Study Material For The Certificate of Fitness Examination G-91 Supervision of Natural Gas Co-Generation System

Revised on 9/21/2015
FIRE DEPARTMENT ● CITY OF NEW YORK
STUDY MATERIAL
FOR THE
CERTIFICATE OF FITNESS EXAMINATION

G-91
Supervision of Natural Gas
Co-generation System
*Note 1:
The G-91 COF is only required for co-generation equipment that (1) Uses
natural gas distribution piping designed for or operated at 15 psig or
greater or (2) utilizes natural gas that is compressed on-site to a pressure
exceeding 6 psig.
*Note 2:
G-29 is part of g-91 exam. It is recommended that g-29 study material be
read and understood prior to taking g-91 exam. G-29 may have sections
which were described in this study material.
INSIDE THIS BOOKLET YOU WILL FIND THE FOLLOWING:
 NOTICE OF EXAMINATION (NOE)

 STUDY MATERIAL
© 10/2013 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ® 1

Table of Contents
NOTICE OF EXAMINATION ..................................................................................... 3
STUDY MATERIAL AND TEST DESCRIPTION ................................................. 8
CERTIFICATE OF FITNESS RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES ............. 10
1. INTRODUCTION TO COGENERATION SYSTEM ...................................... 11
2. PROCESS DESCRIPTION .................................................................................. 13
2.1) COOLING SYSTEMS ...................................................................................... 13
2.2) LUBRICATING (LUBE) OIL SYSTEMS ..................................................... 15
2.3) GAS METER ROOM ....................................................................................... 15
2.4) GAS COMPRESSOR....................................................................................... 18
2.5) GAS TURBINE OR ENGINE ....................................................................... 23
2.6) ELECTRIC GENERATOR .............................................................................. 26
2.7) HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR (HRSG)................................ 27
3. OPERATING PROCEDURES ............................................................................. 29
3.1) STARTUP, OPERATION, AND SHUTDOWN ........................................... 29
3.2) PURGING........................................................................................................... 33
4. MONITORING SYSTEM HEALTH ................................................................... 35
4.1) MANUFACTURER SERVICE CONTRACT AND MANUAL .................. 36
4.2) OPERATOR SURPERVISION....................................................................... 37
5. FIRE SAFETY REGULATIONS ......................................................................... 41
5.1) FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM ........................................................................ 42
5.2) GAS DETECTION SYSTEM ......................................................................... 43
5.3) FIRE EXTINGUISHING DEVICES ............................................................. 48
5.4) EMERGENCY PROTOCOL ........................................................................... 50
6. RECORD KEEPING .............................................................................................. 53
6.1) SHIFT CHANGE OVER ................................................................................. 53
6.2) SAMPLE ROUND SHEET ............................................................................. 53
6.3) SAMPLE LOG BOOK ..................................................................................... 56
7. FDNY INSPECTIONS ........................................................................................... 57

NOTICE OF EXAMINATION
Title: Examination for Certificate of Fitness for Supervision
of Natural Gas Co-generation Systems (G-91).
Date of Test: Written tests are administered Monday through Friday

(except legal holidays) at 2:45PM: by appointment only. Starting
processing time for a test is 2:45 PM. No test will be administered to
applicants who arrive after the 3:00 P.M. To schedule an individual or
group appointment please email [email protected] and/or call 718-
999-1988, 718-999-1986.
TEST SITES: Written tests are conducted at 9 Metro Tech Center,

Brooklyn, NY, 11201.
QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
1. Applicants must be at least 18 years of age.

2. Applicants must have a reasonable understanding of the English
language.
3. Applicant must provide two forms of identification; and at least one
form of identification must be government issued photo
identification, such as a State-issued Driver’s License or Non
Drivers License or a passport.
4. Applicants must present a letter of recommendation from his/her
employer. The letter must be on official letterhead, and must state
the applicant’s full name, experience and the address where the
applicant will work. Letters must also include the type of Co-Gen
system installed in the plant. The owner shall include that this
employee has the appropriate training to operate the equipment
and systems which will be operated.
5. Applicants must submit written evidence of training by the
manufacturer and employer for the specific cogeneration system as
well as safety procedures for the equipment installed at the COF
applicants’ work place(s).
6. Applicants shall hold a high school diploma, GED or equivalent
education.
7. Applicant should have minimum 1 year of full-time experience in
mechanical building or plant systems.
APPLICATION INFORMATION
Application Fees: $25 for originals and $15 for renewals. The fee
may be paid by cash, money order, credit card, debit card or
personal check made payable to the New York City Fire Department.

The $25 fee must be paid by all applicants prior to taking the
Certificate of Fitness test.
Application Forms: Application forms are available at the Public
Certification Unit, 1st floor, 9 Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, NY
11201.
RENEWAL REQUIREMENTS
This Certificate of Fitness must be renewed every THREE YEARS. The

renewal fee is $15. FDNY also reserves the right to require the
applicants to take a re-examination upon submission of renewal
applications.
You will receive a courtesy notice of renewal 90 days before the

expiration date. However, it is your responsibility to renew your
Certificate. It is very important to renew your C of F before it expires.
Renewals submitted 90 days (up to one year) after the expiration date
will incur a $25 penalty in addition to the renewal fee. Certificates
expired over one year past expiration date will not be renewed. New
exams will be required.
To change a mailing address:

 Submit a letter requesting the change of mailing address and a
copy of your C of F with $5.00 fee.
To change a work location,
 Submit a letter from your current employer (on company
letterhead) confirming that you are an employee and stating your
new work location with a copy of your C of F and a $5.00 fee
To request a replacement certificate:
 Submit a driver’s license or passport, social security number,
mailing address and a $5.00 fee.
The certificate can be renewed On-line, by Mail or in Person.

 Renewal online
If you are an individual, make sure you have your 12 digit Certificate of
Fitness Access ID. This can be found on your Renewal Notice. If you do
not have your Renewal Notice, your Access ID is your 8 digit Certificate of
Fitness number and the last four digits of your social security number. If
you are submitting renewals on behalf of a company's employees, the
company must be approved by FDNY and have an 8 digit Company Code.
To request approval, email [email protected].
Renewal fee can be paid by one of the following methods:

 Credit card (American Express, Discover, MasterCard, or Visa)

Debit card (MasterCard or Visa)


E-check

A fee exempted applicants cannot renew online only by mail or in person.
If all the requirements are met, the certificate of fitness will be mailed out
within 10 days.
For online renewal go to: https://a836-citypay.nyc.gov/citypay/FDNYCOF
 Renewal by mail
Mail your Renewal Notice (if you did not receive a Renewal Notice, a copy
of your certificate), along with your fee payment
Personal or company check or money order (made payable to
the NYC
Fire Department)
For fee waivers submit: (Only government employees who will use their C of F
for
their work- related responsibilities are eligible for fee waivers.)
 A letter requesting fee waiver on the Agency’s official
letterhead
stating applicant full name, exam type and address of premises;
AND
 Copy of identification card issued by the agency
and if applicable, supporting documents to:
NYC Fire Department (FDNY)

Cashier's Unit
9 MetroTech Center, 1st Floor
Brooklyn, NY 11201
If all the requirements are met, the certificate of fitness will be mailed out
within four to six weeks.
 Renewal in person
Submit your Renewal Notice (or if you did not receive a Renewal Notice, a
copy of your certificate), along with your fee payment by one of the
following methods:
 Cash
 Credit card (American Express, Discover, MasterCard, or Visa)
 Debit card (MasterCard or Visa)
 Personal or company check or money order (made payable to
the New
York City Fire Department)
For fee waivers submit: (Only government employees who will use their C of F
for
their work- related responsibilities are eligible for fee waivers.)

A letter requesting fee waiver on the Agency’s official letterhead

stating applicant full name, exam type and address of premises;
AND
 Copy of identification card issued by the agency
and if applicable, your supporting documents to:
NYC Fire Department (FDNY)
Cashier's Unit
9 MetroTech Center, 1st Floor
Brooklyn, NY 11201
If all the requirements are met, the certificate of fitness will be issued
the same day.
A convenience fee of 2.49% will be applied to all credit card

payments for original or renewal certificates.
TEST INFORMATION
The G-91 test will consist of 75 multiple-choice questions, administered
on a “touch screen” computer monitor. It is a time-limit test. A passing
score of at least 70% is required in order to secure a Certificate of
Fitness. Call (718) 999-1988 for additional information and forms.
WEBSITE
Please always check for the latest revised booklet at the FDNY website
before you take the test. The Certificate of Fitness Study Material can be
found at the link below:
http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/c_of_f/cof_study_materials.sh
tml
*G-29 IS PART OF G-91 EXAM. IT IS RECOMMENDED

THAT G-29 STUDY MATERIAL BE READ AND
UNDERSTOOD PRIOR TO TAKING G-91 EXAM. G-29 MAY
HAVE SECTIONS WHICH WERE DESCRIBED IN THIS
STUDY MATERIAL.

EXAM SITE: FDNY Headquarters, 9 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY.

Enter through the Flatbush Avenue entrance
(between Myrtle Avenue and Tech Place).

STUDY MATERIAL AND TEST DESCRIPTION

ABOUT THE STUDY MATERIAL
The study material will help the applicant prepare for the written
examination for the Certificate of Fitness for Supervision of Natural Gas
Co-Generation Systems.
This study material does not contain all the information you need to
know to work with a Co-Gen system. It is your responsibility to become
familiar with all applicable rules and regulations of the City of New York,
even if they are not covered in this study material.
ABOUT THE WRITTEN TEST

You must pass a multiple choice test to qualify for the Certificate of
Fitness. A score of 70% correct is required in order to pass the multiple
choice test. All questions on the multiple choice test have four answer
options. Only one answer option is correct for each question. If you do
not answer a question, or if you mark more than one option, your answer
will be scored as incorrect. Read each question carefully before marking
your answer. There is no penalty for guessing on the multiple choice test.
Sample Questions
Which of the following are allowed to be used while taking a

Certificate of Fitness examination at 9 Metro Tech Center?
I. cellular phone
II. study material booklet
III. reference material provided by the FDNY
IV. mp3 player
A. III only
B. I, II, and III
C. II and IV
D. I only
Only reference material provided by the FDNY is allowed to be used

during Certificate of Fitness examinations; therefore, the correct answer
would be “A”. You would touch “A” on the computer terminal screen.

If the screen on your computer terminal freezes during your

examination, who should you ask for help?
A. the person next to you

B. the firefighters
C. the examiner in the testing room
D. the computer help desk
If you have a computer related question, you should ask the examiner in
the testing room; therefore, the correct answer would be “C”. You would
touch “C” on the computer terminal screen.
If you do not know the answer to a question while taking an

examination, who should you ask for help?
A. the person next to you

B. the firefighters
C. the examiner in the testing room
D. you should not ask about test questions since FDNY staff can not
assist applicants
You should not ask about examination questions or answers since FDNY
staff cannot assist applicants with their tests; therefore, the correct
answer would be “D”. You would touch "D" on the computer terminal
screen.
Special Recognition is given to

all parties involved in the
creation of this document
especially LZ Cornell ’16.

CERTIFICATE OF FITNESS RESPONSIBILITIES AND

DUTIES
Certificate of Fitness holders should be aware that they may be required

to demonstrate their knowledge and proficiency in their duties related to
their certificate at the time of original and renewal application, and at
any time Fire Department representatives are conducting an inspection
of the premises. The Fire Department can deny, not renew, suspend or
revoke a certificate for misconduct, which would include the failure of the
certificate holder to properly fulfill his or her duty for any reason.
The Certificate of Fitness holder must keep the Certificate of Fitness

upon his or her person, or otherwise readily available for inspection by
any representative of the Department, at all times while operating or
supervising a Co-Gen plant for which the certificate is required.
In addition to any other penalties provided by law, misconduct on the

part of an applicant or holder of a Certificate of Fitness shall be grounds
for denial, non-renewal, suspension or revocation of a certificate, and
denial of an application for a certificate or the opportunity to take a
certificate examination. Such misconduct includes, but is not limited to:
 The failure of certificate holders to properly fulfill their duties

 Any false and fraudulent conduct in connection with an
application for a certificate or the duties of a certificate holder,
including:
o False or fraudulent statements or submissions
o Unauthorized changes to or use of a certificate or possession
of a fraudulent certificate
o Cheating on an examination
o Impersonating another person or allowing oneself to be
impersonated
 The failure of certificate holders to promptly notify the Fire

Department of any change in the applicant’s or certificate holder’s
residence address, or work location
 Any other conduct that decreases the integrity or reliability of an
applicant or certificate holder
 Compromising the integrity or confidentiality of a Fire Department
examination

ANY NATURAL GAS LEAK SHALL BE REGARDED AS A

SERIOUS HAZARD THAT REQUIRES IMMEDIATE RESPONSE!
1. INTRODUCTION TO COGENERATION SYSTEM

Cogeneration is the process whereby a fuel source, such as natural gas
or liquid fuel, is used to produce both electrical and thermal energy.
Cogeneration operates on a very basic principle: Generating electricity
and producing heat. Cogeneration equipment captures that heat and
uses it to supply hot water, steam, space heating and/or cooling.
Unfortunately, just as any occupation that focuses on working with fuel,

gas, or electricity, a Co-Generation plant may also pose several hazards.
Those hazards, may result in, but not limited to the following:
 Fire
 Explosion
 Asphyxiation
 Dangerous sound levels
 Rotating and moving equipment
 High voltage electricity
 High temperature burns
The owner of the premises must obtain a permit from the NYC Fire
Department prior to the operation of the Co-Gen system. Permit
applications shall be filed with the Fire Department's Bureau of Fire
Prevention at Fire Department Headquarters. The permit application
shall include the completed application form, copy of approved plans and
a copy of the work permit issued by the New York City Department of
Buildings authorizing the installation of Co-Gen system. The Bureau
may require more information should it see the need for it.
*All required Fire Department permits and Certificates of Fitness

must be obtained prior to operation of a Co-Gen system, and the
copies of the permits and Certificate of Fitness forms shall be
CONSPICUOUSLY posted on the premises.
A co-generation system may be comprised of electrical power generation

and distribution, heating, cooling, and control systems. It has numerous
components, and proper safety precautions and operating measures
must be taken by individuals that are working on, and around these
systems. Certificate of Fitness holders have to be diligent and take care
in the operation of these systems to protect the public as well as
themselves, the equipment, and the property around them.

Engine generators in co-generation plants can consist of several types

and sizes. The operators must be familiar with the entire Co-Gen and be
fully trained on the equipment of which they are in charge of and of
which they have obtained the appropriate certificate of fitness for. It is
the responsibility of the owner to provide the proper training.
The operator’s training must include:

 Overview of the Co-Gen with the plant manager, and reviewing
details regarding operation and supervision.
 Sending the Certificate of Fitness holder to the manufacturer for
training, or having the manufacturer/equipment representative on
the premises to provide proper training.
 Familiarity with safety regulations and emergency plans, and how
to access and maintain them.
 Additional training or refresher courses to ensure safe and proper
operations.
Different Co-Gen systems may be comprised of different components;

however, all Co-Gen systems involve the use of common equipments -
such as pumps, valves, filters, turbines, compressors, and generators.
Compressor supplies high pressure

Natural Gas to the Gas Turbine

2. PROCESS DESCRIPTION
2.1) COOLING SYSTEMS

The Co-Gen installations become heated during operation; it is important
that heat is removed by the cooling system. Cooling is crucial to the
system and without this working properly, important components of the
Co-Gen will not be able to operate properly and can result in overheating,
shutdown and potential damage of property. Do not treat a failed pump,
loose parts, noisy belt, unusual vibration, or leaks lightly. Cooling the
machine prevents overheating and increases the efficiency of the system.
The cooling system can be used to cool down cooling media, such as
glycol mix, that cools gas compressor gas, turbine, and the lubricating oil
system. Some systems have additional heat exchangers to help the
cooling.
Typical
Cooling
Water Pumps
2.1.1) Open Cooling System

Cooling may be in the form of an open cooling system, such as a cooling
tower, where make-up water is needed as water evaporates. Make-up
water can be from the river or city water. The water needs to be
chemically treated and tested during every watch. A chemical control and
blowdown system monitors the amount of dissolved solid that
accumulates, which needs to be removed to avoid blocking flow or
impairing operations.
Cooling tower systems should be automatic control “Auto” to ensure the

automatic start and stop of the pumps. Proper water levels must be
maintained in the sumps and systems to prevent damage to
equipment.
2.1.2) Closed loop cooling systems are linked to a cooling tower or a

heat exchanger. They do not require continuous make-up water as the

closed loop water is cooled by an open cooling system or heat exchanger.

Examples include a chiller, dry cooler, or heat exchanger. The cooled
liquid is circulated to cool air or equipment as required. The system is
filled with a water/glycol mixture which is continually circulated. Glycol
is used as anti-freezing agent. When performing maintenance on the
closed loop system, all glycol may be put back into the additional tank
for re-use after it is inspected that it is clean.
Closed loop cooling systems must also maintain proper system pressure,
levels, and pressures and make up systems should be monitored daily to
ensure a safe working system.
2.1.3) Winter Operations of Cooling Systems

Glycol is used as anti-freezing agent to ensure that circulating water does
not freeze. The cooling systems and their sumps are often equipped with
a heater for cold weather operation. Operation of sump heaters and other
controls, such as low water cut off switch, will keep the heater from
operating if the water level is too low to provide cooling to the heating
element.
2.1.4) System flow monitoring

Co-Gen installations have different types of flow control devices such as
circuit setters, flow meters and control valves. Flow rates should be
monitored to ensure proper cooling water flows to system and
equipment. Devices such as circuit setters should be checked every year
to make sure they are properly balanced.
2.1.5) Expansion Tank and System is filled with

water/glycol mix for cooling water. The mixture is set
based upon the coldest operating condition. These
systems are often filled by the mix and pump or dosing
system. Once proper mix is achieved further addition
of water may cause freeze ups in system because of
cold weather conditions. The mixture of glycol in these
systems should be verified before each cold weather
season starts.
The expansion tank is needed to handle the change in

volume of the system as it goes through its
temperature changes and its resultant expansion and
contraction because of changes in specific volume of
fluids. This should NEVER be valved off during the Expansion
operation. Tank

2.2) LUBRICATING (LUBE) OIL SYSTEMS
Lubrication systems deliver controlled amount of lubricant, such as oil,

to multiple, specific locations on a machine, while it is operating at
specific time intervals. This helps reduce friction and wear in the system,
help sealing for gases, exchange heat, prevent corrosion, etc. This allows
lubricant to be distributed evenly across the bearing because it is
injected when it is operating, and allows critical components to be
lubricated more effectively regardless of ease of access, and safely by not
needing manual lubrication. Lube oil gets heated when circulating and
needs to be cooled. Lubrication systems may be found in the gas
compressor, turbine, and other machines.
Lube oil and lube oil filters need to be replaced from time to time, and
smell strongly of gas. It is recommended that the filters and components
are first purges, or be changed at night or at a time when few people will
be alarmed by the smell. Lube oils should be stored properly and away
from combustible or incompatible materials. Lube oil usually comes in
55 gallon cylinders and needs proper protection, such as not being
stored for too long or near electrical rooms. Do not accept lube oil if the
plant has irregular conditions because it might cause a hazard if it is
stored at the plant.
2.3) GAS METER ROOM
The gas meter room contains the gas train

and gas detection system. This is where the
natural gas is piped in from the supplier
and used to run parts of the Co-Gen. The
plant operators have to duty to monitor the
operation of the entire natural gas system
for leaks, maintenance issues, high and low
pressure conditions and ambient methane
levels as indicate by gas detectors. The door
should be properly labeled indicating
hazards.
2.3.1) Gas Train

Example of Warning Sign
outside the Gas Meter
© 10/2013 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ®
Room
15
The gas train is a series of pipes and valves that carry a gaseous fuel
supply from a supplier, such as ConEd, and supplies the fuel to the gas
compressor, and possibly to the duct burner of the Heat Recovery Steam
Generator (HRSG). Depending on the pressure of the natural gas from
the supplier, the fuel supplied to the compressor may be compressed for
the gas turbine, and the fuel supplied to the duct burner may go through
a pressure reducing valve to a lower pressure for supplemental firing.
The main components of the GAS TRAIN include:

 Filter, which filters the gaseous fuel for small particles or
excessive liquid to protect delicate parts and prevent
clogging.
 Meter, which reads the amount of gas coming in from the
supplier.
 Shut-off valves, which shut off the gas supply in case of
system malfunction or when a detector or alarm activate.
There are manual and automatic shut-off valves. These
valves must be clearly labeled.
 Meter By-pass valve, when fuel bypasses the gas meter
during maintenance and the amount of gas used is not
recorded. Operations on this component can only be
performed by the gas supplier.
 Vent valve, which is used to relieve gas build-up. It is
extremely hazardous for large quantities of gas to be released
into the atmosphere. Appropriate precautions must be taken
to limit the gas that is released into the atmosphere. The
operator must be aware of the vent location, vent rate, and
impact on the environment to avoid creating a nuisance and
hazardous conditions.

A Gas Train in a Gas Meter Room
2.3.2) Gas Detection System
The NYC Building Code requires that any gas line above 15psi be routed
through a machinery room be doubled walled and the annular space be
monitored for gas. This pipe-in-pipe system measure is for an emergency.
In case there is ever a pipe rupture, it is designed to resist potential gas
explosions. Natural gas system sensors in the plant need to monitor the
air for hazardous concentrations of natural gas near the LEL, where
ignition and explosion would occur. Both the pipe-in-pipe and ambient
air system sensors are installed to act as a warning device(s) and
shutdown control sensors.
Gas detection system for the Co-gen plant shall

be installed in accordance with and operated
with approved applicable standards and codes
specific to each site. Gas detection systems
must be maintained and monitored on a
regular basis. Operators must be familiar
with the procedures for identifying and
responding to gas alarms. The detectors
must be calibrated quarterly, semi-annually
or annually based upon manufacturer’s
recommendations and as stated in the
Cogeneration approval letter issued by the
FDNY to the owner of the high pressure gas
facility.
Gas Detectors

2.4) GAS COMPRESSOR

The purpose of a gas compressor is to
increase the pressure of the natural gas
delivered to the combustor of the turbine.
The gas feeding into the gas compressor
comes from the gas train. There are
different types of compressor depending on
the manufacturer and the machine model
for different installation requirements and
needs. Examples include centrifugal, axial,
reciprocating, rotary compressors. The
compressor compresses the gas to a psi
required by the turbine or engine.
Compressing the gas will increase the temperature, therefore, proper
cooling may be required. Proper Example of Warning Sign
lubrication is needed as well. outside the Gas
Compressor Room
It is also important to know that the
compressor room shall have the
appropriate signs indicating high pressure
gas, with proper noise-reducing and explosion withstanding doors.

Gas Compressor Room

Gas Compressor Room
2.4.1) Components of the Gas Compressor Room
The inlet expansion tank on the inlet is where the gas enters the
compressor via the pipeline from gas supplier such as Con Ed. This
allows for sufficient supply of gas to the compressor on start up and to
collect any moisture that might be in the gas as it enters the system.
The suction scrubber removes particulates and condensable liquids in

the gas line before the gas enters the gas compressor.
Inlet and outlet valves allow gas to enter and exit the compressor.
They are held open by air pressure. If there are any issues, the valves
will cycle closed. They are a fail-close valve; so any break in power to the
air solenoids or air lines also closes the valves.
Slide Valve is part of the internal workings of the compressor. It is part

of the casing that slides back and forth under the discharge end of the
compressor to change the volume ratio of the machine. That allows the
unit to compress more or less volume as needed by the system.

Recycle valve controls outlet gas pressure by recycling gas back to the
inlet of the gas compressor. This is done to control the outlet gas
pressure of the compressor skid to the turbine.
Vent Valve is a valve that should only be opened in emergency

situations where venting the gas off the compressor is necessary. The
vent valve is installed as a venting device for the skid, located a safe
distance away from building openings. It is extremely hazardous for large
quantities of gas to be released into the atmosphere. Appropriate
precautions must be taken to limit the gas that is released into the
atmosphere. This valve can only be opened if the main gas valve is off,
and the compressor is not running, usually during maintenance. The
operator must be aware of the vent location, vent rate, and impact on
theenvironment to avoid creating nuisance and hazardous conditions.
Vent valves may be provided with flame arrestors.
Discharge Separator Tank on Outlet of Gas Compressor

The discharge from the gas compressor is a mixture of gas and lube oil.
The gas is separated from oil by means of a filter, such as a coalescing
filter. If oil starts to carry over it becomes an issue for the turbine, and
the filter needs to be checked. The filter in the separator should be
changed in accordance to the manufacturer’s instructions. When
changing filters, the filter may have a strong smell of natural gas. Gas
cooler may be used to reduce the temperature of the gas enough to drop
out any oil that is still left in suspension at the coalescing filter. The
bottom half of this tank is the oil reservoir for the system. This oil level
must be monitored frequently. Oil is pushed by gas pressure through the
cooling system, the filters, and then back into the compressor. An after
cooler may be used to reduce the temperature of the gas, which is
heated up during compression, and to squeeze out any water that may
be in the natural gas pipe line from the gas supplier.

A Gas-Lube Oil Monitoring Oil Level in

Separator Separator Tank
2.4.2) Gas Compressor Enclosure Gas Detection System and Fire

Detection Systems
All gas compressor enclosures are considered hazardous areas. The

electrical area classification is typically a Class 1 Division 2 hazard. This
classification requires explosion proof fixtures and controls. Great care
should be taken not to disturb the electrical or control wiring, boxes or
lighting fixtures. Natural gas should never be introduced into the system
when any of these systems are open or under maintenance. Any
maintenance of these systems requires an approved NFPA 56 “Gas Purge
out and Purge in” procedure. Maintenance of the flame, fire and gas
detection services are required to be kept in good working order in line
with manufacturer’s recommendations. Equipment operators shall be
aware and keep up to date on all operating and maintenance
requirements of all equipment within system.
Turbine-generators enclosures usually have a suppression system (CO2,

water-mist) installed. Suppression system plays an important role if a
fire or gas is detected. If the fire detection system is activated, the unit
shuts down and the valves shut.

2.5) GAS TURBINE OR ENGINE

A gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that operates with rotary
motion. Gas turbines are essentially composed of three major
components: air compressor, combustor, and power turbine. In the
compressor section, ambient air is drawn in and compressed from the
ambient pressure. It is directed to the combustor section where
compressed natural gas is introduced, ignited, and burned. The
combustion produces a fireball of energy that rotates the turbine, which
powers the generator and produces electricity.
Sometimes, an engine converts energy to useful mechanical motion, such

as a reciprocating engine. The mechanical energy then powers to the
generator to produce electricity. Examples include an internal
combustion engine, a steam engine, or Stirling engine. The internal
combustion engine works similar to a gas turbine by combusting fuel
and air to produce high-temperature and high-pressure gases that have
energy to move a piston or turn a power turbine. The steam engine uses
steam, such as those produced in the Heat Recovery Steam Generator or
boiler, to produce mechanical motion. An example would be the steam
turbine. The operations of steam turbines are performed under a
steam operator’s license because of high pressure steam.
The gas turbine, or engine, is loud, hot, contains flammable and

hazardous gases, and rotates at very high speeds. Proper enclosure and
warning signs shall be posted to indicate the hazard, shut-off devices,
and safety and emergency protocol. Safety monitoring devices must be in
working order.
Exhaust ducts can reach high temperatures, which would cause severe
burns and injuries if touched; it can also cause fires if in contact with
combustible and flammable material. The duct outlets shall be allowed to
discharge the hot exhaust gases. Keep in mind that the hazard from
leaks and exhaust gases may
cause carbon monoxide
poisoning and burns. Warning
signs shall be posted to
instruct where it is dangerous
and precautions must be
taken. The integrity of the high
temperature insulation around
the exhaust ducts penetrating
walls or roofs shall be verified
periodically.
Exhaust Duct at a Co-
Generation Plant

Basic Component of a Gas Turbine
Air Compressor
The compressor takes in outside air,
filters it, and then compacts and
pressurizes the air molecules through
a series of rotating and stationary
compressor blades.
Combustor
In the combustor, compressed fuel is
added to the pressurized air
molecules and ignited. The heated
molecules expand and move at high
velocity into the turbine section.
Power Turbine
The turbine converts the energy from
Single Shaft Gas Turbine the high velocity gas into useful
rotational power though expansion of
the heated compressed gas over a
series of turbine rotor blades.
Output Shaft & Gearbox

Rotational power from the turbine
section is delivered to driven
equipment through the output shaft
via a speed reduction gearbox. The
mechanical energy will connect to a
generator which produces electricity.
Exhaust
The engine’s exhaust section directs
the spent gas out of the turbine
section and into the HRSG. Exhaust
ducts can reach high temperatures,
cause fire if in contact with
combustible material, and hazardous
leaks can cause gas poisoning.

2.5.1) Engine or Turbine Enclosure
All gas engines enclosures are considered hazardous areas. The electrical
area classification is typically a Class 1 Division 2 hazard. This
classification requires explosion proof fixtures and controls. Great care
should be taken not to disturb the electrical or control wiring, boxes or
lighting fixtures. Natural gas must never be introduced into the system
when any of these systems are open or under maintenance. Any
maintenance of these systems requires an approved NFPA 56 “Gas Purge
out and Purge in” procedure. Maintenance of this flame, fire and gas
detection services are required to keep in good working order in line with
the manufacturer’s recommendations. Equipment operators shall be
aware and keep up to date on all operating and maintenance
requirements of all equipment within system.
Turbine Generators enclosures usually have a suppression system (CO2,

water-mist) installed. A suppression system plays an important role if a
fire or gas is detected. If the fire detection system is activated, the unit
shuts down and the valves shut.
Gas Turbine-Generator
Enclosure

2.6) ELECTRIC GENERATOR
In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts

mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator allows electric
current to flow through an external circuit. The source of mechanical
energy may be an internal combustion or turbine engine. Generators
provide nearly all of the power for electric power grids. Some Co-Gen
systems also may have steam turbines which also add generation
capacity to the overall system.
The generator is located at one of the ends of a turbine. The generator

looks like a cylinder shaft and is made of metal, usually copper, with cut
forces of electrical field. The turbine’s rotary mechanical energy spins the
rotor. The rotor spins around a magnetic coil, which produces a
magnetic field, and generates electricity. The electrical energy connects to
the power grid and is used to power the building load. The amount of
electricity generated is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), and can be
read from the control screen near the generator and in the control room.
Generally, the gas turbine and generator are put together in an enclosure
with fire and gas detection, alarm, and suppression systems. The
enclosure is protected by with carbon dioxide suppression system and
the fire alarm system is set on “auto”, so the detection and alarm system
is ready to activate at any sign of danger. The enclosure of the gas
turbine-generator may be opened only to check the inside of the unit
when the fire detection panel is on “inhibit” to prevent discharge of CO2
into the enclosure. The operator should be aware of asphyxiation if CO2
is discharged. Asphyxiation is when someone suffocates and is unable to
breathe normally because of a depletion of oxygen.
Voltage of most systems is either 208V, 480V or 5kv to 15kv levels based
upon the systems to which they are connected. All electric voltages are
dangerous and should only be operated by trained personnel. Circuit
breakers must be installed to electrically isolate a component of the Co-
Gen for maintenance, or during overload or short circuiting.

2.7) HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR (HRSG)
Exhaust heat and gas

recovered from the HRSG Diagram
turbine is used to
supply hot water,
steam, space heating
and even cooling. Often,
the heat is used for a
boiler, where hot water
is heated up for heated
water or steam. The
HRSG is similar to a
boiler and is located at
the end of the exhaust
duct of the turbine.
Duct Burner
If the system is producing a large
volume of exhaust heat, the exhaust
itself may be used to heat up water. If
there is not enough heat, a duct
burner uses additional fuel from the
gas train or other gaseous fuel for
supplemental firing to provide
additional thermal energy. A damper
is usually found near the duct burner
to regulate the flow of air, and direct
the exhaust heat and gas to the HRSG. Duct Burner Gas Train
The water drum is a basin of water on the bottom of the HRSG. There
are tubes connecting the water and steam drum, and absorption of heat
from the exhaust and duct burner produces steam when water reaches
the steam drum. The water level should be monitored, and have chemical
and blow down control. Mud, dissolved solids, and other particles from
the water and steam drum may collect at the mud drum.
The steam drum collects steam as the water boils and evaporates it to
the top of the HRSG. The steam from the boiler may be used for hot
water, driving a steam turbine to produce more electricity, a steam-
driven chiller for cooling, etc. The steam may be superheated into dry

steam, where pressure and heat is applied to dry out wet steam, which
has more energy.
The operations of the HRSG are performed under a boiler or steam
operator’s license because of high pressure steam.
An economizer may be used to reduce energy consumption. It takes the

heat at the end of the boiler that is too low to make steam out and uses it
to heat up the incoming feed-water.
The breeching and stack is a channel,

vertical pipe, chimney, or similar structure
through which combustion product gases
called flue gases are exhausted to the
atmosphere. It may consist of pipes
throughout a building system until it
directs the flue gases to a proper place to
be released. Flue gases are produced when
natural gas or any other fuel
is combusted in a HRSG, boiler, turbine,
or engine.
The operator needs to walk the system

periodically to detect leaks of flue gas in
the breeching, which may cause CO
poisoning.
Heat Recovery
Steam Generator

3. OPERATING PROCEDURES
The operators must be familiar with the entire Co-Gen and be fully
trained on the equipment that The operators must be familiar with the
entire Co-Gen and be fully trained on the equipment of which they are in
charge of and of which they have obtained the appropriate certificate of
fitness for. It is the responsibility of the owner to provide the proper
training.
Each Co-Gen plant has its own Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
regarding startup, operation, maintenance, shutdown, detection systems,
and purging. At least one copy of the operating and maintenance
instructions for the Co-Gen systems, and approved plans should be
available on the premises. The plant manager will train the Certificate of
Fitness holder on how to specifically operate for the plant. The operating
procedures must be on-site, with copies in the control room, and the
Certificate of Fitness holder has to be knowledgeable regarding them and
strictly follow the procedures.
3.1) STARTUP, OPERATION, AND SHUTDOWN

The following are sample startup, operation, and shutdown procedure
that the Certificate of Fitness holder must know and for which the holder
must be responsible for. These procedures are to ensure that
components are working before starting up, operating normally, and
slowly shutdown in a series of steps to prevent damages to machines.
Improper procedures will incorrectly run the machines are likely to
create a hazardous environment.
(*DISCLAIMER: Operating procedures are different for different Co-
Gen plants. Follow the instructions of the plant manager for each
specific plant.)
3.1.1) Sample Cooling System Procedure

Startup:
1. Ensure the cooling towers and make-up water system is operating
2. Close the electric breakers to allow electricity to power the cooling
system.
3. Set the variable frequency drive (VFD), which is an adjustable-
speed drive by varying frequency and voltage depending on the
amount of cooling needed, on “Auto”.

4. Open heat exchanger valves for select heat exchanger to allow

cooling water to circulate to that component.
5. Start pump and confirm water flow. Set pump to “Auto”.
During normal operation, the pumps will be set in “auto”. The lead pump
will regulate the amount of make-up water, but this may also be
controlled by the operator in the control room. The temperature of the
water will depend on how heated the Co-Gen becomes and how
effectively the cooling tower is removing heat. During the operation, the
alarm should be monitoring for pump discharge pressure, and supply
temperature and notify the operator of cooling conditions.
Normal shut down:

When shutting down the cooling system, ensure that no Co-Gen
equipment requires cooling. Then, terminate pump operation from
variable frequency drive, and put the breakers back on.
3.1.2) Sample Gas Compressor Procedure

Startup:
1. Record the date and time in the record keeping documents.
2. Ensure that all parts are cleared and unblocked and show no signs
of wear or leak.
3. Turn power panel on and ensure the gas compressor motor is
ready.
4. Verify lube oil, main motor, unit alarm, unit shutdown, and recycle
valve is on and ready.
5. Make sure all input and outputs are confirmed.
6. Test to make sure all permissive are met as per checklist and
shutdowns are working.
7. Start the lube oil system. It may shutdown if pressure is incorrect
or does not reach the right pressure within a specified amount of
time.
8. Turn on gas compressor when ready. Operating hours will be
logged.
Normal shut down:

Reduce the input and output of the gas amount and pressure. Slowly
shutdown the recycle valve, then shut down the gas compressor unit.

Sample Startup Procedure Checklist
3.1.3) Sample Gas Turbine-Generator Procedure

Startup:
1. Record the date and time in the record keeping documents.
2. Inspect gauges, air inlet system for obstructions, oil tank levels,
lube oil filters, lube oil system for leaks, gas fuel system for leaks,
and all pipes and hoses for wear or leaks.
3. Confirm all blocks and tags removed, and alarm checks are
cleared.
4. Make sure the compressed air system, HRSG, generator, and
cooling system are connected and in service.
5. Close the electric breaker and start the gas turbine-generator unit.
Start the combustor. Slowly warm-up and increase fuel firing
pressure. Monitor unit acceleration, temperature, and load.
Operating hours will be logged.
Checklist:
 Verify support systems are functioning as per checklist
o For alternating current (AC) Motor Control Center, the main
source of electric energy:

Verify: control panel on, transfer breaker on, lube oil


vent on, lube package heat on, lube oil pump on, lube
oil vapor extractors on, electrical package HVAC on, all
turbine enclosure vent fans, air compressor on, fuel oil
flow dividers off, generator space heater on
o For direct current (DC) Motor Control Center, the backup
source of electric energy:
 Verify: battery charger on, control panel board on,
emergency lube oil pump on
 Verify Fire Protection and Detection System
 Mechanical Checks:
o Verify overspeed trip switch is in function
o Verify lube oil reservoir level and pressure, and lube oil filter
pressure, and lube oil system bearing pressure, as indicated
by pressure gauge
o Verify ambient temperature
 In the starting package:
o Inspect for oil leaks
o Verify turning gear of the turbine is operating and rotating at
a proper speed
 At the generator:
o Inspect Lube oil, fuel gas, and fuel oil piping for leakage
o Verify generator parts are on, such as the exciter.
 Turbine Enclosure:
o Inspect enclosure for irregular conditions
o Ensure access doors are closed
Normal shut down:

Stop the system and open the circuit breaker. Cool down the system
slowly and stop introducing fuel and combustion ceases. The unit slows
down and stops logging operating time. A post-lubrication may be
performed.
3.1.4) Sample Heat Recovery Steam Generator Procedure
Startup:
1. Ensure that all parts are cleared and unblocked and show no signs
of wear or leakage.
2. Fill the steam and mud drum, and open all vents and drain lines.
Fill with water at an increasing rate until it reaches desired water
level.
3. Start the gas turbine at its minimal rate, and slowly increase.
4. Duct burner can be started accordingly.

5. Make-up water, chemical feed and sampling system, mud drum

condensate system, blow-down control and lube oil system is
working and monitoring the system.
6. The heated steam and water may be used for heating or boiling
water elements in the building.
7. Optional: Steam turbine generator may be turned on and ready for
steam from the HRSG to produce electricity.
Normal shut down:

Press the shutdown button and slowly reduce load on the HRSG and
produce less steam. Shut off duct burner and reduce the load on the gas
turbine. A post purge and clean out of the HRSG may be performed.
3.1.5) Sample Gas Detection System Procedure

Startup and Operation:
1. Confirm power supply to chargers and panels.
2. Calibrate detectors per manufacturer’s recommendation and FDNY
Letter of Approval.
3. Observe the gas detector panel is powered and operating.
4. Confirm no system or detector errors are present.
The gas detection system is to remain active and powered, and support
the entire plant, at all times. The system must be checked and the
detectors calibrated per manufacturer’s recommendations. It is
connected to the fire alarm panel, emergency power, and battery backup
system. The fire alarm panel may connect to output devices such as gas
valves, fan, dampers, and inlet air and shut them down in case of a
serious alarm. Visual inspections must be conducted at least once per
shift.
If there are supervisory or trouble signals, observe the gas detection

panel and find out which detectors are in alarm. Acknowledge the alarm
and investigate the cause of the alarm and try to clear it. If an irregular
condition persists, log it in the log book and bring it to the plant
manager’s attention. Confirm appropriate fans are running, take
remedial action, and evacuate area if levels of natural gas or CO continue
to rise. Once levels of gas have returned to normal, observe the detectors
are working, and reset the gas detection panel, fire alarm system, and
gas valve (if gas valve shutdown has occurred).
3.2) PURGING
3.2.1) Natural Gas Piping Operations and Purging

It is dangerous to introduce natural gas into the piping systems and

components when the system is filled with oxygen from the air. An
explosion may result when a certain concentration of natural gas and
oxygen mixes. During initial start up and taking the system out of
service, natural gas piping is purged with inert gas or nitrogen
throughout the system to displace all the oxygen in the pipes.
During startup, nitrogen is fed into one end of the system and the
concentration coming out of the other end must be tested to ensure that
little or no oxygen remains in the system (less than about 8% oxygen).
Then, the gas valves may be opened to introduce natural gas into the
system, and the concentration of methane is tested, for about a
concentration of 98%, and allow normal operation of the Co-Gen.
When taking the system out of service, the opposite procedure occurs
and nitrogen is introduced into the pipes to remove natural gas.
Whenever there is a filter, a purge may be performed prior to removing
the filter to remove natural gas odor. For example, filters in the gas
compressors may be purged before the filters are changed to prevent
strong natural gas odor from being released to the atmosphere or
affecting people in surrounding area.
The gas purge in and purge out requirements are outlined in NFPA 56,
and each Co-Gen plant has a NFPA 56 required purge in/purge out
procedure specific to each site. A licensed engineer writes the procedure
and the Certificate of Fitness holder is responsible for knowing the
procedure.
3.2.2) Combustible Flue Gas Operations and Purging

The vent valves, bypass, and stacks are open during startup and closed
before normal operation. During shutdown, natural gas and unburned
fuel in the system are safely purged and vented out before the system
completely shuts down and is exposed to oxygen in the air again.
This purge of components for the boiler or the HRSG, may be performed
during operation or after shutdown to purge out flue gas or remove
unburned fuel from gas piping. After the fuel gas valve shuts, the
ventilation fans are run, the flue gas is purged into a furnace or runs
through a stack. Usually, the purge of combustible flue gas is for a
duration of 6 times, or at least 5 minutes.
The combustible and boiler system hazard codes are outlined in NFPA
85, and each Co-Gen plant has a NFPA 85 required combustible flue gas
operation and purging procedure specific to each site. A licensed

engineer writes the procedure and the Certificate of Fitness holder is

responsible for knowing the procedure.
4. MONITORING SYSTEM HEALTH
The Certificate of Fitness holder should periodically conduct a visual

inspection of the whole Co-Gen system. Such inspections should be
conducted as frequently as needed to ensure safe operation. Premises
should be inspected daily for signs of equipment malfunction and
gas leaks. There shall be a 24-hour monitoring system (automatic
and manual systems). There must be at least 1 operator on site at all
times throughout the 24-hour day. All of the holders are required to
perform functions which involve monitoring and maintaining the
Co-Gen systems health. Diagrams of the Co-Gen and signs must be
posted at conspicuous locations and control room, and indicate
hazards, safety protection systems and egress.
All equipment that is connected for use but not in use, including the
outdoor gas service line shut-off valve (curb valve or gas supply hatch),
should be inspected at least once every day. The Certificate of Fitness
holder should ensure that all gas piping, appliances and equipment are
in a safe condition and are in proper working order. They should be
maintained and operated safely and in compliance with the prescribed
installation requirements.
The manufacturer or qualified service personnel should be notified of any

irregular situations and be consulted promptly when additional
information is needed on site. The Certificate of Fitness holder MUST
NOT attempt to perform any repairs to the systems that they are
not qualified to maintain or without plant manager’s approval. The
equipment must be serviced and/or repaired by a representative of the
manufacturer, an authorized professional by the plant manager or by
governing entities, or manufacturer-trained maintenance crew in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Regular preventive maintenance is highly recommended. Regular

preventive maintenance reduces the need for system shutdown, which
plants try to minimize because it stops producing energy and is costly to
startup and shutdown again. When performing maintenance, the
enclosure doors should not only be opened after disabling the CO2
system or properly shutting down the unit. Hot surfaces, high voltage,
and rotating machinery can cause serious injuries or death. The
maintenance procedure of required preventive maintenance, frequency of

completion, and the responsible party (plant maintenance staff or

vendor) should be maintained within the plant.
At least one copy of the operating and maintenance instructions for the
Co-Gen systems, and approved plans should be available on the
premises. A copy of the recommended preventive maintenance program,
recommended by the manufacturer, shall be available on the premises.
The recommended preventive maintenance schedules document required
preventive maintenance, frequency of completion, and the responsible
party (plant maintenance crew or vendor) should be kept in the plant. A
maintenance summary sheet shall document the actual maintenance
work performed, who performed the work, and other relevant
information.
4.1) MANUFACTURER SERVICE CONTRACT AND MANUAL

Manufacturer service contract and manual must have:
 Regular service and emergency contact information, including
names and phone numbers of the service providers.
The Certificate of Fitness holder should establish and maintain an

efficient method of contact in case of emergency, and should keep a
direct dialogue with the authorized service personnel. All the information
should be current and accurate.
The manufacturer of the Co-gen equipment should establish a

recommended schedule of preventive maintenance program for each
model. The preventive maintenance program should include the
manufacturer recommended service intervals, and specific
responsibilities for the manufacturer and for the end-user (Certificate
of Fitness holder).
The service contract for major system equipment must be valid for
throughout the use and service of the equipment.

4.2) OPERATOR SURPERVISION
Example of Parameters Monitored Under the Operator’s Supervision
Operator supervision and maintenance of the system equipment and

parts are required and should be performed at established intervals. The
recommended intervals vary for different environmental and operating
conditions, and depend on hours of operation. The local environment and
location, operating conditions and practices, equipment installed, and
the availability of skilled technicians must be carefully considered in
establishing a maintenance plan. Preventive maintenance at specific
intervals minimizes corrective maintenance or hazardous conditions. The
operator must read the operation, maintenance, startup and system
manuals and become familiar with the control systems.
Checks are performed during regular intervals throughout the day, and
readings such as temperatures and pressures of system components
must be noted and recorded during rounds in a log sheet. The daily
activities must be summarized in a plant log book, their daily status of
the Co-Gen noted and monitored. The FDNY recommends that the log
book record the hours of operation of the equipment to account for the
routine maintenance and repairs that have to be performed. More
detailed inspections and maintenances occur monthly, semi-annually, or
annually, those inspections involve checking protection systems,
ensuring optimum performance, cleanliness, and may require
disassembly of subsystems or system shut-down.
OPERATORS MUST PERIODICALLY MONITOR THE C0-GEN AND

PERFORM OPERATIONAL AND MAINTAINENCE CHECKS FOR THE
FOLLOWING, BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO:

(*DISCLAIMER: Different Co-Gen systems may have different

maintenance schedules to ensure safe and proper operation. Follow
the instructions of the plant manager for each specific plant.)
4.2.1) General Checks

 Original installation of the plant cannot be modified until approved
by proper agencies, such as the Department of Buildings and the
FDNY.
 Ensure that areas with ventilation and exhaust fan be
continuously ventilated, the area around machine has proper
clearance, and that the ventilation of gas from a valve is at a safe
level.
 Ensure that the area, doors, pipes, enclosures, and machineries
are secured and have correct and clear labels and warning signs,
such as indicating high pressure gas, shut-off valves, or emergency
protocol and egress.
 Ensure that materials with flammable, incompatible, or hazardous
nature are not near each other or near operating machinery, such
as O2 in pipes carrying natural gas or smoking nearby.
 Ensure that alarms, detectors, system flow controls, warning and
shutdown devices are in working order and are calibrated
according to manufacturer’s instructions, and maintained in
compliance with safety regulations.
 Inspect pipe, valves, pumps, and ducts for integrity, leaks, proper
function, or insulation.
 Check for possible seal failure; for certain failures, indicators may
be gas leaks, hot spots, or casing discoloration.
 Be alert for any unusual operating conditions, such as excessive
vibration, smell of gas, overheating, or other signs of system wear
or malfunction.
 Defective electronic components, lighting, and control system must
be replaced, properly repaired, or switched to backup system;
hazards may be presented by exposed electrical wires, etc.
 Check for corrosion, erosion, or deposits in piping.
 Pressure, temperature, water level, oil level, flow rate reading of
components throughout Co-Gen need to be recorded and irregular
readings must be investigated.
 Ensure that lubricating oil system is functional, with proper
circulation of oil, oil makeup system, oil quality and filters, lube oil
level, and cooling. Lube oil must be stored properly away from
incompatible materials, not be stored for too long, and be properly
stored away from electrical rooms.
 Cooling water level and quality needs to be controlled. Water must
not freeze up during cold-month operations.

 Floors must be cleaned from spills and not slippery or obstructed.
4.2.2) Gas Compressor Checks:

 Filter and lubrication oil is clean and replaced periodically.
 Coalescing elements in the inlet suction scrubber and the
discharge separator are clean and changed periodically.
 Proper inlet and outlet pressures in parts of a gas compressor.
 Irregularly strong gas smell or excessive vibration of machinery
must be inspected.
Irregular conditions:
 If gas valves fail-open, there is a potential for fire in the Co-Gen or
nearby buildings. Gas and fire detection system will alarm.
 If the cooling system tube fails, natural gas can flow into the
cooling water system and go to the boiler room and cause a
potential explosion. Vent the gas to a safe location.
 If the lube oil cooler tube fails, lube oil can flow into cooling water
and cause potential pressure increase. Verify the valves and
contact the manufacturer if a compressor shutdown is needed.
 If there is a leak in a pipe or fitting, this can result in flammable
vapor accumulation or fire. Enclosure must be ventilated and gas
detector can cause an alarm and a trip.
 High level of water in supplied natural gas to be compressed could
increase wear because of water reducing lubrication. Excessive
water also reduces combustion efficiency when compressed gas is
supplied to the turbine. Ensure the gas filter and suction scrubber
remove water and excessive moisture. This can all cause an alarm
and a trip.
 Make sure that the flow is consistent and proper. Loss of cooling
can result in excessive vibration or overheating. Insufficient oil flow
can result in damage to bearings or high oil temperature. This can
all cause an alarm and a trip.
4.2.3) Turbine or Engine, and Generator Unit Checks:

 Air systems shall be obstructed and uncontaminated.
 Filter needs to be replaced as needed.
 Monitor and record fuel pressure and readings.
 Inspect igniter torch or combustor for cracks, overheating, or wear.
 The gas turbine-generator enclosure is secured, with fire and gas
protection system working properly.
 Control panel working and is set on auto. Set it on “inhibit” only
when opening the gas turbine-generator enclosure for checks, and
set it right back to “auto” to turn the fire detection and CO2
suppression system back on.
 Verify load and amount of electricity and heat produced.
 Circuit breakers are in proper working order, and cut off electricity
if overloading or short circuiting occurs, or electrically isolate a
system component for maintenance.
 Integrity of the exhaust duct must be maintained. It discharges hot
exhaust gases, and appropriate sign and insulation must be
installed to prevent hot temperature burns and carbon monoxide
poisoning.
Irregular conditions:
 Emergency shutdown must be activated in case of emergency,
such as severe gas leak or loss of turbine speed control. Unload
generator and engine shuts down with no cool down cycle.
 If there is gas detection or overpressure reading in turbine or
boiler, there may be a potential for fire. Gas and fire detection
system will alarm, exhaust ventilate will increase to the maximum,
and gas compressor inlet and outlet valves will shut down.
 If there is a discharge of CO2 while someone is inside the turbine
enclosure, there may be potential asphyxiation. Deactivate the
CO2 system, and lock the discharge valve between the CO2 supply
and the enclosure.
 Ensure that the flow is consistent. Loss of cooling can result in
excessive vibration or overheating. Insufficient oil flow can result in
damage to bearings or high oil temperature. This can all cause an
alarm and a trip.
4.2.4) Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) Checks:

 Monitor the feed-water system, such as water chemistry and
quality, total dissolved solids, and water level.
 Duct burner operating at correct parameters and temperature,
gas-fuel system is working properly and clean.
 Note the:
o Amount of total dissolved solids in concentrations;
o Water drum and steam drum water level;
o Control lines and filters;
o Excessive soot, deposits, or signs of corrosion.
 Inspect breeching, exhaust ducts, or stacks for damage, distortion,
or CO level.
 Check for exhaust temperature and pressure.
 Perform tube care of the tubes connecting the drums, including
tensile tests and cleaning. Check for corrosion or erosion.
 Clear and accurate reading of the gauge glass.
 Ensure that the mud drum, which collects the mud, dissolved
solid, and other particles in the water or steam drum, is monitored
and cleaned.

4.2.5) Fire and Gas Protection System Checks:

 Confirm power supply to detectors and panels. Panels shall have
24-hour supply battery backup.
 Confirm that the fire and gas detectors are active and producing
accurate readings and show no signs of faults.
 Investigate alarm, supervisory, or trouble signal on the fire alarm
panel and the gas detection panel.
5. FIRE SAFETY REGULATIONS
The fire safety system is implemented and maintained based on

prescribed procedure from licensed engineers and the Fire Department.
The Letter of Approval from the FDNY to each specific Co-Gen premise
details the necessary safety measures and design requirements after
papers and plans are reviewed, and process hazard studies are
conducted.
*FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION SYSTEMS ARE REQURED TO BE

INSTALLED AND MAINTAINED IN THE CO-GEN PLANT. The Fire
Department must be notified when any part of the fire protection system
is shut down or modified. This will allow the Fire Department to modify
its fire-fighting strategies for the plant in case of an emergency, and to
reevaluate the fire protection system. Also, in case of any malfunctions,
the Certificate of Fitness holder must notify the management of the plant
and the management must make arrangements to have the Fire
Protection System repaired or replaced. A violation will be issued to the
Certificate of Fitness holder when the Fire Department rules and
regulations are not followed at the plant. In serious cases, the Certificate
of Fitness may be revoked and summonses may be served.
The fire alarm panel monitors the entire Co-Gen plant. The panel
receives information from environmental sensors designed to detect
changes associated with fire, monitors their operational integrity and
provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of
information necessary to prepare the facility for fire based on a
predetermined sequence. Any supervisory signal will be sent to the FDNY
approved central station and be noted. Any serious alarm signal will be
Fire Alarm Panel

transmitted to the central station for

FDNY’s operational response to the
premises. The operator must
immediately call 911 in case of an
emergency.
5.1) FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM

A fire detection and alarm system signals when there are signs of an
imminent fire. Early detection of a fire condition allows the plant to
initiate proper safety procedures. Any alarm must send a signal to the
fire alarm panel and the control room for the Certificate of Fitness holder
to take action.
5.1.1) Fire Detectors

There are several types of fire detectors are found throughout the Co-Gen
plant.
A heat detector detects irregularly high

temperature or rate of temperature rise.
Fixed temperature heat detectors activate
the alarm when detector components melt
at a preset temperature level. This
usually requires replacement after they
have sounded an alarm. Rate-of-Rise heat
detectors sense temperature increase per
minute, regardless of the starting temperature. Heat Detector

This type of heat detector can operate at a
lower temperature fire condition than would be
possible if the threshold were fixed. The rate-of-rise detector does not
have to be replaced after it has activated the fire alarm. Combination
detectors may use both types of heat detectors.
A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, which is an indicator

of imminent fire, in a Co-Gen plant. Smoke is a collection of
airborne solids, liquid particles, and gases which occur when a material
burns, such as during a fire. Smoke
detectors detect fire more rapidly than
heat detectors by sensing smoke
particles. The smoke particles may or
may not be visible to the human eye.
Flame detectors may be found in some

Co-Gen plants. They detect a flame,
Flame Detectors
which is the visible, gaseous part of a fire caused by a highly exothermic

reaction, such as during burning. There are several types of flame
detectors. The most common is the optical flame detector, which
uses optical sensors to detect flames. Infrared and ultraviolet detectors
are each a type of optical sensor.
Infrared or ultraviolet flame detectors are installed throughout a Co-Gen

system, in the gas turbine-generator enclosure and gas compressor
room. Hot gases emit a specific spectral pattern in the infrared region,
which can be sensed with a thermal imaging camera. False alarms can
be caused by other hot surfaces and background thermal radiation in the
area as well as blinding from water and solar energy. A flash from a
camera can set off the flame detectors, and shut-down the system;
therefore, in Co-Gens with flame detectors, cameras with flash are
prohibited from the turbine room.
5.2) GAS DETECTION SYSTEM
An automatic gas detection and alarm system signals when there are
signs of hazardous concentrations of gas. Early detection of a gas leaks
or hazardous gas concentrations allow the plant to initiate proper safety
procedures. Any alarm must send a signal to the gas detection panel and
the control room for the Certificate of Fitness holder to take action.
5.2.1) Gas Detectors
A gas detector is a device which detects the

presence of various gases within an area, usually
as part of a safety system. This type of equipment
is used to detect a gas leak and interface with a
control system so a process can be automatically
shut down, the plant personnel can be notified
and the required ventilation system can operate to
exhaust the affected areas. Gas detectors in the
cogeneration plant are installed to
detect combustible, flammable and toxic gases,
and oxygen depletion.
Gas Detectors
Carbon monoxide detectors are found where leaks
can occur such as in the turbine exhaust, HRSG and boiler areas of the
plant.
Natural gas detectors are found in the gas meter and main valve rooms,
gas compressor room, gas turbine, HRSG area and other areas where

natural gas is supplied or vented, and a leak is possible such as within

the annular space of double wall gas piping.
Oxygen depletion detectors are generally of the portable handheld type

and are used by personnel responding to alarms relating to the CO2
extinguishing system discharge in equipment such as a gas turbine or
gas compressor enclosure.
All gas detectors must be calibrated on a schedule in accordance with

the manufacturer’s recommendations and the FDNY Letter of
Approval. The atmosphere in which a gas detector is being used can have
an affect on the sensors. Sensors may suffer degraded performance
normally over time and also if exposed to certain substances that affect
the sensing elements. As part of the calibration process, the
manufacturer or an authorized vendor certified to maintain the gas
detection systems will test the gas detectors by looking at the gas reading
relative to the atmosphere, and perform a bump test, which exposes the
detector to known concentration test gas to check the accuracy of the
reading.
The gas detection system has alarm, supervisory, and trouble notification
within the plant:
Alarm conditions send an alarm

signal to the control room. It
activates the fire alarm system and
gas detector system horn and
strobes, indicates dangerous levels
of gas in the Co-Gen, and is
programmed to trip the system and
notify the central station and FDNY.
Supervisory conditions send a

supervisory (warning) signal to the
control room and the central
Gas Detection Panel
station. It indicates warning conditions
such as irregular levels of gas that must be
inspected.
Trouble Conditions send a trouble signal to the control panel for the
operator to investigate a device or wiring fault or defect, so that an
appropriate repair can be provided.
5.2.2) System Description

The gas detection system shall protect all areas of the Co-Gen plant
where gas leaks are possible
Limits of Flammability for Natural Gas
and are to be continually
powered and functional. Gas
detectors send and receive
signals from an approved
gas detector panel. The
control units vary by
manufacturer but are likely
to include a front panel
meter or LCD to indicate the
gas concentration at each
sensor. They will also
normally have internal
relays to control functions such as alarm, fault and shutdown and to
communicate alarms to the building’s main fire alarm panel and to the
FDNY. Gas detector for natural gas, detect gas concentrations as a
percent of the natural gas concentration lower explosive limits (LEL). The
LEL is the concentration of natural gas that can cause an explosion
when exposed to an ignition source. For natural gas, the range of
methane concentration in the air required to allow an explosion is
around 5%-15%. Gas detectors are set to respond to a percent
concentration of gas (relative to the 5%-15% LEL concentration) so the
detection and alarm conditions occur before the actual LEL
concentration is reached. This allows personnel time for proper response.
As gas levels are detected, ventilation systems in the detection area will
start to exhaust the natural gas and send a supervisory signal to the
FDNY. This usually occurs when the natural gas concentration in the air
is 15% of the 5% explosive LEL concentration so the actual concentration
is still low. If gas concentrations continue to rise to 25% of the LEL the
plant will go into alarm. LEL alarms sound an alarm throughout the
plant and then trip the generator and close the main gas valves
depending on the concentration of natural gas detected. LEL alarms also
send alarm signals to the FDNY.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) detectors are also connected to the gas

detection panel and are set to detect concentrations of CO parts per
million (ppm). CO levels are hazardous for exposure over long periods.
CO detectors may be set to alarm in the range of 50 to 100 ppm and will
sound an alarm throughout the plant and send a supervisory signal to
the FDNY.
Oxygen depletion detectors are used to detect oxygen depletion caused

by the discharge of CO2 in the turbine or gas compressor. Generally the
CO2 fire suppression system cylinders are monitored to ensure that
leaks have not occurred. In the event of a leak, the turbine alarm system
will send a supervisory signal to the buildings fire alarm system and to
the FDNY.
Exhaust fans and other mechanical ventilation devices are started to

ventilate the area when dangerous amounts of gas are detected.
5.2.3) Turbine and Gas Compressor Protection Systems

The gas turbine and the gas compressor room may each have a separate
detection and alarm system in addition to the site-wide detection and
alarm system around the Co-Gen. All detection and alarm systems are
connected to the fire alarm panel. Fire and gas detectors are installed in
these areas, and a CO2 suppression system discharges CO2 if it detects
a gas leak or an imminent fire.
The site-wide fire alarm and gas detection safety systems go off when the
turbine and gas compressor gives off alarm signals. If both the alarm
system of the entire plant and the gas turbine-generator unit is activated,
and the operator should stay clear of the gas turbine area until the
alarms are investigated with caution by authorized personnel or the
FDNY.
5.2.4) Gas Leaks

The Fire Department recommends the use of a portable combustible gas
leak detector that should be readily available on the premises.
In the absence of such portable combustible gas leak detector, natural

gas connections must be checked when a leak is suspected using a soap
and water solution.
A lighted flame (for example, a match or a propane torch) should

never be used when investigating a possible natural gas leak.
The plant manager should have instructions posted and readily

available on how to respond in case of natural gas leaks. Contact the
manufacturer for specific procedures for your equipment.
Sample of Procedures in Case of Natural Gas Leak:

1. Immediately cease operation of affected system components and
related equipment (gas compressors, etc.).
2. DO NOT turn any electrical switches; DO NOT use any cellular phone
in the area, DO NOT use any device that can cause sparks, or sources of
ignition in the area of the natural gas leak.
A. Close ALL natural gas fuel shut-off valves, if possible.
B. Ventilate the area, if possible.

C. Use a gas leak detector to verify all pipes and connections to

investigate if there is natural gas leaking with the gas valves
closed.
D. DO NOT turn the equipment or the gas service on before trained
service personnel and New York City Licensed Plumbers investigate
the equipment and gas piping, and before finding and conducting
complete remediation of the condition causing the natural gas
leak.
Automatic gas detectors are installed around the plant. The air around
pipes is sniffed for pinhole leaks. If gas is detected, gas detectors will
send a signal to the control panel or control room, or automatically shut
down the Co-Gen.

5.3) FIRE EXTINGUISHING DEVICES

Fire extinguishing devices are a fire protection device used to extinguish
or control small or imminent fires. It is not intended for use on an out-of-
control fire, such as one which has reached the ceiling, endangers the
user (i.e., no escape route, smoke, explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise
requires the expertise of the FDNY.
5.3.1) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression System
Gas turbine-generators enclosures and gas

compressor rooms usually have a
suppression system (CO2, water-mist)
installed. A suppression system plays an
important role if a fire or gas is detected. If
the fire or gas detection system is activated,
the unit shuts down and the valves shut-
close. CO2 fire suppression system
cylinders containing carbon dioxide are
lined up around the enclosure and the gas
compression room, and are triggered to
activate and put out a potential fire if the fire
alarm panel is activated. The CO2 level in the
cylinders must be monitored. A low pressure
supervisory signal from the CO2 fire
CO2 fire suppression suppression system cylinder or an oxygen
system cylinders depletion detector lets the operator know that
CO2 needs to be refilled. CO2 fire
suppression system cylinders may need to be refilled because they are
discharging, because of activation of the fire or gas detection system, or
that the CO2 fire suppression system cylinders are leaking. A hand held
portable leak detector may then be used to investigate for a potential gas
leak, or that the cylinders lost their integrity and needs to be repaired or
replaced. An operator must be aware of an area with large amounts of
CO2 discharge, which may cause asphyxiation.
5.3.3) Fire Extinguishers

All fire extinguishers must be conspicuously located. Signs must be
conspicuously posted indicating the locations of the extinguishers. Signs
describing how to use the fire extinguishing devices must also be posted.
The Certificate of Fitness holder must make sure that the extinguishers
are inspected at the designated time intervals. The fire extinguishers
must be recharged after each time they are used, or as required for the
type of extinguisher provided.

The Certificate of Fitness holder

must know how and when to
operate all fire extinguishers
installed at the premise. The classes
of fires and the appropriate
extinguishers are described below.
Class A Fires occur when ordinary

combustible materials are ignited.
For example, wood and paper fires
are class A fires. Water type
extinguishers should be used to
extinguish these fires because they
cool the fire while quenching the
flame.
Class B Fires occur when

flammable liquids, gases or grease
are ignited. These fires must be
extinguished by smothering the flame. The Instructions on
flame may be smothered using carbon proper
dioxide, dry chemical or foam Fire Extinguisher
extinguishers. Water type extinguishers use
will not effectively extinguish class B fires.
Class C Fires occur when electrical equipment

catches fire. These fires must be fought with
fire extinguishers that do not conduct
electricity. Carbon dioxide and dry chemical
extinguishers must be used to extinguish
electrical fires. Foam and water type
extinguishers must not be used to extinguish
electrical fires.
Class D fires are caused by ignitable metals,

such as magnesium, titanium, and metallic
sodium, or metals that are combustible under
certain conditions, such as calcium, zinc, and
aluminum. Generally, water should not be
used to extinguish these fires.
Symbols may also be painted on the
extinguisher. The symbols indicate what type or Classes of Fire

class of fires the extinguisher may be used upon.

A symbol with a shaded background and a slash indicates that the

extinguisher must not be used for that type of fire. The Certificate of
Fitness holder must understand these symbols and must make sure that
the fire extinguishers are kept in good working order at all times.
Generally, operation instructions are clearly painted on the side of the
fire extinguisher. They clearly describe how to use the extinguisher in
case of an emergency.
5.4) EMERGENCY PROTOCOL

Every premises where Co-Gen systems are installed and operated must
have a fire safety plan detailing procedures that must be followed during
an emergency, fire, natural gas leak or other urgent situation. The plan
should highlight methods for shutdown of the Co-Gen as well as fast and
safe evacuation of the premises. The Certificate of Fitness holder must
know and understand his or her responsibilities as they are outlined
in the premises’ fire safety and evacuation plan.
The Certificate of Fitness holder must know the locations and how to
operate all fire extinguishing devices and control devices installed at the
facility, such as standpipes and sprinklers. He or she must also know
the locations of each fire alarm station on the premises, if applicable, and
how to operate them. Diagrams of the Co-Gen and signs must be
posted at conspicuous locations and control room, and indicate
hazards, safety protection systems and egress. Keys to the gas meter
room, gas compressor room, or other securely locked rooms shall be
readily available in the control room and shall take less than one minute
to retrieve and open in case of an emergency. Any revised plan for Co-
Gen and related equipment must be submitted to FDNY, including
fire protection, emergency action, and fire safety plans.
The Fire Department strongly recommends that Certificate of

Fitness holders of the Co-Gen systems be trained to alert the plant
manager and the Fire Department immediately at any sign of
danger.
If possible, training sessions should be conducted periodically and all

personnel and occupants should be knowledgeable of the safety
procedures that must be followed during an emergency.
In all cases, the Fire Department must be contacted directly by

phone in case of an emergency or serious safety condition, by
immediately dialing 911. It is suggested to have the Fire Department
Borough Communication Office phone numbers posted near the

telephones most likely to be used in case of an emergency. These phone

numbers are:
Manhattan (212) 999-2222

Bronx (212) 999-3333
Brooklyn (718) 999-4444
Queens (718) 999-5555
Staten Island (718) 999-6666
Ear protection, hard hats, eye wash stands, showers, or other protection
and emergency treatment stations should be readily available around the
system. Warden phones should be available by the gas turbine-
generator, control room, and other locations throughout the Co-Gen
plant. They shall be used for direct communication with building’s fire
command station.
5.4.1) Emergency Stop (E-Stop) System

An E-Stop system is a system of
normally closed switches that are
wired in series. Emergency stop
system is provided to manually shut
down the plant or a section of the
plant in emergency situations, and
is located throughout the Co-Gen.
The emergency stop system by-
passes the normal shut-down
sequence. E - Stop shutdown
system can be damaging to
equipment and should only be
done when all other measures to
shutdown equipment have been Emergency Stop System
exhausted. Equipment can be
damaged upon sudden stoppage of
equipment under an E-Stop function. Operators need to be fully trained
by equipment vendors on the shutdown procedures for each specific
piece of equipment.
When the operation of an emergency stop push button in the control

room or other locations is initiated, an immediate shutdown of the Co-
Gen system is brought about by passing the standard shut-down
procedures. All safety procedures in connection with normal start-up and
shut-down should be followed, which includes closing the main gas
valve. Electrical hazards should be considered when conducting any
maintenance.

5.4.2) Egress
The number of emergency exits is determined by the FDNY during
approval of the system and is shown on the fire safety plan, and the exits
shall be clearly indicated for evacuation. The entry area should be
unobstructed outside the Co-Gen for
FDNY entry in case of a fire or
emergency. There shall be a curb valve
or gas supply hatch, which is the
outdoor gas service line shut-off valve.
This is for utility company to cut off gas
supply from outside the building to
minimize further endangerment of the
premise or surrounding facilities. The
FDNY can latch close the gas supply
inside the Co-Gen from the fire alarm
panel using the automatic shut-off
valves. Curb Valve

6. RECORD KEEPING
At least 1 Certificate of Fitness holder must be on duty in a Co-Gen plant

at all times. The Certificate of Fitness holder must be familiar with the
entire plant and must conduct regular inspections of the entire Co-Gen
system. The Certificate of Fitness holder must sign and date all the
records.
Record keeping documents keep track of Co-Gen plant conditions and

related activities, and help monitor operational or safety related
parameters. A round sheet shall be kept on the premise to document
detailed readings of system parameters, such as temperature, pressure,
water level, input and output, of each component during each shift. A log
book shall be kept on the premises to document the overall operation,
condition, and activities in the Co-Gen plant systems during each shift. A
maintenance summary sheet shall document the actual maintenance
work performed, who performed the work, and other relevant
information.
The original records, permits, and Certificates of Fitness must be

available on the premise, and made available to Fire Department
representatives upon request.
6.1) SHIFT CHANGE OVER

Effective communication of plant conditions from one shift to the next is
extremely important to the safe and reliable operation of the plant. At the
beginning of the day, the plant manager will review the log book to check
for any irregular plant conditions or issues he or she needs to discuss
with plant operators. It is good practice for an incoming operator to
communicate with the operator going off shift, and read the rounds sheet
and log book to update themselves on what has happened in the plant.
This should be done at the start of each shift.
6.2) SAMPLE ROUND SHEET

The operator should go out to the field and visually inspect and record
readings, rather than just obtain readings from the control room
monitor. This ensures that the plant has manual as well as automatic
monitoring of the Co-Gen. An oil spill, small gas leak, or wet floor may
not send a signal to the control room, but the operator on watch should
notice possible conditions such as these while they are walking around
on duty.


A round sheet, at minimum, has the following information:

 The operator(s) on watch
 Time on/off watch, and intervals of time the measurements are
taken
 Kilowatt hours of electricity produced
 All relevant plant system parameters such as pressure,
temperature, flows, etc.
 Natural gas, steam, and lube oil usage
 Ambient temperature
 Water or oil level and quality or chemistry testing (if performed on
shift)
 Other operational or safety related parameter
 Irregular reading or notes at variance with expected readings
Sample Round Sheet

6.3) SAMPLE LOG BOOK

A log must record the routine maintenance and the repairs performed.
The FDNY recommends that the log book record the hours of operation of
the equipment to account for the routine maintenance and repairs that
must be performed. Any daily inspections performed to the system
equipment, including any action taken must be documented by the
Certificate of Fitness holder, and the plant manager will review it daily.
The log book should be bounded with pages labeled, with each entry
organized by chronological date.
A log book, at minimum, has the following information:

 The operator(s) on watch
 Time on/off watch
 Hours of operation and kilowatt hours of electricity produced
 Starting plant condition from beginning of watch, and ending plant
condition when leaving shift.
 Emergency conditions
 Any equipment out of service
 Equipment rotation, alignment, or any irregular changes in
operating conditions
 Required preventive or corrective maintenance performed during
shift
 Alarm and safety conditions
 Any injuries or other safety related parameter
 Any visitors to the plant, such as vendors or agency officials,
should be logged

Sample Log Book
7. FDNY INSPECTIONS
A Certificate of Fitness holder should make regular inspections of the Co-

Gen system. Premises should be inspected daily for signs of
equipment malfunction and gas leaks. There shall be a 24-hour
monitoring system (automatic and manual systems). There must be
at least 1 operator on site at all times throughout the 24-hour day.
All of the holders are required to perform functions which involve
monitoring the Co-Gen systems health.
The original records, permits, and Certificates of Fitnesses must be

available on the premise, and made available to Fire Department
representatives upon request.
Inspections will vary depending on the location, operation conditions and

practices, and on the equipment installed; however, the following general
inspection guidelines will apply for all locations for the operator and
FDNY inspection standards:
 Fire safety regulations, protection systems, and plans are

maintained, and emergency stop and shutdown systems must be
functional. FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION SYSTEMS
ARE REQURED TO BE INSTALLED AND MAINTAINED IN THE

CO-GEN PLANT. The fire safety system is implemented and

maintained based on prescribed procedure from licensed engineers
and the Fire Department. This includes, but not limited to: E-
stops, fire and gas detection system, and CO2 suppression
systems. The Letter of Approval from FDNY to each specific Co-Gen
premises details the necessary safety measures and design
requirements after papers and plans are reviewed, and process
hazard studies are conducted.
 The entire premise must be checked daily for potential signs of
equipment malfunction and gas leaks.
 Any potential malfunction or hazard where Co-Gen systems are
operated must be corrected immediately by a representative of the
manufacturer, manufacturer-trained maintenance crew, or an
authorized professional in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions.
 Aspects specific to each installation, should be dealt with in a
proficient manner. Such as, defective electronic components that
must be replaced, properly repaired, or switched to backup
systems; hazards may be presented by exposed electrical wires,
etc.
 Rubbish and other combustible waste should not to be allowed to
accumulate indoors. These are fire hazards, and may be easily
ignited. All rubbish and other combustible waste should be
promptly removed from the premises.
 Manufacturer’s specified clearances, minimum ceiling heights for
indoor units and minimum unobstructed floor areas around units
shall be verified and maintained.
 Proper and continuous operation of the indoor mechanical
ventilation systems, and monitoring of the environmental
conditions and operating temperature shall all be ensured.
 Proper storage and handling of flammable compounds, such as
lube oil, away from incompatible materials, electrical room, or
long-term storage shall be maintained.

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Revised on 9/21/2015

FIRE DEPARTMENT ● CITY OF NEW YORK

CERTIFICATE OF FITNESS EXAMINATION

INSIDE THIS BOOKLET YOU WILL FIND THE FOLLOWING:

 NOTICE OF EXAMINATION (NOE)

© 10/2013 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ® 1

© 10/2013 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ® 2

Date of Test: Written tests are administered Monday through Friday

TEST SITES: Written tests are conducted at 9 Metro Tech Center,

1. Applicants must be at least 18 years of age.

© 10/2013 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ® 3

This Certificate of Fitness must be renewed every THREE YEARS. The

You will receive a courtesy notice of renewal 90 days before the

To change a mailing address:

The certificate can be renewed On-line, by Mail or in Person.

Renewal fee can be paid by one of the following methods:

© 10/2013 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ® 4

Debit card (MasterCard or Visa)

NYC Fire Department (FDNY)

© 10/2013 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ® 5

A letter requesting fee waiver on the Agency’s official letterhead

A convenience fee of 2.49% will be applied to all credit card

*G-29 IS PART OF G-91 EXAM. IT IS RECOMMENDED

© 10/2013 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ® 6

EXAM SITE: FDNY Headquarters, 9 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY.

© 10/2013 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ® 7

STUDY MATERIAL AND TEST DESCRIPTION

ABOUT THE WRITTEN TEST

Which of the following are allowed to be used while taking a

Only reference material provided by the FDNY is allowed to be used

© 10/2013 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ® 8

If the screen on your computer terminal freezes during your

A. the person next to you

If you do not know the answer to a question while taking an

A. the person next to you

Special Recognition is given to

© 10/2013 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ® 9

CERTIFICATE OF FITNESS RESPONSIBILITIES AND

Certificate of Fitness holders should be aware that they may be required

The Certificate of Fitness holder must keep the Certificate of Fitness

In addition to any other penalties provided by law, misconduct on the

 The failure of certificate holders to properly fulfill their duties

 The failure of certificate holders to promptly notify the Fire

© 10/2013 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ® 10

ANY NATURAL GAS LEAK SHALL BE REGARDED AS A

1. INTRODUCTION TO COGENERATION SYSTEM

Unfortunately, just as any occupation that focuses on working with fuel,

*All required Fire Department permits and Certificates of Fitness

A co-generation system may be comprised of electrical power generation

© 10/2013 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ® 11

Engine generators in co-generation plants can consist of several types

The operator’s training must include:

Different Co-Gen systems may be comprised of different components;

Compressor supplies high pressure

© 10/2013 New York City Fire Department - All rights reserved ® 12

2.1) COOLING SYSTEMS

2.1.1) Open Cooling System

Cooling tower systems should be automatic control “Auto” to ensure the