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The good
combination for the pigs should have the following percentages.
Maize Brand :70%

Fish Meal :10.5%
Cotton seed cake :14%
Lake shells : 3.5%
Bone Ash : 0.7%
Salt : 0.4%
Vitamin Mineral mix : 0.4%
Total 100%
In your case, We suggest that you mix as follows with what you have.
Maize Brand : 62%
Maize : 8%
Soya : 25%
Dried Legumes: 4%
Salt : 1%
Total 100% Mr Chukwuemeka N. Farm Animal Production 24
Expansion of pig industry depends to a large extent on the availability of good

quality pig feeds in sufficient quantity and at affordable price. Feed accounts
for 60% to 70% of the total cost of production. Pigs is a mongastric animal.
Quality of a good Pig Food:
Pig food must be fresh and not stale.
It must be well process and packaged.
The digestibility of the feed must be high.
The feed must support optimum growth and development of pig.
The feed must be palatable.
The ingredients for the feed must be available at all time.
The feed must be affordable.

The feed must be balanced in Nutrients.
It must be attractive and palatable to the pig
It must not be mouldy.
What makes up the pig’s feed:
Carbohydrates.
Protein.
Fat and Oil.
Minerals.
Vitamins.
Water.
Some Feed ingredients for formulation of ration for pig:
Maize: The grain forms major constituents of the feed. It is a good source of
energy. The metabolizable energy is about 3400 Kcal/kg. It is widely cultivated
in all parts of Africa in particular. The protein content is about 10%. Yellow
maize contains carotene. Maize must be properly dried before it can be used for
formulation.
Sorghum: It is commonly grown in the Northern part of Nigeria. The energy

level is about 2500 Kcal/kgh. If maize is scarce and expensive, sorghum could
be used as substitute.
Maize offal: It contains about 2500 Kcal ME/kg. It is complimentary source of

energy. The fibre level is higher than that of maize.
Wheat offal: It is another complimentary source of energy. It is a by-product of

wheat after milling. The energy value is low compared to maize. the
metabolizable energy is about 1800 Kcal ME/kg.
Cassava: Cassava is a good source of energy but with low protein. The by-
product include: cassava peel, cassava flour, cassava chaff and sievate. One of
the major limitation in using cassava is the presence of anti-nutritional
factor, hydocyanic acid (HCN). Cassava must be properly dried before
incorporation with other feed ingredient.
Sweet potato: It is a good source of energy. Boiled sweet potato culd be given to
pig directly. When formulating diet for pig, dry sweet potato could be used to
replace maize to a large extent.
Yams: There are various types of yam in Africa. They are grown primarily for
human consumption but could also be used to feed pig. Again yam tuber or
peel could be sun-dried and incorporated with otherfeed ingredients during
feed formulation.
Brewer dry grains: It is a by-product of brewery industries. The energy level is

low, of about 18% crude protein. It contains high fibre content of about 20%.
Brewer dry grain must be properly dried before incorporating with other feed
ingredient. It could be used as complimentary source of energy in pig diet.
Palm kernel cake: It forms of the major ingredients in formulating pig’s ration
due to low cost compared to other feed ingredients. It contains protein content
of about 18% crude protein but the fibre is high, of about 12%. The energy
value is about 2000 Kcal ME/kg. It is a by-product during extraction of palm
kernel oil from palm kernel.
Fish Meal: It is very good source of animal protein. It is rich in both essential
and non-essential amino-acid. Fish meal used in pig nutrition could be
imported or local. The protein content is between 60 and 72% crude protein.
Groundnut cake: It is a good source of plant protein. The protein content is

about 45% crude protein. The energy content ia about 2600 Kcal ME/kg.
Ground cake must be well dried and stored to avoid mouldiness.
Soybean Meal: It is another good source of plant protein. The protein content is
around 45% crude protein. Soybean meal could be used to replace groundnut
cake but the methionine and lysine content of the former are higher then that
of the latter.
Bone Meal: It is a good source of calcium and phosphorus which is responsible

for bone and skeleton. The calcium content of bone is around 37% and
phosphorus content is about 17%.
Oyster Shell: It is a good source of calcium. The price of oyster hell is lower
then that of bone meal. the calcium conent is about 35% and contains no
phosporus.
REQUIREMENTS FOR DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES OF PIG:

Protein Requirements
Stages of Production % Protein Requirement
1.) Piglets2.) Growers 1814-16
3.) Breeders 16-18
4.) Lactating 14-16
Energy Requirement
Stages of Production Energy Requirements
1.) Piglet2.) Growers 2400 – 26002400 – 2500
3.) Breeders 2400 – 2500
4.) Lactating 2400 – 2600
Fat Requirement
Stages of Production Fat Requirement (%)
1.) Piglets2.) Growers 3.03.0
3.) Breeders 3.0 – 4.0
4.) Lactating 3.0 – 4.0
Fibre Requirement
Stages of Production Crude Fibre Requirement (%)
1.) Piglets2.) Growers 3.0 – 4.04.5 – 5.0
3.) Breeders 3.0 – 4.0

4.) Lactating 3.0 – 4.0
Calcium and Phosphorus Requirement
Calcium Requirement Phosphorus

Stages of Production (%) Requirement (%)
1.) Piglets2.) Growers 0.450.4 – 0.5 0.30.45
3.) Breeders 0.4 – 0.6 0.4 – 0.5
4.) Lactating 0.4 – 0.6 0.3 – 0.5
GROSS COMPOSITION CREEP PIG FEED
INGREDIENTS /1000KG
MAIZEBREWERS DRY GRAINS 320150
GROUNGNUT CAKE 153
SOYA MEAL 90
65% FISH MEAL 10
METHIONINE 1
BONE MEAL 31
SALT 2.5
VITAMIN/MINERAL PREMIX 2.5
TOTAL 1000
GROSS COMPOSITION OF WEANED PIG MASH
INDREDIENTS /1000KG
MAIZECASSAVA 250100
BREWERS DRY GRAINS 150
GROUNGNUT CAKE 80
PALM KERNEL CAKE 62
WHEAT OFFAL 275
SOYA MEAL 50
METHIONINE 1
BONE MEAL 28
SALT 2.5
TOTAL 1000
GROSS COMPOSITION OF FATTENER PIG MASH
INGREDIENTS /1000KG
MAIZECASSAVA 220100
GROUNGNUT CAKE 30
PALM KERNEL CAKE 150
WHEAT OFFAL 275
SOYA MEAL 20
MAIZE BRAN 50
BONE MEAL 16
OYSTER SHELL 4
SALT 2.5
TOTAL 1000
GROSS COMPOSITION OF BREEDER PIG MASH
INGREDIENTS /1000KG
MAIZECASSAVA 200100
GROUNGNUT CAKE 30
PALM KERNEL CAKE 120
WHEAT OFFAL 300
SOYA MEAL 50
MAIZE BRAN 15
BONE MEAL 30
SALT 2.5
TOTAL 1000
Note that the above pig feed formulation should not been seen as a standard. A
lot of factors need to be considered during pig feeds formulation, i.e.
Availability and cost of feed ingredients, health status and environmental
factors, etc. Please consult an Animal nutritionist or pig specialist for more
details.

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Maize Brand :70%

Total 100% Mr Chukwuemeka N. Farm Animal Production 24

Expansion of pig industry depends to a large extent on the availability of good

Quality of a good Pig Food:

Pig food must be fresh and not stale.

It must be well process and packaged.

The digestibility of the feed must be high.

The feed must support optimum growth and development of pig.

The feed must be palatable.

The ingredients for the feed must be available at all time.

The feed must be affordable.

It must be attractive and palatable to the pig

It must not be mouldy.

What makes up the pig’s feed:

Fat and Oil.

Some Feed ingredients for formulation of ration for pig:

Sorghum: It is commonly grown in the Northern part of Nigeria. The energy

Maize offal: It contains about 2500 Kcal ME/kg. It is complimentary source of

Wheat offal: It is another complimentary source of energy. It is a by-product of

Brewer dry grains: It is a by-product of brewery industries. The energy level is

Groundnut cake: It is a good source of plant protein. The protein content is

Bone Meal: It is a good source of calcium and phosphorus which is responsible

REQUIREMENTS FOR DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES OF PIG:

Stages of Production % Protein Requirement

1.) Piglets2.) Growers 1814-16

3.) Breeders 16-18

4.) Lactating 14-16

Stages of Production Energy Requirements

1.) Piglet2.) Growers 2400 – 26002400 – 2500

3.) Breeders 2400 – 2500

4.) Lactating 2400 – 2600

Stages of Production Fat Requirement (%)

1.) Piglets2.) Growers 3.03.0

3.) Breeders 3.0 – 4.0

4.) Lactating 3.0 – 4.0

Stages of Production Crude Fibre Requirement (%)

1.) Piglets2.) Growers 3.0 – 4.04.5 – 5.0

3.) Breeders 3.0 – 4.0

Calcium and Phosphorus Requirement

Calcium Requirement Phosphorus

1.) Piglets2.) Growers 0.450.4 – 0.5 0.30.45

3.) Breeders 0.4 – 0.6 0.4 – 0.5

4.) Lactating 0.4 – 0.6 0.3 – 0.5

GROSS COMPOSITION CREEP PIG FEED

MAIZEBREWERS DRY GRAINS 320150

GROUNGNUT CAKE 153

65% FISH MEAL 10

VITAMIN/MINERAL PREMIX 2.5

GROSS COMPOSITION OF WEANED PIG MASH

BREWERS DRY GRAINS 150

PALM KERNEL CAKE 62

WHEAT OFFAL 275

VITAMIN/MINERAL PREMIX 2.5

GROSS COMPOSITION OF FATTENER PIG MASH

BREWERS DRY GRAINS 130

PALM KERNEL CAKE 150

WHEAT OFFAL 275

VITAMIN/MINERAL PREMIX 2.5