IFC Thesis

Institutionen för datavetenskap
Department of Computer and Information Science
Final thesis
Industry Foundation Classes - A study of its

requested use in Configura
by
Henrik Jensen
LIU-IDA/LITH-EX-G--15/031--SE
2015-06-12
Linköpings universitet Linköpings universitet

SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden 581 83 Linköping
Linköping University
Linköping University
Final Thesis
Industry Foundation Classes - A study of its

requested use in Configura
by
Henrik Jensen
LIU-IDA/LITH-EX-G--15/031--SE
2015-06-12
Supervisor: Ola Leifler

Examiner: Ola Leifler
Abstract
Configura Sverige AB is developing the software solutions Configura and CET Designer for companies
dealing with highly configurable and complex products that also require space planning. The aim is to
simplify the selling process. Configura Sverige AB has received requests from their customers to be able to
read and write files according to an ISO standard called Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). IFC is an open
international standard within Building Information Modeling (BIM) to exchange data between different
software applications used for projects in the building industry and facility management. To assist Configura
Sverige AB in a decision on how to further proceed, questions why users request IFC, how they need to
work with IFC, and about possible workflows with IFC are considered in this thesis. To answer the questions,
an interpretive case study method was used to view the questions from different perspectives. A qualitative
approach was used to collect and analyze data, involving for example a survey among users requesting IFC
and input from two different contractors requesting IFC files from these users. The results show that users
have been requested by architects and contractors to supply IFC files, and a conclusion is that demands on
the use of BIM and IFC within the public sector in certain countries is a major reason to these requests. The
results has much focus on import and export of IFC files and on possible workflows using IFC files. With
IFC files, users may be a part of a collaboration between several different disciplines within the building
industry. Users need to base their work on other disciplines models, which in many cases will be the
architect’s IFC file. An IFC export shall only include the user’s products, it will be up to another application
to integrate these products in a coordination BIM. The IFC export will be used for interdisciplinary
coordination, visualization and collision detection and it is important to use simple graphical representation
of the products.
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Motivation ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Aim .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Research questions ................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Delimitations ............................................................................................................................ 2
Chapter 2 Theory ................................................................................................................................ 3
2.1 Configura ................................................................................................................................. 3
2.1.1 CET Designer ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 RevLink extension............................................................................................................... 5
2.2 BIM .......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Visions of BIM .................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2 BIM and the building .......................................................................................................... 7
2.2.3 BIM software....................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 IFC and buildingSMART ........................................................................................................ 9
2.3.1 Data file formats .................................................................................................................. 9
2.3.2 Model View Definition ..................................................................................................... 10
2.3.3 Attributes and properties ................................................................................................... 11
2.3.4 Information Delivery Manual ............................................................................................ 11
2.3.5 buildingSMART Data Dictionary ..................................................................................... 11
2.3.6 BIM Collaboration Format ................................................................................................ 11
2.4 BIM and IFC .......................................................................................................................... 12
2.4.1 Open BIM .......................................................................................................................... 12
2.4.2 The present ........................................................................................................................ 13
2.4.3 The future .......................................................................................................................... 13
2.4.4 Examples ........................................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 3 Method.............................................................................................................................. 17
3.1 Archival data .......................................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Interviews............................................................................................................................... 18
3.3 Survey .................................................................................................................................... 18
3.3.1 Selection ............................................................................................................................ 19
3.3.2 Questionnaire .................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.3 Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 20
3.4 Contractors – Summary and follow-up .................................................................................. 20
3.5 Summary of findings.............................................................................................................. 21
Chapter 4 Results .............................................................................................................................. 23
4.1 Archival data .......................................................................................................................... 23
4.2 Interviews............................................................................................................................... 24
4.2.1 RevLink extension............................................................................................................. 24
4.2.2 IFC export ......................................................................................................................... 24
4.3 Survey .................................................................................................................................... 25
4.3.1 Background ....................................................................................................................... 25
4.3.2 Related issues .................................................................................................................... 25
4.3.3 Reasons to use IFC ............................................................................................................ 25
4.3.4 IFC requests....................................................................................................................... 26
4.3.5 IFC in Configura ............................................................................................................... 27
4.4 Contractors – Summary and follow-up .................................................................................. 28
4.4.1 Contractor A ...................................................................................................................... 28
4.4.2 Contractor B ...................................................................................................................... 29
4.5 Summary of findings.............................................................................................................. 30
4.5.1 Workflow using IFC files .................................................................................................. 30
4.5.2 IFC import ......................................................................................................................... 30
4.5.3 IFC export ......................................................................................................................... 30
Chapter 5 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 33
5.1 Results.................................................................................................................................... 33
5.1.1 IFC in Configura ............................................................................................................... 34
5.1.2 Product libraries ................................................................................................................ 35
5.1.3 Visions of BIM .................................................................................................................. 35
5.2 Method ................................................................................................................................... 35
5.2.1 Survey................................................................................................................................ 36
5.2.2 Contractors follow-up........................................................................................................ 37
5.3 The work in a wider context .................................................................................................. 37
Chapter 6 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 39
6.1 Research questions ................................................................................................................. 39
6.1.1 Why do users of Configura request IFC in Configura? ..................................................... 39
6.1.2 How would users of Configura need to work with IFC in Configura?.............................. 40
6.1.3 How can Configura be a part of a workflow using IFC files? ........................................... 40
6.2 Future work ............................................................................................................................ 41
References ........................................................................................................................................... 43
Appendix A Interview guides............................................................................................................... 47
A.1 Freddie Pintar ......................................................................................................................... 47
A.2 Martin Ericsson ...................................................................................................................... 47
Appendix B Survey ............................................................................................................................... 49
B.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 49
B.2 Questionnaire, first version .................................................................................................... 50
B.3 Questionnaire, second version ............................................................................................... 51
Appendix C General contractors......................................................................................................... 53
C.1 Contractor A .......................................................................................................................... 53
C.2 Contractor B ........................................................................................................................... 53
1
Chapter 1
Introduction
This report is the result of a thesis in computer science at bachelor level, requested by the software
company Configura Sverige AB (CSAB). CSAB is developing software solutions for companies dealing
with highly configurable and complex products that also require space planning. The solution is called
parametric graphical configuration and the aim is to simplify the selling process (Configura Sverige AB,
2013). The software solutions offered by CSAB include Configura and CET Designer. In this report the
name Configura is used in a broader sense to include both solutions.
The privately owned company CSAB was founded 1990 and has its headquarter in Linköping,
Sweden. Offices are also present in Grand Rapids in Michigan, USA, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The
company has more than 90 employees worldwide and more than 9,000 users of Configura all around the
world. Existing customers are for example within the office furniture and kitchen industries but several
other industries are also represented. Among the bigger customer companies are DeLaval, Kinnarps and
Marbodal in Europe, and Steelcase, Haworth and Spacesaver in North America. (Configura Sverige AB,
n.d.-a)
Using the parametric graphical configuration solution Configura lets graphical symbols represent a
variety of configurable products, including rules on how different products can be combined. Each product
can be configured in many different ways, for example considering options of dimension, material, color
and interior settings. With this graphical user interface the salesman or designer is assisted in the sales and
order process. Based on a created drawing, visualization in 2D and 3D is available and necessary
documents like a quotation and a material list can be generated automatically. (Configura Sverige AB,
2013)
This report is organized as follows. Chapter 2 goes deeper into the context of the thesis and presents
related work. Chapter 3 describes the method used to achieve the results, which can be found in Chapter
4. In Chapter 5 there is a discussion regarding the results and the method used in the thesis. Chapter 6
summarize the thesis with conclusions and some areas of possible future work. The remaining part of this
chapter introduces the research performed in this thesis.
1.1 Motivation
In a world with many different software applications, files created in Configura use only one of many
existing file formats. There is a need to be able to exchange information between different applications.
For example, Configura is able to import files made in a CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software and is
also able to export files in a format that a CAD software can read.
CSAB has received requests from their customers to be able to read and write files according to an ISO
standard called Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). IFC is an open international standard within Building
Information Modeling (BIM) to exchange data between different software applications used for projects
in the building industry and facility management (ISO.org, 2013).
2 Industry Foundation Classes - A study of its requested use in Configura
1.2 Aim
CSAB needs a better understanding of what IFC is and how it can be used. Furthermore, the way users of
Configura need to work with IFC files in the software needs to be investigated. Firstly at a general level
and secondly at a more technical level. With this as a base CSAB will know better what kind of solution
for IFC that potentially is needed and can decide on how to further proceed.
1.3 Research questions

Based on the aim of the thesis, the following questions are to be considered:
 Why do users of Configura request IFC in Configura?
 How would users of Configura need to work with IFC in Configura?
 How can Configura be a part of a workflow using IFC files?
1.4 Delimitations
BIM is a big area and IFC is one way to solve interoperability between different software. This thesis has
chosen to look at IFC as approach, however there can be other interesting solutions available. As IFC is
what has been requested, other potential possibilities are excluded from this thesis.
3
Chapter 2
Theory
In this chapter the context of the thesis is described as well as important areas related to the research
questions.
2.1 Configura
Configura is a software that provides assistance in complex selling processes, covering all steps from a
customer request to order entry. Users can create space planning drawings of their products with a
graphical user interface and be assisted with their products’ possible configuration. Out of the information
in the drawing, users may generate for example quotations, order data and layouts in 2D and 3D.
(Configura Sverige AB, 2013)
Below is an excerpt from a formulated mission of CSAB:
We develop and deliver Parametric Graphical Configuration (PGC) software for companies
that sell highly configurable products. We work with our customers by implementing solutions
that make their sales processes more efficient, cost-effective, accurate and profitable.
(Configura Sverige AB, 2013, p. 9)
In Configura a company’s products are represented by a relatively small set of graphical components. Each
of these components have integrated rules for allowed dimensions, material, color and other options. The
components also have integrated rules for how they can be combined with other components, as well as
rules for how components may be affected when combined. A user may place and combine these
components on a drawing area without having knowledge about product details and combination
possibilities. Configura makes sure no invalid configuration is created. (Configura Sverige AB, 2013)
Figure 2-1 illustrates an example of the configuration complexity of chair, where several configuration
possibilities of the chair leads to a multitude of variants (Configura Sverige AB, 2013). Figure 2-2 shows
an example of how the integrated rules may generate a different leg configuration when two tables are
connected to each other (Rydqvist, Lyreborn, & Rydqvist, 2006).
To be able to create space planning of a company’s products, users are able to base their work on a
floor plan created in a CAD software. Configura is able to import files in DWG, DXF and SAT format
that are common file formats used in CAD software. These CAD files contain 2D information of for
example a floor of a building, and they may sometimes also contain 3D information. Figure 2-3 shows an
example from Configura where a CAD file has been imported and a company’s products have been
inserted on the drawing area. The products in this example are partition walls used to separate a large open
area in a building into several smaller rooms, and the products can be viewed in both 2D and 3D. In the
example, the CAD file only includes 2D information. Configura is also able to export the drawing with
the products in DWG or DXF format, but product rules are not included in the export. There are no links
in the exported file to the corresponding Configura components, so if the file would be imported in
Configura the components would not be recognized.
Figure 2-1. Configuration Figure 2-2. Integrated rule

complexity of a chair generates a different leg
(Configura Sverige AB, 2013, configuration (Rydqvist et
p. 23). al., 2006, p. 9).
Figure 2-3. Example from Configura with an imported CAD file.

Chapter 2 Theory 5
2.1.1 CET Designer

While Configura (not including CET Designer) is mainly intended to fit one company’s products and their
precise needs, CET Designer is designed to let users work with products from many different companies
(Configura Sverige AB, 2013). Having one application as a base, users can choose to install additional
content that will become an integrated part of the base application. Additional content is distributed in
separate packages called extensions. An extension can for example include a company’s specific products
as parametric components, including rules and other specific functionality required by the company
(Rydqvist et al., 2006). An extension can also contain functionality not linked to any company’s products
to give new possibilities in CET Designer. There is for example an extension to be able to import SketchUp
objects and a movie studio extension to create videos (Configura Sverige AB, n.d.-b). With extensions,
users may combine products from several different companies and receive extended functionality
according to their need.
2.1.2 RevLink extension

One available extension for users to install is the RevLink extension that enables communication with a
BIM software called Revit. RevLink lets users import floor plans made in Revit and export furniture
layouts to be used in Revit (Configura Sverige AB, n.d.-c). The data exchange is handled by using DWG
files with 2D and 3D information, and XML (eXtensible Markup Language) files with additional
information, in a specific file format used in RevLink. The native file format of Revit is not used, and an
add-in needs to be installed in Revit to allow the communication.
Figure 2-4 shows the user interface of RevLink, and this example shows possible information to supply
with objects being exported. One custom parameter is also added in the example.
Figure 2-4. User interface of RevLink in CET Designer.

2.2 BIM
There are several definitions of what Building Information Modeling (BIM) is. Miettinen and Paavola
(2014) speaks of BIM as an evolution of CAD systems with more intelligence and as a multidimensional
complex phenomenon. BIM takes visualization a step further and it allows simulation of the behavior of a
building and it enables more efficient project management (Miettinen & Paavola, 2014). At first, BIM can
be defined as an object-oriented digital 3D representation of a building (Miettinen & Paavola, 2014).
However, the National BIM Standard-United States (NBIMS-US) states that the early definitions of BIM
as simply a 3D model of a facility fail to communicate the potential of BIM processes, tools and
communication methods (National Institute of Building Sciences, n.d.). Instead NBIMS-US uses the
following definition:
A BIM is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. As
such it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a
reliable basis for decisions during its lifecycle from inception onward. (National Institute of
Building Sciences, n.d.)
BIM can be described as a collection of information and data as requested by many different stakeholders.
By making it all available in a model accessible by all actors it makes the collaborative part of BIM very
important. For this collaboration, an important area where BIM is frequently used today is to find potential
problems when coordinating different disciplines. This can for example be done by using specific software
for collision detection between different disciplines’ models. BIM can also be used for construction
simulation, for example to detect possible conflicts during construction, and to calculate quantities and
estimate costs. A BIM may contain any information about a building and its content, which may be useful
in facilities management. A software may for example use a BIM to analyze a building’s thermal comfort
and energy consumption. (Chong, Preece, & Rogers, 2014)
The areas of use for BIM are sometimes categorized in dimensions, where each dimension adds new
possibilities for the model (Johansson, Haftor, Magnusson, & Rosvall, 2014). These dimensions are:
 3D – Geometry
 4D – Construction time
 5D – Cost estimation
 6D – Facilities management
2.2.1 Visions of BIM

Miettinen and Paavola (2014) identifies four areas for the visions of BIM. A bit simplified, these areas are
as follows:
 A BIM model includes all necessary data that any BIM software can access.
 With interoperability of data between several different native models, BIM allows new ways of
collaboration between different actors.
 BIM is used through the whole lifecycle of a building, where the model is kept up-to-date.
 Through use of BIM in the building industry, the efficiency and productivity are expected to
increase significantly.
Considering the first two areas, National Institute of Building Sciences (n.d.) claims that at present, the
industry does not yet have the infrastructure or open standards in place. Volk, Stengel, and Schultmann
(2014) find that interoperability still is a major obstacle in BIM data exchange. Usage of BIM so far has
mostly been during the building process and not in facility management, but this may be about to change
as recently more research look at the facility management requirements on BIM (Volk et al., 2014). A
research in the Swedish construction industry indicates there is a need for simple and reliable
Chapter 2 Theory 7
measurements of the economic effects of BIM, as there often is a perceived cost increase on a short-term
basis (Vass & Gustavsson, 2015). Miettinen and Paavola (2014) summarize the four areas seeing evident
potentials of implementing BIM, but more research is needed for BIM studying for example usage by
different disciplines during different building phases and how to organize new uses of BIM.
2.2.2 BIM and the building

The lifecycle of a building can be divided in the following phases (Ekholm, Blom, Eckerberg, Löwnertz,
& Tarandi, 2013):
 Early planning and investigation
 Design
 Construction
 Maintenance and use
BIM can be used during all these phases, but the design phase was where BIM earliest was used the most
by for example architects and engineers (Ekholm et al., 2013). In addition to these phases a deconstruction
phase may also be considered, but this is currently not a common area of use for BIM (Volk et al., 2014).
U.S. General Service Administration (2011) distinguishes five different types of BIM used during the
lifecycle of a building:
 Design Intent BIM
 Construction BIM
 Coordination BIM
 Record BIM
 As-Built BIM
Design Intent BIM is used early during the bidding process. Construction BIM is used for purposes like
planning, coordinating and executing construction. Coordination BIM is a model including multiple
Design Intent and Construction BIMs, and is for example used for collision detection between different
models. Record BIM represents the final constructed building and includes multiple Construction BIMs.
As-Built BIM is at the beginning a copy of the Record BIM but it is constantly being updated to reflect
changes to the building. (U.S. General Service Administration, 2011)
At first a widespread opinion was that one shared model should be used in a BIM-based project, which
is possible to achieve with a team inside of one discipline. But as soon as more companies and disciplines
are involved it has become obvious that sharing one model is too complex. Instead, a common approach
is to share a reference model containing only the information required to coordinate the work of the
involved disciplines. Each discipline stores their own details in their own environment, sharing only as
much information as required to coordinate the work. Each discipline’s model can be updated at certain
milestones and be coordinated according to other disciplines’ models. (Linhard & Steinmann, 2015)
Coordinating the work between different disciplines may be an iterative process using BIM. Several
model exchanges between different disciplines may be needed to have compatible models. As an example,
an architect may send its model to a structural engineer to be used as a base for the structural model. The
structural model is then sent back to the architect. Finding structural requirements in this model, the
architect may need to update the architectural model to be consistent with the structural model.
(Graphisoft, 2014)
2.2.3 BIM software

The first BIM software on a personal computer was ArchiCAD during the 1980s, but it was not used on
large scale projects until much later (Bergin, 2011). When the BIM software Revit was introduced in the
beginning of the 2000s it was a breakthrough for BIM (Bergin, 2011). Volk et al. (2014) conclude that
architects, engineers and contractors where the early adaptors of BIM and still dominate the developments
of new BIM functionalities. The focus is still mainly on new or recently completed buildings with an
available BIM and not on existing buildings without a BIM (Volk et al., 2014).
BIM is used within several different disciplines, such as architectural, structural and MEP (mechanical,
electrical and plumbing), where each user and each discipline may use certain software supporting BIM
(Dhillon, Jethwa, & Rai, 2014). Table 2-1 shows examples of BIM software used to create models within
different disciplines, Table 2-2 shows examples of BIM software used for example to combine and check
models from different disciplines, and Table 2-3 shows examples of BIM software used to view models.
Table 2-1. BIM software to create models.
Software Company Website

Revit Autodesk www.autodesk.com
ArchiCAD Graphisoft (a Nemetschek company) www.graphisoft.com
Vectorworks Nemetschek www.vectorworks.net
Allplan Allplan (a Nemetschek company) www.allplan.com
Digital Project Digital Project www.digitalproject3d.com
Scia Engineering Nemetschek www.nemetschek-scia.com
Tekla Structures Tekla (a Trimble company) www.tekla.com
DDS-CAD Data Design System (a Nemetschek www.dds-cad.net
company)
SketchUp1 Trimble www.sketchup.com
Table 2-2. BIM software to for example combine, view and check models.

Solibri Model Checker Solibri www.solibri.com
Navisworks Autodesk www.autodesk.com
Tekla BIMsight Tekla (a Trimble company) www.teklabimsight.com
Table 2-3. BIM software to view models.

Solibri Model Viewer Solibri www.solibri.com
DDS-CAD Viewer Data Design System (a Nemetschek www.dds-cad.net
company)
1 SketchUp Pro 2015 is a 3D modeling software with possibility to export models as IFC files.
Chapter 2 Theory 9
2.3 IFC and buildingSMART

Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), as specified in ISO 16739:2013, is an open international standard to
exchange BIM data between different software applications used for building construction and facility
management (ISO.org, 2013). The organization behind IFC is buildingSMART, which is an “open, neutral
and international not-for-profit organization” with currently 16 chapters worldwide (buildingSMART
International, n.d.-a). buildingSMART consists of members from several companies and organizations
over the world. Some examples are Autodesk, Nemetschek, Trimble, Norwegian Building Authority and
HOK (a global design, architecture, engineering and planning company) (buildingSMART International,
n.d.-h).
The IFC standard has its origin in another ISO standard, namely the STEP (STandard for the Exchange
of Product model data) standard for which developments started during the 1980s. To be able to define the
STEP data models a new information-modeling language called EXPRESS was developed in conjunction
with STEP. STEP became an ISO standard in 1994. A wide range of industries were involved in the
standardization process with STEP and the developments continued even after the ISO standard was
achieved. But the process as a whole was considered too slow and unresponsive by actors in the architect,
engineering, construction and facilities management industries. To meet upcoming market demands in the
construction industry in the near future the actors were motivated to launch a separate standard. The work
on a new standard was started, using concepts based on the STEP standard like for example the EXPRESS
modeling language and the definitions for geometric representations. The release of IFC1.0 was in 1997
but it was a very limited release mainly used for prototyping. When IFC2.0 was released 1999 it was a
great increase in scope. During the 2000s the process of getting IFC as a published ISO standard was
started, known as the ISO PAS (Publicly Available Specification) process. (Laakso & Kiviniemi, 2012)
After a few releases in the beginning of the 2000s IFC2x3 was released in 2006, followed by IFC2x3-
TC1 in 2007 which was a technical correction of the previous release (buildingSMART International, n.d.-
l). IFC2x3-TC1 is the current recommended release for implementation (buildingSMART International,
n.d.-g), as well as the currently most used version among certified software (buildingSMART
International, 2015).
With the latest version, IFC4 released in 2013, IFC became a full ISO standard. As a few examples
IFC4 adds several possibilities in its main areas of architecture, building service and structural elements,
it includes enhancements of geometry and parametric features, and it has support for product libraries.
(Liebich, 2013)
In a presentation of IFC4 by Liebich (2013), chair of the buildingSMART International Model Support
Group, it is predicted that practical use of IFC2x3 is between 2008 and 2016, and that IFC4 will be in use
from 2014 and onward. Ekholm et al. (2013) write that IFC2x3 and IFC4 will exist in parallel for a long
period and they also add that translators between the versions will exist.
Not covered within the IFC standard are for example exchange of data not related to construction and
facility management, component breakdown outside of building engineering, and behavioral aspects of
components (ISO.org, 2013).
The IFC standard itself does not provide an API (Application Programming Interface) to the data
model, but APIs have been designed to implement IFC in different programming languages and
application environments (Laakso & Kiviniemi, 2012).
Presented in the sections below are some areas of interest related to IFC and other open
buildingSMART standards.
2.3.1 Data file formats

There are a few different file formats available to store IFC data. The default format is in an ASCII file
format according to the IFC-EXPRESS specification, using the file suffix “.ifc”. The format is also called
“STEP physical file” format. The IFC-EXPRESS data can also be encoded as an XML document using
the ifcXML specification, with the file suffix “.ifcXML”. Finally, the two file formats exist in a
compressed version with the file suffix “.ifcZIP”. (buildingSMART International, n.d.-f)
Figure 2-5 shows an excerpt from an IFC file in EXPRESS format.
Figure 2-5. Excerpt from an IFC file in EXPRESS format

(file courtesy of Kruse Smith AS).
2.3.2 Model View Definition

A subset of the complete IFC model specification is called a Model View Definition (MVD) and is useful
when implementing IFC software, where one or several MVDs can be implemented in an application
(Laakso & Kiviniemi, 2012). The purpose of an MVD is to support certain workflows in the building
construction and facility management industry sectors, identifying the data exchange requirements
between different software applications (ISO.org, 2013). A software application that is to support IFC
must therefore identify which MVD it should use (ISO.org, 2013).
There are several existing MVDs, some developed by buildingSMART and some by other
organizations (buildingSMART International, n.d.-i). The most widely implemented MVD is the IFC2x3
Coordination View Version 2.0 (IFC2x3 CV V2.0), which main purpose is to assist coordination of
architectural, structural engineering and building services (MEP) engineering tasks in a building’s design
phase (buildingSMART International, n.d.-d). IFC2x3 CV V2.0 only supports scenarios of data exchange
between two different applications, not a round-trip involving a third application (buildingSMART
International, n.d.-d). There are two MVD successors of IFC2x3 CV V2.0 for IFC4 and they are called
IFC4 Reference View and IFC4 Design Transfer View (buildingSMART International, n.d.-i).
Chapter 2 Theory 11
2.3.3 Attributes and properties

The IFC specification separates between attributes and properties. Attributes are directly attached to an
object as an attribute of the entity. An object may have several attributes, but almost none of them are
required to have a defined value. (buildingSMART International, n.d.-e)
Properties are grouped as property sets and are assigned to an object by a relationship and are more
flexible than attributes (buildingSMART International, n.d.-e). There are standard properties defined in
the IFC specification, and non-standard properties that can be created by any exporting application
(Graphisoft, n.d.-a). Non-standard properties can use any name and be stored in any property set, where
the name of the property set usually contains the name of the exporting application (Graphisoft, n.d.-a).
2.3.4 Information Delivery Manual

An Information Delivery Manual (IDM) is a process standard meant to capture a business process and
specify the details for information exchange required by a particular role at a particular time
(buildingSMART International, n.d.-j). The purpose of an IDM is to create a common perception between
all participating parts for when information is to be exchanged and what it should contain (Ekholm et al.,
2013). An IDM provides documentation and guides the workflow of information exchange, and with the
use of an MVD the requested exchange can be achieved (Laakso & Kiviniemi, 2012).
2.3.5 buildingSMART Data Dictionary

buildingSMART Data Dictionary (bSDD), previously under the name International Framework for
Dictionaries (IFD), provides a database for construction information with terms and definitions in different
languages (Ekholm et al., 2013). bSDD describes what is exchanged using unique designations to find the
correct term or definition, connecting information in an existing database to an IFC data model (Laakso &
Kiviniemi, 2012).
2.3.6 BIM Collaboration Format

BIM Collaboration Format (BCF) is an open standard that was adopted as an official buildingSMART
standard during 2014. BCF is using an XML schema to enable workflow communication between BIM
software applications. The main idea behind BCF is to simplify collaboration, where only for example
proposals and change requests for a model are exchanged and not the entire model. (buildingSMART
International, n.d.-c)
BCF can be seen as an extension of the IFC format, but as a format separating the information exchange
from the model (Ekholm et al., 2013).
2.3.7 Certification
Software applications can be certified to fulfill a certain MVD of IFC for data exchange. buildingSMART
currently has a scheme called Coordination View Certification 2.0 (CV2.0) to certify software for import
and export of IFC2x3 files. The export test confirms the exchange requirements of an architect model,
structural engineer model, and building service (MEP) engineer model. All three exchanges need to be
supported to pass the export test, while for the import test to pass the application only has to support an
import according to its purpose and functionality A certification scheme for data exchange of IFC4 files
is currently in development and will certify export and import using the two MVDs IFC4 Reference View
and IFC4 Design Transfer View. (buildingSMART International, n.d.-k)
buildingSMART International (2015) lists all currently certified software according to their CV2.0
certification scheme, which at date is a rather limited amount of software applications. There is also a more
extensive list of applications, claimed by their developers to be supporting IFC (buildingSMART

International, n.d.-b)
2.4 BIM and IFC

As one of the most important aspects of BIM is the collaboration between different actors during a building
process, information needs to be exchanged between the actors. A problem is that the actors may use
different software developed by several producers, each having their own native file format (Jensen &
Jóhannesson, 2013). To be able to exchange information the different software need to add compatibility
between each native file format, or they need to rely on a common interoperable file format (Laakso &
Kiviniemi, 2012). IFC is an open standard to exchange information and is the most common and used
interoperable file format in BIM software (Laakso & Kiviniemi, 2012).
However, the focus on IFC for data exchange is by some said to paralyze BIM and it would be better
to initially work on compatibility to be able to read files of the same family from different publishers
(Bouygues Construction, 2014). Every software will not need to communicate with each other directly,
some large actors usually assume a central role in holding the data (Laakso & Kiviniemi, 2012). Users
may adopt a specific combination of software for them to work in a proper way and the strong actors
develop their own solutions to be competitive, and even develop common solutions with partner
companies (Miettinen & Paavola, 2014). Drawing conclusions from CAD software, Laakso and Kiviniemi
(2012) notes that having a standard in place when market demands still are evolving can have its
drawbacks. Having too strict standardization will limit innovations, but having too much variation on the
other hand will split the BIM technology (Miettinen & Paavola, 2014). In the recent years there have been
public sector and governmental initiatives in some countries regarding BIM, with demands on keeping the
information in IFC as an open and non-proprietary format (Laakso & Kiviniemi, 2012). Public sector and
governmental organizations contributions with project funding, technical development and end-user
feedback have together with national research and development projects helped the IFC standard to take
steps forward (Laakso & Kiviniemi, 2012).
But for IFC interoperability to be useful, it has to be implemented in software to a satisfactory level
before end-users have a chance to fully adopt IFC in their organization (Laakso & Kiviniemi, 2012). In a
previous research it was concluded that end-users still cannot fully trust IFC, where performed tests
showed for example loss of information and distorted geometry (Pazlar & Turk, 2008). A BIM software
may for example have its own extensions not supported by IFC and information may therefore be lost
when using IFC (Pintar, 2009). A recent thesis finds similar problems with information loss and geometry
differences (Khomiri & Löwstett, 2014). In interviews with contractors and facility managers, Khomiri
and Löwstett (2014) identifies three main reasons for problems occurring when exchanging data using
IFC:
 Deficiency when creating the model, where for example the human factor is involved when
building a model in a wrong way.
 Deficiency in the IFC format, where it is not yet able to keep all information from a BIM software.
 Deficiency in how the IFC file is interpreted in the receiving software.
The increasing demands through public sector support for the standard, together with the release of IFC4,
will most likely influence the IFC implementation quality and increase the use of IFC. But this remains to
be seen. (Laakso & Kiviniemi, 2012)
2.4.1 Open BIM

Based on the open standards of buildingSMART (for example IFC, IDM, bSDD, and BCF), there is an
initiative by buildingSMART and several software vendors called Open BIM (also called openBIM and
OPEN BIM) (buildingSMART International, n.d.-m). Open BIM is said to be “a universal approach to the
Chapter 2 Theory 13
collaborative design, realization and operation of buildings based on open standards and workflows”
(buildingSMART International, n.d.-m). There is also something called the Open BIM Program which is
a marketing campaign initiated by Graphisoft, Tekla and other companies to promote the Open BIM
concept in the architect, engineering and construction industries (Graphisoft, n.d.-b).
2.4.2 The present

Trends show an increased use of BIM in the construction industry over the past few years (Smith, 2014).
Governmental organizations, such as U.S. General Service Administration (GSA) in USA, Senate
Properties in Finland and Statsbygg in Norway, have been issuing guidelines and requirements during
several years for an increased use of BIM with IFC as an open standard (Laakso & Kiviniemi, 2012). USA
have long been at the forefront of BIM in the construction industry led by GSA on public projects, and the
Scandinavian region is also considered a global leader in BIM adoption (Smith, 2014). Senate Properties
has required IFC compliant BIM since 2007, and Statsbygg have used BIM since 2007 and also requires
IFC compliant BIM since 2010 (Smith, 2014). In the UK, a decision to require BIM for all public sector
contracts from 2016 has greatly increased the interest of BIM in the region (Miettinen & Paavola, 2014).
In EU the European Parliament has adopted a directive that all their member countries may “encourage,
specify or mandate the use of BIM for publicly funded constructions and building projects in the European
Union by 2016” (Autodesk, 2014).
When studying global strategies for BIM implementation, Smith (2014) identifies governmental
leadership as the most important factor for successful BIM implementation. Smith (2014) also identifies
national and global standards, based on an open standard as IFC, as a necessity to ensure efficient
collaboration both nationally and globally. Initiatives related to BIM is going on all over the world and
countries and companies realize their market will be left behind if they do not keep up with the BIM
progress (Smith, 2014). Smith (2014) concludes that the sooner companies invest in BIM capabilities the
better position they will be in to take advantage of the evolving capabilities.
2.4.3 The future

The use of BIM in the construction industry is expected to increase rapidly over the coming few years,
where government mandates is one reason to the increase (Smith, 2014). Much focus has until recently
been on how to make a basic BIM work, but this is changing and products and services evolve to take BIM
further (Chong et al., 2014). Below are some identified areas which may affect BIM in the future:
 Increased use of cloud computing, web portals, and mobile devices for BIM (Chong et al., 2014).
With a web-based BIM exchange, enhanced interoperability between different applications is
expected (Chong et al., 2014; Redmond, Hore, Alshawi, & West, 2012).
 More government initiatives with regulations and promotion of BIM. Following the regulator, the
rest of the industry is influenced by these initiatives. (Chong et al., 2014)
 Increased interest of accurate and detailed as-built models, making BIM work better for facilities
management (Chong et al., 2014; Volk et al., 2014).
 Increased availability of product libraries, where manufacturers and providers of products make
their product catalogs available as BIM objects (Chong et al., 2014; Data Design System, n.d.).
2.4.4 Examples
Related to Configura, it may be of interest to know how for example furniture may be handled in a BIM
as requested in the public sector.
The Norwegian public sector company Statsbygg has a section for interior design modelling in their
BIM manual. This section states that it may be voluntary to include the interior design in the BIM,
depending on the requirements of a project. If required, furniture, fixtures and equipment shall be located
correctly in spaces in the BIM, having a relationship to the space (IfcSpace) that they are located in. The
objects shall be represented by its object type (IfcFurnitureType) with naming enumeration according to
an agreed classification system (for example IfcFurnitureType.Chair and IfcFurnitureType.Table).
(Statsbygg, 2013)
Figure 2-7 and Figure 2-6 show examples of how BIM may look when viewed through Solibri Model
Viewer. Figure 2-7 shows an architect’s BIM in IFC format viewing the building from the outside. Figure
2-6 shows a coordination BIM in the native format of Solibri Model Checker. The example in Figure 2-6
shows a kitchen area in a building where several disciplines’ models are available. As may be seen in the
example, objects for kitchen appliances, cabinets, electrical equipment, sprinklers, ventilation etcetera are
available in the BIM.
Chapter 2 Theory 15
Figure 2-7. Architect’s BIM in IFC format, visualized in Solibri Model Viewer (file courtesy of Kruse
Smith AS).
Figure 2-6. Coordination BIM where several disciplines’ models are available, visualized in Solibri
Model Viewer (file courtesy of Kruse Smith AS).
17
Chapter 3
Method
The research methodology in this thesis is based on an exploratory purpose. Runeson and Höst (2009)
describe an exploratory research purpose as “finding out what is happening, seeking new insights and
generating ideas and hypotheses for new research” (p. 135). The thesis can also be said to be based on an
interpretive case study method, which “attempts to understand phenomena through the participants’
interpretation of their context” (Runeson & Höst, 2009, p. 135).
In a case study, a few objects like for example users or companies are closer investigated in various
aspects (Eriksson & Wiedersheim-Paul, 2014). Runeson and Höst (2009) describe that a case can consist
of one or more units of analysis, but depending on the context of the units it may be seen as several different
cases. When choosing to study two or more cases, or units of analysis, it is possible to compare the cases
but the more cases the less time is available for each individual case (Eriksson & Wiedersheim-Paul, 2014).
The collection of data in this thesis used a qualitative approach (Runeson & Höst, 2009), where for
example words and sentences are involved which may provide rich and deep descriptions. When relying
on qualitative data it is important to look at the studied objects from different angles (Runeson & Höst,
2009). This is called triangulation and means that a higher level of precision is achieved by using different
sources to check if they validate or invalidate each other (Eriksson & Wiedersheim-Paul, 2014). Several
research methods are often combined within a case study (Patel & Davidson, 2011; Runeson & Höst,
2009). In this thesis a survey was combined with interviews and archival data which is a way to use
triangulation (Runeson & Höst, 2009). A similar approach was used by Jensen and Jóhannesson (2013)
that combined a survey, using a questionnaire, with interviews to collect data when exploring the
implementation of BIM in the Nordic countries of Europe.
Analysis of qualitative data involves interpretation of words and can be assisted by using categorization
and sorting (Runeson & Höst, 2009). Collection of data and analysis may be done incrementally, where if
the analysis shows that more data is needed new data may be collected (Runeson & Höst, 2009).
Within a qualitative research, the terms validity and reliability are so close to each other that the term
reliability is seldom used. Instead, the term validity is used in a broader meaning. Each qualitative research
is unique and there are no final rules or procedures to ensure validity. It is therefore important that the
research process is carefully described to let anyone reading the report form their own view of the process.
(Patel & Davidson, 2011)
The following sections in this chapter describes the different steps carried out in this thesis with the
help of the chosen method.
3.1 Archival data

The purpose of this thesis is based on requests from customer companies of CSAB to have Configura
supporting the IFC format. One perspective for the study was to look at the requests and information given
before the thesis was started. Archival data was collected from the issue tracking system that CSAB is
using. Three different issues, from three different customers, were analyzed and they were all entered into
the issue tracking system during 2014. The customers are designated as in Table 3-1, which also tells their
company’s industry sector and main operating country.
Table 3-1. Archival data customer companies.
Designation Industry sector Country

Customer A Mobile shelving USA
Customer B Office furniture Finland
Customer C Partition walls France
Two of the issues were very short and concise and more or less used directly in the results. Only one of
the three issues needed some kind of analysis method. This issue was analyzed and the available data was
categorized into “IFC requests”, “IFC scenarios”, and “IFC information”. Some data was judged to not
contribute to the result of the study and was therefore not used.
3.2 Interviews
Two employees at CSAB were judged to be able to give essential information related to the research
questions and are included in the study in the form of two semi-structured interviews. The main questions
were planned in advance and were used to make sure all questions were handled. In a semi-structured
interview, improvisation and exploration is allowed (Runeson & Höst, 2009).
The first interview was with Freddie Pintar who had done a thesis work (Pintar, 2009) at CSAB about
the RevLink extension. He was also a part of the team continuing the development of RevLink after the
thesis was completed. The interview was held at the CSAB office in Linköping with a duration of
approximately one hour. The interview was conducted before the questionnaire was sent to the initial
selection. The purpose of this interview was to get a better understanding of BIM and the RevLink
extension, but also to get input for the design of the questionnaire to be used in the survey. See Appendix
A for the main questions handled during the interview.
The second interview was with Martin Ericsson who is a part of a team in Kuala Lumpur (KL),
Malaysia, and they are doing the current development of RevLink. The interview was held using a Skype
call with a duration of approximately 40 minutes. This interview was conducted after the questionnaire
was sent to the initial selection. See Appendix A for the main questions handled during the interview.
Both of the interviews were recorded, with the consent of the interviewees. The first interview was
partly transcribed, focusing on sections that possibly could be used for the result or for the design of the
questionnaire. The second interview was almost fully transcribed, except for the voice of the interviewer.
The transcriptions were analyzed with focus on what was judged to be of interest for the research questions
and were categorized into “RevLink extension” and “IFC export”. The interviewees were asked to confirm
their input used in the result, and some feedback was given and changes made accordingly. Both
interviewees gave their consent to have their name appearing in this report.
3.3 Survey
The survey was an attempt to cover questions related to the research questions. Using a survey enables a
larger selection compared to interviews. In interviews there is a risk that people with none or minor
knowledge about the research area are interviewed, with situations where the interviewer has to explain
extensive background details or that the interviewee tries to elicit information from the interviewer, leading
to inefficient data collection. Beside receiving useful information from the respondents, the idea was also
to use the survey to find people with deeper knowledge within the research area.
To answer the research questions one of the goals was to establish contact with potential Configura
users with experience or knowledge of IFC. Because the requests for use of IFC in Configura has been
relatively low so far, compared to Configura’s total number of users, the selection of possible users with
knowledge about IFC was expected to be low. Customer companies of CSAB often have one assigned
project manager that in many cases also is responsible for that company’s Configura users. By that, they
often have a lot of knowledge about what their users request. Including project managers could therefore
lead to contact information to other Configura users.
Chapter 3 Method 19
3.3.1 Selection
Contact information to people with potential knowledge about IFC was acquired from project managers
and other employees at CSAB. These contacts consisted of five project managers with Configura
responsibility at customer companies of CSAB, and one sales expert. These six people are further on called
the initial selection. The initial selection represent companies mainly within industry sectors like office
furniture, kitchen, partition walls, storage and property protection. Countries that the initial selection
represent are Norway, Finland, Sweden and France.
The purpose was to use the initial selection to get as much information as possible related to the
research questions, and also to find other users that could contribute to the research. As several of the
project managers in the initial selection have requested IFC in Configura, they were judged to be motivated
to participate in the survey and assist as much as possible. Two people from the initial selection could give
contact information to users with potential knowledge about BIM or IFC. In contact with one of these
users another user also became involved. One person from the initial selection thought there could be
knowledge about BIM or IFC within their internal sales and design department, but the person did not
have time to investigate this further. Via this person, contact information to 21 users was received.
The initial selection and the additional selection are considered as the total selection in the performed
survey. The total selection was 29 people.
3.3.2 Questionnaire
A questionnaire-based survey has many similarities with a fully structured interview (Runeson & Höst,
2009). The questionnaire used in the survey was designed according to a time-glass model (Runeson &
Höst, 2009), beginning with open questions, focusing on the main questions in the middle and finalizing
with more general questions at the end. The questions in the questionnaire were designed with the research
questions in focus, and input was also received via archival data and one of the study’s interviews.
The questionnaire contained three main sections called background, information exchange, and
additional information. The first section was used to set the relevance of the respondent and to possibly
receive general, but potentially interesting, information. The second section was a try to get deeper into
the research area with connection to the reality of information exchange for the respondent. The last section
aimed at adding additional information that could increase the understanding of the requests, and to allow
the respondent to add any information not covered by earlier questions.
Before the questionnaire was sent to the initial selection, it was reviewed by Mikael Ågerud at CSAB
who was familiar to the questions. Based on the feedback from the reviewer a few questions were removed
and others were simplified and clarified with examples. After the first revision, a better focus on the
research questions were obtained.
An e-mail was sent out individually to the initial selection with information about how the contact
information was received, a very short description of the study and an explanation of two attached files.
The files attached were an introduction letter to the study (as a PDF file) and the questionnaire document
(as a DOCX file). The introduction gave background of BIM and IFC and the purpose of the study. It also
stated that the participation was voluntary and that the result would not be used to identify individual
participants or companies. If the person would choose to participate in the study the questionnaire was
asked to be answered directly in the attached document. Those participating were also requested to answer
as soon as possible, or at least within one week from the arrival of the questionnaire. See Appendix B for
the introduction letter and the questionnaire that were sent to the initial selection.
As soon as a questionnaire was returned it was read and interpreted. Patel and Davidson (2011) and
Runeson and Höst (2009) state that it is an advantage to analyze the result continuously and in parallel
with the data collection and as soon as possible after being collected. This can give new ideas on how to
proceed. When a few answers were analyzed it was realized that one interesting question could be added
to the questionnaire. The questionnaire was revised with a new question and to reduce the content of the
questionnaire another question was removed. The question removed was judged to be less important to
answer the research questions. The revised version of the questionnaire can be found in Appendix B. In a
couple of cases when there was no clear understanding of an answer, the respondents were asked to clarify
themselves. The respondents were also able to answer the additional question from the revised
questionnaire, unless the already given answers stated it unnecessary.
The initial selection were also asked for contact information to people, or users in specific, with more
knowledge about BIM or IFC. Contact information to a first user was received, and the introduction and
the revised questionnaire was sent to this user. This user decided to involve a second user and they
synchronized their answers in one questionnaire. Contact information was also received to 21 users with
potential knowledge about BIM or IFC. An email was sent to all of these 21 users, but only those with
experience or knowledge of BIM or IFC were asked to participate. The introduction and the revised
questionnaire were included in the email.
If the questionnaire was not answered within one week a reminder by email was sent once. An
exception was in the case of the 21 users, where the respondent from the initial selection that had given
the contact information was asked by email to specifically remind those of the 21 users that possibly could
contribute to the study. The respondent confirmed the request.
3.3.3 Analysis
All questionnaires and clarifications received in correspondence with respondents were summarized in a
new document. The respondents were coded with a short designation. For each question in the
questionnaire, all the respondents answers were listed and marked with the corresponding respondent’s
designation. This gave a better overview of all available answers and it was easier to find a few main
categories for all answers. The categories found were partly linked to the questions in the questionnaire
but they were also generated out of the answers. The answers were sorted according to different categories
and during the process the categories evolved several times, where some new categories appeared, others
were removed and some adjusted. The final categories became “Background”, “Related issues”, “Reasons
to use IFC”, “IFC requests” and “IFC in Configura. These categories are also used as sections in the results
in Chapter 4. A category related to information received from contractors was also used, but this category
was handled outside of the analysis of the questionnaire and is described in a section below.
Most of the respondents’ answers were used in the results, but not all. A few answers were difficult to
interpret and the corresponding respondent was asked for clarification. Those answers where no
clarification was received are excluded from the results. All remaining answers were then summarized
within each category, using a mix of citations, tables and descriptive text.
All respondents did not answer all questions in the questionnaire, but this loss of data was not to any
greater extent. The missing answers were mainly in the question about the respondent’s knowledge of
different BIM software being used. There were also a few requests not related to BIM or IFC and they
were not further analyzed. Instead, they were reported as feature requests in the issue tracking system used
by CSAB.
The answers in the questionnaires were given in English and Norwegian. Native language of the
researcher is Swedish, but with a good understanding of both English and Norwegian. Analysis of the
answers has therefore involved linguistic interpretation of words and sentences in different languages.
To reduce the possibility to identify individual participants, designation of the respondents is not used
in this report.
3.4 Contractors – Summary and follow-up

The two respondents of the questionnaire who had chosen to synchronize their answers had been in contact
with two different general contractors that request IFC files from them. According to the respondents the
contractors have been requesting IFC files for a long time. As the respondents were unsure of what they
really need concerning IFC they asked the contractors for information. The contractors were asked of what
they see as important to include in an IFC file that they request from the respondents. The contractors’
answers were included in the questionnaire.
Chapter 3 Method 21
The contractors are designated as in Table 3-2, which also shows their title and company name. They
are both active within the Norwegian building industry in companies dealing with building projects from
design to construction. Both contractors gave their consent that all information they provided may be used
in this thesis report, as well as appearing with company name.
Table 3-2. Contractors information.
Designation Title Company

Contractor A BIM development leader Kruse Smith AS
Contractor B Project developer Skanska Norge AS
A set of follow-up questions were sent by email to both of the contractors to elicit some more information.
With the follow-up questions, some questions concerning their answers received in the questionnaire were
also included. The follow-up questions were the same to the both contractors, except for one question
which was asked to be able to triangulate the other contractor. It was judged to be more efficient to use
questions via email to the both contractors than to set up one or two interviews, which can be rather time
consuming. Having data from two sources was considered to be more valuable than from just one as it
enables triangulation. To increase the possibility of receiving answers the follow-up questions were kept
to a low number, focusing on the material to and from a Configura user. The follow-up questions to the
two contractors can be found in Appendix C. Answers to the follow-up questions were received from both
of the contractors.
All answers from the contractors were analyzed separately and summarized using all content they had
provided. Firstly the answers supplied in the questionnaire were summarized, and secondly the answers
from the follow-up questions were summarized. Contractor B supplied two documents which were briefly
analyzed. The documents were mainly used as a method to triangulate already given data. All answers and
documents were in Norwegian.
3.5 Summary of findings

All data sources used in the study were analyzed to present a summary of the findings, only using the
material from different sources as presented in Chapter 4. The summary consists of data confirmed by at
least a second source in the results, as using triangulation gives more reliable data.
The data provided by the general contractors was judged to be central of the study and was used as a
starting point for the analysis. Using their answers received via the questionnaire combined with their
answers to the follow-up questions the data confirmed by both contractors was filtered out. Answers only
given by one contractor were then compared with all other sources in the results to possibly find a
validation by a second source. The analysis went on to the results of the questionnaire, finding requests
and statements mentioned by more than one. The interviews were then used to check if they could
triangulate the questionnaire or the archival data, and finally the archival data was checked towards the
questionnaire. Figure 3-1 illustrates how the data was analyzed in five steps.
STEP 1
Contractor A Contractor B Questionnaires Interviews Archival data
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
STEP 5
Figure 3-1. Illustration of how data was analyzed to summarize findings.

23
Chapter 4
Results
In this chapter the results of the study is presented. The same sections as used in Chapter 3 is used in this
chapter as well.
4.1 Archival data

The archival data is based on input from three different contributors, as described in Chapter 3. Two of
the contributors, Customer B and Customer C, are also among the respondents of the survey.
Customer A asks for an export possibility to Revit. This customer is using the Configura platform that
currently does not support an export to Revit. Customer B requests the ability to open and export files in
the IFC format.
Customer C has given more information about their request, but the customer has no real experience
of IFC. Below are requests from Customer C listed in priority order as stated at that time:
 Be able to import an IFC file like what can be done with a CAD file, and then do work based on
it.
 Be able to export our products as an IFC file.
 Be able to include our products in an existing IFC file, for example to replace existing information
in the IFC file with information of our products.
 Be able to convert information about products in an IFC file into our products in Configura.
Most important is to be able to read and write IFC information. Customer C gives example of three possible
scenarios:
 We get an IFC file from an architect to make a quotation and we return a quotation without any
link to the IFC file.
 We get an IFC file from an architect to make a quotation and we return a quotation as well as the
IFC file with our products included.
 We have no IFC file at start and we can send an IFC file to our customer to be able to view the
project through an IFC viewer.
Customer C is not able to fully specify what information about their products that needs to be supplied
with an IFC export. The customer mentions 2D and 3D information with exact dimensions, position and
material as well as other possibilities like acoustics information for their products.
4.2 Interviews
Below is the result of the two interviews with the CSAB employees Freddie Pintar in Linköping, Sweden,
and Martin Ericsson in Kuala Lumpur (KL), Malaysia. In this section, the name CET Designer is used
instead of the combined name Configura to better tell which solution was in focus during the interviews.
4.2.1 RevLink extension

Pintar tells that when the RevLink extension was developed, the synchronization of CET Designer objects
was in focus. For example if an object exported from CET Designer was moved or deleted in Revit, it
should be moved or deleted in CET Designer as well when synchronized. He further tells that when two
or more objects were connected they were always exported as one group, giving one object in Revit. There
are complicated rules in CET Designer making it difficult to handle objects separated in Revit. A group of
tables can for example share legs and if they would be separated in Revit the legs would become incorrect,
as Revit has no rules for these objects. Such an example could possibly also lead to an incorrect
configuration of the tables in CET Designer when synchronized.
Ericsson and the team in KL have been in contact with interior designers in USA that are using CET
Designer, that in turn have been in contact with architects that are using Revit. This has helped them to
sort out technical questions on how RevLink should work. Ericsson tells about some areas where the
behavior of RevLink has changed since first developed. Firstly, CET Designer no longer synchronize
objects from Revit and Ericsson notes that the interior designers do not want to put this trust in the hands
of the architects. In case architects want a revised quotation, they need to inform the interior designer of
the requested changes and receive a new export. Secondly, even if objects are connected to each other they
no longer need to be exported as a group. The reason for the change was to meet architects request to be
able to make for example position adjustments to single objects without asking for a new export.
In the current export to Revit users can choose what parameters to export for all objects. This can be
model name, manufacturer, description, article parts list, and price. Users can also add their own specified
parameters to export, but it is a limited possibility as all exported objects will get the same parameters and
values. Ericsson notes that interior designers are reluctant to include price in the export as it does not
handle product price updates, and therefore this parameter is not chosen in the default settings.
4.2.2 IFC export

During 2014 Ericsson and the team in KL have been looking a bit into a possible implementation of an
IFC export. One reason for doing so was that they considered if it would be possible to exchange the
current Revit export with a more generic IFC export. Their investigation of an IFC export was stopped
and the main reason for that was because of unsatisfactory result when testing IFC import in Revit. No
test of a real IFC export from CET Designer was made, but as an example they found that an IFC export
made in Revit could look different when the same file then was imported in Revit.
Ericsson further tells that during their investigation they only saw an option to load a complete IFC file
in Revit, not an option to import an IFC file as a part of an existing drawing. Their assumption was that
Revit users most likely want to import furniture into an existing drawing. After their investigation was
stopped, they found it possible to link an IFC file to an existing drawing in Revit 2015.
There are several different variants of IFC and they found that IFC2x3 in EXPRESS (or “STEP
physical file”) format was the most used one. There is also an XML format of IFC2x3 but more
applications have better support for the EXPRESS format. IFC4 is the latest version but it is not widely
supported so far.
Ericsson and the team in KL saw a need to mark objects in CET Designer with different tags supported
by IFC. Both automatically and manually by the user. In some ways they saw similarities in the user
interface in SketchUp and what CET Designer could have to manually mark objects, but they wanted to
find a more useful way suited for CET Designer.
Chapter 4 Results 25
4.3 Survey
The result of the questionnaire used in the survey comes from four respondents from the initial selection,
and six respondents from the additional selection. Two respondents from the additional selection answered
in one questionnaire and synchronized their answers for some questions. The respondents are within
companies in the office furniture, partition walls, and kitchen industries. Countries represented by the
respondents are Norway, Finland and France. The survey was conducted in April and May 2015.
4.3.1 Background
Among the respondents are four project managers with Configura users responsibility at their company,
two salesmen and four interior designers. All respondents but one state that they use Configura on a daily
basis. Usage of BIM software by the respondents themselves were low, only one had some minor
experience of ArchiCAD and Revit. However, two respondents had experienced it when collaborating
with others. One respondent mentioned Configura and AutoCAD as BIM software used within the
company, otherwise nobody knew about such use. Only Revit and ArchiCAD were mentioned by one
respondent as known BIM software used by people asking for quotations. Nobody of the respondents had
experience of working with IFC.
4.3.2 Related issues

One respondent adds information about an existing CAD symbol library they have for their products, and
a planned survey about the use of it. The respondent tells they have received requests concerning separate
IFC symbols, or IFC objects, of their products. The same respondent also adds:
We have been thinking what are the roles of furniture/building planning software in future?
Is it possible to have only one tool?
Another respondent also writes about a potential BIM or IFC object library. This means having their
products available in a library, and that anyone with access to the library can use their products in a BIM
compatible software to for example furnish a building. With the information in the library, the BIM
software user have all the data they need to work on their own.
One respondent finds data exchange between other software and Configura to be an important issue,
not just related to IFC files. Most frequently such data exchange involves objects to be imported into
Configura and too often the respondent experience problems by not being able to import directly due to a
file format not being supported. Though, import of DWG files usually succeeds.
One question in the questionnaire was removed in the second version of the questionnaire and was
therefore only answered by the respondents from the initial selection. The question was about the
company’s distribution of quotations made for new buildings and quotations made for existing buildings.
Two of the respondents do not know the distribution, but one of them thinks that most quotations would
be for new buildings. One respondent approximate the distribution to an equal amount where both areas
are important. The last respondent gives a rough distribution of 40/60, with an advantage of existing
buildings.
4.3.3 Reasons to use IFC

Four respondents see scenarios related to an architect’s request to have products integrated into the
architect’s building plan, including one who thinks an already given example in a questionnaire question
might be a valid use case. Below is an example of what may be requested:
Usually, we would receive a file from an architect and we would need to draw our products.
Then, we will need to export our file into the IFC format to send it back to him. We will also
send him a quotation but it will be a printing or a PDF format.
A respondent tells that the architect wants to have the products in 3D to be able to consider how the
products are placed in space related to electrical works, air conditioning, plumbing etcetera. Another
respondent is unsure of possible scenarios but can imagine a situation where a customer wants to have a
file including all furniture and other interior items. One respondent writes the following scenario:
Client designers need to know all details of the furniture (sizes, materials, delivery time…),
so they can order the furniture or make an offer request or competitive bidding.
Three respondents mention IFC file requests by contractors during the project planning of new building
complexes, and two respondents tell that these contractors have requested IFC files with their products
during a long time.
A respondent that was writing about a BIM or IFC library tells that the main advantage of BIM software
is that they all can access an IFC file, reading and writing information. The role of software like Configura
is to be able to add information into IFC files, for example by adding products, but also to understand
information in an IFC file to be able to add more information to the end user. For example there could be
an IFC file with the company’s products letting anyone see their 3D visualization and technical
information. But only Configura will understand the link between the company’s product library and the
price, the necessary material and material preparation etcetera.
One respondent state that use of IFC will become obligatory for the public market in a near future.
Therefore, manufacturers that want to make a quotation for such a project must be able to supply an IFC
file.
4.3.4 IFC requests

Six respondents mention about known cases when an IFC file was requested when doing a quotation. Of
these six respondents, three had received requests them self and three had heard of someone else within
their company that had. Table 4-1 shows how the previous IFC requests are distributed as stated by the
respondents.
Table 4-1. Previous IFC requests.
Customer making request Request to respondent Request to someone else

Architects 1 1
External architects and resellers 1
Contractors 2 1
One respondent mentions a previous case when another Configura user received a floor plan in IFC format
and “the customer’s architect wanted the plans on IFC-format”. Below is the respondents answer to how
the situation was handled:
The solution was to make all needed objects in Revit (rvt-files) and create the furniture
planning in Revit. The basic work (quotation and floor plan) was done on Configura but the
floor plans had to be remade according to pdf-files printed from Configura.
All respondents but two can give examples of customers that might come with requests related to IFC.
Table 4-2 shows how many times different customer types explicitly are mentioned by the respondents,
where cases a respondent has answered “all” is handled separately and is not increasing the count of other
customer types.
Table 4-2. Potential IFC requests.
Customer making request Mentioned by respondent

Architects 4
Construction companies 3
Interior designers 3
Contractors 2
“All” 3
4.3.5 IFC in Configura

Table 4-3 shows a summary of different IFC object types that the respondents think should be available in
Configura when importing an IFC file, including two respondents who think an already given example in
a questionnaire question describes their need quite well.
Table 4-3. Requested IFC object types for import.
Object type Mentioned by respondent

Walls 4
Windows 1
Doors 1
Stairs 1
Suspended ceiling 1
Furniture 1
Electrical equipment (plugs, lamps, etcetera) 1
Water devices (plumbing, sprinklers, etcetera) 1
Air conditioning equipment 1
There were also some further requests regarding an IFC import in Configura. Accurate dimensions for
walls is mentioned by two respondents. One respondent tells that windows and doors also should have
accurate dimensions, as well as correct vertical placement. A respondent dealing with partition walls finds
it important to have accurate heights to the ceiling to be able to configure their products correct. An extra
possibility could be to read acoustic performances to help them choose different type of material for their
products to improve such performances. A request is also to add position assistance when placing their
products towards walls in the IFC file.
A respondent tells:
In general we (or our client) should be able to easily configure the product features and
materials and then export it to IFC/BIM object including prices and other attributes.
In a follow-up question the respondent was asked what could be seen as “other attributes”. The respondent
answered that there was no specification for this at the moment, but it could be all the information currently
used in Configura. Different aspects of information of the respondents’ products in an IFC file as
mentioned by the respondents are summarized in Table 4-4. Visual representation is considered as one
type of request even if the respondents have expressed themselves in different ways. Except for visual
representation, the other product attributes mentioned come from four different respondents.
Table 4-4. IFC information for export.
Information type Mentioned by respondent

Visual representation (in various expressions) 7
Product size 2
Main article code 1
Product name 1
Product material 1
Manufacturer 1
Prices 1
Delivery time 1
Constraints 1
Heating 1
Cooling 1
Acoustic performances 1
“All information used in Configura” 1
Two users in the kitchen industry thinks that at a minimum an IFC export would need to include all
cabinets, countertops, fillers, appliances and their placement. Another respondent writes that products
should be exported individually rather than in groups to allow the products to be moved. Two respondents
agree on that a likely need is to be able to choose which components that are to be exported to IFC, similar
to what can be done for a DWG file export today in the CET Designer version of Configura. A respondent
mentions about an architect’s request to receive their products in different layers, but this case was for a
DWG file export.
4.4 Contractors – Summary and follow-up

The contractors answers were included in the section for other information in the questionnaire. Additional
information was also received from the two contractors when a set of follow-up questions were asked by
the researcher. The result of the questionnaire information and the additional information is summarized
below.
4.4.1 Contractor A
In the information to the respondents, Contractor A starts by telling:
We nowadays base all our projects on an expected use of BIM and IFC as main
communication for interdisciplinary coordination. [Researcher’s translation]
Below is a summary of Contractor A’s aspects on IFC files from the respondents, according to information
received in the questionnaire:
 The primary area of use would be interdisciplinary coordination and visualization.
 We will be able to run digital checks to make sure everything is correct. Mainly to detect collisions.
Other use may for example be to make sure that an adequate number of electrical outlet is used,
and placed according to the need, as well as to make sure that the ventilator channel is placed
correctly.
 Use of a common zero point, coordinate system and orientation as the rest of the project.
 One IFC file for each building complex where all components are placed correctly in all rooms in
each file. That is, if a quotation is requested for more than one building, separate IFC files for each
building is requested.
 Important that they are as simple as possible. That is, not giving IFC files with visualization details
of for example handles of cabinets and drawers and fittings inside of them. Having too much details
creates unnecessary large files and reduce the effect of BIM.
The additional information below is based on answers from Contractor A regarding the follow-up
questions:
The Configura user will get access to the contractor’s web-solution for projects, which at any time will
contain the latest updated models from all disciplines. The contractor believes it is the architect’s model
that will be the most relevant for Configura users. This model contains objects like “Wall”, “Door”,
“Window”, “Suspended Ceiling”, “Floor”, “Space”, “Slab” etcetera,. Building floors and header
parameters of the IFC file is based on the architect’s model. The contractor was willing to send IFC files
as examples for what Configura users can base their work on, and supplied a couple of files used during
two different building projects. Some files were in IFC format as examples of what an architect may deliver
and some files were in the native format of Solibri Model Checker (SMC files) as examples of
collaboration models including several disciplines.
The IFC file from Configura can be made to match the architect’s model. The IFC file from Configura
should be a separate file, not integrated in the model the file was based on. The contractor requests that all
IFC files use their orientation cube, which is an object to make sure that the same orientation and zero
point are used by all disciplines. The zero point used is always based on the architect’s file. The IFC file
from Configura can then be integrated in the contractor’s complete model without any need for
adjustments.
The contractor thinks it would make sense to have each product as a separate object. A major concern
is the outer geometry of objects and having a geometry as simple as possible, not including details like for
example curvature of a faucet. It is also important to consider objects that interface other disciplines, like
for example a sink that needs plumbing or a dishwasher that needs plumbing and electricity. When it
comes to attributes and properties of products the contractor is not sure of what may be needed. One
possible use mentioned would be to share product numbers as it would make communication easier, for
example when there is a problem with a product.
4.4.2 Contractor B
Below is a summary of Contractor B’s aspects on IFC files from the respondents, according to information
received in the questionnaire:
 All products included in one IFC file.
 Should be coordinated with the zero point used in the current project, so that the file can be placed
correctly in the complete IFC model for the project.
 Detail level must be adapted to not create a too heavy IFC model that is difficult to handle.
 The IFC file with the products should be created based on material received from other participants
in a project.
The additional information below is based on answers from Contractor B regarding the follow-up
questions:
As far as possible the contractor wants to avoid so called “double modeling”, and therefore each
discipline should plan and supply their own objects only. It is fully possible to use an IFC file as base
when asking for a quotation, but this demands that the model from their architect is sufficiently complete
and detailed at that time. Normally the IFC file contains models from all disciplines, but the contractor
tells it would be easy for each user to filter out models to show for example only the architect’s model.
The contractor could currently not send any IFC files as examples.
The contractor could not answer how products should be grouped when delivered in an IFC file and
thinks this needs to be discussed further to be able to find a good level. But generally the contractor thinks
it would be desirable to have the information by product type. Their request is that all objects in an IFC
file are supplied with information according to the company’s BIM manual for the current project.
The contractor supplied two documents to be viewed; a BIM manual used in projects and a
specification with demands on models and drawings. Below is a brief summary of the two documents,
focusing only on areas important for this study, and especially to confirm information from others:
All file exchanges shall be done using the web-solution for projects. Each discipline shall be able to
deliver models in IFC2x3 and DWG format, with a detail level of the IFC model so that drawings and
quantities can be generated directly from the model. The architect is responsible to define the zero point
and coordinate system used in the project, and all models shall be based on those. The models are generally
divided per building, with one file for every discipline and each building. Each model should be made
manageable for others in their software, with simplified geometry or unnecessary details excluded. Every
model will be checked towards other disciplines’ models using visual controls and rule based collision
detection.
All objects in an IFC model shall:
 Have dimension information, such as length, width, height, diameter, radius, area and volume.
 Belong to a floor.
 Be defined with correct material types.
There should be a column located at the zero point of the project, as well as a column located five meters
from axis A and five meters from axis 1.
4.5 Summary of findings

Below is a summary of the main findings based on all data sources used in the study, considering the
results presented above in this chapter. There are several requests and thoughts about IFC but this section
is mainly a summary of requests confirmed by at least a second source in the study. There is a confirmed
issue of having a BIM or IFC library of a company’s products outside of Configura, but it is not a verified
result in this study if Configura is requested to handle such information in any particular way.
4.5.1 Workflow using IFC files

Configura users are being requested by architects and contractors to supply an IFC file with their products
when making a quotation. As seen in this study, a possible workflow when collaborating using IFC files
is that a Configura user somehow receives an IFC file and import it in Configura. The IFC file could be
received separately or possibly retrieved from a web-solution where several disciplines in a project store
their files. The user then inserts and configures their products and export them to an IFC file. This exported
IFC file may be combined with models from other disciplines in a complete model, which will be used for
interdisciplinary coordination, visualization and collision detection. Figure 4-1 illustrates a possible
workflow using IFC files where different actors and software applications are involved, using Revit and
Solibri Model Checker as examples of BIM software.
IFC IFC IFC

(Building) (Furniture) (Complete)
Solibri Model
Revit Configura
Checker
(Architect) (Interior designer)
(Contractor)
Figure 4-1. Possible workflow using IFC files where different actors and software applications are
involved.
4.5.2 IFC import

A Configura user should be able to add their products based on material received from someone else. It
should be possible to use an architect’s model when importing an IFC file in Configura, where the
requested objects like walls, doors, windows and suspended ceilings can be considered in Configura using
their accurate dimensions and location. With the necessary objects from an IFC file visible in Configura,
the user can place the required products correctly in the building.
4.5.3 IFC export

An IFC export from Configura should only contain objects generated from Configura, not objects from
other disciplines. One IFC file for each building is to be used.
An IFC export should use simple graphical representation of objects to have a manageable IFC file. A
low detail level should be used, excluding not visible or less important parts of an object. The products
should be located according to a zero point and coordinate system as defined by the architect of the
building, so the model can be placed correctly in the project’s complete IFC model. Having each separate
product type as a separate object in IFC is the most common perception, where a possibility to choose
which products to export may be necessary.
A number of possible product attributes are mentioned, both regarding an IFC export and the existing
Revit export. Listed below are those attributes that are verified by more than one source:
 Main article code
 Name
 Dimensions
 Material
 Manufacturer
 Price
 Acoustics information
In addition to the products from Configura, both contractors have a request for contractor specific
geometry appearing in the IFC export to make sure correct orientation is used in the file.
33
Chapter 5
Discussion
In this chapter the results is discussed. There is also a discussion regarding the method used to achieve the
results.
5.1 Results
The results indicates that the Configura users are not really sure of what they expect of a solution for IFC
in Configura. The survey gives an idea of what possibly could be needed, but it also shows an uncertainty
among the users. What they request is not really a need they see by themselves, but rather a need they see
because of requests they have coming from another part. Their responses in the survey are therefore in
many cases not expressions of their own requests, but instead expressions of what they perceive as requests
on themselves. Looking at the users’ need from a basic point of view, their request on Configura is a need
for better collaboration. What the Configura users need can out of this perspective be said to be defined
by what the requesting part needs from them. Having input from contractors is therefore a good way of
finding out what is requested of the Configura users, and even if indirectly this is then most likely the
users’ requests as well. Therefore the information received from the contractors are judged to be important
in this study and the results has much focus out of the view of collaboration with a contractor. However,
there may be different needs and different requests in other scenarios when no contractor is involved. But
as a general contractor often is involved in practically all phases in the building process it may be
considered as one of the better views to study.
What has caused this specific need to collaborate? A major reason to this may be that in some countries
it is, or will be in the future, mandatory for projects involved in the public sector to work with IFC files
(Laakso & Kiviniemi, 2012; Smith, 2014). And this need can be expected to increase, as a common belief
is that other companies eventually follow such demands (Chong et al., 2014). The majority of the
respondents in the survey are located in Finland and Norway that have public sector requirements for the
use of BIM and IFC (Laakso & Kiviniemi, 2012; Smith, 2014). The results in this study can confirm that
more companies follow the requirements in the public sector. The two involved contractors from two
different companies in Norway both have IFC requirements, even when not dealing with buildings for the
public sector. One contractor state that they nowadays base all their projects on an expected use of BIM
and IFC, and the other contractor supplied a BIM manual stating that each discipline shall be able to deliver
IFC models.
Why is there not a greater demand on Configura users to be able to deliver IFC files, given the results
in this thesis? This questions is especially interesting for Configura users in countries having demands on
IFC use. Looking for example on Finland where IFC requirements from Senate Properties have existed
since 2007 (Smith, 2014), it was more difficult to receive information in this study about IFC requests
from Configura users than one can imagine. When considering new buildings, a possible explanation could
be that products coming from Configura are not a central part of the building itself and therefore not as
prioritized in a BIM model today. This is supported by Statsbygg (2013) stating in their BIM manual that
the interior design is voluntary in the BIM model. If kitchen products and partition walls are voluntary in
the BIM model is not known, but compared to furniture they can be seen as a more integrated part of a
building. Configura is in many cases involved when existing buildings are to be furnished as well. At the
moment existing buildings rarely have any BIM available (Volk et al., 2014), and this could also be a
reason to a lower rate of IFC requests. But with an expected growth of BIM in the future, it is expected to
lead to an increased availability of BIM for existing buildings (Volk et al., 2014). Following an increased
overall BIM availability it is likely that Configura users will receive more requests for IFC in the future,
related to both new and existing buildings.
Looking a bit beyond the IFC focus in this report, it is common that large software actors usually
assume a central role in holding the data (Laakso & Kiviniemi, 2012). A native format of a central BIM
software may be an alternative to IFC. Therefore, it is relevant to consider compatibility with different file
formats (Bouygues Construction, 2014). But knowing that buildingSMART consists of companies like
Autodesk (developing Revit) and Nemetschek (behind software like ArchiCAD, Vectorworks, and Scia
Engineering), the Open BIM initiative with IFC can be considered as a reliable alternative.
5.1.1 IFC in Configura

The focus of the results is mainly on a potential import and export functionality in Configura. Regarding
the import it is a common perception that it is the architect’s model that should be used as a base. In the
survey it is found that there also may be requests on having access to objects made by other disciplines,
like plumbing and electrical equipment. If this information can be accessed from the architect’s model is
not found in this study and may be something to look further into. On the other hand, it depends on at what
stage Configura is involved if this information is necessary. As working with BIM is a collaboration, a
scenario for new buildings could be that other disciplines would adopt their models according to
Configura’s model. Placement of a dishwasher may for example affect the plumbing and electricity, and
placement of office furniture could potentially affect electrical equipment and air conditioning. However,
the most basic need of an IFC import is identified in the study. Additional requests may be considered at
a later stage, for example when planning for a possible implementation in Configura.
There is a request found in the survey to be able to export any information in Configura as an attribute
to an IFC object. Using properties, more or less any information can be handled with IFC (Graphisoft,
n.d.-a). It is then up to the receiving application to decide what is needed. As long as the information is
present in Configura it should therefore be possible to supply the information in an IFC export. Questions
may arise if users should be able to manually choose what to export. In such case, a more useful possibility
than the currently existing possibility in RevLink is probably needed.
The results indicates that objects should be exported by product type. This seems like a reasonable
request. But in some cases it could be problematic to define exactly what a product type is. For example a
desk may be a product type, but in some cases a desk might be grouped with a cabinet and be considered
as a product type. A possibility for users to somehow mark how objects should be exported may be needed,
as mentioned in the interview with Ericsson, as well as having the possibility to choose which objects to
export as requested by two respondents. That is, a user may have to be able to choose how to export objects
and which objects to export. It may be important to note that an object in Configura may not always
correspond to an object in IFC.
Not much is mentioned in the results about how to actually use an imported IFC file in Configura, more
than to be able to make product plans based on it. Configura may be requested to somehow be able to
interact with a product library, more about this in a section below. Configura may also have to be able to
let users work with IFC files in a similar way as users can today with imported DWG files. For example
it is requested to have assistance when placing products towards IFC walls. Otherwise related to the use
of an IFC file in Configura, questions may arise like for example how a user should be able to work on
several different floors in a building and how such user interface could be designed. The focus in this study
is the Configura users’ need on IFC in Configura, and as noted above, this need is today more or less
defined by another part not using Configura. If the users would become familiar with an IFC import
possibility in Configura, there will likely come further requests from the users at that time.
There are indications found that there may be graphical issues of IFC sometimes making the geometry
incorrect (Khomiri & Löwstett, 2014; Pazlar & Turk, 2008). It is of course preferable to get the graphical
Chapter 5 Discussion 35
representation as expected. But when considering the findings in the results the main use of an IFC file as
found here is on a higher level where simple geometry, coordination and collision detection between
several models are what is important.
Making a solution for BIM using IFC would not be a final product. The use of BIM is evolving and
many are yet to take their first steps with BIM (Smith, 2014). Being able to deliver a 3D model with some
basic attributes and properties set could be adequate today, but the areas of use may demand more in the
coming years. Would there be a need to have a certified IFC import or export (buildingSMART
International, n.d.-k) in Configura? This would not necessary be a goal in itself, as the main purpose at
this stage is to have a process meeting existing demands from the Configura users, and to be prepared for
possible future demands.
5.1.2 Product libraries

IFC is mainly intended as an information exchange file format and the information of the products is most
often stored in a software application’s native file format (Linhard & Steinmann, 2015). Reading
information about a company’s own products from an IFC file is probably not a common scenario today,
as the information about the products is better stored in a native file format. It is also stated in the results
that a previous synchronization possibility during an import using RevLink has been removed because of
user requests.
However, there is another possible scenario to consider. The use of BIM or IFC product libraries may
increase in the future (Chong et al., 2014; Data Design System, n.d.) and this is mentioned by two
respondents in the survey as well. In these cases a Configura user may receive an IFC file with their
products included, and the user has no native file available corresponding to the IFC file. How the
company’s products should be handled when importing such IFC file is not covered within this report, but
it may be an area to look further into. One early reflection though is that Configura are able to handle
complex rules and combinations of products, which may not be the case when using product libraries. It
is therefore likely that a received IFC file including a company’s products from a product library can be
used as a template, but the real product configuration still needs to be done in Configura.
5.1.3 Visions of BIM

Considering the four identified areas in the visions of BIM (Miettinen & Paavola, 2014), it is interesting
to reflect how Configura can support these visions. Considering the data exchange with Revit, a part of
Configura (CET Designer) can be said to have limited BIM support. But it currently does not qualify to
the vision of BIM as it for example does not have the possibility to read all necessary data from a BIM
model. Interoperability may also be a concern as there is only one channel of collaboration, and it is shown
in this study that another collaboration channel is requested. Configura may currently not be a true BIM
software as those used in the building industry. But Configura could from its own point of view become a
BIM software and be a part of a BIM collaboration in a wider perspective. Configura does not need the
strengths of for example ArchiCAD or Revit when dealing with BIM, Configura has its own specific
domain. If Configura would be able to access any needed information from a BIM model and be able to
export a model that any BIM software may access, Configura would support the visions of BIM. It would
be relevant to use Configura with a BIM model in all building phases, as for example for facilities
management, and to be able to collaborate as requested Configura may also contribute to an increased
efficiency and productivity.
5.2 Method
During the thesis, and especially during the first half, much focus have been on the literature review.
Search tools for scientific research publications, like Google Scholar and UniSearch provided by the
library of Linköping University, were used to find relevant publications. Keywords like “IFC”, “BIM”,
“interoperability” and “systematic review” were used in different combinations. Only research in English
and Swedish was used and in some cases the more recent publications were filtered out. Internet was also
searched, but in a more unstructured way, using the Google search engine. The scientific publications were
considered as rather trustworthy as such publications often are scientifically reviewed before being
published. But the content was also judged to be reliable in comparison with other sources used in the
thesis. Sources related to websites were chosen more restrictively and those used in this thesis are mostly
coming from organizations and companies that were judged to be reliable, as for example the organization
behind IFC. As the literature review was not performed in a fully systematic way it is possible that
important information has been missed, and the researcher’s interests and decisions may have influenced
the selection of sources used in the thesis. Looking at the references used in the thesis, it would have made
up a good complement if information had been retrieved from a printed book within the research area as
well.
Considering the term replicability, the method used in this thesis have been described in Chapter 3 to
let anyone follow the method and as far as possible be able to replicate the method. An effort has also been
made to describe the research process, for example how different collection and analysis of data have been
performed. Considering the terms validity and reliability as described by Patel and Davidson (2011),
letting anyone follow this described research process will lead to a higher validity and increase the
credibility of the thesis. Considering external validity the findings can be useful in other cases than in just
this case, but it would be important to use other sources as well. There are for example not much mentioned
in the survey about potential problems with IFC, even if there are issues found concerning for example
geometrical problems with IFC (Khomiri & Löwstett, 2014; Pazlar & Turk, 2008). Possibly there are other
areas as well that can be found if involving different people. As already mentioned above, and also
discussed further in a section below, the Configura users participating in the survey were not really sure
of what they need regarding IFC in Configura. This may be a threat to the internal validity, and using
triangulation may be one way to address such issue.
Using different approaches to answer the research questions gave a wider possibility to interpret the
data and to use triangulation to find common perceptions. The archival data was used as a base, and in
some ways also inspired the questionnaire used in the survey. The interviews provided useful data to
consider and gave another perspective from a related data exchange scenario already present in Configura.
The questionnaire used in the survey was an important step to increase the understanding of IFC, as
requested by the customers of CSAB, and a good way to come further in the research and receive new
contacts. Receiving input from general contractors gave a view from the other side of the requested data
exchange and proved to be an important perspective in the study.
In the sections below are discussions regarding methods used related the two most valuable sources in
the study.
5.2.1 Survey
It showed to be difficult to find users requesting IFC that could provide accurate and clear statement of
what they need concerning IFC in Configura. As noted above, the respondents of the questionnaire are not
really sure of what they need. It is therefore a risk that they give information that may lead in wrong
directions. Based on what they have experienced and what they think they or someone else within their
organization need, they may give qualified guesses of their need. If the study would have consisted of the
survey only, it would be difficult to know if the results really tells what the users would need. But being
able to compare the answers in the questionnaire with other sources, the survey is considered to be
valuable.
After the first draft of the questionnaire was revised, examples were provided with some of the
questions. When providing an example there is a risk that the respondents are affected by the example, but
it was judged to be important to increase the understanding of the questions and reduce the risk of
respondents not answering the question as intended. Even with the examples, it showed to be difficult for
some respondents to answers a few questions. In some cases they maybe did not have an answer, but in
other cases several follow-up questions were needed to sort out their answers. Some questions could have
Chapter 5 Discussion 37
been written more clearly, but a possible explanation to some misunderstandings is that the questions were
too specific for those not fully familiar with IFC.
Were the right people answering the questionnaire? The selection in the survey was considered to be
relevant for the study, except when coming to the additional 21 users were only a few were expected to be
able to contribute to the study. To speed up the process all of these 21 users were sent the questionnaire,
but only those with experience or knowledge of BIM or IFC were asked to participate. The response rate
does not matter in this study, but having answers from respondents not really intended to answer could
possibly affect the results in a negative way. All respondents in the survey are considered to be among the
requested selection and have contributed to the results in a positive way, but it has also required time to
understand and analyze all answers.
Having in mind that the understanding and analysis of the questionnaires required its portion of time,
maybe there could have been more efficient ways to receive the required information. The initial plan was
to use the questionnaire as a first step to find people with deeper knowledge within the research area and
continue with more questions to them. But when receiving the answers it was considered as not likely to
be able to receive much deeper information from the respondents. Knowing this, the survey demanded too
much time that instead could have been used for other areas. The more cases to study, the less time there
is for each case to be studied (Eriksson & Wiedersheim-Paul, 2014). But this was difficult to predict at the
beginning and it is therefore still considered to be a good approach.
A remark can also be made about the archival data. One issue was not found before the survey was
close to an end. The issue creator is present in USA and was requesting a Revit export (that is, not being
able to use the RevLink extension). This customer could possibly have been included in the initial selection
even if not requesting IFC specifically, but as found too late the customer was not included in the survey.
The results of the survey could have a few answers from different respondents which in fact may have
the same origin. For example, when a project manager tells about a known request for an IFC files, it could
be the same request as another respondent mention. Some considerations have been made for this in for
example how the results is presented. But there is also a chance of interpreting the results a bit incorrect.
The results may be affected by this, but not to any greater extent.
5.2.2 Contractors follow-up

It would have been interesting to go deeper with at least one of the contractors involved in the study, for
example with an interview. Some additional questions were considered, for example concerning product
libraries and if there within their organization would be any similar data exchange scenario as with
Configura. But having more answers on different issues would not necessary give a better result of the
study. It was considered to be worth more to receive data from two different sources, even with a reduced
scope, as two different sources are able to validate or invalidate the data. So it was considered to be more
efficient using this method.
How about skipping the questionnaire and instead focus on the contractors? That is, if contacts to the
relevant contractors would be possible to receive without the used questionnaire. More time would then
be available to find out the contractors specific requests, but then we would only receive their perspective.
The same thing as said for the survey can be said here. It would be difficult to know if such results really
tells what the Configura users need. Having input from both Configura users and the contractors at the
receiving end gives a more complete picture of the need.
5.3 The work in a wider context

Ethical aspects of the study have been considered during the whole research process, but in the survey it
was considered to be most important. Information about the study and its purpose were given to all in the
total selection of the survey. They were all informed that participation was voluntary, and that the results
would not be used to be able to identify any individual respondent or company.
One consideration to make when doing this kind of study is how respondents and other people involved
may build up expectations on what may follow after the study. That is, studying the requested use of IFC
in Configura may build up expectations on Configura to actually support IFC in the near future. This was
noted in this study and in some cases the purpose of the study had to be described even further to not set
the expectations too high.
This thesis is a study of the potential use of IFC as communication channel when Configura users are
collaborating with people in the building industry using BIM. The building industry is central in our
society and BIM is expected to become more important in the building industry in the coming years (Smith,
2014). This thesis can be a small contribution to an improved collaboration process in the building
industry.
39
Chapter 6
Conclusions
The study in this thesis have been concerning IFC requests among a few selected Configura users. As
qualitative data is used in the study, the results show how these requests may be considered in the specific
cases studied. To have more reliable data about the requests and different needs a quantitative study could
be performed, and to receive knowledge about how other potential scenarios may appear more cases could
be studied. But the number of requests about IFC that are known by CSAB so far is low, and the results in
this thesis indicate that the Configura users are not really sure of what they need to be able to use IFC in
Configura. Therefore, collecting more data from Configura users at this point may not provide much
deeper knowledge. Looking at more cases from the perspective of the receiving end, as for the contractors
in this study, could however lead to an increased understanding of what may be needed for a use of IFC
in Configura.
With this report CSAB will receive a better understanding of IFC and its use than what they have today.
The report may not give a clear view of how the Configura users want to work with IFC, but when
combining their requests with other sources a more comprehensive picture emerges. The report does not
give a complete description of how IFC may be implemented in Configura, but it sets the context and
provides a direction for what may be achieved using IFC. CSAB should be able to evaluate a possible use
of IFC in Configura and be assisted in a decision on how to move forward.
The context in this study is around the software Configura, but it may be applicable to similar scenarios
with other software applications as well. The report may therefore be of value to more than just CSAB and
when looking from other perspectives it can be used to triangulate needs concerning data exchange using
IFC.
6.1 Research questions

Returning to the research questions, what can be concluded using the available theory and results in this
thesis?
6.1.1 Why do users of Configura request IFC in Configura?

Some Configura users have been, or expect to be, requested to deliver an IFC file together with their
quotation. What they may experience is a call for a new way to collaborate according to a building industry
in change. Demands on the use of BIM and IFC within the public sector in certain countries, whether now
or to come, is a major reason to why Configura users receive these requests. As Configura is the tool they
use to make quotations, their request is for Configura to assist in this new way of collaboration. More
directives concerning BIM and IFC are expected to come and more companies are expected to adopt BIM
within their organization. It is therefore a likely scenario that an increased amount of Configura users will
be requested to collaborate according to the new method used in the building industry.
6.1.2 How would users of Configura need to work with IFC in Configura?
Configura users need to base their work on other disciplines models, which in many cases will be the
architect’s IFC file. They will insert their products according to the content in the IFC file, but not much
is found in this study related to this step. Users will probably need to have positioning assistance when for
example placing their products towards walls in the IFC model, and they may need to be able to prepare
for an IFC export related to how objects shall be exported and what information to be supplied. When a
drawing is completed the users must be able to export their products as an IFC file. An IFC export from
Configura shall only include products from Configura, it will be up to another application to integrate
these products in a coordination BIM. To be able to integrate Configura’s model with other disciplines’
models, it is important to use a common zero point and coordinate system. Simple graphical representation
of the products is important and the products shall be delivered with a basic set of information.
6.1.3 How can Configura be a part of a workflow using IFC files?

Using IFC files, Configura users may be a part of a collaboration between several different disciplines
within the building industry. Configura users may, either directly or indirectly, receive an IFC file based
on an architect’s BIM made in a software like Revit or ArchiCAD. The result found in this thesis has a lot
of focus on when a contractor is involved as a central actor between different disciplines, but it is also
found that architects sometimes may request IFC files from Configura users without involvement of a
contractor.
The IFC export from Configura will be used for interdisciplinary coordination, visualization and
collision detection. An IFC file from Configura may force other disciplines to make adjustments to their
models, but there may also be cases where a Configura model needs to be updated due to changes in other
disciplines. Figure 6-1 illustrates one of many possible workflows with a contractor as central actor,
simplified and as perceived by the researcher. In the illustration, the Configura model in step 7 forces a
revised MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) model in order to be consistent with the Configura
model.
Chapter 6 Conclusions 41
Contractor 1. IFC – Architectural model Architect
2. IFC – Architectural model Structural

Contractor
engineer
3. IFC – Structural model
4. IFC – Coordination model MEP

Contractor engineer
5. IFC – MEP model
6. IFC – Architectural model Configura

Contractor user
7. IFC – Configura model
8. IFC – Coordination model MEP

Contractor engineer
9. IFC – Revised MEP model
Figure 6-1. One of many possible workflows with a contractor as central actor, simplified and as
perceived by the researcher. In the example, the Configura model in step 7 forces a revised MEP model.
6.2 Future work

Following the work done in this thesis, below are some suggestions on possible future work:
 Study the perspective of an architect requesting IFC files from a Configura user and possibly find
new aspects of the requested use of IFC in Configura. It could be interesting to validate the
findings in this thesis with an architect, but potentially also validate the findings with more
Configura users requesting IFC if they are found.
 Study how other software applications similar to Configura have made solutions for IFC. This
may give a more complete view on IFC and possible problems that may arise linked to IFC.
 Study possible solutions to implement IFC in Configura. On one hand the technical parts and on
the other hand the user interface related parts.
 BIM and IFC product libraries. Will they affect Configura somehow, and will there be a need to
automatically create Configura components based on objects in an IFC file?
 BIM Collaboration Format (BCF). It is mentioned in an interview that there may be situations
where a revised quotation needs to be made, but it is not mentioned in this report how corrections
and changes to quotations and models should be handled. Could BCF be a way to handle such
situations?
43
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47
Appendix A
Interview guides
This appendix contains the interview guides used during the two interviews in the study.
A.1 Freddie Pintar

 Briefly, how is CET Designer used together with Revit?
 RevLink demonstration.
 Three types of users mentioned in the thesis report (Manufacturers, Designers, Architects).
 Do you know how RevLink is used today?
 What kind of data is needed? To/from CET Designer. (See thesis report).
 What do you know about IFC?
 What do you know about data loss during export and import using IFC? (See thesis report).
 Suggestions on questions to users/contacts?
A.2 Martin Ericsson

 I have heard that you have made some test concerning IFC, but encountered problems. Tell me
more.
 Requests from users?
 What else do you know about IFC?
 What kind of data is needed? To/from CET Designer.
 Have you got examples of possible scenarios for use of IFC?
 Do you see similarites with RevLink? Possible to use similar solution for IFC?
 Do you know if there is any data loss during export and import using IFC?
49
Appendix B
Survey
This appendix contains the introduction and the two different version of the questionnaire that were sent
to the participants in the survey.
B.1 Introduction
Hello!
My name is Henrik Jensen and I am currently doing a thesis work for Configura Sverige AB. In this thesis
I am studying the requested use of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) in Configura and CET Designer. I
have been working with Configura for several years and have now chosen to proceed with this thesis.
IFC is an open standard within Building Information Modeling (BIM) to exchange data between different
software applications. BuildingSMART is the neutral and not-for-profit organization responsible for the
IFC standard.
IFC is a part of what is marketed as “openBIM”. For a short introduction of what openBIM is about, please
follow the link below. You will there also find a 4 minute video explaining the concept, and how IFC is a
part of openBIM.
http://www.buildingsmart.org/standards/technical-vision/
The purpose of the study is to help us to better understand how our users want to work with a possible
solution supporting IFC. Out of this purpose we are searching for users of Configura and CET Designer
with potential knowledge or experience of BIM, or IFC in particular. Your contribution is important for
the result of the study and we are thankful if you choose to participate. If you have knowledge of users
within your organization that you believe would contribute to the study, please do not hesitate to let
us know!
The study is in form of a questionnaire, but there can be some follow-up questions to your answers if you
give your permission. The questionnaire can be answered directly in the document accompanied with this
letter, and the result can be sent via email to [email protected]. You can also use this address
if you have any question about the questionnaire.
Participation in this study is voluntary and can be stopped at any time. The result of the study will not be
used to identify individual participants or companies. If you choose to participate, please answer the
questionnaire as soon as possible, or at least within one week from today.
Kind regards
Henrik Jensen
2 April 2015
B.2 Questionnaire, first version
Background (part 1 of 3)
1. What is your role within your company?
2. How often would you say you are you using Configura or CET Designer?
3. Have you got any experience working with BIM (Building Information Modeling) software, and if
so, what software?
4. Have you got any experience or knowledge of the open standard IFC (Industry Foundation
Classes) used within BIM? If so, please describe briefly about your experiences or what you
know.
Information exchange (part 2 of 3)

5. What different BIM software do you know are being used:
a. Within your company?
b. By people contacting your company asking for quotations?
6. If possible, please give examples of scenarios where you may see a need to work with BIM
information exchange using IFC in Configura or CET Designer. Please give as much
information as you can for the different steps during each scenario.
(Example: We get a request from an architect building a new house to furnish two floors in a
supplied IFC file. The IFC file has been exported from ArchiCAD. The architect wants a
quotation, and if possible 3D of all the products in a separate IFC file which the architect then
would import in ArchiCAD.)
7. During the scenarios given in the question above, what details of data do you think will be
necessary for the information exchange? If applicable, please consider exchange in both
directions (that is, import and export).
(Example: At minimum we need to be able to see the existing walls in the building, at each floor,
when imported in Configura. For the export, we need 2D and 3D information of our products. I
think all products can be handled as one group, we don’t need that much detail of each product.
We may also need to export the total cost of all products.)
Additional information (part 3 of 3)

8. For all quotations made within your company, according to you, what is the approximate
distribution between quotations made for new buildings and quotations made for existing
buildings?
9. If you would receive requests related to IFC, what type of customers would you say come with
most requests?
(Example: Architects, interior designers, construction companies etc.)
10. Do you have other information to add not already mentioned? If so, please write as much as
you want below.
11. Do you accept to be contacted again if there would be further questions to your answers or new
questions to be asked?
Appendix A Interview guide 51
B.3 Questionnaire, second version
Background (part 1 of 3)
1. What is your role within your company?
2. How often would you say you are you using Configura or CET Designer?
3. Have you got any experience working with BIM (Building Information Modeling) software, and if
so, what software?
4. Have you got any experience or knowledge of the open standard IFC (Industry Foundation
Classes) used within BIM? If so, please describe briefly about your experiences or what you
know.
Information exchange (part 2 of 3)

5. What different BIM software do you know are being used:
a. Within your company?
b. By people contacting your company asking for quotations?
6. In case you get a request to create a quotation from someone using a BIM software, are you
able to collaborate today considering the information exchange between different software? If
so, please describe briefly how the collaboration works.
(Example: We are usually able to receive a floor plan as a dwg-file, and then we export our
products and the floor plan as a dwg-file and supply it with the quotation.)
7. If possible, please give examples of scenarios where you may see a need to work with BIM
information exchange using IFC in Configura or CET Designer. Please give as much
information as you can for the different steps during each scenario.
(Example: We get a request from an architect building a new house to furnish two floors in a
supplied IFC file. The IFC file has been exported from ArchiCAD. The architect wants a
quotation, and if possible 3D of all the products in a separate IFC file which the architect then
would import in ArchiCAD.)
8. During the scenarios given in the question above, what details of data do you think will be
necessary for the information exchange? If applicable, please consider exchange in both
directions (that is, import and export).
(Example: At minimum we need to be able to see the existing walls in the building, at each floor,
when imported in Configura. For the export, we need 2D and 3D information of our products. I
think all products can be handled as one group, we don’t need that much detail of each product.
We may also need to export the total cost of all products.)
Additional information (part 3 of 3)

9. If you would receive requests related to IFC, what type of customers would you say come with
most requests?
(Example: Architects, interior designers, construction companies etc.)
10. Do you have other information to add not already mentioned? If so, please write as much as
you want below.
11. Do you accept to be contacted again if there would be further questions to your answers or new
questions to be asked?
53
Appendix C
General contractors
This appendix contains the follow-up questions that were sent to the two general contractors in the study.
C.1 Contractor A
Material to our users:
 Are you usually able to provide an IFC file that a quotation can be based on? If yes:
o Is it an IFC file containing all information, or just a part of the complete model? Is it for
example a simplified floor plan containing walls, stairs and possibly furnishing for all
floors?
o In addition to 3D models, do you see any other important information we should take
into account based on data in the IFC file?
o Could you provide us an IFC file, as an example of how a file may look that you send
when requesting a quotation.
Material from our users:
 Should the IFC file that you request contain only the relevant products, or should the products be
integrated with the IFC file supplied with your quotation request (that is, if an IFC file was
attached)?
 Does it matter how the products are divided in the IFC file? If yes:
o How would you prefer to have the products divided? For example all products in one big
group, or divided by product types like cabinet, countertops, appliances etcetera.
 What attributes or properties do you wish to have set for the products? For example manufacturer,
product name, product number, price, etcetera.
C.2 Contractor B
Material to our users:
 Are you usually able to provide an IFC file that a quotation can be based on? If yes:
o Is it an IFC file containing all information, or just a part of the complete model? Is it for
example a simplified floor plan containing walls, stairs and possibly furnishing for all
floors?
o In addition to 3D models, do you see any other important information we should take
into account based on data in the IFC file?
o Could you provide us an IFC file, as an example of how a file may look that you send
when requesting a quotation.
Material from our users:
 Does it matter how the products are divided in the IFC file? If yes:
o How would you prefer to have the products divided? For example all products in one big
group, or divided by product types like cabinet, countertops, appliances etcetera.
 What attributes or properties do you wish to have set for the products? For example manufacturer,
product name, product number, price, etcetera
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Institutionen för datavetenskap

Department of Computer and Information Science

Industry Foundation Classes - A study of its

Linköpings universitet Linköpings universitet

Industry Foundation Classes - A study of its

Supervisor: Ola Leifler

Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Research questions

Figure 2-1. Configuration Figure 2-2. Integrated rule

Figure 2-3. Example from Configura with an imported CAD file.

2.1.1 CET Designer

2.1.2 RevLink extension

Figure 2-4. User interface of RevLink in CET Designer.

2.2.1 Visions of BIM

2.2.2 BIM and the building

2.2.3 BIM software

Software Company Website

Software Company Website

Table 2-3. BIM software to view models.

Software Company Website

2.3 IFC and buildingSMART

2.3.1 Data file formats

Figure 2-5 shows an excerpt from an IFC file in EXPRESS format.

Figure 2-5. Excerpt from an IFC file in EXPRESS format

2.3.2 Model View Definition

2.3.3 Attributes and properties

2.3.4 Information Delivery Manual

2.3.5 buildingSMART Data Dictionary

2.3.6 BIM Collaboration Format

extensive list of applications, claimed by their developers to be supporting IFC (buildingSMART

2.4 BIM and IFC

2.4.1 Open BIM

2.4.2 The present

2.4.3 The future

3.1 Archival data

Table 3-1. Archival data customer companies.

Designation Industry sector Country

3.4 Contractors – Summary and follow-up

Designation Title Company

3.5 Summary of findings

Contractor A Contractor B Questionnaires Interviews Archival data

Contractor A Contractor B Questionnaires Interviews Archival data

Contractor A Contractor B Questionnaires Interviews Archival data

Contractor A Contractor B Questionnaires Interviews Archival data

Contractor A Contractor B Questionnaires Interviews Archival data

Figure 3-1. Illustration of how data was analyzed to summarize findings.

4.1 Archival data

4.2.1 RevLink extension

4.2.2 IFC export

4.3.2 Related issues

4.3.3 Reasons to use IFC

4.3.4 IFC requests

Customer making request Request to respondent Request to someone else

Customer making request Mentioned by respondent

4.3.5 IFC in Configura

Object type Mentioned by respondent

Information type Mentioned by respondent

4.4 Contractors – Summary and follow-up

4.5 Summary of findings

4.5.1 Workflow using IFC files