currently the Regional General Manager of Akerlund and Rausing, a

THIRD DIVISION multinational packaging material manufacturer based in Manila. He

was previously the Senior Vice President of Phimco Industries, an
affiliate company of Swedish Match Company. Mrs. Mapa is a
successful businesswoman engaged in the commercial transactions
[G.R. No. 122308. July 8, 1997] of high value antique and oriental arts decor items originating from
Asian countries. Carmina S. Mapa is the daughter of plaintiffs Purita
and Cornelio and is a graduate of the International School in Bangkok,
Thailand, now presently enrolled at the Boston University where she
PURITA S. MAPA, CARMINA S. MAPA and CORNELIO P. is majoring in communication.
MAPA, petitioners, vs. COURT OF APPEALS and
TRANS-WORLD AIRLINES INC., respondents. Plaintiffs Mapa entered into contract of air transportation with
defendant TWA as evidenced by TWA ticket Nos. 015:9475:153:304
DECISION and 015:9475:153:305, purchased in Bangkok, Thailand. Said TWA
tickets are for Los Angeles-New York-Boston-St. Louis-Chicago ....
DAVIDE, JR., J.:
Domicile of carrier TWA is Kansas City, Missouri, USA. Its principal
The main issue in this petition for review under Rule 45 of the place of business is Kansas City, Missouri, USA. TWAs place of
Rules of Court is the applicability of Article 28(1) of the Warsaw business through which the contracts were made is Bangkok,
Convention,[1] which provides as follows: Thailand. The place of destination is Chicago, USA.

ARTICLE 28. (1) An action for damages must be brought, at the option On August 10, 1990, plaintiffs Carmina and Purita left Manila on board
of the plaintiff, in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties, PAL flight No. 104 for Los Angeles. Carmina was to commence
either before the court of the domicile of the carrier or of his principal schooling and thus was accompanied by Purita to assist her in settling
place of business, or where he has a place of business through which down at the University.
the contract has been made, or before the court at the place of
destination.
They arrived in Los Angeles on the same date and stayed there until
August 14, 1990 when they left for New York City.
We are urged by the petitioners to reverse the 31 May 1995
Decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 39896[2] affirming
the 24 July 1992 Order of the Regional Trial Court of Quezon City, On August 14, 1990, plaintiffs Purita and Carmina S. Mapa arrived at
Branch 102, which dismissed Civil Case No. Q-91-9620[3] on the the John F. Kennedy (JFK) Airport, New York, on TWA Flight No. 904.
ground of lack of jurisdiction in view of the aforementioned Article
28(1) of the Warsaw Convention. On August 27, 1990, plaintiffs Purita and Carmina S. Mapa departed
for Boston, taking a connecting flight on TWAs carrier, TW 0901, from
The antecedent facts, as summarized by the Court of Appeals, JFK Airport, New York, to Bostons Logan Airport, checking in seven
are as follows: (7) pieces of luggage at the TWA counter in the JFK Airport. The
seven baggages were received by a porter who issued seven TWA
Plaintiffs Cornelio P. Mapa and Purita S. Mapa are respectable baggage receipts numbered 17-8270, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, and
members of the society. Mr. Mapa is an established businessman and 76 therefor.
From the entrance gate of the terminal building, plaintiffs Purita and at Ground Floor, Saville Building, Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue corner
Carmina proceeded to TWAs ticket counter and presented their Paseo de Roxas, Makati, Metro Manila demanding indemnification for
confirmed TWA tickets numbered 015:9475:153:304 and the grave damage and injury suffered by the plaintiffs.
015:9475:153:305 with a 3:00 p.m. departure time. They were issued
their boarding passes and were instructed to proceed to gate 35 for TWA again assured plaintiffs that intensive search was being
boarding. At about 2:40 p.m., plaintiffs noticed that there was still no conducted.
instruction to board the aircraft so they made inquiries. The TWA
ground stewardess informed plaintiffs that they were at the wrong gate On October 8, 1990, TWA offered to amicably settle the case by giving
because their flight was boarding at gate 1. Upon hearing this, plaintiffs-appellants two options: (a) transportation credit for future
plaintiffs rushed to gate 1 which was in another building terminal. At
TWA travel or (b) cash settlement. Five months lapsed without any
gate 1, they were told by a TWA ground stewardess that flight 901 had
result on TWAs intensive search.
just departed. However, they were consoled that another TWA flight
was leaving for Boston after 30 minutes and plaintiffs could use the
same boarding pass for the next flight. At around 3:15 p.m., plaintiffs On January 3, 1991, plaintiffs-appellants opted for transportation
Purita and Carmina were able to board the next flight. However, the credit for future TWA travel.
plane was not immediately cleared for take off on account of a
thunderstorm. The passengers were instructed to stay inside the On January 11, 1991, TWA disregarded plaintiffs option and
aircraft until 6:00 p.m. when the plane finally left for Boston. unilaterally declared the payment of $2,560.00 as constituting full
satisfaction of the plaintiffs claim.
Upon arriving in Boston, plaintiffs Purita and Carmina proceeded to
the carousel to claim their baggages and found only three out of the On July 19, 1991, plaintiffs accepted the check for $2,560.00, as
seven they checked in, to wit: one Samsonite on the carousel, another partial payment for the actual cost of their lost baggages and their
Samsonite lying on the floor near the carousel and a third baggage, contents.
an American Tourister, inside the unclaimed baggage office. Plaintiffs
immediately reported the loss of their four baggages to the TWA Despite demands by plaintiffs, TWA failed and refused without just
Baggage Office at Logan Airport. TWAs representative confidently cause to indemnify and redress plaintiffs for the grave injury and
assured them that their baggages would be located within 24 hours damages they have suffered.[4]
and not more than 48 hours.
Purita S. Mapa, Carmina S. Mapa, and Cornelio P. Mapa (herein
On September 2, 1990, plaintiffs received a letter from TWA, signed petitioners) then filed with the trial court on 1 August 1991 a
by Mr. J.A. Butler, Customer Relations-Baggage Service, apologizing complaint[5] for damages,[6] which was docketed as Civil Case No. Q-
for TWAs failure to locate the missing luggage and requesting plaintiffs 91-9620. Before a responsive pleading was filed, the petitioners filed
to accomplish a passenger property questionnaire to facilitate a further an Amended Complaint.[7] They prayed that after due trial private
intensive and computerized search for the lost luggage. Plaintiffs duly respondent Trans-World Airlines, Inc. (hereafter, TWA), be ordered to
accomplished the passenger property questionnaire, taking pains to pay them the following amounts: (1) US$8,723.79, or its equivalent in
write down in detail the contents of each missing baggage. The total Philippine currency, representing the cost of the lost luggage and its
value of the lost items amounted to $11, 283.79. contents; (2) US$2,949.50, or its equivalent in Philippine currency,
representing the cost of hotel, board and lodging, and communication
On September 20, 1990, plaintiffs counsel wrote TWA thru its General expenses; (3) P1 million, by way of moral damages; (4) P1 million, by
Sales Manager in the Philippines, Daniel Tuason, with office address way of exemplary damages, with legal interest on said amounts from
the date of extrajudicial demand thereof; and (5) P500,000.00 as Reply.[16] Thereafter, the petitioners submitted a Rejoinder[17]; TWA, a
attorney's fees, costs of the suit, and other expenses of litigation.[8] Surrejoinder.[18]
On 26 February 1992, TWA filed its Answer to the Amended On 24 July 1992, the trial court issued an Order[19] dismissing the
Complaint raising, as special and affirmative defense, lack of case for lack of jurisdiction in light of Article 28(1) of the Warsaw
jurisdiction of Philippine courts over the action for damages in that Convention. Thus:
pursuant to Article 28(1) of the Warsaw Convention, the action could
only be brought either in Bangkok where the contract was entered into, It is plaintiffs' theory that the Warsaw Convention does not apply to the
or in Boston which was the place of destination, or in Kansas City instant case because plaintiffs' contract of transportation does not
which is the carrier's domicile and principal place of business. constitute "international transportation" as defined in said
TWA further alleged that pursuant to the Warsaw Convention and convention. This however is belied by the Passenger Property
the Notice of Baggage Limitations at the back of the tickets, its liability Questionnaire which is Annex C of plaintiffs' amended
to the petitioners is limited to US$9.07 per pound, or US$20.00 per complaint. Page two of said questionnaire accomplished by plaintiffs
kilo, which is in lieu of actual and compensatory damages. Even under the heading "Your Complete Itinerary" shows that the TWA
assuming that petitioners bag weighed the maximum acceptable tickets issued to the plaintiffs form part of the contract of transportation
weight of 70 pounds, TWAs maximum liability is $640.00 per bag or to be performed from Manila to the United States. Since the
$2,560.00 for the four pieces of baggage, which the petitioners have Philippines and the United States are parties to the convention,
been offered and have accepted. TWA also submitted that it could not plaintiffs' contracts of transportation come within the meaning of
be liable for moral and exemplary damages and attorneys fees International Transportation.
because it did not act in a wanton, fraudulent, reckless, oppressive, or
malevolent manner.[9] ...

On 7 February 1992, the petitioners filed their second Amended On the basis of the foregoing, the Court holds that the Warsaw
Complaint[10] to include a claim of US$2,500, or its equivalent in Convention is applicable to the case at bar, even if the basis of
Philippine Currency, representing the additional replacement cost of plaintiffs' present action is breach of contract of carriage under the
the items and personal effects contained in their lost luggage; and New Civil Code.
US$4,500 representing the travel expenses, hotel, lodging, food and
other expenses of petitioner Cornelio Mapa, who was constrained to
join his family in Boston to extend the necessary assistance in The next question to be resolved is whether or not the Court has
connection with the lost luggage. jurisdiction to try the present case in the light of the provision of Art.
28(1) above-quoted.
After the filing of TWAs Answer to the second Amended
Complaint,[11] and petitioners Reply thereto, the trial court gave TWA Under Art. 28(1) supra, a complaint for damages against an air carrier
ten days within which to submit a memorandum in support of its can be instituted only in any of the following places/courts:
affirmative defenses; after which the incident would be deemed
submitted for resolution.[12] However, after TWA filed its (1) The court of the domicile of the carrier;
Memorandum,[13] the trial court gave the petitioners five days within
which to file a reply memorandum; and TWA, two days from receipt of (2) The court of its principal place of business;
the latter to file its comment thereon.[14] The petitioners then filed their
Opposition (by way of Reply Memorandum) [15] to which TWA filed a (3) The court where it has a place of business through which
the contract had been made;
 (4) The court of the place of destination. ...

In interpreting the provision of Art. 28(1) of the Warsaw Convention, It has been shown by the defendant that the domicile of the defendant
the Supreme Court in the same case of Augusto Benedicto Santos vs. Trans World Airlines, Inc. is Kansas City, Missouri, its principal place
Northwest Airlines held: of business is also in Kansas City, Missouri, the carrier's place of
business through which the contracts were made is Bangkok
"Whether Article 28(1) refers to jurisdiction or only to venue is a (Annexes A and A-1, Amended Complaint), and the place of
question over which authorities are sharply divided. While the destination was Boston.
petitioner cites several cases holding that Article 28(1) refers to venue
rather that jurisdiction, there are later cases cited by the private The Philippines not being one of the places specified in Art. 28(1)
respondent supporting the conclusion that the provision is above-quoted where the complaint may be instituted, this Court
jurisdictional. therefore, does not have jurisdiction over the present case.

Venue and jurisdiction are entirely distinct matters. Jurisdiction may Evidently discontented with the trial court's order, the petitioners
not be conferred by consent or waiver upon a court which otherwise appealed to the Court of Appeals, contending that the lower court
would have no jurisdiction over the subject-matter of an action; but the erred in not holding that (1) it has jurisdiction over the instant case and
venue of an action as fixed by statute may be changed by the consent (2) the Warsaw Convention is inapplicable in the instant case because
of the parties and an objection that the plaintiff brought his suit in the the subject matter of the case is not included within the coverage of
wrong country may be waived by the failure of the defendant to make the said convention.[20] They claimed that their cause of action could
a timely objection. In either case, the court may render a valid be based on breach of contract of air carriage founded on Articles
judgment. Rules as to jurisdiction can never be left to the consent or 1733, 1734, 1735, 1755, and 1756 of the New Civil Code governing
agreement of the parties, whether or not a prohibition exists against common carriers or Article 2176 of the same Code governing tort
their alteration. or quasi-delict.
The appellate court disagreed with the petitioners and affirmed
A number of reasons tends to support the characterization of Article the order of the trial court. It held that the Warsaw Convention is the
28(1) as a jurisdiction and not a venue provision. First, the wording of law which governs the dispute between the petitioners and TWA
Article 32, which indicates the places where the action for damages because what is involved is international transportation defined by
"must" be brought, underscores the mandatory nature of Article said Convention in Article I(2). This holding is founded on its
28(1). Second, this characterization is consistent with one of the determination that the two TWA tickets for Los Angeles-New York-
objectives of the Convention, which is to "regulate in a uniform manner Boston-St. Louis-Chicago purchased in Bangkok, Thailand, were
the conditions of international transportation by air." Third, the issued in conjunction with, and therefore formed part of, the contract
Convention does not contain any provision prescribing rules of of transportation performed from Manila, Philippines, to the United
jurisdiction other than Article 28(1), which means that the phrase States.
"rules as to jurisdiction" used in Article 32 must refer only to Article
28(1). In fact, the last sentence of Article 32 specifically deals with the The respondent court further held that the cause of action of the
exclusive enumeration in Article 28(1) as "jurisdictions," which, as petitioners arose from the loss of the four checked pieces of baggage,
such, cannot be left to the will of the parties regardless of the time which then falls under Article 18(1), Chapter III (Liability of the Carrier)
when the damage occurred. of the Warsaw Convention.[21] Pursuant to Article 24(1) of the
Convention, all actions for damages, whether based on tort, code law
or common law, arising from loss of baggage under Article 18 of the TWA tickets issued to them in Bangkok, Thailand, which showed that
Warsaw Convention, can only be brought subject to the conditions and their itinerary was Los Angeles-New York-Boston-St. Louis-
limits set forth in the Warsaw Convention.Article 28(1) thereof sets Chicago. Accordingly, since the place of departure (Los Angeles) and
forth conditions and limits in that the action for damages may be the place of destination (Chicago) are both within the territory of one
instituted only in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties, High Contracting Party, with no agreed stopping place in a territory
before the court of (1) the domicile of the carrier, (2) the carriers subject to the sovereignty, mandate, suzerainty or authority of another
principal place of business, (3) the place of business through which Power, the contracts did not constitute international transportation as
the contract has been made, or (4) the place of destination. Since the defined by the convention. They also claim to be without legal basis
Philippines is not one of these places, a Philippine Court, like the RTC, the contention of TWA that their transportation contracts were of
has no jurisdiction over the complaint for damages. international character because of the handwritten notations in the
tickets re INTL TKT #079-4402956821-2 and INTL TKT #079-
Respondent Court of Appeals likewise held that the petitioners 4402956819. Notwithstanding such notations, the TWA tickets, viz.,
could not claim application of Articles 1733, 1734, 1735, 1755, and (a) No. 015.9475:153:304 and (b) No. 015:9475:153:305 did not
1756 of the New Civil Code on common carriers without taking into cease to be for the itinerary therein designated. Besides, it is a fact
consideration Article 1753 of the same Code, which provides that the that petitioners Purita and Carmina Mapa traveled from Manila to Los
law of the country to which the goods are to be transported shall Angeles via Philippine Airlines (PAL) by virtue of PAL tickets issued
govern the liability of the common carrier for their loss, destruction, or independently of the TWA tickets.
deterioration. Since the country of ultimate destination is Chicago, the
law of Chicago shall govern the liability of TWA for the loss of the four The pith issue to be resolved under the petitioners first assigned
pieces of baggage. Neither is Article 2176 of the New Civil Code on error is whether the contracts of transportation between Purita and
torts or quasi-delicts applicable in view of the private international law Carmina Mapa, on the one hand, and TWA, on the other, were
principle of lex loci delicti commissi.[22] In addition, comformably contracts of international transportation under the Warsaw
with Santos III v. Northwest Orient Airlines,[23] mere allegation of willful Convention. If they were, then we should sustain the trial court and the
misconduct resulting in a tort is insufficient to exclude the case from Court of Appeals in light of our ruling in Santos v. Northwest Orient
the comprehension of the Warsaw Convention. Airlines.[25] It appears clear to us that TWA itself, the trial court, and
the Court of Appeals impliedly admit that if the sole basis were the two
Failing in their bid to reconsider the decision, the petitioners filed TWA tickets for Los Angeles-New York-Boston-St. Louis-Chicago, the
this petition. They aver that respondent Court of Appeals gravely erred contracts cannot be brought within the term international
(1) in holding that the Warsaw Convention is applicable to this case transportation, as defined in Article I(2) of the Warsaw Convention. As
and (2) in applying Article 1753 of the Civil Code and the principle provided therein, a contract is one of international transportation only
of lex loci delicti commissi.[24] if
We resolved to give due course to the petition after the filing by
TWA of its Comment on the petition and noted without action for the according to the contract made by the parties, the place of departure
reasons stated in the resolution of 25 September 1996 petitioners and the place of destination, whether or not there be a break in the
Reply and Rejoinder. We then required the parties to submit their transportation or a transshipment, are situated either within the
respective memoranda. They did in due time. territories of two High Contracting Parties, or within the territory of a
single High Contracting Party, if there is an agreed stopping place
The petitioners insist that the Warsaw Convention is not within a territory subject to the sovereignty, mandate or authority of
applicable to their case because the contracts they had with TWA did another power, even though that power is not a party to this
not involve an international transportation. Whether the contracts convention.
were of international transportation is to be solely determined from the
 There are then two categories of international transportation, viz., TKT # 079-4402956819, on the two TWA tickets; and (2) the entries
(1) that where the place of departure and the place of destination are made by petitioners Purita and Carmina Mapa in column YOUR
situated within the territories of two High Contracting Parties COMPLETE ITINERARY in TWAs Passenger Property
regardless of whether or not there be a break in the transportation or Questionnaire, wherein they mentioned their travel from Manila to Los
a transshipment; and (2) that where the place of departure and the Angeles in flight PR 102.
place of destination are within the territory of a single High Contracting
Party if there is an agreed stopping place within a territory subject to The alleged international tickets mentioned in the notations in
the sovereignty, mandate, or authority of another power, even though conjunction with which the two TWA tickets were issued were not
the power is not a party to the Convention. presented. Clearly then, there is at all no factual basis of the finding
that the TWA tickets were issued in conjunction with the international
The High Contracting Parties referred to in the Convention are tickets, which are even, at least as of now, non-existent.
the signatories thereto and those which subsequently adhered to it. In
the case of the Philippines, the Convention was concurred in by the As regards the petitioners entry in YOUR COMPLETE
Senate, through Resolution No. 19, on 16 May 1950. The Philippine ITINERARY column of the Passenger Property Questionnaire wherein
instrument of accession was signed by President Elpidio Quirino on they included the Manila-Los Angeles travel, it must be pointed out
13 October 1950 and was deposited with the Polish Government on 9 that this was made on 4 September 1990[27] by petitioners Purita and
November 1950. The Convention became applicable to the Carmina Mapa, and only in connection with their claim for their lost
Philippines on 9 February 1951. Then, on 23 September 1955, pieces of baggage. The loss occurred much earlier, or on 27 August
President Ramon Magsaysay issued Proclamation No. 201, declaring 1990. The entry can by no means be considered as a part of, or
the Philippines formal adherence thereto, to the end that the same and supplement to, their contracts of transportation evidenced by the TWA
every article and clause thereof may be observed and fulfilled in good tickets which covered transportation within the United States only.
faith by the Republic of the Philippines and the citizens thereof.[26] It must be underscored that the first category of international
The contracts of transportation in this case are evidenced by the transportation under the Warsaw Convention is based on the contract
two TWA tickets, No. 015:9475:153:304 and No. 015:9475:153:305, made by the parties. TWA does not claim that the Manila-Los Angeles
both purchased and issued in Bangkok, Thailand. On the basis alone contracts of transportation which brought Purita and Carmina to Los
of the provisions therein, it is obvious that the place of departure and Angeles were also its contracts. It does not deny the assertion of the
the place of destination are all in the territory of the United States, or petitioners that those contracts were independent of the TWA tickets
of a single High Contracting Party. The contracts, therefore, cannot issued in Bangkok, Thailand. No evidence was offered that TWA and
come within the purview of the first category of international PAL had an agreement concerning transportation of passengers from
transportation. Neither can it be under the second category since points of departures not served with aircrafts of one or the other. There
there was NO agreed stopping place within a territory subject to the could have been no difficulty for such agreement, since TWA admitted
sovereignty, mandate, or authority of another power. without qualification in paragraph 1 of its Answer [28] to the second
Amended Complaint the allegation in paragraph 1.1 of the latter[29] that
The only way to bring the contracts between Purita and Carmina TWA is a foreign corporation licensed to do business in the Philippines
Mapa, on the one hand, and TWA, on the other, within the first with office address at Ground Floor, Saville Building, Sen. Gil. J. Puyat
category of international transportation is to link them with, or to make Avenue, corner Paseo de Roxas, Makati, Metro Manila.
them an integral part of, the Manila-Los Angeles travel of Purita and
Carmina through PAL aircraft. The linkages which have been pointed TWA relies on Article I(3) of the Convention, which provides as
out by the TWA, the trial court, and the Court of Appeals are (1) the follows:
handwritten notations, viz., INTL TKT # 079-4402956821-2 and INTL
 3. A carriage to be performed by several successive air hearing and determination of the motion until the trial if the ground
carriers is deemed, for the purposes of this Convention, alleged therein does not appear to be indubitable.
to be one undivided carriage, if it has been regarded by
the parties as a single operation, whether it had been WHEREFORE, the instant petition is GRANTED and the
agreed upon under the form of a single contract or of a challenged decision of 31 May 1995 of respondent Court of Appeals
series of contracts, and it shall not lose its international in CA-G.R. CV No. 39896, as well as the Order of 24 July 1992 of the
character merely because one contract or a series of Regional Trial Court of Quezon City, Branch 102, in Civil Case No. Q-
contracts is to be performed entirely within a territory 91-9620, is REVERSED and SET ASIDE.
subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate, or
authority of the same High Contracting Party. The Regional Trial Court of Quezon City, Branch 102, is hereby
DIRECTED to proceed with the pre-trial, if it has not been terminated,
It also points to Article 15 of the IATA Recommend Practice 1724, and with the trial on the merits of the case and then to render judgment
which provides: Carriage to be performed by several successive thereon, taking into account the foregoing observations on the issue
carriers under one ticket, or under a ticket and any conjunction ticket of jurisdiction.
issued in connection therewith, is regarded as a single operation.[30]
SO ORDERED.
The flaw of respondents position is the presumption that the
parties have regarded as an undivided carriage or as a single
operation the carriage from Manila to Los Angeles through PAL then
to New York-Boston- St. Louis-Chicago through TWA. The dismissal
then of the second Amended Complaint by the trial court and the Court
of Appeals affirmance of the dismissal were not based on indubitable
facts or grounds, but on inferences without established factual basis.
TWA should have offered evidence for its affirmative defenses at
the preliminary hearing therefor. Section 5 of Rule 16 of the Rules of
Court expressly provides:

SEC. 5. Pleading grounds as affirmative defenses. -- Any of the

grounds for dismissal provided for in this rule, except improper venue,
may be pleaded as an affirmative defense, and a preliminary hearing
may be had thereon as if a motion to dismiss had been filed.

Without any further evidence as earlier discussed, the trial court

should have denied the affirmative defense of lack of jurisdiction
because it did not appear to be indubitable. Section 3 of Rule 16 of the
Rules of Court provides:

SEC. 3. Hearing and order. -- After hearing the court may deny or
grant the motion or allow amendment of pleading, or may defer the