, 39, 40, 41 n2, Cabos, Francisco de los, 303, 310
43, 45 ni6, 46, 72, 86 ni, 261, 285 Caiaphas, 133, 252
Blood, 242, 265; of Abel, 229; of Christ, Cain, 230, 232, 252
166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 174, 175, Cajacob, George, 43, 43 n8, 44, 46
176, 177, 178, 179, 194, 195, 197, Caleb, 206
242, 243, 243 ni6, 244, 245, 275; Calvary, 53
of sprinkling, 229 Calvin, John, 26, 33, 306, 317, 335 n2
"Bluecoat," 43 Calvinism, 19
Body (Christ), 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, Campanus, John, 49, 145, 146, 147,
172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 147 ns, 148 n6, 150, 155 n39, 156,
1 80,
195, 197 158, 159 n49, 220 n2, 240 1113, 273
Boehmer, Edward, 306, 318 Campen, Jacob van, 202, 203 n42, 215,
Boekbinder, Bartholomew, 216 n38, 215 n36, 220, 222 n53
216 n39, 219 n47; Gerard, 215, Cana, 183
215 n33, 216 n38, 220; Leonard, Canaan, 232
216 n38, 220 Canaanite people, 68
Bohemia, Kingdom of, 282 ni6 Canada, Western, 40, 41 n3
Bologna, 303 Candace, Queen, 123
Bolsward, 224 Candlemas, 218
Bonafadio, Jacopo, 305, 306 Capito, Wolfgang, 82 n29, 136
Bone, of Christ, 256 Capuchines, 310
Booths, feast of, 189 ni6 Carlstadt, Andreas Bodenstein von, 32,
Bouwens, Leonard, 223, 224 n58, 261 47, 71, 78, 78 ni4, 81, 82, 83, 83
Braght, Tilman J. van, 136, 217 n40, n35> 85, 88 n3
285 Carnesecchi, Cardinal Pietro, 303, 305,
Braitmichel, Caspar, 39, 227 306, 310
Brandenburg, 114 Carrasco, Manuel, 318
Brandt, 83 n^B Carthage, 154
Brechen, 95 Caserta, Giovanni Francisco de Aloys,
Breisgau, 136, 141 ni3 305
Brethren, 46 ni8, 138 nc;; false, 248 Castelberg, Andrew, 82, 83, 85
Bride of Christ and nuptial imagery, the Castellio, Sebastian, 23, 285
believer, 97, 183, 187, 189 ni7, 193, Castiglione, Count Baldassare, 302, 303
the 298
196; bride of the world, 97; Castile,
church, i2p, 185, 188, 255, 256, Catholic-Protestant, 25
282 ni4; divine nuptials in conver- Catholics, 175; Evangelical, 23
sion, 158 n49, 1 86, 193, 194; ring as Catholicism, 23, 34
Celestial flesh of Christ, 21, 33, 34, 162,
symbol, 193-195
Brimstone, 259 165 n4, 174, 174 n27, 179, 180, 181,
Brno, 114 198, 209, 224, 227, cf. 230, 231, 238,
Broedli, Hans, 85 n47 238 mo, 239, 239 nn, 261
398 INDEXES
Chalcedon, Council of, 179 1x37 Colonna, Vittoria, marquesa de
Chants, German, 76 Pescara, 305
Charity, as fruit of faith, 385, 386, 387 Colossians, 56, 359
Charles I, see Charles V, Emperor Comenius Society, 26
Charles V, Emperor, 46 ni 8, 217 1140, Comets, 213 1131
297, 298, 399, 300, 304, 305 Comforter (third Person of Trinity), 240
Charles the Great, 300 Commandment, new, 248
Chija, 305, 330 Commemoration, 175
Children, of Esau, 188 1114; of Jacob, Commercium, 264, 267, 268
188 1114; of Israel, 183, 187, 192, Commission, see Ordination
10,8, 209, 235, 246, 255, 257, 258 Commons, 299
Christ, as ambassador of God, 190; as Commonwealth, 24; new, 29; Hun-
captain, 184; as high priest, 174, sterite, 226
185, 275; as image of God, 237, 257; Communion, see Lord's Supper; 261,
as inner Word, see Word; as redeemer, 266, 267, 277, 278, 284
see Atonement; celestial flesh of, see Communism, 31, 222 ns3, cf. 249, 272,
separate imitation of, 30,
heading', 273, 277-284
42, 72, 87, 99, 190; pre-existent, 32, Comuneros, 298, 899
33; "the sweet and bitter,'* 32, 65, Confederated Cantons, 46 ni8
78, 105, 282 ni4 Confessional, 248
Christendom, 25, 49, 50, 53, 62, 64, Congregation, see Ecclesiologyj -com-
65, 106, 131, J37> 298 monwealth, Hutterite, 273
Christenheit, 106 Conqueror, 230
Christian Alphabet, 351, 352, 354-39; Conscience, 57, 109, 118, 159, 240;
bibliography of editions, 351, 352 false reliance on, 176
Christian, perfection, 374; Sabbath, Conscientz und gewissen, 1 59 n54
378; society, 22; Way, 30 Constance, 156 n4i; Council, 299
Christianity, 33, 50, 149 nil Constantine, the Great, 151, 152 n24,
Christmas, 218 155 1*25
Christology, sji, 162, 164, 165 n4, Constantius, 151
198 1133, 243 m6 Contra totwn post apostolos mundwn, 147
Christomonism, 21 n3 n3, 148 n6, 155 n39
Chronica, fyitbuch und Geschichtbibel, 208, Conventicle, Christian, 63 n70
208 nio Convertendo, 135
Chronicle, 40, 41, 42 n4; Hutterite, Cooche, Robert, 286
39> *36 *3 Sn 3 227 Cordatus, Conrad, 290
Chrysostorn, 148 Corinth, 62, 188
Chur, 43 Corinthian sinner, 80 n22
Church, 31, 33, 45, 150, 151, 152, 153, Corinthians, 75, 77, 247
155, 196 nso, 208, 226, 228, 230; Corinthians, Commentary, 306
building called disparagingly temple, Cornelius, 61, 107
77, 254; Catholic, 23; Catholic, Cornelius from Bridle, 220
seven orders of, 240 ni3; Christian, Corpus, 116
50, 51, 68, 148; commonwealth, Corpus Christi, 25
Hutterite, 276 n8; Gathered, 50 n8; Corpus christianum, 25
of the End of Time, 22; primitive, Corpus juris canonici, 177 n34
272; and state, 21, 22, 24, 71, 72, 78 Corpus Schwenkfeldianorum, 36
Church of Godt 42 n4 Cortes, 298
Circumcision, 149, 152, 283 Cosmic philosophy, 33
Cisneros' reform, 300 Counter Reformation, ai
Claeson, John, 285 Covenant, 193, 232, 346, 347
Claesz, Cornelius, 206 n2 Covenant with God, 190, 229; coven-
Clement of Rome, 148, 273, 273 n2j antal theology, 133 ni 3; eternal, 174;
fifth letter, 273; Clement VII, Pope, identified with mystical betrothal,
1 88, 189, 196; in baptism, 187, 188,
298, 302, 303, 305
Clementine letters, 273 n2 192; new, 130, 150, 156, 169, 174,
Cloven hoof or claws, see Scripture 178, 189 n 1 7, 227, 275; renewal with
Coimbra, University of, 320 Noah, 231
Colonna, Fabrizio, 305 Cranmer, Archbishop, 301, 304
INDEXES 399
Cras eras, 126 Diener, 44
Greed, 386 Diener de Notdurft, 276 n8
Groce, Benedetto, 318, 318 1131, 351, Diener des Wortes, 276 n8
354^1 Dinget, 275
Gross, 53 1120, 195, 250 Disciples, 207, 268
Grusher, 230 Dispensation, contrast between Old
Cuenca, 301 and New, 203 1142, 227, 253
Curione, Gelio Secondo, 331, 334 Dispenser (third Person of Trinity), 240
Gusano, Benedetto, 304 Domsclaer, T. V., 215 1136
Cuyper, Willem, 216 n39 Doopsgezinden, 262
I go
Cyprian, 80, 81, 148, 154, 272 Dove-Spirit,
Cyril, 148 Dragon, 259, 282
Cyrus, 68 Dreams: prophecies (modern), visions*
55> 56, 60, 61, 62, 211, 213, 218, 220,
Damas of Hoorn, 220 221, 224
Damnation, 96, 148, 149 n49, 158, 192, Dubbled Echte, 225
19,3* *95 198, 203, 217, 230, 248
Dutch text, 157 n43, 158 1046, 158 n47
Daniel, 32, 49, 57, 59, 62, 63, 64, 69,
i35 207
Dappere, 239 East Frisia, 208 ni4, 209, 212
Darius, King, 2 1 1 Ecclesiology, 22, 23, 24, 33, 34, 39,
Das diese Wort Christi> 171 n20 42, 50, 68, 76, 87, 145, 150, 153, 154,
Dathan, 246 196, 197, 207, 208, 225-260, 277-
David, 35, 62, 67, 68, 95, 1 17, 122, 123, 284; angelic membership, 229; as
124, 125, 126, 130, 133, 222, 232, Jerusalem and Bride, 255-260; estab-
252, 306, 308, 341, 369, 371, 380, lishment in paradise, 229; no salva-
3&2, 383, 384, 389; armor of, 221, 224; tion outside, 113, 154, 272; origin in
Key of, see Scripture; promised heaven, 228; restoration, 148, 155,
David, 224 220, 229, 231, 233; sect defined, 27;
Day of Judgment, 229 seven ordinances of, 240-255; twelve
Deacon, see Ministry; 278, 279, 280, 284 notes of, 255-260; see also Bride;
Dead Sea Manual of Discipline, 80 Saints
n22, 262 Edzard, Count I, 208 ni4
Decretum, 162, 177 Ego autem vivebam sine lege quondam^ 343
Deification, 35, 87, 99* 101; partakers Eguia, Miguelde, 302, 320
of divine nature, 233$ 256 Egypt, 59, 61, 91, 109, 123, 185 ns,
Deity, 133 ni3, 198 186, 189 ni6, 207, 209
Delft, 223 Einiger, 150 ni 7
Dem einigen wort, 79 nig Eisenach, 47, 78 ni6
Demas, 223 n55 Elder, see Ministry
Demetrius, 276 Elect, 50, 57, 59, 60, 62, 66, 69, 94, 98,
Den Gebriideren, 152 n24 loi, 102, 105, 188, 190, 201, 236,
Denck, John, 21, 30, 32, 44 ni4, 79 251, 275, 278, 279 mo, 283; saints,
ni7, 86, 86 ni, 87, 88, 88 n2, 88 5 n8
ns*, 112, 131 ng, 136, 146, 156 n4i, Election, see Predestination
183, 192 n23, 204, 208, 208 ns, 272, Elementisch, 99
275 n2, 286 Elevation, of sacrament, 171
Denselbsten oder eigentligsten, 159 n$2 Elijah, see Enoch; 68, 211, 212, 212
Depravity, 343, 344 1127, 2I 3 2I 4* 22I > 222 22 5
Deus est, qui operatur omne quod bonum est Eliphaz, 134
in omnibus, 260 Elizabeth, 1 16, 232; Dirks the Beguine,
Devil, see Satan; also Antichrist; 50, 56, 286
57* 63, 65, 98, 117, 120, 127, 131, Emden, 208, 208 ni3, 209, 209 ni8, 210
163, 185, 197, 198, 201, 244,
282 Emissary, apostolic, see Ministry
Devotio moderna, 226 ni Emmanuel, 134
Diaconate, 276 n8 Emmaus, 129
Dictatus Papae, 50 Enchiridion, 226, 227, 235 n8
Dieb, 154 n32 England, 24, 25, 213 1131
Dienaers> 209, 240, 241 ni4, 251 nig Enno II, 208 ni4
4 INDEXES
Enoch j reappearance of, 212, 212 Paste sententz, 151 n22
1127, 213, 214, 221, 222, 225 Father, 21 n3, 150, 198, 213, 228, 267,
Ensisheirn, 139, 142 275, 277, 278; (first Person of
Ephesus, 359 Trinity), 100, 101, 102, 105, 107,
Epiphany, see Liturgy, 183 no, 133, 158, 158 1149, 159, 169,
Epistles, Hutterite, 36, 272 ni 171, 176, 180, 186, 187, 189 ni7, 190,
EquivocatiOy 133 201, 202 n4i, 234, 237, 238, 240, 241,
Erasmianism, 299, 300, 301 244, 256, 257, 259, 260
Erasmus natumflii irae, 343 Fathers of the church, 131 ng, 177,
Erasmus, of Rotterdam, 23, 226 ni, 178; (church), 113, 152, 158, 175, 207
300, 307, 308, 309, 328 Fear of the Lord, 43, 235, 236, 237
Erets, 116 Federal theology, 133 ni 3
Eriugena, Johannes Scotus, 318 Felbinger, Nicholas, 286
Erkanten, 105 Ferrar, Nicholas, 333
Erkennet, 108 Five classes of persons, 270, 369
Ernestine princes, 65 n8o Flaminio, Marc Antonio, 304, 305
Es, 185 n6 Flanders, 222 n53
Essau, 60, 61, 115, 199 Folengo, Giambattista, prince of Monte
Escalona, 302 Gassino, 304
Eschatology, 48, 62, 63, 85 04,6, 213 Fondi, Countess of, 303
Esdras, 185 n8 Foot washing, 244, 245, 246, 254
Eternal Physician, 113 Foreknowledge, 103, 104, 105
Ethics, 30 Forgiveness, 109, 127, 170, 171, 172,
Eucharist, see Lord's Supper; 154 n34, 243, 274; impossibility of, 122, 188
158, 159 n49, 167 n8 ni2, 199, 20 1, 220, 225; in the hands
Europe, 27 of the whole congregation, 248
Eusebio, 308, 321, 329 Forty days, years, cubits; see Wilderness
Eusebius of Caesarea, 51, 51 ni2 motif
Eutyches, 179, 179^7, 180 Franck, Sebastian, 27, 33, 39, 87, 145
Eutychianisrn, 163, 179, 1 80 145 ni, 146, 147, 147 n4> 152 n25,
Evangelical, 207; Old, 26 153 n 3*> 159 n 5 J J 59 n53> l6 n 55>
>
Evangelicals, 151; radical, 112 ni 174 n27, 204, 208, 208 nn, 227, 240
Evangeliesten, 158 n47 ni3, 273, 286
Evangelist, 269 Frankenhausen, 208 115, 208 n6
Evangelists, 76, 247, 365 Frederick the Wise, 47, 83 n37
Eve, as type of flesh, 121, 125, 127, 130; Frieburg University, 138 n5
Eve, 112, 115, 118, 128, 131, 229, Friedberg, 116
230, 231 Friedmann, Robert, 36
1 06
Evil, 91, 103, Friends, 300
Ewich, Johannes, 143 n2 Frisia, 215 n35, 222 n53
Exclusion, 247, 274, 274114, 276 Fuge, 263
Excommunication, see Ban Fungentius ofRuspe, 131 UQ
Expurgate, 263 Fur, 154 n32
Extreme unction, 140 Fursehen, 105
Ezekiel, 49 Fursehung, 104, 105
Ezra, 211
Gad, 62
Faber, Dr. John, 176 Galeata, Fabio Mario, 304
Faith, 34, 48, 56, 58, 66, 188, 231, 235, Gebraden, 195 n28
236, 249; spurious, 74, 75, 84, 106, Gebunden, 134
114, 115, 172, 201, 212, 213, 220J Gedrungen, 43
and hope, 387, 388 Gefangen, 134
Fall, 113, 120, 121, 123, 124, 128, 130, Geilen, John van, 215 n36, 222 n53
335^ Gelassen, 102, 150 ni 6
Fall of man, 112, 118, 119, 127, 131 Gelassene, 279
Fall of the church, 51, 148, 149 nil, Gelassenhait, 97, 284, ni 8
151, 152, 207, 227; fall among the Gelassenheit, see Resignation; 87, 272
angels, 229; from paradise, 230 Gelassnen, 92
False forbearance, 63, 77, 79, 83 Gelijcke, 241
INDEXES 401
Gemeinde, 22, 29 243, 245, 246, 258, 259, 268, 275,
Gemeynsaem, 249 279, 280, 284
Gemeynte, 228 Gratias, 167
Gemiith, 59 nss Graveneck, Nicholas von, 138 n3, 142
Gentihomo di spada e capa, 304 1115
Gentiles, 67, 232, 257, 259, 268, 269 Great Commandment, 381
George I, Duke, 114, 114113, 115, 116; Grebel, Conrad, 26, 28 ni5, 31, 42,
of the House of Jacob, 43; of Saxony, 42 115, 43, 44, 45 ni6, 71, 71 ni,
84, 84 n4O 72, 73> 75 n 5> 78 ni3, 80 n22, 80
Gerar, 232 n25, 81, 81 n25a, 82, 83, 83 n32,
German, 42; nation, 42 84 n42, 85, 85 n46, 86 ni, 105 nn,
Germans, North, 205 272, 286
Germany, 25, 31, 154, 158, 208, 306; Greece, 154
North, 2 1 3 n3 1 South, 30
; Greek Fathers, 162
Gerritsz, Lubbert, 289 Greeks, 63, 150
Gesanten, 82 Greeting, whether to be avoided, 266
Geschichtsbible, 273 Gregory, 151; VII (Pope), 50 n7, 299
Gespauwde klauw> 224 n6o Grisons, 85 n47, 304
Getichte, 69 Groningen, 223, 224
Ghedoopt ende ghedoodt, 187 nio Grosheide, G., 210 nso, 215 n36, 217
Ghemoct, 237 n4
Giessen, 161 ni Gsund, 124, 130
Gilson, Etienne, 375 ni3 Gsundhait., 130
Gilt es aufsehens, 279 Gsundhayt, 125
Giovanni Maggiore, Church of, 304, Gsundheit, 128
Guide to Christian perfection, 388
Gmain, 45, 273, 277, 278 Giitersloh, 161 ni
Gmainsam, 278 Guttickeit, 69
Gmainschaftj 277
Gnosticism, 51 ni2 Haarlen, 182 ni, 214, 219
God, absolute will, 132, 133, 134; Hacfacite, 172
attracting and repelling will, 134, Haec est vita aeterna ut cognoscant te
1
35; bound by his own word, 1 34; the verum Deum solum et quern misisti
Father, 124; his wrath, 235, 248; Jesus Chris turn ) 337
the Holy Spirit, 124; is that is, 109; Haetzer, Louis, 20, 30, 44, 44 ni4, 208,
revealed or ordinary will, 132, 133, 208 ns, 287
134; the Son, 124; will of, 64, 94, Haggai, 155, 21 1, 214
113, 132* 344,345 Hague, 158, 159 1x49, 210, 210 n2o,
God's, Israel, 29; Spirit, 200; Word, 214 n32, 215 n35, 219 n49
80, 129, 1 86, 200, 202, 237 Halbmayer, Jacob, 1 39 ng
Goeters, Gerhard, 44 ni4 Halle, 47 ni, 78 ni3, 83, 85
Golden Age, 273; knop, 63 Ham, 232
Gonzaga, Cardinal Ercole, 303, 307, Handiwork of God, 53
309, 310, 311; Guilia, duchess of Happiness, 361, 362, 363
Trajetto, 305, 311, 318, 351, 353, Harsch, John, 28, 28 n 15, 226 ni
354; Guilia (in dialogue), 357-39 Hartz, 73
Gospel, 30, 31, 64, 80, 89, 107, 113, Hazerswoude, 224
115, 129, 140, 141,
130, 151, 153, Head, 229
158, 164, 177, i g6 >
173, *92, 230, Heaven, 95, 133, 367, 368
232, 235, 236, 237,
234, 241, 242, Heavenly Father, 124, 128, 131, 140,
244, 248, 249, 250,
247, 252, 254, 164, 1 80, 185, 189, 190, 236, 238
257> 259, 366, 367;
258, and law, nio, 251, 252
366; 367; of Christ, 32 Hebreo, Leon, 318
Gospels and Pauline Epistles, Commen- Hebrew, 42 n6, 44, 116
taries, 306 Hebrews, 346
Grace, assistant, 58 n48; prevenient, Hegenwalt, Erhard, 83 n32
93-102, 107, 236, 274; 34, 58 n48, Hegesippus, 51, 51 ni2
128, 166, 170, 172, 172 nai, i77> Heidelberg, 27
177 n34, 202 1141, 236, 237, 239, 242, Heldt, 180
Hell,n 7, 133,158,367,368 Human prudence, 310, 311, 313, 315
Helwys, Thomas, 287 Humphrey, Laurence, 306 nj7
Herbert, George, 333 Hundred and Ten Considerations,
Heresy, 80 n22, 122 chronological bibliography, 331, 332,
Heretic, 143, 180 333
Herod, 61, 62, 252 Hus, John, 39
Hess, Johann, 390 Hussites, 26, 32, 39
Het, 185 n6 Hut, Jians, 208 n6; John, 208
Het Offer des Huren, 136, 138 113 Hutter, Jacob, 36, 288
Heze&ah, 68 Hutterite, 34, 261, 272 ni
High, Holy Spirit of God, 199; Spirit Hutterites, 20, 22, 26, 36, 205
of God, 201; priest, 185, 241, 275; Hymns, German, 75
Prophet, 185 Hyperphragnus, 147 n2
Hij> 185 n6
Hilary of Poitiers, 148
Hinderstellig werden, 79 n2O Idiomata, 179
History, interpretation of, 25, 39, 48 ff., Idol, 171
51, 63, 145, 189 ni^j seven periods Idolatry, 49, 50, 51, 52, $7> 68, 69, 79,
of, 227 101, 122, 256, 265
Hoffmann, Eberhard, 139 ni, 139 n9, Idumean, 232
142 ni5 Matthias Flacius, 162, 163 ng
Illyricus,
Hofmann, Melchior, 29, 134 ni4, 145, Image of God, 335, 336, 359, 360, 361
160 n57, 162, 174 n27, 182, 182 Immorality, 80 n22
ni, 183, 185 n8, 188 ni2, 188 ni4, Incarnation, see also Celestial flesh; 209,
189 ni5, 189 ni6, 189 ni7, 192 n22, 224, 230
193 n2$, 194 n27, 195 w?8, 196 nsi, Index, 320
198 n33, 200 n35, 202 n4i, 202 n42, India, 154
205, 208, 208 n5, 208 ni4, 209, In die gmain, 278
209 ni6, 2IO, 211, 212, 212 n27, 212 Indulgence, Luther's stress on faith a
n28, 213, 214, 220, 22 1 > 284 n6o, new, 171, 172; 42, 170, 172 n2i, 176
225 n62, 272, 278 ni, 282 n*4 In eyner hochen verwunderung, 58 n52
Hohenburg, 136 In iniquitibus conceptus sum, 343
Holland, 31, 39, 182, 206 n2, 214 ^32, Inquisition, 80 n22, 300, 303, 304, 305,
215 1135, 218 n45, 221 3 20
Holy, City, 255, 257> 256, 259; Integer, 120 n5
Ghost, 51, 122, 139, 1 80; Jerusalem, Irdisch, 99
191; of Holies, 1 88 ni4, 190, 191; Irenaeus, 148, 148 n8
Office, 303, 320; place, 188 314; Isaac, 232, 256
Roman Empire, 64 n72, 151 1123, Isabell I, Queen, 300
282 ni6; sacrament, 163, 165 Isaiah, 49, 211, 348
Hoogstraten, Count Stadholder, 215 Isle of Capri, 387
n35, 218 n45, 2191148 Israel, 25, 50 ng, 72, 98, 103, 109, 127,
Hoorn, 210 n2O, 220 ^50, 152, 199, 207, 228, 233, 233,
Horb, 136, 138 ns 235, 242, 34*5* 249> 35 1 ? 30i, 366;
Host, 154 n34 New, 72; Saviour of, 233
Houtzagher, Peter, 216 nsg, 217, 217 Israelites, 189 n 16, 232
n42, 218, 219 n47, 219 n4#, 219 IS TH^T HE 15, 109
n49, 223 ns6 Italians, 75
Hubmaier, Balthasar, 22, 31, 44, 45 Italy, 331
ni7, 46, 80 n25 87, 112, 112 rn,
113, 114, 114 n2, 116, 120 ns,
125 n7, 131 ng, 183, 192 n?3, 208, Jacob, 60, gi> i *5? *33> 232, 242, 256
208 n6, 224 n6o, 229 n4 3 271 n5, James, Saint, 130, 14$, 301, 68 ? 380,
275 n6, 287 389
Hujuff, Hans, 78 ni3, 80 n23, 83; son of Noah, 231
John, 85 ehu, King, 64
Hulshof, Abraham, 208 ni4 eremiah, 49, 54, 120, 2U, 233, 383
Humanism, 2 1 n3, 308 eriqho, 246
iapheth,
Humanist, 86 ni Jerome, 148, 151, 175 nag, 3^1
INDEXES 403
Jerusalem, 23, 54 1129, 126, 129, 137, Kingdom, 22, 150, 168, 179, 185, 189
222, 229, 232, 233, 234, 255, 256, ni5, 192, 193, 197, 207, 257, 277,
2 57> 259, 273, 282; in
Westphalia, 342, 386; (eternal), 258; Mosaic,
29; New, 212, 215 1135, 221, 255, 256, 151; of Christ, 1 68, 316; of Christ on
260 earth, 1,000 years, 224; Kingdom of
Jewell, John, Bishop of Salisbury, 301, God, 32, 96, 105, 117, 118, 119, 130,
306 155, 185, 186, 191, 201, 226, 233,
Jewish nation, 232 234, 250, 258, 315, 316, 341; of God
Jews, 52, 75, 93, 95, 98, 122, 232, 252, (entering), 340, 341, 342; of Heaven,
268 87, 119, 237, 252, 254, 369, 370; of
Joachim of Flora, 189 ni 5 Satan, 197
Job, 120, 132, 232, 369, 372 Kingship, 152
Johannine, Epistles, 34; Gospel, 34 Kirche, 68
John, the Baptist, 63, 189, 237, 369; Kiss of Peace, 267
Duke, 47, 48; of Leyden, 220, 215 Knower of hearts", 44
n36; Saint, the Evangelist, 44 ni2, Knowledge, of God or the truth, 108,
127, 148, 190 ni8, 191, 199, 207, 124, 158, 234, 237, 240, 244; of good
243 m6, 249, 266, 276, 305, 341, and evil, or the loss thereof, 97, 113,
381, 382, 384 115, 118, 119, 121, 124, 125, 126,
Joosten, Leonard, 211, 211 n22 128, 196, 229 n4; truth of God, of
Jordan, 72, 183, 189, 237 Christ, 110,336,337,338
Jordan, Germanic, 30 Knox, John, 306
Joris, David, 223, 223 n57, 285, 288 151 n2i
ICocher,
Jorists, 182 Kohler, Walter, 28 1115
Joseph, N.T., 61, 232; O.T., 59, 61, Korah, 246
9i Krohn, Barthold N., 182 ni, 202 1142
Joshua, 68, 206, 246 Kiihler, Walter, 226 ni
Josiah, 68 Kuna, John, 288
Joy, love and peace in the Lord, 76, 82, Kunst, 68
88, in, 256,275, 278, 288 Kiirchen, 276
Judae, Leo, 82, 82 n27, 84 Kuyper, Dietrich, 219 n47
Judah, 233
Judaism, 282, 350 Lamb, see Word
Judas, 133, 169, 177 Landgrave, Philip of Hess, 291
Judea, 232 Landishauptmann, Count Joachim of
Judge, 229 Zollern, 139 nio
Judgment, Day, 248; divine, 103, 108, Langenmantel, Eitelhans, 288
109, 123, 125, 174, 231; Last, no, Langenwalde, Harms Magnus and
in, 150, 154, 165, 193, 229, 250, C.S., 290
272, 275 n6, 278; saints unpunishable, Lassen, 95, 96, 97, 126
188; Seat, no Last Days, 62, 272; Last Supper, 170
Judica, 142 Latro, I54n32
Justification, 375, 381, 382; by faith, Law, 32, 79, 84, 113, 127, 150, 151,
58 n48, 82 n28, 86, 201, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 242, 243, 253,
243. 254, 255, 279 nio, 366, 367; and
Justinianic law, 46 ni8 gospel, 59, 61, 235; compared as wine
and oil," 130; has no sovereignty
after baptism, 188; law of nature,
Kashubes, 114 98, 232, 279; Mosaic, 47; see also
Keller, Ludwig, 26 Dispensation
Kercke, 208 Ledige,279
Kercken> 230 Leeuwarden, 202, 203 n42, 218
Kernel, 155 1138 Lefevres, Jacques, d'Etaples, 23
Key of David, see Scripture Left wing, see Reformation, Radical
Keys of the Kingdom, see Ban Leiplich, 168
Killed, 187 nio Leon, Fray Luis de, 317; kingdom of,
Kindtschaft, 180 301 nio

186, Letter, 242, 255; fifth, 273 nss
King, 21, 119; (Christ), 187;
of Glory, 223; of Kings, 21, 185 Levite, 268
404 INDEXES
Leyden, Jan Beukelszoon van, 215 1134 Magro, Marco Antonio, 35 1 353 ,
Liege, 147 113 Mainz, 297

Lievestro, Christiaan Theodoor, 205 Maleficos, 66 n83
Linz, 156 1141 Man, 125, 128; (Christ), 179, 180, 181;
Liturgy, 33, 49, 75, 76, 77, 94, 183; Old inward, 153
Testament feast days, 189 Manna, 243 ni6, 249
Loaysa, Garcia de, Cardinal of Osma, Mannheim, Karl, 29
r
298, 299 Manrique, Archbishop of Seville and
Loci communes 9 226 General Inquisitor, 299
Logos, 33 Man's happiness, 336, 337, 338
Lord Sabaoth, 233 Mantua, 303
Lord's Supper, 34, 35, 41, 76, 77, 85, Mantz, Felix, 40, 42, 42 ni6, 43, 43 09,
140, 183, 194, 195, 235, 243, 243 45, 45 ni5, 82, 85, 288
nio; Bread of heaven or mystical Marburg Colloquy, 34, 147 n3
Eucharist, 123, 152, 154, 155, 162, Margrave, George (Duke George I),
165-178, 191, 192, 193 n25, 238, 114
238 nio; Mass, 42; partaking to Marpeck, Pilgram, 288, 289
one's peril, 172, 173, 195; paschal Martyr, 41 n2, 137; (Protestant), 45
lamb as type, 186, 195 n28; tran- 1115; theology, 137
substantiation, 175, 175 n3o; Lord's Martyrdom, 40, 126 n8, 136, 138, 195
Supper, 21, 74, 141 1113, 149, 152 n28, 202, 203 n42, 284 ni7
n26, 225 n6s, 243, 244, 254 Martyrs, 68
Lot, 54, 129, 228 Martyrs* Mirror, 26, 40, 136
Love, 102, 158, 212, 237, 239, 242, 248, Marxism, 25
249, 250, 267 Mary (mother of Jesus), 116, 230, 232,
Loyola, Ignacio de, 300 238, 238 nio, 239 nio
Luke, 365 Masonic sodalities, 26
Lull, Raymond, 300, 317 Mass, see Lord's Supper; 42, 52, 75, 77,
Lunar festivals, 189 ni 6 82, 141 nis, 173
Luther, Martin, 20, 26, 32, 33, 34, 35, Matthew, 67, 106; Commentary, 306
36,39, 41, 42, 47, 47 ni, 48, 52 Matthijs, John, 214, 214^2, 215, 217
nig, 61 n6s, 65 1179, 71 113, 76, 78 n42, 220, 221
nis, 78 ni4, 78 ni6, 82, 83, 83 1132, Maynard of Delft, 220
84, 84 n42, 85, 88 ns, 89 114, 104 Medes, 63
nio, 140 ni2, 147 ns, 153, 154 n32, Medieval monasticism, 273
157, 160, 161, 162, 163, 163 n3, Melanchthon, Philip, 26, 46 ni8, 78
164, 165, 165 n5, 1 66, 167, 1 68, 169, ni6, 147 ns, 158, 159 n49, 226,
170, 171, 172, 172 n2, 173, 174, 175, 306
176, 177, 178, 179, 1 80, 209, 273, Melchiorite, 204, 219 n49; doctrine,
290, 300,306, 317, 318 238 nip
Lutheran, divines, 65 n78; doctrine, Melchiorites, 223, 224 n^Q
140; preachers, 131 ng; Reformation, Melchizedek, 232
42 n4; Reforms, 44 ni2; sect, 153 Memmingen, 78 ni6, 170 ni 8
1131; view, 581148 Mennonites, 20, 21 n3, 26, 31, 39,
Lutheranism, 19, 33, 34, 86, 140 ni2, 136, 182, 206 n2; Dutch, 30, 40;
182, 20 1 n40 Low German, 30
Lutherans, 48, 55 1135, 5 n37, 98, Mennonitism, 226
140 ni2, 160 n55, 173, 175, 209, 213 Mercy, 90, 94, 172, 239, 267
Merâl, A.M., 297
Macedonia, 61 Messiah, 179
Macrocosm, 33 Microcosm, 33
Madariago, Salvador de, 297, 298 n2 Middle, Ages, 26, 27, 138 n7, 227; way,
Madrid, 301 nio, 320
Magistracy, 47, 48, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, Middleburg, 212 n26
141, 151, 253, 254; sword, 30, 31, 42, Milano, Guilio da, of Maltacino, 304
64, 65, 66 n82, 68, 80, 150, 215, 216 Millennial Kingdom, 29
ns6, 220, 253, 268 Millennialism, 145
Magnum arcervum impiorum dogmatum, Millennialist, 146
158, I59i*49 Millennialists, chiliastic, 213 1131
INDEXES 405
Ministry, in the Radical Reformation, 64 n73, 65 n8o, 71, 72, 73, 73 113,
30> 44 75 ?6, ?6 nio, 77, 78, 82, 75 n7, 76 nio, 77 ni2, 78 1113, 79
*53> 209, 240, 241, 241 n4i, 242, ni 7, 83 n35, 84 n42, 105 ni 1 , 1 25 117,
248; apostle or emissary, 184, 185, 146, 204, 208, 208 n5, 282 ni4
186, 188, 192, 193, 203, 210, 215, Miintzerites, 23, 26
216, 220, 233, 241, 257; bishop, 276 Mystic, 27
n8; deacon or servant, 44, 44 mi, Mysticism, German, 52 ni9; medieval,
251, 276, 277, 283; deacon of welfare, 278 ng
276 n8, 279, 280; deacon of the Mystics, 32, 300
Word, 276 n8; elder, 241, 241 1114;
false apostle, 200, 207, 245; false Nach dem widerbrachten fall, 124 n6
prophet, 257; of the magisterial Naples, 303, 304, 305, 330
Reformation, as seen by opponents, Nathan, 62
50, 56, 58, 63, 75, 85, 89, 98, 114, Nebenleer, 122
I5 1 ? *5.6, 158, 160, 178, 203, 246; Nebuchadnezzar, 54, 55, 60, 64, 69
ordination, see separate heading; NefF, Christian, 28 ni5, 73 n3
priests and monks, as seen by oppo- Nephesh, 116
nents, 49, 56, 56 n39, 69, 141, 150; Neque infans unius diei, 343
prophets, 53 n23, 55, 55 ns6, 64, Neshamah, 116
184, 209, 211, 213, 214 n32; teacher, Netherlands, 29, 205, 219 n49, 221, 261
193; teacher who misleads, 200, 201 New birth, 129, 254; Covenantal
Mit demselbigen, 65 n79 Church of the Spirit, 29; England,
Mittel, 105 ni 3 25, 34J Testament, 22, 23, 24, 29, 30,
Mittler, 105 ni3 32, 34, 44 nn, 75, 79, 80 n25, 133,
Monachiam, new, 273 149, 151, 152, 154, 185 n5, 189 ni6,
Monk, 137, 142 189 ni7, 192, 202, 203 n42, 233, 242,
Monks, 56, 69, 140, 141 247 ni7, 253, 268, 365
Monophysite, 179 n3 7 Nicholas of Alkmaar, 220
Montesinos, Jose, 307, 310, 311, 313 Nicodemus, 234
Moon, 1 86 ni6 Nicolsburg, 46, 112, 114, H4n2, 116,
Moravia, 21, 31, 39, 45 ni6, 46, 156 131 ng, 208 n6
n4i, 272, 272 ni, 273, 274, 282 ni6 Nineveh, 109
Morder, 154 n32 Noah, 231, 232
Mortification, 59, 80, 93, 98, 108, 187, Nominalists, 299
243, 277 JVon propter tuam loguelam, 339
Moses, 58, 62, 64, 67, 68, 83, 93, 98, Nuremberg, 82 n28, 88 n3*, 114, 140
104, 109, 116, 151, 160, 185, 185 n4, ni2, 163*, 165 n6
198, 199, 206, 232, 235, 237, 246, Mtsz, 155 1138
253> 2 54> 346, 366 Nut, 155 ns8
Most High, 55, 185, 186, 189 ni5, 232,
242, 257, 258, 259, 272 Gates, W. J., 3751113
Mother of Christ, 54 Oath, 151
Mount, of Olives, 116; Sinai, 235, 237; Obbe, 134 n 14
Sion or Zion, 191, 213, 229, 233; Obbenite, 219 n49
Tabor, 237 Obbenites, 30, 204, 223, 224 n^8
Munich text, 148 n7, 149 nio, 149 Ochino, Fra Bernadino, di Siena, 23,
ni2, 157 n45 288, 304, 354 ni
Minister, 23, 29, 48, 73 n3, 147 ns, Ockenfuss, John, 82, 85
182, 192 n22, 204, 208 n6, 213 nsi, Octavian, 52, 52 ni5
215, 215 n34, 215 nss, 215 ns6, Oil, 130, 140, 242, 271
216 n37, 218 n45, 220, 220 n52, Old, and New Adam, 338, 339, 340;
221, 222, 224, 226 ni, 273, 273 n2 Cloister, 224
Munsterite, 205, 222 n53, 223 n57 Old Testament, 23, 30, 32, 33, 39, 75?
l8 9 nl6
Munsterites, 182, 215 n35 79, 80, i33> I5L l8 5 ns, '
Miintzer, Thomas, 22, 28, 28 1114, 28 192, 202 n42, 203, 209, 241, 242, 253,
ni5> 32, 33> 47 nl 48, 5 *&, 54 apocrypha, 29, 30
Omnis caro corruperat viam suam, 343
na8, 55 n34, 55 n35, 56 ns8, 57 n43,
On the Councils and the Churches, 1
79
58 n48, 60 n59, 60 n6i, 60 nb2,
6 1 n65, 63 n68, 63 n7O, 64 n72, Once-born, 188 ni4
406 INDEXES
Opus operation, 171 Pavia, battle of, 305
Ordinances, the seven, see Ecclesiology Peasants War, 48 ni, 78 ni6
Ordination, commission, and mini- Pedobaptism, 42, 72, 193
sterial authority, 44 ni2, 205, 206, Pedobaptists, 41
2O7, 2IO, 2l6, 217, 2l8, 221, 222, Pegis, Anton, 313 n25
223, 2243 225, 241; commissions, Pelayo, Mene"ndez y, 318
false, 224 Penance and repentance, 34, 35, 42,
Ordineerlijck, 244 109, 1 10, 146, 219, 236, 237, 250,
Ordnung, 167 275; see also Forgiveness
Origen, 148 Pentateuch, 232
Original sin, 335 n2, 363, 364, 365, 366; Pentecost, feast of, 189 ni 6
Baptism, 363 People, the source of Christian political
Orlamunde, 47, 88 ns* authority, 65 n8o; the source of
Osiander, Andreas, 82, 82 n28 ecclesiastical authority, 65 n8o
Otto the Great, 300 Perfection, Christian, 376
Ouerheyt, 253 Perfectionism, see Sanctification
Ousiai, ii 7 Persecution, 24, 26, 46, 82, 196, 217; see
Overdam, John of, 288 as an ordinance, 251, 252, 253, 254
Oxford, 304 Persians, 63
Peter, Saint, 61, 62, 64, 64 n73 ? 65, 67,
Pacheco, Don, Diego de L6pez, marquis 118, 119, 123, 130, 133, 136, 140, 141
of Villena and lord of Escalona, 302, ni3, 165, 185, 195, 200, 245, 333,
303, 305^321, 32 1 ns 344> 384
Pacifism, 28, 30, 42, 72, 80, 141, 151, Petit, J. le, 2isn36
*53> *54 Petition of Protest and Defense,, 42 n6
Padua, 304 Pharisees, 156, 198, 203, 250, 267
Pagans, 49, 52, 55, 233, 259; whether Philips, Dietrich, 21, 31, 36, 42 n4,
redeemed, see Universalism 146, 147, 148 n2, 162, 182, 1 88 ni4,
Pannicellus, Johannes, 85 198 n33, 202, 202 n42, 205, 208 nn,
Papacy, 81, 207 209 ni6, 216 n39, 217, 217 n43, 223,
Papal, Counter Reformation, 21; sect, 223 nss, 223 n56, 223 ns8, 224, 224
153 n3i n6o, 226, 227, 228, 238 nio, 247 ni7,
Papist, 213, 225 261, 262., 267, 288
Papists, 1 60, 209 Philips, Obbe, 29, 39, 145, 146, 182,
Paracelsus, 33, 288 182 ni, 202, 202 n42, 204, 204 ni,
Paradise, n8, 129, 189 ni5, 222 n53, 205, 206, 206 n2, 208 nil, 208 ni4,
229, 230, 233, 234, 272, 273, 279 216 nsg, 217 n40, 219 n49, 222 n53,
mo; and hell, 367, 368, 369 223 n55, 223 n$6, 223 ns8, 226,
Pascal, (Blaise), 335 n2 226 ni, 227, 261
Passion, 52, 170, 187 Phineas, 199
Passover, feast of, 189 6 m Piece justificative , 73 n3
Pastor, Adam, 20, 30, 262; Ludwig, 315 Pietism, 24, 27, 34, 34 ni6
Pater Noster, 321, 322, 329 Hety, 33, 34, 347, 348, 349; Mennonite,
Patriarchs, 168, 207 138, 139 n3
Paul, 49, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60 n59, Pilate, 42, 102, 252, 350
6x, 62, 65, 66, 67, 69, 75, 76, 79, Pilgrimage, 25, 191, 256, 272, 278, 280,
80 n22, 83, 93, 94, 98, 99, 101, 105, 284
106, 107, 109, 116, 117, 119, 120, Plaststueckenn, 63 n6g
122, 123, 124, 125, 131, 132, 133, Platonism, 273
140, 141, 148, 159, 160, 165, 166, Pluralism, political, 25
168, 170, 171, 172, 176, 185, 187, Pneuma, 116
188, 191, 192, 193, 194, 194 n27, Pockfintzerey, 56 n39
i95 197, i99 202, 206, 207, 229, Poculum benedictioniS) 167 n8
232, 237, 239, 249, 251, 252, 256, Poland, 24, 274 nj
261, 263, 264, 265, 268, 270, 276, Polerman, Cornells, 202, 212 n26, 214
283, 99 3<>6, 308, 314, 316, 336, Policeien, 278
343 359, Sô, 365, 366, 371, 378, Policie, 253
380, 382, 383, 386, 389; IV (Pope), Polish Brethren, 20
304 Polity, 30, 255, 278
INDEXES 407
Polygamy, 26, 29, 273 na "Qui spiritu Dei aguntur, ii suntfilii Dei"
Pomerania, 119 338
Poor, the, 54, 63, 195, 249, 277
Pope, 21, 41, 74, 140, 151, 153 Rationalists, Evangelical, 20, 22, 23, 24,
Popery, 78 29> 36
Porro servum Domini^ 83 Reason and understanding, 23, 33, 57,
Portionein,
124 58, 99, 230, 234; see also Faith and
Portugal, 320 Knowledge
Potestas absolute, 113
Rebaptism, 30, 40, 41 na, 44 ni2, 46,
Potestas ordinata, 113
46 ni8, 72, 200 n36, 261, 272
Praedestinatio, 131 119 Rebirth, 33, 57 n43, 117, 118, 130, 182,
Praejudicium, 169 191, 200 nss, 201, 229, 234, 235, 236,
Praescientia, 131 119 237, 240, 242, 272
Prayer, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, Reborn, 182, 267
327, 328, 329; to the saints, 42 Redeemer, 33, 203, 230, 233, 236;
Preacher, 57, 60, 364, 365, 366 (first Person of Trinity), 240
Predestination, foreknowledge, election, Red Sea, as symbol, see Baptism; 182,
86, 88 ns*, 103, 104, 106, 108, 114, 187, 188 ni4, 189 ni6
H5> 13* n 9> 132,192,225,275 Reformation, 297, 298; Continental,
Predick-ampt, 209 241; "fourth," 19; Radical, 20, 21,
Prejudgment, 169 22, 23, 24, 25
Pre-Reformers, 300 Regeneration and the New Creature, Of, 235
Prescott, William H., 298 Regirenden, 174
Pride, 250 Reich> 151 n23
Priesthood, royal, 236, 251 Rembert text, 148 n8, 149 mo
Priests and monks, see Ministry Repentance, see Penance
Principalijk, 230 Representatio, 175
Prior, 141 ni3 Resignation (Gelassenheit), 87, gt, 92,
Proba, i74;PflH, 172 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 126,
Profligate, 263 224, 272, 279, 284; as bridal image,
Prognostications, 213 n3O 187, 277, 278
Prometheus, 1 57, 1 57 n44 Res sacraments, 167
Promised Land, 68, 80, 209 Rest, true, 191
Prophecies, 219, 219 1149, 220, 222, Restitution, 147 113
223, 224 Restitutionism, 145
Prophet, see Ministry Restitutionists, 146
Prophetesses, 211, 221 Restoration, 24
Propier me orta haec tempestas, 127
est Resurrection, 121, 131, 226, 243, 260,
Protestant, Old, 27, 28 ni5; preachers, 277
160 n57, (swine and dogs), 156, 158, Reublin, William, 136, 138 113, 138
180 n57; Reformers, 22, 26, 32 115, 143 n2i, 284
Protestantism, magisterial or territorial, Revelation, direct (modern), see
20, 2i, 31, 71, 182; ministry of, see Ministry (prophet) ; seer of, 35
Ministry Revolution, 24, 223, 279 nn; Amster-
Protestants, 299 dam, 215 n35, 218, 219, 222;
Proto-Pietist, 161 ni Miinster, 215, 220
Psalms, 75, 321 Riedemann, Peter, 36, 284
Psalms, commentary on, 304, 306^ 311, Riegel, Hermann, 163
3*3* 3 20 Rinck, Melchior, 208, 208 115, 289
Pseudo-Clement, 273; Isidorian Decre- Ring, as symbol, see Bride; 193,
tals,273; Jerome, 148 n9, 240 ni3; 193 nas, 194, 195, 196
Psyche, 116 Joachim of Flora, 32 Rizo, Juan Pablo Martir, 301 nio
Punishment, divine, see Judgment Robertson, William, 298 114
Pur, Bartholomew, 82 Rock, 51, 64, 64073
Purgatory, 42 Rogers, Daniel, 306
Pushiovo, 304 Roman, Church, 23, 50 n7, 148, 159,
282; Empire, 22, 63, 64 n7i, 282
Quaker, 86 ni Romance lands, 231
"Quien a si vence, d nadie teme," 369 Romano, Lorenzo, 304
4-08 INDEXES
Romans, 366; Commentary, 306, 313, Saul, King, 105, 109, 199, 252
315 Saviour, 100, 140, 176, 185, 186, 190,
Rome, 51 ni 2, 154, 273, 299, 302, 303, 197, 203, 230, 234, 236, 237; (first
304, 35 Person of Trinity), 240
Rostock, 206 n2 Saxony, 49 n2, 64, 67, 71, 73 n3,
Rothmann, Bernard, 220, 220 3152, 78 ni3, 83 n37, 154
273, 289 S.B., an English Anabaptist, 289
Rottenberg, 136, 138, 138 113, 139 119 Scheerder, Hans, 203 042, 217 1141;
Rotterdam, 308 John, 217, 218
Royal Road, 372, 373, 374 Schellhorn text, 149 nio, 149 ni 2
Ruckles, 150ni 9 Schism, 262
Riigen, 114 Schleitheim, articles of faith, of 1527,
Rule, of Christ, see Ban; of saints, see 31; Schleitheim conference, 136,
Saints 138 ns; Confession, Seven Articles of,
Rys, John de, 289 138 ns
Schoeps, Joachim, 164 n4
Sabbath, 149, 152, 154, 191, 191 n2i, Scholastics, 175
253, 267 School of the Lord, 146, 157, 191;
Sacrament, 77, 82, 140, 158 n49, 167, Bible school, 43 ng
170, 171, 172, 172 n2i, 173, 174, Schuler, Gervasius, 170 ni 8
175, 176, 177, 177 n34; of penance, Schuster, Diebold, 88 n3*, 89 114
34. 35 Schwarmer, 32
Sacramentarians, 163, 217 n44 Schwenckfeld, Caspar, 20, 21, 32, 34,
Sacraments, 149, 150, 153; likened to 35, 36, 47 ni, 76 nio, 77 ni2, 145,
child's play, 148, 149, 155; see also 146, 147 n4, 152 n26, 161, 161 ni,
under separate headings; seven, 240 ni3 162, 163, 163 n2, 163 ns, 164,
Sacramentum, 167 165 n4, 165 n5, 166 n7, 167 n8,
Sacrifice, 41, 149, 152, 234 167 mo, 170 ni8, 172 n2i, 174 n27,
Saint Goll, 45 m
6 1771134, 198 n33, 204, 211 n2i, 212,
Saints, 101, 140, 245, 249, 272, 276, 227, 243 ni6, 261, 290
277; 140, 141, 244, 245, 249, 257, Schwenckfelder Church, 20
258, 272, 275, 276 n8, 279 mo, Scotland, 306
280, 283, 284; rule of, 35, 66, 71, Scriptural, 158
192, 220; 50 n8, 65 n8o Scripture, authority of, 23, 24, 29, 32,
Salem, 232 58, 75, 142, 157; cloven hoof or
Salichmaker, 185 claw, 115, 133, 134, 202, 203 n42,
Salvation, 93, 94, 96, 105 ni2, 135, 140, 224; interpretation of, 30, 114, 115,
i68 3 170, 171, 175, 179, 186, 234, 151, 159, 202, 203, 233; Key of
235> 236, 238, 242, 243, 258, 259 David, 202, 5202 n4i; armor of
Salze, Jacob von. Bishop of Breslau, 290 David, 224; veil of Moses, 160; 32,
Samaritan, 113, 267 45> 49> 53> 5 8 > Q *> 74* 75> 77> 78 1114,
Samaritans, 268, 339 79, 80, 81, 83, 84 n42, 85, 93, 94,
Samostenes, 158, 159 1149 97, 101, 102, 107, 114, 117, 119,
Samuel, 206 123, 124, 132, 133, 134, 135, 140,
Sanctification and perfection, 30, 33, 143 m8, 151, 152, 152 ns>7, 156, 158,
35> 86, 99, 105, 172, 175, 200, 201, 159, 160, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172,
202, 250, 251, 275 178, 179, 1 80, 195, 202, 203 n42,
Sandt, 224 203, 222, 227, 234, 239, 244, 246,
San Larenzo, monastery of, 304 248, 254, 255, 258, 260, 264, 265,
Satan, 60, 69, 84, 90, 96, 150, 183, 186, 269, 284, 330, 367, 370
190, 230, 236, 244; 159, 163, 185, Scriptures, 24, 115, 125, 129, 140, 143,
196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 370; Church i57> 223, 241, 263, 266, 267, 268,
of, 231, 232, 282; see also Ministry 271
(magisterial Protestantism) Sect, Franck's four "sects," 153 n3i;
Satanas in angelos lucis converses, 84 seeEcclesiology
Sattler,Michael, 31, 40, 136, 138, Sectarians, 27
138 ns, 138 ns, 138 n7, 139 n8, 139 Seeker, 27
ng, 140 ni2, 141 ni3, 142, 143, 143 Seelisch, 124
n2i, 1463 289 Sejiengere, 263
INDEXES 409
Selection, I, 31, 72, 82 137, 182,
1130, Singing, see Liturgy
205, 208 n8, 227, 261; II, 32, 72, Sins, 245, 247, 248
80 1123, 146, 204, 208 ng; HI, 31, Si oportueritj 344
48, 261, 272; IV, 30, 79 ni7, 131 Sirach, 266; Jesus ben, 207
ng, 146, 183, 192 n23, 204, 208 n7, Slavery, 51
272, 275 n6; V, 29, 31, 44 nis, 183, Smuel, Andrew (Dietrich Peterson),
192 n23, 208 n4, 224 n6o, 229 n4, 292
271 05, 275 n6; VI, 31, 40, 137, 146; Socinianism, 24
VII, 33, 39, 87, 204, 208 ni2, 273; Socinians, 20, 21
VIII, 34, 76 mo, 77 ni2, 145, Socinus, Faustus, 23, 24, 36, 292;
198 n33, 204, 212 n2 7, 227, 243 ni6, Laelius, 293
261; IX, 29, 1341114, 145, 152 n27, Sodom, 129, 207, 228
158 1149, *6o n 57> *62, 205, 208 ni5, Sohm, Rudolf, 29
209 ni6, 220 051, 222 n53, 224 n6o, Sola fide, 33
225 n62, 261, 272, 278 ng; X, 39, Solchefigurn gleichnis, 60 n6o
44 nis, 48, 134, 145, 147 ns, 182, Soma, 116
182 ni, 226, 226 m, 262; XI, 31, Son, 21 n3, 180, 238 nio; of God, 50,
42 n4, 77 ni2, 146, 162, 182, 51, 158, 176, 181, 236, 243, 251, 275;
198 n33, 204 ni, 205, 217 n43, 261, of man, 167, 169, 185; of the Most
262, 267 n4; XII, 77 nil, 162, 205, High, 2 38; (second Person of Trinity),
247 my; XIII, 31, 87 1 10,
125, 133, 187, 190, 237, 240,
Self-denial, 146, 155 259, 260
Self-love and love of God, 374, 376 Song, of Solomon, 185 n5, 189 ni 7; of
Seligmacher, 75 Songs, 183
Sendinghe, 207, 210 Songs, spiritual, 75
Sendtbooden, 207 Sonship, 1 80
Sendung, 150 ni8 Soul, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121,
Sermon on John FJ,1
72 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131,
Serpent, 115, 121, 123, 128, 131, 230, 189 ni?
231 South German, 31; Peasant Constitu-
Servant of the Word and of necessities, tion, 78 ni6
see Ministry Spain, 287, 298, 299, 300, 306, 361
Servetus, Michael, 21, 24, 25, 146, Spaltenn, 133
147 n4, 158 1149, 159 nso, 159 n52, Spaltung, 133
162, 288, 292 Spaniard, 159
Seth, 231 Speisen, 152 n26
Shem, 231, 232 Spinoza, Baruch, 318
Shepherd, 234 Spires, Diet of, 46 ni8
Sichard, John, 273 n2 Spirit, 21, 21 n23, 22, 23, 29, 30, 32,
Siena, 304 35, 44 ni2, 50 n8, 52, 53, 55 n32,
Silesia, 161, 163 57 58, 76, 99> I0 5> l 9> Il6 > I2 o
Simeon, 232 127, 129, 130, 131, 144, 145, 146,
Simon Bar-Jonah, 119 150* 152, i54 ? !55> i57 i59 *6o,
Simons, Menno, 31, 36, 77 ni, 162, 160 n5 5,
178, 1 86, 187, 188, 190,
205, 206 n2, 216 n39, 223, 223 n55, 191, 194, 197, 200, 202 n4i, 204,
223 ns8, 224, 247 ni7, 261, 261 ni, 205, 207, 212, 214, 218, 232, 236,
262, 263, 263 n2, 292 241, 242, 243, 245, 255, 257, 258,
Simony, 248 260, 268, 275, 277, 281, 284; (first
Sin, 89, 90, 101, 107, 126, 191, 196, Person of Trinity), 159; of Christ, 51,
199, 225, 235, 242, 249, 251, 265, 52, 53 n23, 67, 194, 195, 200, 276;
115, of God, 62, 96, 98, 117, 118, 122,
276, 281; 50, 91, 92, 93, 104,
121, 122, 123, 126, 127, 131, 170, 124, 127, 150, 192, 198, 199, 202
171, 173, 186, 188, 191, 198, 199, n4i, 244, 254; of the Lamb, 95; of
201, 225, 236, 237, 238, 239, 242, truth (third Person of Trinity), 240
243, 252, 264, 272, 274, 275, 277; Spirit, Holy, 31, 32, 35, 51, 56, 59, 60,
original, 117, 119, 120, 230, 274 ns; 62, 69, 92, 99, 100, 113, 122, 124,
three ways of, 383, 384 150, 154, 156, 166, 172, 175, 197,
Sin, 234 201, 207, 214 n32, 217, 229, 230,
Sinai, 185 n5, 189 ni5, 190 233. 235, 237, 238, 238 nio,
410 INDEXES
Spirit, Holy continued Swabia, 45 ni6
239, 240 nis, 241, 242, 244, 245, Swabian Protestant, 138 113
248, 251, 252, 256, 259, 260, 263, Swear (oaths), 141
264, 265, 266, 268, 271, 300 n8, 311, Swearing, 251
312, 313, 314, 315, 319, 343, 348, Swedenborg, Emanuel, 21 n3
349, 350, 353; of God, 202; (third Swiss Brethren, 30, 39, 41 na, 71, 72,
Person of Trinity), 187, 237, 240, 259 136, 182, 205
Spirit, as whole, 120; has same form Switzerland, 31, 42, 45, 46 m8, 71, 73
as before the Fall, 124, 127; Holy, ns, 138 n3
seven gifts of, 240 013 Sword, see Magistracy; Church and
Spirits, evil, 229 state
Spiritual Franciscans, 27 Sychar, 268
Spiritual knowledge, see Knowledge Symbol, 172
Spiritual pride, 224 Symbols, 242
Spiritual Restitution, 23 1 Synagogue, 282
Spiritualism, 28, 31, 33, 208 nn;
charismatic, 32; contemplative, 204; Tabernacle, 197, 209 ni6, 224 n6o,
Evangelical, 31, 32, 34, 35; rational, 258; of Moses, 188, 190 nao, 209,
33 34> 35> 204; revolutionary, 31, 32, 224
35> 47> 7 J 204; speculative, 33 Tabernacles, feast of, 189, 189 ni6
Spiritualist, 145, 161 ni; contemplative, Table, 178
87; revolution, 22 Tables of money-changers, 67 1187
Spiritualists, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, Tablets of the Law (Miintzer), 79,
29, 30, 32, 113, 161, 162 79 ni8, 84
Spiritualizer, see Spiritualist Taborites, 32
Spiritus, 33,1 1 6, 1 20 ns; sanctus> 33 Tapeinophrosyne, 116
Stadholder, 215 1135 Tapeinosis, 116
Stadler, Ulrich, 31, 36, 261, 272 nr, Tatmar, 151 n2O
273, 274, 274 ns, 275 n6, 276 n8, Tauler,John, 32, 318
279 mo Teacher, see Ministry
Stallan (Schaffhausen), 85 1147 Tempelen, 254
State, see
Magistracy Temple, 152, 154, 155, 188, 190, 197,
Statue, 64 197 n32 s 214, 258; of God, 201; of
Staupitz, Johann von, 27 Solomon, 190 ri2o; spiritual, 190,
Stein, Wolfgang, 47 197; of Zerubbabel, 211
Sterzing, 272 ni Temples, 254
Stettin, 114 Temptation in the wilderness, 189 n 17,
Stiefel, Michael, 85, 85 1146 190
Stillstand, see Suspension, 21 1 n2i Temptations, 189 n 15, 189 ni 6
Stockwell, B. Foster, 351 Ten, Commandments, 376, 377; marks
Stoicism, 273 of the church, 227; tribes, 268
Stone, 51, 53, 53 n23, 63, 64, 65; Teresa de Jesus, Santa, 300, 321 ng
(Christ), 48 Tertullian, 148 n8o
Strassburg, 82, 86 ni, 136, 145, 147, Teufel, Eberhard, 145 ni
147 n4, 148 n6, 156 n4i, 159 nsi, Text, German, 157 n46
160, 209, 210, 211 n22, 212, 221, 222 Thanksgiving, 167, 177
Strauss, Jacob, 47, 78, 78 ni6, 85 Theocracy, Miinsterite, 26, 145, 2*7
Streicher, Helena, 291 Theologia Germanica, 32
Struggle for belief, 349, 350 Theologians, Federal, 133 ni3
Substantiae,117 Theology, Hutterite, 272 ni
Suffering, redemption, 55, 57 1143, 60 Theophylact, Archbishop, 80, 80 1125
n6l, 61, 62, 80, 109, 251, 252, Third, Age of the Spirit, 189 m
5; day,
189, 189 ni 5; heaven, 237
Summation of five types of people, 371 Thomas of Imbroich, 293
Sun, 189 m6; of righteousness, 237 Threefold ministry, 241 n*4
Superstition, 56 n3g Thrice-born, 33
Suso, Henry, 32 Thumb, 242
Suspension of sacramental action, 162, Thummim, 242
211 n2i Thun, 95, 96
INDEXES 411
Thuringia, 208 n6 nio; Juan de, 23, 24, 297, 300, 301,
Thys, Jannetgen, 218 1145 302, 3335> 36> 37> 308, 309,
Timothy, 140, 249 310, 311, 313, 315, 317, 318, 319,
Tithes, opposition to, see
Voluntary 320, 321 ns, 330, 333, 335 n2, 350,
support 35i 354> 368 na, 375 ni4; Juan de
Tobit, 257 (in Dialogue), 357-390
Toe, 242 Valencia, 301 nio
Toledo, 320 Van den Apostelen, 193 n24
Torgau, 158^49 Vatican Council-i87O, 299
Town council, 21 VeechorTer, 254
Tract, XXVI on John VI, 177; LIX, 177 Vega, Garcilaso de la, 304
Transcendentalists, 34 Verbeydinghe, 224 n59
Transylvania, 24 Verbonden, 237
Trencken, 152 1126 Verduin, Dr. Leonard, 36
Trent, Council of, 299, 304 Vergaderinghe, 231
Trijpmaker, John, 209, 209 ni8, 210 Vergerio, Pier Paolo, bishop of Capo
nap, 211, 217 1140 dTstria, 304, 331
Trinity, 20, 21 n3, 124, 258; 181,237, Verleydinge, 224 n59
241 ni4; 24, 33, 146, 158, 159 n53, Vermahnung zum Sakrament des Leibes und
181; Holy, 117 Blutes Christiy 171 nig
Triune Sanction, 241 n*4 Vernacular, 33
Troas, 61 Veraigli, Peter Martyr, 301, 304
Trumpet, 189 ni 5 Veroordnet, 210
Tubingen, 27, 27 nil, 27 ni2, 86 ni, Versammlung, 284 11,19
164, 165 n4; University, 138 n5 Verstandf99
Turk, 150, 1 66, 173 Verstant,234
Turkey, 54^31 Vestment, 77
Turks, 52, 137, 141, 156, 268 Vienna, 298, 303
Twelve, angels, 255, 257; gates, 255, Villena, marquis of, 302
257; tribes, 255, 257, 258 Virgin Mary, 180
"Twice-born," 33, 188 ni4, 272 Visions, 211, 212, 220, 222, 224
Tyrol, 46, 78 n 1 6, 272 n i Voile, 107
Voluntary support of Churches, 78, 151
Vberwunden, 134 Voluntas, absolutas> 132; aversiva, 135;
Ullmann, Wolfgang, 45, 45 ni6 conversiva, 135; revelata, 132
Ulm, 147 n4 Voorganger, 251
TJnarnuno, 335 n2 Vorsteher, 41 n3, 272 ni, 276 n8
Uncleanness, 58 n53 Vos, K., 204 ni
Unction, extreme, 140, 266 Vrtayl, 133
Ungelassenheit, 94 Vulgate, 49 n3, 61 n64 ? 66 n83, 120 n5,
Unitarian, 86 ni 154 n32
Unitarianism, 21 n3, 24, 147 n3
Unitarians, 20 Waldensian brotherhood, 138 n7
United States, 27 Waldensians, 26
Universalism, 95, 100, 102, 146, 150, Walpot, Peter (Peter Scherer), 293
156, 192
Walter of Stoelwijk, 293
Universal salvation, 192 n23 Waltzra, 45
Unrighteousness, 230 War, Civil, 24; holy, 24, 64, 65, 66, 67,
Unzertailig, 180 68, 69, 84, see Saints
Upper, Austria, 208 n6; Rhine, 29 Wassenburg, 145, 220 n5$
Urim, 242 Water bath, 187, 190, 256
Ursula (Joosten), 211 Waterlanders, 262
Usoz, 306, 334 Weber, Max, 27
Usury, 78 ni6 Weigel, Valentine, 33, 34, 88 ns*, 120
" 115, 293
Uytgeboren, geaert ende genatiiert" 267 n3
Weimar, 47
Valde"s, Alfonso, 297,298, 299, 300, Weise, 154 n35
301, 303,
302, 307, 320; don Wends, 114
Ferrando, 302; Hernando de, 301 Wertheim, 78 ni6
412 INDEXES
Western world, 25 243, 243 ni6, 264, 271; of Holy
Wiffen, Benjamin, 298, 298 n3, 300 117, Scripture, 133; of Life, 187, 238, 243
306* 307, 318, 351 ni6, 259; of the Lord, 1713 of Truth,
Wilderness motif (forty days or years), 97, 201
149, 183, 185 n5, 186, 188, 190, 197, Worms, 44 ni4, 208 ns; Edict of, 140
199, 272, 281, 282 ni4; wilderness, ni2
188 ni3, 189 ni6, 189 ni7, 190, 190 Writ, Holy, 247
ni8, 283 Wurtemburg, 136
Will, of Christ, 194, 195, 200; freedom Wyclif, 39
of, 21,86,87,92,
112, 115, 119, 125,
128, 129, 130, 131, 198, 225, 275, Ximenes, Cardinal de Cisneros, 298,
275 n6; freedom of, three wills in 300
man, 112, 117; of God, see God
Yieldedness, see Resignation
Willen, 105
Williams, Roger, 161 ni
Wine, 130, 150, 151, 194, 196, 271 Zacchaeus, 107
Wisdom, 115, 236, 239, 244, 246 Zacharias, 232
Wise, Man, 185; Men, 61 Zeeland, 215 n35
Witch, 66 n8s Zeland, 2 1 2 n2<5
Witchcraft, 264 153 n3O
Wittenberg, 28 1115, 71, 78, 78 ni4, 80, ferstrewen,
erubbabel, 214
85, ii2ni, 147 ns, 162 ZoUikon, 85 1147, 138 ns
Wittenbergers, 33, 158, 159 n49 Zophar, 134
Wolfenbiittel, 138 n3, 143 n2i Zschopau, 33
Wolkan, Rudolf, 41 n3 Zuck, 153 n28
Wolves, 148, 152 Zukherendend unnd A bkherenden, 1 34
Word, inner, 30, 32, 33, 58, 61 1165, Zurich, 27, 28, 28 ni5, 39, 42 n6, 43 n8,
87, 95; Lamb, 95, 95 n7, 160, 194, 44 nio, 45, 45 niy, 46, 71, 73 ns,
I95> 213, 231, 242, 256, 258, 281; see 78 ni5, 82, 82 027, 85 n47, 112 ni,
also Christ, inner 136, 138 n3; text, 157 n45
Word, 42, 43, 50 n8, 52 nig, 54, 67, 74, Zuttere, Peter de, 147 n2
77, 79* 87, 94 99> j o<>> IOI > *o8, 117, Zwickau, 28, 32, 112 ni
118, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, Zwingli, 20, 26, 33, 39, 41, 42, 42 n6,
131, 132, 141, 156, 158, 169, 171, 43 43 n 7> 45, 45 îj, 46, 71, 72,
186, 191, 195, 196, 197, I98,202n4i, 73 ns, 78 nis, 81 n26, 82 n27, 84,
202 n42, 209, 234, 235, 237, 240, 241, 153, 160, 208, 287
242, 244, 247, 248, 255, 257, 258, Zwinglian, preachers, 131 ng; reform,
261, 268, 270, 276; of God, 32, 50, 59, 28; Reforms, 44 ni2; Reformation,
60, 61, 78, 93* 94 101, 106, 107, 42 n4; sect, 153 n3i
Il6, H7, Il8, 121, 122, 124, 140, Zwinglianism, 34
141, 142, 166, 186, 231, 237, 240, Zwinglians, 209, 213, 217
INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS

Bainton, Roland H., 20 n2, 23 n4, Blanke, Fritz, 43 ng, 71 n2
223 n57, 288, 292 Boehmer, Heinrich, 27, 47 ni, 73 n3
Baker, Archibald G., 20 n2 Bornkamm, Heinrich, 161 ni
Barge, Hermann, 88, 89 n3 Bossert, Gustav, Jr., 46 ni8, 78 ni6,
Bax, W., 158, 159 n49 136 ni, 138 ns
Beck, Joseph L., 276 n8 Brandt, Otto H., 47 ni
Becker, B., 23 n4 Bromiley, G. W., 43 n7
Bender, Elizabeth, 136 ni Burrage, H. S., 19 ni
Bender, Harold, 28, 28 ni5, 287, 288,
292, 293 Charles, R. H., 189 nis
INDEXES 4*3
Cornelius, G. A., 26, 73 113. 1202 1142 Neff, Christian, 73 n3
Coutts, Alfred, 86 ni Newman, Albert H., 19 ni
Cramer, S., 147, 148 ns Nichtweiss, Hans, 47, 48 ni
Nicoladoni, Alexander, 147 na
Davidson, G. D., 288 Niebuhr, H. Richard, 21 n3
Dosker, H. E., 19 ni
Dunin-Borkowski, S. von, 158 n49 O'Malley, Charles D., 285, 292
Osgood, Howard, 288
Ecke, Karl, 161 ni
Oyer, John S,, 83 n35
Fellmann, Walter, 88 n2
Peters, Frank, 263 n2
Fosdick, Harry E., 286 Louis D., 213 n3o
Petit,
Friedmann, Robert, 20 n2, 21 03, 36, 206 ns
Pijper, F.,
272 ni, 273 n2
Rauschenbusch, Walter, 73 n3
Hege, Albrecht, 86 ni
mo Rembert, Karl, 147 n2
Hegler, Alfred, 27, 27
Ritschl, Albrecht, 27, 27 ng
Heimann, Franz, 272 ni
Ritter, Gerhard, 23 n4
Hinrichs, Carl, 47 ni, 49 n2
Hinschius, Paul, 273 n2
Hirsch, Emanuel, 161 ni Sachesse, Carl, 80 n25, 112 ni
Holl, Karl, 27, 47 ni Schellhorn, J. G., 147, 148 n2
Horsch, John, 19 ni, 216 n$ 7,261 ni Schelven, A. A. van, 213, 214 n3i
SchifT, Otto, 78ni3
Hulshof, Abraham, 182 ni
Schmid, Walter, 44 nio, 77 n3
Jones, Rufus, 19 ni Schoeps, Joachim, 165 n4
Schubert, Hans von, 273 n2
Jung, Eva Maria, 23 114
Schultz, Selina Gerhard, 161 ni, 162,
Kawerau, Gustav, 84 n42 291, 292
Schwindt, Adolf, 86 ni
Ludwig, 86 ni
Keller,
Kirn, Paul, 47 ni, 73 113 Seeberg, Erich, 161 ni
Kohler, Walther, 138, 139 n3
Simon, Karl, 78 ni3
Smirin, M. M., 47, 48 ni
Kolb, A. B., 147, 148 n2, 228 n2
Smith, C. H,, 19 ni
Krahn, Cornelius, 19 ni, 261 ni
Smith, J. F,, 145 ni
Krieder, Robert, 21 n3
StaufTer, Ethelbert, 137 n2
Kiihler, Walter)., 216 n37
Studer, Gerald, 138, 139 ns
Kiihn, Johannes, 161 ni
Leendertz, W. I., 208 ni3 Theissen,J. S., 215 n35

Lewis, W. O., 131 ng Troeltsch, Ernst, 27, 27 ni2, 28
Lindeboom, J., 26 n6
Linden, Friedrich Otto zur, 182 ni Vedder, Henry C., 112 ni, 287
Littell, Franklin, 19 ni, 29, 137 n2 Verduin, Leonard, 206 n2, 292
Loetscher, Frederick W., 164 n4 Vittali, Otto, 86 ni
Lohmann, Annemarie, 47 ni Vos, K., 213 nsi, 215 n$4, 261 ni
Loserth, J., 112 ni
Wach, Joachim, 161 ni
McNeill, John T., 20, 20 n2 Weber, Max, 27 ni i
Mannheim, Karl } 47, 48 ni Weiss, Frederick L. 3 86 ni, 286, 287
Mau, Wilhelm, 112 ni Wenger, John C., 288, 292
Mellink, A. F., 226 ni Wilbur, Earl M., 19 ni, 292
Meusel, Alfred, 47, 48 ni Wolkan, Rudolf, 274 n3
Meyhoffer, M.Jean, 71 n2 Wray, Frank J., 39 ni
Miiller, Lydia, 274 n3, 276 n8
Muralt, Leonard von, 28 ni5, 44 nio Ziegelschmid, A. J. F,, 41 n3
414 INDEXES
BIBLICAL REFERENCES
INDEXES 415
416 INDEXES
INDEXES 417
INDEXES
INDEXES 419
420 INDEXES
INDEXES 421
7)
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III. Christology of the Later Fathers. Editor: EDWARD ROCHIE

XII. Western Asceticism. Editor: OWEN CHADWICK, Fellow of

XIV. Advocates of Reform: from Wyclif to Erasmus. Editor:

XVIL Luther and Erasmus on Free Will Editor: E. GORDON RUPP,

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The Christian Church possesses in its literature an abundant

DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE RADICAL

III. LETTERS TO THOMAS MUNTZER

IV. WHETHER GOD Is THE CAUSE OF EVIL

VII. A LETTER TO JOHN CAMPANUS

VIII. AN ANSWER TO LUTHER'S MALEDICTION*

XI. THE CHURCH OF GOD

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MATERIAL IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION

WRITTEN BY REPRESENTATIVES OF THE RADICAL

| Translated by Christiaan Theodoor Lievestro.

EVANGELICAL CATHOLICISM AS REPRESENTED

II. ONE HUNDRED AND TEN CONSIDERATIONS

III. THE CHRISTIAN ALPHABET

BRN . Bibliotheca Reformatoria Neerlandica

WA . Weimar Ausgabe, Luther's works

GQR . Goshen College Quarterly Record

This volume comprises a group of sixteenth-century writings

ALL SIDES WE ARE COMING TO RECOGNIZE

i The best general

(London and New York, 1914), some Anabaptists as well as Spiritualists

many of the earliest leaders and converts among the Ana-

pacifistically to the authority of Holy Scripture, pre-eminently

Valdes (to whom a third of this volume is devoted), nevertheless

4 Eva Maria Jung, "Evangelismo," V

Evangelical Rationalism, which is not represented in this

apostolic past and the apocalyptic future, the Radical Refor-

distinction between the Anabaptists and the Spiritualists. Then

tinctively "Protestant." Yet the major Protestant Reformers

6 The term is that of J. Lindeboom, Stiefkinderen van het Christendom (The

time a distinction was drawn between a sect and a church in

It is to a classification and further characterization of the

roughly corresponding variants.

14 The literature is discussed in connection with Thomas Miintzer, Selection

(including the Evangelical Rationalists) and are yet profoundly

We turn now to the three roughly analogous variants of

suffering, of the cross, of the 'bitter Christ," connects him very