NBA Final MPMC Lab Manual

MICROPROCESSORS & MICROCONTROLLER LAB
MICROPROCESSOR & MICROCONTROLLER

LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING ,
VASIREDDY VENKATADRI
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
NAMBUR.
VVIT, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Page 1

INDEX
Page.
S.No. Contents
No
1 Syllabus 4
2 Equipment required for laboratory 5
3 Introduction to 8086, Masm/Tasm Editor 7
4 Turbo Assembler Linker Debugger 10
5 Introduction to the trainer & Instructions to user 12
6 Hexadecimal keypad legend interpretation 15
7 Function Key Operation 15
PART-I: MICROPROCESSOR 8086 (17 – 72)
Exp. Page.
NAME OF PROGRAM
No. No
1 8 bit addition 17
2 16 bit addition 19
3 8 bit subtraction 21
4 16 bit subtraction 23
5 Multibyte addition 25
6 Multibyte subtraction 27
7 4 digit decimal number addition 29
8 Multiplication of 8-bit signed number by 16-bit signed number 31
9 Multiplication of 16 -bit unsigned number by 16-bit unsigned number 33
10 Division of 16 -bit unsigned number by 16-bit unsigned number 35
11 Division of 16-bit signed number by 8-bit signed number 37
12 Packed BCD to unpacked BCD conversion 39
13 Packed BCD to ASCII conversion 41
14 ASCII addition 43
15 ASCII subtraction 45
16 Count the number of even and odd numbers from a series 47
17 Count the numbers consists of ‘1’ as a sixth bit 49
18 Arrange a series of 8-bt signed numbers in descending order 51
19 Arrange a series of 16-bt unsigned numbers in ascending order 53
20 String transfer in forward direction 55

21 String transfer in reverse direction 57

22 String insertion 59
23 String deletion 62
24 Display of message using dos interrupts 65
25 To read a string of characters from key board dos interrupts 66
26 String check for palindrome 68
27 String comparision using dos interrupts 70
28 Password access using dos interrupts 72
PART-II: INTERFACING WITH MICROPROCESSOR (73 - 85
Exp. Page.
No. NAME OF PROGRAM No
1 Add two 8 bit numbers 73
2 Subtraction two 8 bit numbers 74
3 Division two 8 bit numbers 75
6 Division two 16 bit numbers 78
7 8279 – keyboard display- write a program to display a string of characters 79
8 8255 – PPI-write alp to generate sinusoidal wave using ppi 82
9 8259 – programmable interupt controller 84
10 8251 – USART 85
PART-III: MICROCONTROLLER 8051 (87 – 89)
Exp. Page.
NAME OF PROGRAM
No. No
1 Reading and writing on a parallel port 87
2 Timer in differnent modes 88
3 Serial communication implementation 89
PART-IV: INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLLER (90 – 92)

Exp. Page.
NAME OF PROGRAM
No. No
3 Multiplication two 8 bit numbers 92

III Year B.Tech. ECE. II-Sem T P C

0 3 2
MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS LAB
The students are required to develop the necessary Algorithm, Flowchart and Assembly
Language Program Source Code for executing the following functions using MASM/TASM
software and to verify the results with necessary Hardware Kits.
PART-I: MICROPROCESSOR 8086
1. Introduction to MASM/TASM.
2. Arithmetic operation- Multi byte Addition and Subtraction, Multiplication and Division-
Signed and unsigned Arithmetic operation, ASCII- Arithmetic operation.
3. Logic operations-Shift and rotate- Converting packed BCD to unpacked BCD, BCD to ASCII
conversion.
4. By using string operation and Instruction prefix: Move Block, Reverse string, Sorting,
Inserting, Deleting, Length of the string, String comparison.
5. DOS/BIOS programming: Reading keyboard (Buffered with and without echo) - Display
characters, Strings.
PART-II: INTERFACING WITH MICROPROCESSOR
1. 8259 – Interrupt Controller-Generate an interrupt using 8259 timer.

2. 8279 – Keyboard Display- Write a program to display a string of characters.
3. 8255 – PPI-Write ALP to generate sinusoidal wave using PPI.
4. 8251 – USART-Write a program in ALP to establish Communication between two processors.
PART-III: MICROCONTROLLER 8051
1. Reading and Writing on a parallel port.

2. Timer in different modes.
3. Serial communication implementation.
PART-IV: INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLLER
Write C programs to interface 8051 chip to Interfacing modules to Develop single chip solutions.
1. Simple Calculator using 6 digit seven segment display and Hex Keyboard interface to 8051.
2. Alphanumeric LCD panel and Hex keypad input interface to 8051.
3. External ADC and Temperature control interface to 8051.
4. Generate different waveforms Sine, Square, Triangular, and Ramp etc. using DAC interface to
8051; change the frequency and Amplitude.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR LABORATORY
1. MASM/TASM software 2. 8086 Microprocessor Kits
1. 8051 Micro Controller kits
2. Interfaces/peripheral subsystems
i) 8259 PIC
ii) 8279-KB/Display
iii) 8255 PPI
iv) 8251 USART
5. A/D and D/AC Interface.


INTRODUCTION TO 8086, MASM/TASM EDITOR
An editor is a program, which allows you to create a file containing the assembly language
statements for your program. As you type in your program, the editor stores the ASCII codes
for the letters and numbers in successive RAM locations. When you have typed in all of your
programs, you then save the file on a floppy of hard disk. This file is called source file. The
next step is to process the source file with an assembler. In the TASM assembler, you should
give your source file name the extension, .ASM
ASSEM BLER
An assembler program is used to translate the assembly language mnemonics for instructions
to the corresponding binary codes. When you run the assembler, it reads the source file of
your program the disk, where you saved it after editing on the first pass through the source
program the assembler determines the displacement of named data items, the offset of
labels and pails this information in a symbol table. On the second pass through the source
program, the assembler produces the binary code for each instruction and inserts the offset
etc that is calculated during the first pass. The assembler generates two files on floppy or
hard disk. The first file called the object file is given the extension. OBJ. The object file
contains the binary codes for the instructions and information about the addresses of the
instructions. The second file generated by the assembler is called assembler list file. The list
file contains your assembly language statements, the binary codes for each instructions and
the offset for each instruction. In TASM assembler, TASM source file name ASM is used to
assemble the file. Edit source file name LST is used to view the list file, which is
generated, when you assemble the file.
LINKER
A linker is a program used to join several object files into one large object file and convert to
an exe file. The linker produces a link file, which contains the binary codes for all the
combined modules. The linker however doesn’t assign absolute addresses to the program, it
assigns is said to be reloadable because it can be put anywhere in memory to be run. In
TASM, TLINK source filename is used to link the file.
DEBUGGER
A debugger is a program which allows you to load your object code program into system
memory, execute the program and troubleshoot are debug it the debugger allows you to look
at the contents of registers and memory locations after your program runs. It allows you to
change the contents of register and memory locations after your program runs. It allows you
to change the contents of register and memory locations and return the program. A debugger
also allows you to set a break point at any point in the program. If you inset a breakpoint the
debugger will run the program upto the instruction where the breakpoint is set and stop
execution. You can then examine register and memory contents to see whether the results
are correct at that point. In TASM, td filename is issued to debug the file.

DEBUGGER FUNCTIONS:
1. Debugger allows looking at the contents of registers and memory locations.
2. We can extend 8-bit register to 16-bit register which the help of extended register option.
3. Debugger allows setting breakpoints at any point with the program.
4. The debugger will run the program upto the instruction where the breakpoint is set and
then stop execution of program. At this point, we can examine registry and memory
contents at that point.
5. With the help of dump we can view register contents.
6. We can trace the program step by step with the help of F7.
7. We can execute the program completely at a time using F8.
DEBUGGER COMMANDS
ASSEMBLE: To write assembly language program from the given address.

A starting address <cr> Eg: a 100 <cr>
Starts program at an offset of 100.
DUMP: To see the specified memory contents

D memory location first address last address
(While displays the set of values stored in the specified range, which is given above) Eg: d
0100 0105 <cr>
Display the contents of memory locations from 100 to 105(including).
ENTER: To enter data into the specified memory locations(s).

E memory location data data data data data …<cr>
Eg: e 1200 10 20 30 40 ….
Enters the above values starting from memory locations 1200 to 1203, by loading 10 into 1200,
20 into 1201 and soon.
GO: To execute the program

G: one instruction executes (address specified by IP)
G address <cr>: executes from current IP to the address specified
G first address last addresses <cr>: executes a set of instructions specified between the given
addresses.
MOVE: Moves a set of data from source location to destination location

M first address last address destination address
Eg: m100 104 200
Transfers block of data (from 100 to 104) to destination address 200.
QUIT: To exit from the debugger.

Q <cr>
REGISTER: Shows the contents of Registers

R register name: Eg: r ax Shows the contents of register.

TRACE: To trace the program instruction by instruction.

T = 0100 <cr>: traces only the current instruction. (Instruction specified by IP)
T = 0100 02 <cr>: Traces instructions from 100 to 101, here the second argument specifies
the number of instructions to be traced.
UNASSEMBLE: To unassembled the program.

Shows the opcodes along with the assembly language program.
U 100 <cr>: unassembled 32 instructions starting from 100th location. U 0100 0109 <cr>:
unassebles the lines from 100 to 104

Using Turbo – Assembler – Linker – Debugger

(TASM, TLINK, TD)
1. Open an MSDOS window.
2. Set the PATH so that the TASM programs are available
The TASM programs are on the C drive; set the path so that DOS can find them. This only
needs to be done once each time you open an MSDOS prompt. set PATH=%PATH
%;C:\TASM\BIN
3. Use a Text Editor to Edit the .ASM File
Create your file using one of the following programs:

notepad proj.asm
wordpad proj.asm
edit proj.asm
4. Compile the source code to create an object module. tasm/z/zi proj.asm

The /z switch causes TASM to display the lines that generate compilation errors. The /zi
switch enables information needed by the debugger to be included in the .OBJ file. Note that
you should use "real mode" assembler, TASM.EXE. Do not use the "protected mode"
assembler TASM32.EXE for the assignments that will be given in class
5. Run Linker TLINK.EXE- generate .EXE file from the .OBJ file tlink/v proj
6. Run the Program

Your final program (if there were no errors in the previous step) will have an .EXE ending.
To just run it, type: proj
If you want to use the debugger to examine the instructions, registers, etc., type: td proj
This brings up the regular full-screen version of the Turbo debugger.
1. Tracing the Program's Execution

The Turbo debugger first starts, a Module Window which displays the . Executable lines of
program code, marked with a bullet in the left column of the window. You can set
breakpoints or step to any of these lines of code. An arrow in the first column of the
window indicates the location of the instruction pointer. This always points to the next
statement to be executed. To execute just that instruction use one of the two methods listed
under the Run menu item:
Trace into (can use F7 key): executes one instruction; traces "into" procedures.
Step over (can use F8 key): executes one instruction; skips (does not trace into)
procedures. Hitting either of these executes the instruction, and moves the arrow to the next
instruction. As each instruction executes, the effects might be visible in the Registers Window
and Watches Window
 Trace into (can use F7 key): executes one instruction; traces "into" procedures.
 Step over (can use F8 key): executes one instruction; skips (does not trace into)
VVIT, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Page

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procedures. Hitting either of these executes the instruction, and moves the arrow to the
next instruction. As each instruction executes, the effects might be visible in the Registers
Window and Watches Window
2. Setting and Removing Breakpoints
To set a breakpoint, position the cursor on the desired line of source code and press F2.
The line containing the breakpoint will turn red. Pressing F2 again removes the breakpoint.
To execute all instructions from the current instruction pointer up to the next encountered
breakpoint, choose Run (can use F9 key) from the Run menu item.
3. Examining Registers
Another window, the Registers Window, can be opened to examine the current value of
the CPU registers and flags. The View menu can be used to open this Registers Window.
The registers and flags might change as each instruction is executed.
4. Examining Memory
To examine memory, you will need to open an Inspector window. An Inspector window
shows the contents of a data structure (or simple variable) in the program you are debugging.
It also allows you to modify the contents of the data structure or variable. To open an
Inspector window, place the cursor on what you want to inspect and press CTRL-I. After
you've examined the data item, press the ESC key to remove the Inspector window.
5. Viewing the Program's Output

Output written to the screen by a program is not immediately visible, since the main purpose
of using a debugger is to examine the internal operation of the program. To observe what the
user would see, press ALT-F5. The entire screen will change to a user-view showing the
program's input and output (and possibly that of previous programs as well). Press any key to
return to the debugger screen.

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Introduction to the trainer & Instructions to user

INTRODUCTION
ESA 86/88 is a powerful, general-purpose microcomputer system, which can be operated
either with 8086 CPU or with 8086CPU. It is generally supplied with 8086 CPU. To change it
to 8088, user has to just remove the 8086, insert 8088 into that socket and set a DIP switch.
The 8086 and 8088 are third generation CPU is from INTEL that differ primarily in their
external data paths. 8088 uses and 8-bit wide data bus while 8086 uses a 16-bit wide bus.
ESA86/88-2 can be operated with either CPU and the only possible difference would be in
the speed of execution (with 8088 CPU, small speed degradation occurs because of the 8-bit
wide data bus). In either case, the CPU is operated in the maximum mode. Following are the
system capabilities
• Examine and optionally modify the contents of memory (byte or word format)
• Examine and optionally modify the processor registers.
• Assemble and Disassemble 8086/8088 instructions (via line assembler, disassembler).
• Perform fast numerical computations using the optional 8087 Numeric data processor.
• Execute the user program at full speed.
• Debug user program through single step and Breakpoint facilities.
• Write or read data to or from I/O ports (byte or word format).
• Move a block of data or program within the memory
• Download user programs into ESA 86/88-2 from a host computer system.
SPECIFICATIONS
Central processor
8086 CPU, operating at 8MHz in maximum mode (Supplied with 8086 CPU). (Memory
cycles have zero wait states and I/O cycles have one wait state).
Co-Processor
On-board 8087 Numeric Data processor (optional)
Memory
EPROM: 4 JEDEC compatible slots offer the following options:
64K bytes using 27128s or,
128K bytes using 27256s or,
256K bytes using 27512s
(System firmware is supplied in 2x27256s. The other two sockets are for user expansion).
RAM: 4 JEDEC Compatible offer the following:

128K bytes using 6255s (64K bytes supplied using 2x62556s. The other two sockets are for

12
user expansion). RAM has battery backup facility.
Peripherals and Controllers
8251A: Programmable Communication Interface for serial communication supporting all

standard from 110-19,200 (Baud is selected through on-board Dipswitch).
8253-5: (2 Nos.) programmable peripheral Interface devices provide 48 Programmable I/O

lines.
8259A: Programmable interrupt Controller provides interrupt vectors for 8 sources
8288: Bus controller used for generating control signals.
Interrupts
External: NMI for INTR Keyboard.
INTER controlled through 8259A, on-board Interrupt Controller: provides interrupt vectors
for eight sources. Complete flexibility in selecting off-board or on-board interrupt sources.
On-board interrupt sources

# 8251 (TxRDY and RxRDY)
# 8253-5 (OUT1 and OUT2)
# 8255A (PC0 and PC3 in handshake mode)
# 8087 (NDP INT)
Internal: Interrupt vectors 1(single step) and 3 (breakpoint) reserved for monitor.
Interface Signals
CPU Bus: De-multiplexed and fully buffered, TTL compatible, Address, Data & Control
signals are available on two 50-pin ribbon cable connectors.
Parallel I/O: 48 Programmable parallel I/O lines (TTL compatible) through two 26 pin
ribbon cable connectors. (Connector details compatible to our other microcomputer trainers).
Serial I/O: RS-232 C through on-board 9pin D-type female connector.
Power supply (optional): +5V @ 3.0Amp
CONFIGURATION AND INSTALLATION
Configuration 86/88-2
86/88-2-microcomputer trainer is versatile and can be configured in a number of ways, as

13
determined by the setting of a DIP switch and other jumpers. (Refer to the component
layout diagram in appendix C to locate the DIP switch and the jumpers).
Operational mode selection

86/88-2 can be operated either in the serial mode or in Hexadecimal keypad mode. In the
serial mode, the trainer is connected to a CRT terminal or to a host computer system (like
PC compatible) through an RS 232 C interface. In the keypad mode, the trainer is operated
through Hexadecimal keypad.
SW4 of the DIP switch Operational mode

OFF Serial mode
ON Hexadecimal keypad mode*
(*Factory installed Option)
Printer Enable/Disable
86/88-2 firmware includes the driver program fro centronics compatible parallel printer
interface. This driver can be enabled/disabled as shown below:
SW5 of the DIP Switch Printer Driver

OFF Disabled*
ON Enabled
(*Factory installed Option)
Baud rate selection

In the serial mode of operation, 86/88-2 configures an 8251A USART as follows:
 Asynchronous mode
 8-bit character length
 2 stop bits
 No parity
 Baud rate factor of 16X
Timers 0 of an 8253 provide the Transmit and receive baud clocks for the USART. (Refer to
chapter 5 for a detailed discussion of the Hardware).This timer is initialized by the system
firmware to provide proper baud clock based on the settings of the DIP Switch as shown
below.
DIP SWITCH
SW3 SW2 SW1 Baud rate
OFF OFF ON 9,600*
Memory selection:
86/88-2 has four sockets, labeled U9, U8, U7, U6 for RAM. These sockets are configured for
62256(32X 4) devices. Two of these sockets are populated (providing 64K Bytes of RAM)
and two are for user expansion.

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DEVICE DIP SWITCH JUMPER

SW7 SW6
27256 ON OFF JP10 – 1-2
Hexadecimal keypad legend interpretation
Hexadecimal Acronym Name Acronym Name

Examine
0 - EB/AX EB AX Accumulator
Byte
Examine
1- ER/BX ER BX Base Register
Register
2 - GO/CX GO Go CX Count Register
3 - ST/DX ST Single Step DX Data Register
4 - IB/SP IB Input Byte SP Stack Pointer
5 - OB/BP OB Output Byte BP Base Pointer
6 - MV/SI MV Move SI Source Index
Examine Destination
7 - EW/DI EW DI
Word index
8 - IW/CS IW Input word CS Code Segment
9 - OW/DS OW Output Word DS Data Segment
A - /SS None N/A SS Stack Segment
B- /ES None N/A ES Extra Segment
Instruction
C - /IP None N/A IP
Pointer
D - /FL None N/A FL Flag Register
E None N/A none N/A
F None N/A none N/A
Function Key Operation:
Function
Operation
Key

15
The RESET key allows you to terminate any present activity and to return
your ESA 86/88-2 to an initialize state. When pressed, the sign-on
RESET
message appears in the display and the monitor is ready for command
entry.
The INTR (interrupt) key is used to generate an immediate non-maskable

type 2 interrupt (NM). The NMI interrupt vector is initialized on power
KB INT up or system reset to point to a routine within the monitor which causes
all of the 8086/8088’s registers to be saved. Control is returned to the
monitor for subsequent command entry.
The + (plus) key allows you to add two hexadecimal values. This function
+ simplifies relative addressing by allowing you to readily calculate an
address location relative to a base address.
The – (minus) key allows you to subtract one hexadecimal value from
–
another.
The : (colon) key is used to separate an address to be entered into two

:
parts; a segment value and an offset value.
The REG (register) key allows you to use the contents of any of the
REG
8086/8088’s registers as an address or data value.
The NEXT key is used to separate keypad entries and to increment the
NEXT
address field to the next consecutive memory location.
The PREV key is used to decrement the address field to previous memory
PREV
location.
The dot key is the command terminator. When pressed, the current
EXEC (.)
command is executed.
1) NEXT or, means the same operation
NOTE
2) EXEC or, means the same operation

16
PROGRAM: 8BIT ADDITION

Aim : To add two 8-bit hexadecimal numbers.
Registers used: AX, BX,DS
Program:
ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
NUM1 DB 0A9H
NUM2 DB 0F3H
ORG 5000H
RES DW 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AL, NUM1
MOV BL, NUM2
ADD AL, BL
MOV AH, 0H
ADC AH, 0H
MOV RES, AX
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
Instruction description:
MOV (Move):
ADD (Addition):
ADC (Add with carry):

17
Theoretical calculations:
Observations:
Result:

18
PROGRAM: 16-BIT ADDITION

Aim : To add two 16-bit hexadecimal numbers.
Registers used: AX, BX, DS
Program :

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
NUM1 DW 8A41H
NUM2 DW 6BC5H
ORG 5000H
RES DW 0H
CAR DB 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AX, NUM1
MOV BX, NUM2
ADD AX, BX
MOV RES, AX
MOV AH, 0H
ADC AH, 0H
MOV CAR, AH
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START

19
INT 21H:
Observations:
CS: 19C7H, DS: 14B6H
Before Execution After Execution
DS:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:5000 DS:5000
DS:5001 DS:5001
DS:5002 DS:5002
DS:5003 DS:5003
Result:

20
PROGRAM: 8-BIT SUBTRACTION

Aim : To subtract two 8-bit hexadecimal numbers.

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
NUM1 DB 45H
NUM2 DB 20H
ORG 5000H
RES DB 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AL, NUM1
MOV BL, NUM2
SUB AL, BL
MOV RESULT, AL
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
MOV (Move):
SUB (Subtraction):.

21
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000H
DS:2001 DS:2001H
DS:2002 DS:2002H
DS:2003 DS:2003H
DS:5000H DS:5000H
DS:5001H DS:50001
DS:5002H DS:5002H
DS:5003H DS:5003H
Result:

22
PROGRAM: 16-BIT SUBTRACTION

Aim : To subtract two 16-bit hexadecimal numbers.
Program :

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
NUM1 DW 8A41H
NUM2 DW 62C5H
ORG 5000H
RES DW 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AX, NUM1
MOV BX, NUM2
SUB AX, BX
MOV RES, AX
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
SUB (Subtraction):.

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INT 21H:.
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000H
DS:2001 DS:2001H
DS:2002 DS:2002H
DS:2003 DS:2003H
DS:5000H DS:5000H
DS:5001H DS:50001
DS:5002H DS:5002H
DS:5003H DS:5003H
Result:

24
PROGRAM: MULTIBYTE ADDITION

Aim : TO ADD TWO MULTIBYTE NUMBERS.
Registers used: AX, BX, CX, DX, DS
Program:

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
NUM1 DD 4A59 322BH
NUM2 DD 59B6 ABCDH
ORG 5000H
RES DD 0H
CAR DB 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AX, WORD PTR [NUM1]
MOV BX, WORD PTR [NUM2]
MOV CX, WORD PTR [NUM1+2]
MOV DX, WORD PTR [NUM2+2]
ADD AX, BX
ADC CX, DX
MOV WORD PTR [RES], AX
MOV WORD PTR [RES+2], CX
MOV AH, 0H
ADC AH, 0H
MOV CAR, AH
MOV AH, 4CH

25
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
INT 21H:.
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000H
DS:2001 DS:2001H
DS:2002 DS:2002H
DS:2003 DS:2003H
DS:2004 DS:2004
DS:2005 DS:2005
DS:2006 DS:2006
DS:2007 DS:2007
DS:5000H DS:5000H
DS:50001 DS:50001
DS:5002H DS:5002H
DS:5003H 00H DS:5003H
Result:

26
PROGRAM: MULTIBYTE SUBTRACTION

Aim : To subtract two multisystem numbers.
Registers used: AX, BX, CX, DX, DS
Program:

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
NUM1 DD 4A59 322BH
NUM2 DD 59B6 ABCDH
ORG 5000H
RES DD 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AX, WORD PTR [NUM1]
MOV BX, WORD PTR [NUM2]
MOV CX, WORD PTR [NUM1+2]
MOV DX, WORD PTR [NUM2+2]
SUB AX, BX
SBB CX, DX
MOV WORD PTR [RES], AX
MOV WORD PTR [RES+2], CX
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START

27
SBB (Subtraction with borrow):
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000H
DS:2001 DS:2001H
DS:2002 DS:2002H
DS:2003 DS:2003H
DS:2004 DS:2004
DS:2005 DS:2005
DS:2006 DS:2006
DS:2007 DS:2007
DS:5000H DS:5000H
DS:50001 DS:50001
DS:5002H DS:5002H
DS:5003H DS:5003H

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Result:
PROGRAM: 4 DIGIT DECIMAL NUMBER ADDITION

Aim : To add two 4- digit decimal numbers.
Program:

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
NUM1 DW 9999H
NUM2 DW 8888H
ORG 5000H
RES DW 0H
CAR DB 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AX, NUM1
MOV BX, NUM2
ADD AL, BL
DAA
MOV BYTE PTR [RES], AL
ADC AH, BH
MOV AL, AH
DAA

29
MOV BYTE PTR [RES+1], AL

MOV AH, 0H
ADC AH, 0H
MOV CAR, AH
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
DAA (Decimal Adjust Accumulator):
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000H
DS:2001 DS:2001H
DS:2002 DS:2002H
DS:2003 DS:2003H
DS:5000H DS:5000H
DS:5001H DS:50001
DS:5002H DS:5002H
DS:5003H DS:5003H
Result:
30
PROGRAM: MULTIPLICATION OF 8-BIT SIGNED

NUMBER BY 16-BIT SIGNED NUMBER
Aim : To multiply a 8-bit signed number by a 16-bit signed number
Registers used: AX, DX, DS
Program:

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
NUM1 DB 8AH
NUM2 DW 4595H
ORG 5000H
RES DW 02H DUP 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AL, NUM1
CBW
IMUL NUM2
MOV RES, AX
MOV RES+2, DX
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
31
CODE ENDS
END START
IMUL:
CBW (Convert Signed Byte to Word):
Observations:
CS: DS:
Before Execution after Execution
DS:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:5000H DS:5000
DS:5001H DS:5001
DS:5002H DS:5002
DS:5003H DS:5003
Result:

32
PROGRAM: MULTIPLICATION OF 16 -BIT UNSIGNED

NUMBER BY 16-BIT UNSIGNED NUMBER
Aim : To multiply a 16-bit unsigned number by a 16-bit unsigned number.
Registers used: AX, DX,DS
Program:

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
NUM1 DW 0FFFH
NUM2 DW 0FA3H
ORG 5000H
RES DW 02H DUP 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV AX, NUM1
MUL NUM2
MOV RES, AX
MOV RES+2, DX
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS

33
END START
MUL (Multiplication):
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:5000 DS:5000
DS:5001 DS:5001
DS:5002 DS:5002
DS:5003 DS:5003
Result:

34
PROGRAM: DIVISION OF 16 -BIT UNSIGNED NUMBER

BY 16-BIT UNSIGNED NUMBER
Aim : To divide a 16-bit unsigned number by a 16-bit unsigned number.
Registers used: AX, BX, DX,DS
Program:

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
NUM1 DW 1012H
NUM2 DB 0800H
ORG 5000H
QUO DW 0H
REM DB 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AX, NUM1
MOV DX, 0H
MOV BX, NUM2
IDIV BX
MOV QUO, AX
MOV REM, DX
MOV AH, 4CH
35
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
IDIV:
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:5000 DS:5000
DS:5001 DS:5001
DS:5002 DS:5002
DS:5003 DS:5003
Result:
.

36
PROGRAM: DIVISION OF 16-BIT SIGNED NUMBER BY

8-BIT SIGNED NUMBER
Aim : To divide 16-bit signed number by an 8-bit signed number.
Program:

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
NUM1 DW 4647H
NUM2 DB 0A4H
ORG 5000H
QUO DB 0H
REM DB 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV AX, NUM1
IDIV NUM2
MOV QUO, AL
MOV REM, AH
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START

37
IDIV:
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:5000 DS:5000
DS:5001 DS:5001
DS:5002 DS:5002
DS:5003 DS:5003
Result:

38
PROGRAM: PACKED BCD TO UNPACKED BCD

CONVERSION
Aim : To convert a packed BCD number in to unpacked BCD form.
Registers used: AX, BX, CX, DS
Program :

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
PACK_BCD DB 75H
ORG 5000H
UNPACK_BCD DW 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AL, PACK_BCD
MOV AH, PACK_BCD
AND AL, 0FH
AND AH, 0F0H
MOV CL, 04H
ROR AH, CL
MOV UNPACK_BCD, AX
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS

39
END START
AND:
ROR:
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:5000 DS:5000
DS:5001 DS:5001
DS:5002 DS:5002
DS:5003 DS:5003
Result:

40
PROGRAM: PACKED BCD TO ASCII CONVERSION

Aim : To convert a packed BCD number in to ASCII form.
Registers used: AX, BX, CX, DS
Program :

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
PACK_BCD DB 75H
ORG 5000H
ASCII DB 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AL, PACK_BCD
MOV AH, PACK_BCD
AND AL, 0FH
AND AH, 0F0H
MOV CL, 04H
ROR AH, CL
OR AX, 3030H
MOV ASCII, AX
MOV AH, 4CH

41
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
OR:
ROL:
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:5000 DS:5000
DS:5001 DS:5001
DS:5002 DS:5002
DS:5003 DS:5003

42
Result:
PROGRAM: ASCII ADDITION

Aim : To add two ASCII numbers.
Program :

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
ASCII1 DB ‘4’
ASCII2 DB ‘7’
ORG 5000H
RES DW 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV AH, 0H
MOV AL, ASCII1
MOV BL, ASCII2
ADD AL, BL
AAA
OR AX, 3030H
MOV RES, AX
43
MOV AH, 4CH

INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
AAA:
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:5000 DS:5000
DS:5001 DS:5001
DS:5002 DS:5002
DS:5003 DS:5003

44
Result:
PROGRAM: ASCII SUBTRACTION

Aim : To subtract two ASCII numbers.
Program :

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
ASCII1 DB ‘8’
ASCII2 DB ‘4’
ORG 5000H
RES DW 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AH, 0H
MOV AL, ASCII1
MOV BL, ASCII2
SUB AL, BL
AAS

45
OR AX, 3030H
MOV RES, AX
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
AAS:
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:5000 DS:5000
DS:5001 DS:5001
DS:5002 DS:5002

46
DS:5003 DS:5003
Result:
PROGRAM: COUNT THE NUMBER OF EVEN AND ODD

NUMBERS FROM A SERIES
Aim : To count the number of even and odd numbers from a series of 16-bit numbers.
Registers used: AX, CX, SI, DS
Program :

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
SERIES DW 4539H, 0A429H, 4129H, 46F3H, 25ABH, 0BCDAH, 71A3H, 0CA19H,
47FBH, 1234H
CNT DB 0AH
ORG 5000H
ODD_CNT DB 0H
EVEN_CNT DB 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

47
LEA SI, SERIES

MOV CL, CNT
AGAIN: MOV AX, [SI]
SHR AX, 01H
JC GO
INC EVEN_CNTR
JMP NXT
GO: INC ODD_CNTR
NXT: INC SI
DEC CL
JNZ AGAIN
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
INC:
DEC:
SHR:
LEA (Load Effective Address) :.
JNZ (Jump No Zero):.
Observations:
CS: DS:
D
S:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:2004 DS:2004
DS:2005 DS:2005
DS:2006 DS:2006
DS:2007 DS:2007
DS:2008 DS:2008
DS:2009 DS:2009
DS:200A DS:200A
48
DS:200B DS:200B
DS:200C DS:200C
DS:200D DS:200D
DS:200E DS:200E
DS:2010 DS:2010
DS:2011 DS:2011
DS:2012 DS:2012
DS:2013 DS:2013
DS:2014 DS:2014
DS:5000 DS:5000
DS:5001 DS:5001
DS:5002 DS:5002
DS:5003 DS:5003
Result:
PROGRAM: COUNT THE NUMBERS CONSISTS OF ‘1’

AS A SIXTH BIT
Aim : To count the numbers consists of ‘1’ as a sixth bit.
Registers used: AX, CX, SI, DS
Program :

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
SERIES DW 4539H, 0A429H, 4129H, 46F3H, 25ABH, 0BCDAH,
71A3H, 0CA19H, 47FBH, 1234H
CNT DW 0AH
ORG 5000H
COUNTER DW 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA

49
MOV DS, AX
LEA SI, SERIES
MOV CX, CNT
AGAIN: MOV AX, [SI]
AND AX, 0020H
JZ GO
INC CNTR
GO: INC SI
LOOP AGAIN
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
INC:
DEC:
SHR:
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS
:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:2004 DS:2004
DS:2005 DS:2005
DS:2006 DS:2006
DS:2007 DS:2007
DS:2008 DS:2008
DS:2009 DS:2009
DS:200A DS:200A
DS:200B DS:200B
DS:200C DS:200C
DS:200D DS:200D
DS:200E DS:200E

50
DS:2010 DS:2010
DS:2011 DS:2011
DS:2012 DS:2012
DS:2013 DS:2013
DS:2014 DS:2014
DS:5000 DS:5000
DS:5001 DS:5001
DS:5002 DS:5002
DS:5003 DS:5003
Result:
PROGRAM: ARRANGE A SERIES OF 8-BT SIGNED

NUMBERS IN DESCENDING ORDER
Aim : To arrange a series of 8-bt signed numbers in descending order.
Registers used: AX, CX, SI, DX, DS
Program :

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
SERIES DB 46H, 8BH, 0B7H, 71H, 52H, 0A3H, 5BH, 69H, 0F4H,
0FFH
CNT DW 09H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV DX, CNT
NXT_MOPR: MOV CX, DX

51
LEA SI, SERIES

AGAIN: MOV AL, [SI]
INC SI
CMP AL, [SI]
JGE NXT
XCHG AL, [SI]
DEC SI
MOV [SI], AL
INC SI
NXT: LOOP AGAIN
DEC DX
JNZ NXT_MOPR
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
LOOP:
XCHG (Exchange):
CMP:
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:2004 DS:2004
DS:2005 DS:2005
DS:2006 DS:2006
DS:2007 DS:2007
DS:2008 DS:2008
DS:2009 DS:2009

52
Result:
PROGRAM: ARRANGE A SERIES OF 16-BT UNSIGNED

NUMBERS IN ASCENDING ORDER
Aim : To arrange a series of 16-bt unsigned numbers in ascending order.
Registers used: AX, CX, SI, DX, DS
Program :

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
SERIES DW 4539H, 0A429H, 4129H, 46F3H, 25ABH,
0BCDAH, 71A3H, 0CA19H, 47FBH, 1234H
CNT DW 09H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV DX, CNT
NXT_MOPR: MOV CX, DX

53
LEA SI, SERIES

AGAIN: MOV AX, [SI]
ADD SI, 02H
CMP AX, [SI]
JBE NXT
XCHG AX, [SI]
SUB SI, 02H
MOV [SI], AX
ADD SI, 02H
NXT: LOOP AGAIN
DEC DX
JNZ NXT_MOPR
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
JBE:
JNZ:
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:2004 DS:2004
DS:2005 DS:2005
DS:2006 DS:2006
DS:2007 DS:2007
DS:2008 DS:2008

54
DS:2009 DS:2009
DS:200A DS:200A
DS:200B DS:200B
DS:200C DS:200C
DS:200D DS:200D
DS:200E DS:200E
DS:200F DS:200F
DS:2010 DS:2010
DS:2011 DS:2011
DS:2012 DS:2012
DS:2013 DS:2013
Result:
PROGRAM: STRING TRANSFER IN FORWARD

DIRECTION
Aim : To transfer a string in forward direction.
Registers used: AX, CX, SI, DI, DS, ES
Program:
ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA, ES:EXTRA

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
SOURSE_STG DB ‘GOOD’
CNT DW $ - SOURSE_STG
DATA ENDS
EXTRA SEGMENT
ORG 5000H
DESTINATION_STG DB 40H DUP (0H)
EXTRA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA

55
MOV DS, AX
MOV AX, EXTRA
MOV ES, AX
LEA SI, SOURSE_STG
LEA DI, DESTINATION_STG
CLD
MOV CX, CNT
REP MOVSB
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
MOVSB:
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:2004 DS:2004
DS:5000 DS:5000
DS:5001 DS:5001

56
DS:5002 DS:5002
DS:5003 DS:5003
Result:
PROGRAM: STRING TRANSFER IN REVERSE

DIRECTION
Aim : To transfer a string in reverse direction.
Program :
ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA, ES:EXTRA

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
SOURSE_STG DB ‘GOOD’
CNT DW $ - SOURSE_STG
DATA ENDS
EXTRA SEGMENT
ORG 5000H
EXTRA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
57
MOV DS, AX
MOV AX, EXTRA
MOV ES, AX
LEA SI, SOURSE_STG
CLD
MOV CX, CNT
ADD DI, CX
DEC DI
NXT_CHAR: MOVSB
SUB DI, 02H
LOOP NXT_CHAR
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
LOOP:
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000 67
DS:2001 DS:2001 6F
DS:2002 DS:2002 6F
DS:2003 DS:2003 64
DS:2004 DS:2004 00
DS:5000 DS:5000 64

58
DS:5001 DS:5001 6F
DS:5002 DS:5002 6F
DS:5003 DS:5003 67
Result:
PROGRAM: STRING INSERTION

Aim : To insert a string. .
Registers used: AX, CX, SI, DI, DS,ES
ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA, ES: EXTRA

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
STRING1 DB 'EMPTY VESSELS MORE NOISE$'
STRLEN EQU ($-STRING1)
DATA ENDS
EXTRA SEGMENT
ORG 5000H
STRING2 DB STRLEN+5 DUP (0)
EXTRA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA

MOV DS, AX
MOV SI, OFFSET STRING1

59
MOV DI, OFFSET STRING2

CLD
MOV CX, 14
REP MOVSB
MOV DL, 5
BACK: MOV AH, 01
INT 21H
STOS STRING2
DEC DL
JNZ BACK
MOV CX, 11
REP MOVSB
NOP
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
NOP:
CLD:
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:2004 DS:2004
DS:2005 DS:2005
DS:2006 DS:2006

60
DS:2007 DS:2007
DS:2008 DS:2008
DS:2009 DS:2009
DS:200A DS:200A
DS:200B DS:200B
DS:200C DS:200C
DS:200D DS:200D
DS:200E DS:200E
DS:200F DS:200F
DS:2010 DS:2010
DS:2011 DS:2011
DS:2012 DS:2012
DS:2013 DS:2013
DS:2014 DS:2014
DS:2015 DS:2015
DS:2016 DS:2016
DS:2017 DS:2017
ES:5000 ES:5000
ES:5001 ES:5001
ES:5002 ES:5002
ES:5003 ES:5003
ES:5004 ES:5004
ES:5005 ES:5005
ES:5006 ES:5006
ES:5007 ES:5007
ES:5008 ES:5008
ES:5009 ES:5009
ES:500A ES:500A
ES:500B ES:500B
ES:500C ES:500C
ES:500D ES:500D
ES:500E ES:500E
ES:500F ES:500F
ES:5010 ES:5010
ES:5011 ES:5011
61
ES:5012 ES:5012
ES:5013 ES:5013
ES:5014 ES:5014
ES:5015 ES:5015
ES:5016 ES:5016
ES:5017 ES:5017
ES:5018 ES:5018
ES:5019 ES:5019
ES:501A ES:501A
ES:501B ES:501B
ES:501C ES:501C
Result:
PROGRAM: STRING DELETION

Aim : To delete a string .

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
STRING1 DB 'EMPTY VESSELS MAKE MORE NOISE$'
STRLEN EQU ($-STRING1)
DATA ENDS
EXTRA SEGMENT
ORG 5000H
STRING2 DB STRLEN-5 DUP (0)
EXTRA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AX, EXTRA

62
MOV ES, AX
MOV SI, OFFSET STRING1
MOV DI, OFFSET STRING2
CLD
MOV CX, 13
REP MOVSB
CLD
MOV SI, 18
MOV CX, 12
REP MOVSB
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
DESCRIPTION:
MOVSB:
Observations:
CS: DS:
DS:2000 DS:2000
DS:2001 DS:2001
DS:2002 DS:2002
DS:2003 DS:2003
DS:2004 DS:2004
DS:2005 DS:2005

63
DS:2006 DS:2006
DS:2007 DS:2007
DS:2008 DS:2008
DS:2009 DS:2009
DS:200A DS:200A
DS:200B DS:200B
DS:200C DS:200C
DS:200D DS:200D
DS:200E DS:200E
DS:200F DS:200F
DS:2010 DS:2010
DS:2011 DS:2011
DS:2012 DS:2012
DS:2013 DS:2013
DS:2014 DS:2014
DS:2015 DS:2015
DS:2016 DS:2016
DS:2017 DS:2017
DS:2018 DS:2018
DS:2019 DS:2019
DS:201A DS:201A
DS:201B DS:201B
DS:201C DS:201C
ES:5000 ES:5000
ES:5001 ES:5001
ES:5002 ES:5002
ES:5003 ES:5003
ES:5004 ES:5004
ES:5005 ES:5005
ES:5006 ES:5006
ES:5007 ES:5007
ES:5008 ES:5008
ES:5009 ES:5009
ES:500A ES:500A
ES:500B ES:500B
ES:500C ES:500C
ES:500D ES:500D
ES:500E ES:500E
ES:500F ES:500F
ES:5010 ES:5010

64
ES:5011 ES:5011
ES:5012 ES:5012
ES:5013 ES:5013
ES:5014 ES:5014
ES:5015 ES:5015
ES:5016 ES:5016
ES:5017 ES:5017
Result:
PROGRAM: DISPLAY OF MESSAGE USING DOS

INTERRUPTS
Aim : To display a message on the standard output using DOS interrupts.
Program :

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
MSG DB OAH, ODH, ”VVIT”, OAH, ODH, “$”
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

65
LEA DX, MSG

MOV AH, 09H
INT 21H
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
MOV AH, O9H
INT 21H
Observations:
Result:
PROGRAM: TO READ A STRING OF CHARACTERS

FROM KEY BOARD DOS INTERRUPTS
Aim : To read a string of characters from the keyboard using DOS interrupts.
Registers used: AX, BX, DX, DS, DI, ES
Program :

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
MSG DB OAH, ODH, ”ENTER YOUR STRING:” , OAH, ODH, “$”
ORG 5000H
LNT_STG DW 0H
DATA ENDS
66
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV ES, AX
MOV BX, 0H
CLD
LEA DX, MSG
MOV AH, 09H
INT 21H
NXT_CHAR: MOV AH, 01H
INT 21H
CMP AL, ODH
JE TERM
INC BX
STOSB
JMP NXT_CHAR
TERM: MOV LNT_STG, BX
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
MOV AH, O1H
INT 21H
STOSB:
Observations:
ENTER YOUR STRING: _____________________________
Result:

67
PROGRAM: STRING CHECK FOR PALINDROME

Aim : To check whether a string is palindrome or not.
Program :

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
MSG1 DB OAH, ODH, ”ENTER YOUR STRING: ”, OAH, ODH, “$”
MSG2 DB OAH, ODH, ”IT IS A PALINDROME ”, OAH, ODH, “$”
MSG3 DB OAH, ODH, ”IT IS NOT A PALINDROME ”, OAH, ODH, “$”
MSG4 DB OAH, ODH,”D U W TO CONT.: (Y/N) ”, OAH, ODH, “$”
ORG 3000H

68
STG1 DB 40H DUP (0H)

ORG 4000H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV ES, AX
AGAIN: MOV BX, 0H
CLD
LEA SI, STG1
LEA DI, STG2
LEA DX, MSG1
MOV AH, 09H
INT 21H
NXT_CHAR: MOV AH, 01H
INT 21H
CMP AL, ODH
JE TERM
INC BX
STOSB
JMP NXT_CHAR
DEC DI
MOV CX, BX
BACK: MOV AL, [DI]
MOV [SI], AL
INC SI
DEC DI
LOOP BACK
LEA DI, STG2
LEA DI, STG2
MOV CX, BX
REPE CMPSB
JE PALIN
LEA DX, MSG3
MOV AH, 09H
INT 21H
JMP CONT
PALIN: LEA DX, MSG2
MOV AH, 09H
INT 21H
CONT: LEA DX, MSG4
MOV AH, 09H
INT 21H
MOV AH, 01H
INT 21H
CMP AL, ‘Y’
JE AGAIN
69
CMP AL, ‘N’

JE TERM
JMP CONT
TERM: MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
MOV AH, O1H
INT 21H
Observations:
Result:
PROGRAM: STRING COMPARISION USING DOS

INTERRUPTS
Aim : To compare two strings
Program :

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
MSG1 DB OAH, ODH,”ENTER STRING1: ” OAH, ODH, “$”
MSG2 DB OAH, ODH,”ENTER STRING2: ” OAH, ODH, “$”
MSG3 DB OAH, ODH,”BOTH THE STRINGS ARE EQUAL”, OAH, ODH, “$”
MSG4 DB OAH, ODH,”STRINGS ARE NOT EQUAL”, OAH, ODH, “$”
MSG5 DB OAH, ODH,”D U W TO CONTINUE: (Y/N)”, OAH, ODH, “$”
ORG 3000H

70

ORG 4000H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV ES,AX
AGAIN: MOV BX, 0H
CLD
LEA SI, STG1
LEA DI, STG2
LEA DX, MSG1
MOV AH, 09H
INT 21
LEFT AS AN EXERCISE
CONT: LEA DX, MSG5
MOV AH, 09H
INT 21H
MOV AH, 01H
INT 21H
CMP AL, ‘Y’
JE AGAIN
CMP AL, ‘N’
JE TERM
JMP CONT
TERM: MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
Result:
CMPSB:
Observations:
ENTER STRING 1: _____________________________

ENTER STRING 2: _____________________________
BOTH THE STRINGS ARE EQUAL / STRINGS ARE NOT EQUAL

DO U WANT TO CONTINUE: (Y/N)

71
Y N
ENTER YOUR STRING 1: ________ Go back to command
window
PROGRAM: PASSWORD ACCESS USING DOS

INTERRUPTS
Aim : To access a password.

DATA SEGMENT
ORG 2000H
MSG1 DB OAH, ODH,”ENTER UR PASSWORD: ” OAH, ODH, “$”
MSG2 DB OAH, ODH,”SORRY, ACESS IS DENIED: ” OAH, ODH, “$”

72
MSG3 DB OAH, ODH,”YES, U CAN RUN UR APPLICATION ON THE SYSTEM”, OAH,

ODH, “$”
ORG 3000H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV ES, AX
AGAIN: MOV BX, 0H
CLD
--------------------------------------------------
LEFT AS AN EXERCISE
--------------------------------------------
TERM: MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START
CMP :
Observations:
ENTER UR PASSWORD: _____________________________
After 3 attempts
SORRY, ACCESS IS DENIED / YES, U CAN RUN UR APPLICATION ON THE SYSTEM
Result:
INTERFACING WITH MICROPROCESSOR 8086
PROGRAM: To Add Two 8 Bit Numbers
AIM: Write a program to Add 8 bytes stored from 2000H and store the result from 3000H using 8086.
Apparatus:
1. Microprocessor trainer kit

73
2. Keyboard
3. Power cable
Program Description:
1. Starting address of the program: 2000H
2. Address of input values: 2000H, 2004H
3. Address of output values: 3000H
4. Registers used: al,bl,ah,ax
Program:
Address Label Mnemonics Hexcodes Comments

1000H Mov Al, [2000H]
1004H Mov Bl, [2001H]
1008H Add Al, Bl
100AH Adc Ah,0h
100DH Mov [3000h],Ax
1011H Hlt
Result:
PROGRAM: To Subtraction Two 8 Bit Numbers
Apparatus:
1.8086 Microprocessor trainer kit.
2. Keyboard.
3. Power cable.
74
1. Starting address of the program: 2000H
4. Registers used: al, bl, ax
Program:

1000H Mov Al,[2000H]
1004H Mov Bl,[2001H]
1008H Sub Al,Bl
100AH Mov [3000h],Ax
100DH Hlt
Result:
PROGRAM: To Division Two 8 Bit Numbers
Apparatus:
2. Keyboard.
3. Power cable.
1. starting address of the program :2000H

75
4. Registers used: al,bl,ax
Program:

1000H Mov Al,[2000H]
1004H Mov Bl,[2001H]
1008H Div,Bl
100AH Mov [3000h],Ax
100DH Hlt
Result:
Apparatus:
2.Keyboard.
3.Power cable.
1.starting address of the program :1000H
2.Address of input values :1000H,1004H

76
3.Address of output values :2000H
4.Registers used : ax,bx,ah,ax
Program:

1000H Mov Ax,[1000H]
1004H Mov Bx,[1001H]
1008H Add Ax,Bx
100AH Adc Ah,0h
100DH Mov [2000H],Ax
1011H Hlt
Result:
Apparatus:
2.keyboard.
3.Power cable.

77
4.Registers used : ax,bx ,ax
Program:
1000H Mov Ax,[1000H]
1004H Mov Bx,[1001H]
1008H Sub Ax,Bx
100AH Mov [2000H],Ax
100DH Hlt
Result:
PROGRAM: To Division Two 16 Bit Numbers
AIM: Write a program to Add 8 bytes stored from 1000H and store the result from 2000H using
8086.
Apparatus:
2.Keyboard.
3.Power cable.

78
4.Registers used : ax,bx,,ax
Program:

1000H Mov Ax,[1000H]
1004H Mov Bx,[1001H]
1008H Div Bx
100AH Mov [3000H],Ax
100DH Hlt
Result:
8279 – Keyboard Display- Write a program to display a string of characters
AIM: Write a program to display a string of characters on seven segment display using 8086.
Apparatus:
2.8279 Inetrfacing kit.
3.Keyboard.
3.Power cable.
2.Address of input values :1200H
3. Registers used : si,cx,dx,al

79
4.Address of command more registers : 00c2H
5.Address of data registers : D0C0H
Program:

1000H Start: Mov si,1200H
1004H Mov cx,000FH
1008H Mov al,18H
100BH Out c2,al
100DH Mov al,0CCH
1010H Out c2,al
1012H Mov al,90H
1015H Out c2,al
1017H go: Mov al,[si]
1019H Out c0,al
101BH Call Delay
101EH Inc si
101FH Loop go
1020H Jmp start
1200H FF FF FF FF
FF FF FF FF
98 68 7C 7C
0C FF FF FF

1500H Delay: Mov dx,0aoffh
1504H again: Dec dx
1505H Jnz again
1507H Ret

80
Seven Segment Display
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
A3 A2 A1 A0 B3 B2 B1 B0
D C B A DP G F E
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 98H
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 68H
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 7CH
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0CH

81
Result:
8255 – PPI-Write ALP to generate sinusoidal wave using PPI
AIM: Write a program to generate a sinwave from using DAC 8255 using 8086.
Apparatus:
2.8255 inetrfacing kit.
3.Cathode Ray Osciloscope.
4.Multioutput Power Supply.
5.keyboard.6. Power cable
3. Registers used : al,cl
Program:

82

1000H MOV AL,80H C6 C0 80
1003H OUT 0026H,AL E6 26
1005H MOV SI,1200H C7 C6 00 12
1009H MOV CL,46H C6 C1 46
100CH MOV AL,[SI] 8A 04
100EH OUT 0020H,AL E6 20
1010H INC SI 46
1011H DEC CL FE C9
1013H JNZ GO 75 F7
1015H JMP AGAIN E9 ED FF
1200H 7F 8A 95 A0
1204H AA B5 BF C8
1208H D1 D9 E0 E7
120CH ED F2 F7 FA
1210H FC FE FF FE
1214H FC FA F7 F2
1218H ED E7 ED D9
121CH D1 C8 BF B5
1220H AA A0 95 8A
1224H 75 74 69 5F
1228H 53 49 3F 36
122CH 2D 25 10 17
1230H 10 0B 07 04
1234H 01 00 01 04
1238H 07 0B 10 17
123CH 1D 25 2D 36
1240H 3F 49 53 5F
1244H 69 74

83
Result: .
8259 – PROGRAMMABLE INTERUPT CONTROLLER

AIM: To interface Programmable Interrupt Controller with 8086 microprocessor.
APPARATUS:
1. 8086 TRAINER KIT
2. 8259 STUDY CARD
3. KEYBOARD, CABLES, ETC…
PROGRAM:
ORG 1000H
MOV AL,17H
OUT 0C0H, AL
MOV AL,08H
OUT 0C2H, AL
MOV AL,01H
OUT 0C2H, AL
MOV AL,FEH
OUT 0C2H, AL
STI
HERE: JMP HERE
MOV AL,20H
LOOP 0C0H,AL
INT 02H

84
Interrupt Vector:-
0000:0200 00h
0000:0021 12h
0000:0022 00h
0000:0023 00h
OBSERVATIONS:
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
8251 – USART
AIM: To interface USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) with 8086 microprocessor.
APPARATUS:
1 8086 TRAINER KIT
2 8251 STUDY CARD
3 ADAPTER, KEYBOARD, CABLES, ETC…
PROGRAM:
TRANSMITTER END:
ORG 1000H
MOV AL,36H
OUT 0CEH, AL
MOV AL,10H
OUT 0C8H, AL
MOV AL,00H
OUT 0C8H, AL
MOV AL,4EH
OUT 0C2H, AL
MOV AL,37H
OUT 0C2H, AL
LOOP1:IN AL,0C2H
AND AL,04H
JZ LOOP1
MOV AL,41H

85
OUT 0C0H,AL
INT 02H
RECEIVER END:
ORG 1200H
MOV AL,36H
OUT 0CEH, AL
MOV AL,10H
OUT 0C8H, AL
MOV AL,00H
OUT 0C8H, AL
MOV AL,4EH
OUT 0C2H, AL
MOV AL,37H
OUT 0C2H, AL
LOOP2:IN AL,0C2H
AND AL,04H
JZ LOOP2
IN AL,0C0H
MOV BX,I500H
MOV [BX],AL
INT 02H
OBSERVATIONS: INPUT: OUTPUT:
RESULT:
MCS 51 DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

Using Command Line
1. Edit the program using ‘EDIT’ editor

2. Save as name .A51
3. Assemble using A51.EXE
C: A51 name .A51
Result: name .LST, name .OBJ
4. LINK & Convert to Hex format using OH51.EXE
C: OH51 name .OBJ
Result: name .HEX
5. Simulate Using SIM31.EXE
C: SIM31
Using Integrated Design Environment (IDE)
KEIL µVision – (Windows)
An Integrated design environment consists of all the tools needed for the development of software for the
MCS 51 family. These tools are linked together in one environment. The main feature of IDE is the
BUILD process. The BUILD ensures that the target file is current. In order to keep modular development
the PROJECT feature is provided.

86
1. Select START\PROGRAMS\KEIL <Left Click>

2. Create New project
Select PROJECT\NEW\<Left Click> “enter name’<Left Click>
Choose TARGET\INTEL\8051 <Left Click>
Choose BUILD OPTIONS
Check Box HEX <OK><Left Click>
3. Create File <ALT><F><N> ‘name of file .ASM’ <Left Click> Edit File & Save
4. SELECT PROJECT WINDOW – ADD FILE – SELECT - <Left Click>
5. PROJECT\BUILD\ <Left Click>
If no errors goto 7 else 3
DEBUG\START\ <Left Click>
MICROCONTROLLER 8051
Reading and Writing on a parallel Port
AIM: Write a program to intialise a port and transfer the data between ports.
Program:
i) ORG 00H
MOV P0,#05H
MOV P0,#0AH
MOV P2, #50H
MOV P3, #0A5H
JMP $
END
ii) ORG 00H

MOV P1,#0FFH
MOV P2,#0FFH
MOV P3, #00H
MOV A, P1
MOV R0,P2

87
ADD A, R0
MOV P3,A
JMP $
END
RESULT:
Timer in Differnent Modes
AIM: Write a program to Generate 10µs of delay using instructions.
Program:
ORG 00H
MOV R0, #05H
X:
DJNZ R0,X
JMP $
END
AIM: Write a program to Generate 65,35msec of delay using instructions.
ORG 00H

88
MOV TMOD, #0000 0001H

SWT B TRO
JMB TF0,$
CLR TR0
CLR TF0
END
RESULT:
Serial Communication Implementaion

AIM: Write a program to receive the data serially and transmit the data to port1.
Program:
ORG 00H
MOV TMOD, #20H
MOV TH1, #0FWH
SETB TR1
MOV SCON, #50H
X:
JNB RI,$
MOV R0,SBUT
MOV P1,R0
CLR RI
JMP X
END

89
RESULT:
INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLER 8051
Apparatus:
1.Microcontroler trainer kit

2.Keyboard
3.Power cable

90
2.Address of input values :4100H—20H, 4102—10H
3.Address of output values :4500H -- 30H
Program:

4100H CLR C C3
4101H MOV A,#DATA1 74
4103H ADD A,#DATA2 94
4105H MOV DPTR,#4500 90
4108H MOVX @DPTR,A F0
4109H HERE: SJMP HERE 80
Result:
Apparatus:

2.Keyboard
3.Power cable
2.Address of input values :4100H—20H, 4102—10H
Program:

4100H CLR C C3
4103H SUBB A,#DATA2 94
4105H MOV DPTR,#4500 90
91

4109H HERE: SJMP HERE 80
Result:
PROGRAM: To Multiplication Two 8 Bit Numbers
Apparatus:

2.Keyboard
3.Power cable
2.Address of input values :4100H—0AH,

4102—88H
4501H—05H
Program:

4102H MOV B, #DATA2 75
4105H MUL AB A4
4106H MOV DPTR,#4500 90
410AH INC DPTR A3
410BH MOV A,B E5
410DH MOVX @DPTR,A F0
410EH HERE: SJMP HERE 80

92
Result:
“All of sciences nothing more
than refinement of every day
thinking”
--- Albert Einstein

93

NBA Final MPMC Lab Manual

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MICROPROCESSORS & MICROCONTROLLER LAB

MICROPROCESSOR & MICROCONTROLLER

VVIT, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Page 1

PART-I: MICROPROCESSOR 8086 (17 – 72)

VVIT, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Page 2

21 String transfer in reverse direction 57

PART-II: INTERFACING WITH MICROPROCESSOR (73 - 85

PART-III: MICROCONTROLLER 8051 (87 – 89)

PART-IV: INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLLER (90 – 92)

VVIT, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Page 3

III Year B.Tech. ECE. II-Sem T P C

MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS LAB

PART-I: MICROPROCESSOR 8086

PART-II: INTERFACING WITH MICROPROCESSOR

1. 8259 – Interrupt Controller-Generate an interrupt using 8259 timer.

PART-III: MICROCONTROLLER 8051

1. Reading and Writing on a parallel port.

PART-IV: INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLLER

VVIT, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Page 4

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR LABORATORY

1. MASM/TASM software 2. 8086 Microprocessor Kits

1. 8051 Micro Controller kits

iii) 8255 PPI

iv) 8251 USART

5. A/D and D/AC Interface.

VVIT, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Page 5

VVIT, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Page 6

INTRODUCTION TO 8086, MASM/TASM EDITOR

VVIT, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Page 7

ASSEMBLE: To write assembly language program from the given address.

DUMP: To see the specified memory contents

ENTER: To enter data into the specified memory locations(s).

GO: To execute the program

MOVE: Moves a set of data from source location to destination location

QUIT: To exit from the debugger.

REGISTER: Shows the contents of Registers

VVIT, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Page 8

TRACE: To trace the program instruction by instruction.

UNASSEMBLE: To unassembled the program.

VVIT, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Page 9

Using Turbo – Assembler – Linker – Debugger

Create your file using one of the following programs:

4. Compile the source code to create an object module. tasm/z/zi proj.asm

6. Run the Program

1. Tracing the Program's Execution

VVIT, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Page

5. Viewing the Program's Output

VVIT, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Page

Introduction to the trainer & Instructions to user

RAM: 4 JEDEC Compatible offer the following:

VVIT, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Page

user expansion). RAM has battery backup facility.

Peripherals and Controllers

8251A: Programmable Communication Interface for serial communication supporting all

8253-5: (2 Nos.) programmable peripheral Interface devices provide 48 Programmable I/O

8259A: Programmable interrupt Controller provides interrupt vectors for 8 sources

8288: Bus controller used for generating control signals.

External: NMI for INTR Keyboard.

On-board interrupt sources