Batac, Vergel Ryan C.

AGEN 150

Cruz, Marco

Calakhan, Kevin Ryan

Marquez Limulle

Tan, Jayson

BSABEn-IV

SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

LABORATORY EXERCISE # 4

INTRODUCTION

Rudolf Diesel built his first well-known prototype of the high-compression engine in 1897. Since
that time, the diesel engine has evolved into one of the world’s most capable and reliable forms of power
generation.

In diesel engines, internal combustion results in expansion of high-temperature, high-pressure

gases, which in turn move pistons, transforming chemical energy into mechanical energy. Diesel engines
are internal combustion engines commonly known as diesel engines. These are relatively heavier than
gasoline engines for the same power rating but they are mostly relied upon for agricultural machinery.

Objectives

In this laboratory activity, the student must be familiarized with the:

 Different parts and subsystems of diesel engine and,

 Understand the functions of each

Methodology

1. Divide the class in such a way that for each group there will be one single cylinder diesel engine.
Examine the engine assigned to your group. Obtain all pertinent information and record it in
Table 1.
2. Start the engine, adjust/vary the throttling lever and set it to the lowest setting without shutting
the engine. Run the engine for 3 minutes. Make sure to measure the angular speed of the output
shaft during the time. Shut the engine down. Determine the amount of fuel consumed during the
time period. Repeat the procedure this time setting the throttle lever to the maximum. Get three
 more points in between the minimum and maximum then plot the results. Let the engine cool
down for at least 15 minutes.
3. When the engine cooled down, locate the main engine parts and the different subsystems.
Disassemble the engine if necessary. Obtain the label them accordingly.

Results and Discussion

Table 1. Engine General Information

Brand Model
Serial No. Classification

ITEMS MANUFACTERER’S VERIFICATION

SPECIFICATIONS
a. Dimension and weight
of engine
 Overall length, mm
 Overall width, mm
 Overall height, mm
 Weight of the engine,
kg
 Weight per horsepower,
kg/hp
b. Engine specification
 Brand
 Model
 Serial number
 Type
 Based on number of
strokes to complete one
cycle
 Based on number of
cylinder
 Based on cylinder
arrangement
  Bore x stroke, mm
 Displacement volume,
cm3
c. Fuel System
 Fuel used
 Type of fuel feed
 Tank capacity, L
d. Cooling System
e. Lubrication System
 Type of lubrication
system
 Oil sump capacity, ml
f. Starting System
g. Governor System
h. Air cleaner
i. Exhaust
j. Other attachments/
accessories

Table 2. Main Engine Parts and Functions

PARTS FUNCTIONS
1. Valves There are inlet and outlet valves in an engine. The
inlet valves let in air and fuel, and the outlet
valves let out the exhaust fumes. Both have high
importance in keeping the engine running at
optimum temperatures.
2. Piston The piston moves up and down and is a vital part
of the cylinder. It comprises of many parts.
3. Piston rings The rings seal the valves, and hence the exhaust
 gases or the fuel or air mixture cannot leak out to
the sump during compression and combustion.
The oil in the sump is not leaked into the
combustion area, and hence the wastage of fuel by
being burnt and lost can be avoided.
4. Connecting Rod The piston and crankshaft are connected by the
connecting rod. The power of rotation at both
ends lets it change angles flexible as the
crankshaft rotates and the piston moves.
5. Crankshaft The job of this part of the diesel engine is to
convert the up and down motion of the piston into
a rotational motion.
6. Flywheel Initially serves to balance the engine speed. This
component is made of solid iron that can store
torque, that's why this component can balancing
the engine speed.

Table 3. Ignition Systems parts and Functions

PARTS FUNCTIONS
1. Spark In Diesel engines timing is precisely controlled by
the pressure pump and injector. The normal plug
distance between the spark plug is 1mm apart, and
the voltage is 3000v at normal atmospheric
conditions.
2. Compression Ignition occurs as the temperature of the fuel/air
mixture is taken over its auto ignition
temperature, due to heat generated by the
 compression of the air during the compression
stroke.
3. Ignition Timing For reciprocating engines, the point in the cycle at
which the fuel-oxidizer mixture is ignited has a
direct effect on the efficiency and output of the
ICE. The thermodynamics of the idealized Carnot
heat engine tells us that an ICE is most efficient if
most of the burning takes place at a high
temperature, resulting from compression — near
top dead center. The speed of the flame front is
directly affected by the compression ratio, fuel
mixture temperature, and octane rating or cetane
number of the fuel.
4. Fuel System Fuels burn faster and more efficiently when they
present a large surface area to the oxygen in air.
Liquid fuels must be atomized to create a fuel-air
mixture, traditionally this was done with a
carburetor in petrol engines and with fuel
injection in diesel engines.
5. Carburetor Simpler reciprocating engines continue to use a
carburetor to supply fuel into the cylinder.
6. Fuel Injection In Diesel engines have always used fuel injection
system because the timing of the injection initiates
and controls the combustion.
7. Fuel Pump Diesel engines use an all-mechanical precision
pump system that delivers a timed injection direct
into the combustion chamber, hence requiring a
high delivery pressure to overcome the pressure of
the combustion chamber.

Table 4. Fuel System Parts and Functions

Parts Functions
1. Day Fuel Tank The day fuel tank is designed and fabricated with
sufficient capacity to supply the diesel generator
for at least 6 to 8 hours, and some times up to 12
hours at its full rated load.
2. Fuel Water Separator Fuel Water Separator is a primary filtration unit
used to remove the water from the diesel fuel
before it reaches to the sensitive parts of the engine.
3. Fuel Strainer the fuel strainer if the first stage of filtering the
solid particles from the diesel.
4. Fuel Pump Fuel injection pumps must be supplied with fuel
under pressure because they have insufficient
suction ability.
5. Fuel Filters is to remove foreign particles as well as water. If
the filter is installed on the pressure side of the
boost pump it must have sufficient strength to
handle pump pressure without bursting or leaking.
6. Fuel Injection Piping These pipes should have the same volume so that
that the injection pump delivers exact equal amount
to the cylinder injectors.
7. Fuel Injector The injector atomizes the diesel fuel and spray it
into the combustion chamber. The injector consists
mainly of the nozzle and the nozzle holder.

Table 5. Starting System Parts and Functions

Parts Functions
1.
Table 6. Cooling System Parts and Functions

Parts Functions
1. Radiator It is the major part of the cooling system. There is a
fluid in the inner core of the radiator and it transfers
the heat to the cooling fins that effectively remove
heat from the coolant.

2. Water Pump It decreases the chilled anti-freeze from the radiator

and forces it through the engine block, heater core,
and cylinder head then reverses it to the radiator. It
prevents the engine from overheating.

3. Steel Plugs You can also call it freeze plugs. It is specially

made for the holes to seal it in the cylinder heads
and engine block. Without anti-freeze protection, it
may push out in the cold weather.

4. Head Gasket It helps to cover/seal the most important part of the

engine. Without it, cylinder pressure, oil, and anti-
freeze will mix up.

5. Thermostat Thermostat is the very effective part of the cooling

system of an engine which controls the small
amount of operating temperature. If the vehicle
engine is cold, the thermostat will close so the
engine can warm-up speedily. It will open when the
temperature allows coolant to go through the
radiator.
Table 7. Exhaust System Parts and Functions

Parts Functions
1. Aftertreatment devices The aftertreatment devices and their piping are
sometimes referred to as the “hot end” of the
exhaust system, while the mufflers and the tailpipes
are the“cold end”of the exhaust system.
2. Mufflers which provide noise attenuation
3. Decoupling elements which connect the exhaust manifold with the rest of
the exhaust system.
4. Exhaust Brakes Exhaust brakes are only one way to use the engine
to aid in vehicle deceleration. Compression release
brakes—sometimes referred to as engine brakes—
open the exhaust valve near the top of the
compression stroke and release the compressed air
into the exhaust system before it is able to push the
piston down during the expansion stroke.

Table 8. Lubrication System Parts and Function

Parts Functions
1. Engine oil Engine oil is the most critical
given the functions it
accomplishes.
2. Oil Pump The oil pump in an internal combustion engine
circulates engine oil under pressure to the rotating
bearings, the sliding pistons and the camshaft of the
engine.
 3. Oil Filter An oil filter is a filter designed to remove
contaminants from engine oil, transmission oil,
lubricating oil, or hydraulic oil.
4. Oil Cooler Oil cooling is the use of engine oil as a coolant,
typically to remove surplus heat from an internal
combustion engine.

Conclusion

References

https://www.dieselnet.com/tech/diesel_exh_sys.php

http://blog.asautoparts.com/important-components-and-functions-of-the-cooling-system-of-an-engine/

https://medium.com/@dieselgenerator/what-are-the-components-of-diesel-engine-fuel-system-
1500011c175c

https://forbiddendiesel.com/n-6-about-diesel-exhaust-systems.html

https://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine-lubrication-system1.htm