Que

sti
on Ans
wer
Arethos
epers
onswhouni
ntenti
onal
lycommi
t
cr
imina
lact
sasaresu
ltofunanti
ci
pate
d a
cci
dent
alc
rimi
nal
s
ci
rcu
ms t
anc
e?
For
cibl
esexinwhic
ht heoff
enderandt
he
a
cqu
aint
anc
era
pe
vi
cti
ma ref
amil
ia
rwi t
ho neano
ther
.
Theactofta
kingper
s o
nalpr
ope
rtyb
elo
ngi
ngt
o
a
cqu
aint
anc
ero
bbe
ry
peo
pleknowntothetheft
.
Ref
erstot
hosewhoc ommitcr
ime
sinan
i
mp u
lsi
vemannerus
u a
ll
yd uet
oaggr
ess
ive a
cti
vea
ggr
ess
ivec
rimi
nal
be
havio
uroftheof
fender
.
Thea nal
ysi
st ha
tthesourceofmanycrimi
nal
oc
c u
r r
encesthep r
ovoca
tiveoragg
res
sive a
cti
vep
rec
ipi
tat
ion
behavi
ouroftheo f
fend
edp ar
ty.
Anaff
ir
mati
veo
rfa
il
uret
odoa
nac
t.I
tisa
n
a
ctu
sre
us
unl
awf
ulac
t.
Arep e
rso
nswhoviol
ate
dcrimi
nallawbec
aus
e
oftheimpul
seoft
hemo me
nt,fi
tofpas
siono
f a
cut
ecr
imi
nal
ang
e rorspe
llo
fextr
emejeal
ousy?
Lawvi ol
ato
r swhop ursuetheregularcri
mina
l
path,whereinthei
ra nt
isoc
ialbe
ha vi
ourisatthe
a
dol
esc
ent
-li
mit
edo
ffe
nde
r
hig
he s
tduringa d
olesce
ncea nddiminis
hesas
theygrowa nda ge.
ABe l
gianmathe
ma tic
ianwhos t
arted
"c
artog
raphi
calskullofcri
mino
logy"wherei
n
st
ati
sti
caldat
aandd e
mo g
raphi
cinforma
tio
n Ad
olp
heQu
ete
let
whereusedasba s
istod e
termi
net here
lat
ion
bet
weens oc
ialp
he nomenaandc r
ime.
Acondi
ti
onwhic
hisad i
rec
tre
sultoft
ota
l
d
isr
egar
df o
rnormsandrul
esduetora
pid a
nomi
e
c
hange
st omor
alval
ues.
Theatt
emp
ttoobta
inchara
cte
rtr
ait
sby
a
nthr
opo
met
ry
meas
uri
ngthehu
ma nb
o d
y.
Refe
r stothea rtofcre
a t
ingtypol
ogi
es,
cl
assif
icati
ons
,p re
dict
ions,andespec
ial
lypr
ofi
le
s
a
ppl
ie
dcr
imi
nol
ogy
ofcriminalof
fenders
,theirpers
onali
ti
esand
behavio
u rpat
terns.
Of
te nassoci
ate
dwi thviol
enceanda gg
ressi
on,i
t
i
sas t
andpoi
nto fcri
mewhi chsuggest
sthat
i
ndivid
ua l
swithhighs t
imul
ati
onlevelsee
k a
rou
salt
heo
ry
po
we rfulmoti
vatio
na ndther
ee nvi
ronmentto
maintai
no nopti
ma ll
evelofarousa
l.
Pe
rso
nswho
seb
odyt
ypei
sski
nnya
nds
lend
er. a
sthe
nict
ype
Reve
rsi
ono fmantothephys
ica
lcha
rac
ter
ist
ics
a
tavi
sm
ofhi
sapel
ikeance
sto
r s
.
I
trefe
rst othosep hys i
calcharacteri
sti
csa s
s
tudi
edb yLo mbroso ,whichd ist
inguis
hb orn
c
rimi
nalsfromo therme mb ersoft hegeneral
p
opul
ationanda ret hrowb a
ckst op ri
miti
ve
p
eopl
e.Mo stindivi
d ualsevolve;s o
med evol
ve,
a
tavi
sti
cano
mal
ie
s
b
ecomingp r
imiti
veo r" a
tavisti
c".This
e
volu
tionar
y" throwb acks"are" bornc r
iminal
s"
t
hemo stviol
entc ri
mi nalsandt hes oc
iety.Born
c
rimi
nalscouldb eid enti
fi
edt hroughtheir
a
tavi
sti
cs t
igma t
a.
Pers
onswhoa
remu
scu
lara
nds
tro
ngi
n
a
thl
eti
ctyp
e
phys
iqu
e.
Renownedasthe"f
athe
rofsoc
iol
ogy",he
appl
iedsci
ent
if
icmet
hodsandt
hes t
udyof Au
gusCo
mte1798-1857
so
c i
eti
es.
Ther out
etoac ri
minalca
reerstar
tswi
thearl
y
i
ntract
ableandstubb
ornbehavi
ourandpar
ti
cul
ar
a
utho
rit
yco
nfl
ic
tpa
thwa
y
def
ianceofp a
rent
s,eld
ersandfig
ureso
f
aut
ho r
it
ies.
Aphysic
alaggres
sio
nt hati
ncl
udeshi
tt
ing,
s
lap
ping,punc
hing,ki
ckingorothe
roff
e ns
ive b
att
ery
c
ontactwit
hthevicti
m.
Al
soknownashatecri
mes,itref
erst
ovio
lent
b
iasc
rime
s
ac
tsdi
rect
edag
ainstapar
tic
u l
armemberofa
g
rou
pduet
othevict
im'set
hni
c,r
aci
al
,re
li
gi
ous
o
rgend
erc
hara
cte
rist
ic.
Aviewt hatcri
mi no
g e
nictrai
tsma ybeacquir
ed
t
hroughindirec
the redi
tyfrom adege
nerate
f
amilyme mb e
r,whos uf
fere
df r
oma l
coholi
sm, b
iol
ogi
cald
ete
rmi
nis
m
i
nsani
tys yphi
li
so rthroughdir
ecthered
ityfrom
r
ela
t i
veswhoa r
ekno wnc ri
minals
.
Adeve
lopmenttocri
minol
ogythatspo
tli
ghton
t
herel
ati
onshi
pandinter
acti
onbi
o l
ogi
caland b
ios
oci
alt
heo
ry
s
oci
alfa
ctor
sa sthe
yr el
atetocr
ime.
Arethosecri
mescommit
tedbyor
dinar
y
b
luec
oll
arc
rime
s
pr
ofe
s s
iona
lcrimi
nalt
oma i
nta
int
heirl
ive
li
hoo
d?
Ashop
li
ft
erwiththei
nte
nti
ono
fre
sel
li
nghi
s
b
oos
ter
s
tol
enmercha
ndis
e.
Ano l
dEngli
shrule
,whic
hre
fer
st or
est
itu
tio
n
pai
dforkil
li
ngsome o
nei
nanopenfi
ght
,simil
ar b
ot
tobl
ood-money.
Thisa dvanceinc ri
minolo
gyr e l
iesons ta
tisti
cs
whi c
hp rovidesimporta
ntd emo graphi
c
i
nfo r
ma tio
no np opul
ati
onincludingd e
ns i
ty,
gender,r el
igi
ousaffi
li
ati
onsa nde conomic
c
art
ogr
aphi
csc
hoo
lofc
rimi
nol
ogy
st
a ndi
ng .Develope
di nEuropei nt heearly19th
century,thisviewsther el
ati
o nshi
pb etwee n
cr
imea nds oci
alphenomenaa saf oca
lp ointand
basisinp robi
ngc r
iminol
ogy.
SwiftnessBe ccar i
aa r
g u
e stha ti
no r
dert obe
eff
ectived eterrent,punishme ntsmu stp os
sess
celer
ity.Ap unishmentt hato ccursq ui
cklyaft
er
thecr i
mehe l
p st oform as trongc onnecti
on
betwe enthep uni s
hme nta ndt hecrimea ndthe c
ele
rit
y
mindso ft heg eneralpub l
ic,s othatwhe neve
ra
cit
izenc ontemp l
a t
esac r i
mi nalact,hewi l
l
i
ns t
antlyr ecal
lt hepunishme ntandwe ighitint
o
hisde l
ibe
r at
ion.
I
ntr
overtpe
rso
nf u
lloffu
ncti
onalcompla
int
s,
a
ll
ergi
esski
ntroubl
e,chr
onicfa
tig
ue,sensi
ti
ve c
ere
bro
toni
c
s
kinandtonoi
se;andshri
nksfromc r
owd .
Accordi
ngt oBe c
c a
ria,ap unishmentmustbeto
fo
llowfromt hec ri
mei nor dertob eaneff
ect
ive
deter
rent.Theg reate
rt hee xtenttowhi
cha
would-beoffenderthi
nkst hats hecangetaway c
ert
ain
withac ri
me ,thelessshewi l
lwe i
ghthe
punis
hme ntintoherd el
iberati
ono fwhet
heror
nottocommi tthec ri
me .
Refe
rstou r
banso
cio
log
ist
sviewa ndana
lys
isof
therel
ati
onbet
weencri
mea ndenvir
onment
al Chi
cag
osc
hoo
l
condi
ti
ons.
Thes ugge
sti
onthatlo
wf e
ma l
ecri
mea nd
deli
nquenc
yr at
ea r
eanindi
cat
ionofthele
niency
c
hiva
lryhyp
othe
sis
andc ompas
sio
nwi t
hwhichlawenf
o r
cerstre
a t
f
e maleoff
enders
.
Arepe
rso
nswhocommitcr
imesandac
tedi
n
c
hro
nicc
rimi
nal
co
nso
nancewi
thd
eli
ber
atethi
nki
ng?
Refer
st ocrimevict
imswhoma intaina
si
gnif
icantl
yhigherproba
b i
li
tyofb eingf u
ture
tar
getso fcri
mesd u
et othei
rp e
r sona l c
hro
nicvi
cti
miz
ati
on
chara
cteris
tic
sd a
tama kesthem ma g net
sf o
r
cri
me s
.Al soknowna srepeatvi
c t
ims .
Awithc
oll
arcri
mewhic
hinvo
lve
sab r
oke
r
c
hur
ning
ma
kingrep
eat
edtra
destoi
ncr
easec
ommiss
ion.
Atheorywhichadvocatethepeo
plehave
f
reewil
ltochoosebetweennormalorcrimina
l
c
onductandb e
haviour
;thec r
imesorcommi tt
ed
c
las
sic
alc
rimi
nol
ogy
f
org re
edorp ers
onalneedandsati
sfa
cti
o nand
c
rimec anbecontrol
le
db yfearofcri
minal
p
unishmentands a
ncti
ons.
Refe
rstop e
oplefr
om mi d
dleclas
sb a
ckgrou
nd
havi
ngnoo rli
tt
leident
if
icat
ionwithcri
minals
ub
c
los
ure
-cul
tur
eb u
tc a
shb ou
ncingchecksforan
immedia
tefi
nanci
alresol
uti
ono facri
sis
.
Re
fer
stot
hes
tud
yofp
erc
ept
iono
fre
ali
tya
nd c
ogni
ti
vet
heo
ry
ofment
alp
roc
e s
sesr
equ
ire
dtou
nde
rst
andt
he
worl
dweli
vein.
Refe
rstothes
tudyofsu
bje
ctswhos
ebeha
vio
urs
c
oho
rt
fo
ll
owedandtr
ackedove
rap er
iodo
fti
me.
Ref
erstob
usi
nes
stheftt
hati
sp a
rtofc
rimina
l
l
awswhosuchdecr
eesfr
eeente
rpri
secudnot c
omme
rci
alt
hef
t
su
rvive
.
Asingl
ea ctco
nst
it
ute
stoorgraverofle
ss
gr
avefeloni
esofwhenanof
fens
ei saneces
sar
y c
omp
lexc
rime
s
meansforcommit
ti
ngtheo
thero f
fens
es.
Refe
rstopovert
ya rea
sorghet
tos,whichres
ult
s
fr
omf l
eeofthewo rki
ngandmidd
lec l
ass c
onc
ent
rat
ione
ffe
ct
fa
mili
esfr
omt heinnerci
ti
esi
nu rba
na rea
s.
Atypeofswindl
ingope
rati
onsinvol
vinggetri
ch
s
chemes,usual
lywit
hill
egalover
toneswhich
c
onf
ide
nceg
ame
s
p
reventvi
cti
m’sfromreport
ingsai
dincid
entto
l
awe nf
orc
eme ntaut
hor
iti
es.
I
nspi
redb ythewrit
ingsofKa rlMa rx,itst
ates
t
hateconomicandpo l
it
ica
lforceso rsigni
fi
cant
f
act
orstoc ommis
siono fcri
me s.Andt hatcri
me c
onf
li
ctc
rimi
nol
ogy
i
safunc t
ionofcompeti
tio
nf orlimit
e dreso
urces
a
ndp ower,cla
ssconfl
ictwouldr es
u l
ttoc r
imes.
Phi
loso
p hi
essuchasLombr
oso’sorShel
don’
s
tha
tlocatetheori
gi
nsofcr
iminal
it
yina c
ons
tit
uti
ona
lthe
ori
es
pers
on'sbiol
ogi
calorp
hys
iol
ogica
lma ke
-up.
Theacto
fvol
untar
il
ygi
vinguppos
sess
iono
f
c
ons
tru
cti
vep
oss
ess
ions
pr
ope
rtybutr
eta
ini
ngle
galowne
rshi
p.
Refer
stotheextenttowhic hap ers
onc a
nl ea
rn
fr
om hispas
tmi s
take,aswe lltotheextentto
whichhecanevaluat
ea cc
ur at
elythepresent c
ont
actwi
thr
eal
it
y
si
tuat
iona
ndf o
reseethec onsequenc
eo fhis
pres
entact
ioninrela
tio
nt ohisf u
ture.
Cr
ime
stha
tca
nbec
ommi
tt
edi
nse
ver
alp
lac
es. c
ont
inu
ingc
rime
s
Ane xpansi
onhyp ot
hes
isthatattri
but
esc r
iminal
andd e
viantbehavi
ourtoimbalancesbet
we enthe
amounta nddegreeofcont
rolthatindi
vid
ualhas c
ont
rolb
ala
ncet
heo
ry
overothersorinfl
uenc
eo fothersoverhimo r
her
.
Preval
entlowerclassc
ult
ures,t hi
sist he
condit
ionwhereyoungme nstayi ntheirb i
rth
c
orne
rbo
y
neighbo
u r
hood,rai
sefa
mili
esa ndu nskill
edlabor
anda dj
uststothedemandsoft hei
re nvironment
.
Wit
hc ol
la
rc r
imeswhi chi
nvolve
sviola
tio
nso f
l
awb yac or
porat
ee nti
tysuchas:hazar
dous
c
orp
ora
tec
rime
was
tedump i
ng,unfa
irlabou
rp rac
tic
es,rest
rai
nt
oft
radeandp r
icefi
xing.
Theyrefe
rtothreegro
upsnamely:gu
ardi
ans-
whomo ni
tor
sdt a
rget
,hand
ler
s-whomo ni
tor
s
c
rimed
isc
our
age
rs
pot
ent
ialof
fend
ersandmanage
rs-moni
tors
pl
aces
.
Theana
lys
isofc
riminalb
ehavi
ourinvol
ving
re
sea
rchonthedi
ffe
r e
nttyp
eso fc
r i
mesa nd c
rimet
ypo
log
y
cr
imi
nal
s.
Inthec r
iminol
ogic
alse
nseap er
sonisal
readya
cri
minalthemo menthecommitt
edac r
ime.
Legall
y,itref
erstopeopl
ewhoha svi
ola
tedthe
Who
’sac
rimi
nal
?
penalla
wa ndha vebee
nf ou
ndguil
tyofthe
cri
mec hargeduponobser
vanceofdueproc
ess
oflaw.
Referstoaper
sonwhorec
onstr
uct
sac r
ime
sceneorworkswit
hcri
mes c
eneevi
dencef
or c
rimi
nal
is
t
fo
re ns
icpur
pose
s.
Ref
erstotheear
lyfac
to r
st odis
covera
bi
ol
ogic
alori
gi
no facrimeb yme ansof
c
rimea
nthr
opo
log
y
measu
rementofbot
hp hysic
a la
ndme nt
al
pr
ocesse
s.
Ref
erstoap e
r s
onwhore
pea
tedl
yvio
lat
e st
he
l
awa ndpat
ternshi
sorhe
rli
fes
tyl
earound c
rimi
nalc
are
er
cr
imina
li
ty.
s
tud
yofc
rimi
nal
it
yinr
ela
tio
ntop
opu
lat
ion c
rimi
nald
emo
gra
phy
St
udyo fcri
mina
li
tyi
nre
lat
iont
osp
eci
al
c
rimi
nale
col
ogy
di
str
ibu
tio
no fmen.
St
udyofrel
ati
ons
hipb
etwe
ene
nvi
ronme
nta
nd
c
rimi
nale
pid
emi
ol
ogy
cr
imi
nal
it
y.
Ref
erstothest
udyonatt
emptats
cie
nti
fi
c
c
rimi
nale
tho
log
y
ana
lys
isofthecau
seso
fc r
ime.
Theuseofp
ris
onstocommitcr
imesby
c
rimi
nale
xpl
oi
tat
ion
i
nduc
ementofpri
ce,r
ewar
do rcons
ide
rat
ion.
I
tinvol
vesme a
suri
ngthet
rend
sa ndfr
equenc
y
o
fc ri
minala
cti
vit
iesu
sedasbasi
sforcri
minal c
rimi
nals
tat
ist
ics
b
ehaviour
.
Aperso
naltr
aito
fanindi
vid
ualasd
ist
ing
uis
hed
c
rimi
nal
it
y
f
rom acri
mewhichi
sa nevent
.
Thest
udyofhu
manmi
ndi
nre
lat
iont
o
c
rimi
nalp
syc
hia
try
cr
imi
nal
it
y.
Thes tu
d yofmenta
lproc ess
eso fcri
mi na
l
ac
tion;genesi
s,de
velo
p me nt
,a ndmotivati
onof
c
rimi
nalp
syc
hod
yna
mic
s
huma nbeha
viourt
hatc onfl
ict
swi t
ha ccepte
d
normsa ndsta
ndard
so fs o
c i
ety.
Thest
udyofhu
manb
eha
vio
uri
nre
lat
iont
o
c
rimi
nalp
syc
hol
ogy
cr
imi
nal
it
y.
Referstotheenti
rebod
yo fknowle
d geregard
ing
cr
ime ,cri
minal
sandtheeff
ortofsociet
yt o
pr
e ventandrepre
ssthe
m.Thes cienceofcyma
De
finec
rimi
nol
ogy.
ra
te s
,indi
vidua
landgrouprea
sonsf o
r
commi t
ti
ngc r
ime,andcommunit
yo rsocie
tal
re
a ct
ionstocri
me .
I
texpla
inshu
ma nbe
ha vi
ourandt
heexp
eri
ences
whi
chhe l
pdet
ermi
net henat
ureoft
heper
son'
s c
rimi
nog
eni
cpr
oce
ss
pe
rsonal
it
yasareac
tingme c
hani
sm.
Ana rg
ume ntamongsociet
iesbeca
useof
cont
raryb e
lie
fsofsubst
anti
aldi
ffer
enceand
c
ult
ura
lco
nfl
ic
t
thei
rrespecti
vecus
toms,langua
ge,ins
tit
uti
on,
habi
t,lea
rning,t
rad
iti
on,etc.
Partofsoc
ialstr
ucturetheor
yt ha
tviewsst
rai
n
andsoci
aldiso
rganiz
a t
ionwhichprod
ucesa c
ult
ura
lde
via
ncet
heo
ry
l
o wer
-cl
assc u
ltur
et hatco
nfli
ctswit
hnorms.
Thi
stheor
ystate
st ha
tvic
timsofcr
imes
es
peci
al
lychi
ldabusearemo r
eli
kel
ytocommi
t c
ycl
eofvi
ol
enc
e
cr
imesthe
mselves
.
Fo
rci
bl
ese
xdu
ringac
our
ti
ngr
ela
tio
nshi
p. d
ater
ape
Re f
ersitpos
tmo d
er ni
sm whi
chisastu
dythat
givesat
tenti
ontot heuseoflang
uag
eb yp
eopl
e
d
eco
nst
ruc
tio
nis
tana
lys
is
i
np o
wert odef
inec ri
meb as
edonthei
rval
ues
andb i
ases
.
Aper
sonwhomer
elyc
ommi t
tedana
ctno
tin
d
eli
nqu
ent
c
onf
ormi
tywit
hnor
mso fs
ociet
y.
Ana r
eaofc
riminol
ogytha
tscru
tini
zethe
d
eve
lop
ment
alt
heo
ry
cha
ngeincr
iminalcar
eerove
rthelif
ec o
urs
e.
Reveal
sthatcri
minalact
sarer
ela
tedt
oa n
ind
ivi
dual
’
se xp
o s
uretoanexce
ssamountofa
nti d
iff
ere
nti
ala
sso
cia
tio
nthe
ory
-soci
alva
luesandatti
tud
es.
Anatt
emp
ttoexpl
ai
ncr
imi
nal
it
yasat
ypeo
f
d
iff
ere
nti
alr
einf
orc
eme
ntt
heo
ry
l
ear
nedbe
havi
our
.
Theresul
twhicho c
curswhenanef
for
tto
co
ntrolaspeci
fi
ctypeofcri
mered
ucesor d
iff
usi
ono
fbe
nef
it
s
l
esse
nt heinc
idenc
eo fawa
rd.
Mani
fes
tat
ionofmen'ss
tru
g g
letod
omi
nat
e
d
oingg
end
er
wo
me ntoprovet
heirmanl
iness
.
Per
sonswhoarel
esscl
eare
vid
entha
vinga
ny
d
ysp
las
tico
rmi
xedt
ype
pr
edomina
ntb
odytype
.
Expl
a i
nstha
tc r
imeinoneins
tanc
ema ybe
cau
se dbutoneormorefac
tors
,whileinothe
r e
cle
cti
cthe
ory
i
nstancesi
tiscaus
edbyinvadersetoffa
ctor
s.
Aviewwhi c
hst
ate
st hats
ocialfo
rceso
perat
ing
i
nu r
bana r
easc
reat
eo rprod
uc e
sc r
imi
nal e
col
ogi
calvi
ew
i
nte
ract
ions.
Aviol
ati
onofcri
mina
llawi
nte
ndedtobri
ng
e
cono
micc
rime
f
ina
ncia
lrewar
do rgai
ntot
heo f
fend
er.
Perso
nswho seb o
d yshow’
sr e
lati
vely
pred
omi na nceofs kinanditsappendageswhi
ch
i
ncludest hene rvoussyste
ml ean,frag
il
e ,
e
cto
mor
ph
del
icat
eb onesd roopyshoul
derssma l
lface,s
har
p
,
nose,fineha irrelati
vel
ys mal
lb od
yma ssa
nd
rel
ati
velyg r
eats urf
acearea.
Re
fer
stowi
thc
oll
arc
rime
s. e
li
ted
evi
anc
e
Asoc i
alposi
ti
vist
,whob el
ievedthatthe
i
nevi
tabil
it
yo fcri
mei srel
atedwiththe
d
iff
erencesamo ngme mber
so fsoci
ety.Heno t
ed
Emi
leDu
rkhe
im
t
hatthec ommissi
ono fc
rimep avesthewa yfor
s
ocialchangeandc a
ll
sthea tt
enti
ono fso
ciet
yto
s
ocialil
ls
.
Characteri
ze dbyrelat
ive
lygreatde
velop
me ntof
dig
e s
tivevic evers
a;tendenc
yt oputonfat
;s o
ft
roundnesst houg
hva ri
ousregi
onsofthebody; e
ndo
mor
phi
c
shorttaperingli
mb s
;s mal
lbones;s
mo o
th
vel
ve t
ys kin.
Theuseo
fil
le
galsc
hemeb yab
usi
nes
stoma
ke
e
nte
rpr
isec
rime
s
pr
ofi
tint
hemarke
tp l
ace
.
Anon-cr
imina
lper
sonwhoc o
mmi t
scr
imewhe
n
e
pis
odi
ccr
imi
nal
u
nde
re xtre
mee mot
iona
lst
ress.
Cri
mewhicha
rec o
mmitt
edbyas
eri
eso
fac
ts
e
pis
odi
cal
lyc
rime
s
i
nal e
ngt
hyspac
eo ft
ime.
Acri
minala
ctthat
’smainpu
rpos
eist
o
e
xpr
ess
ivec
rime
s
a
cco
mp l
is
hb eha
vio
u ra
thand.
Aggr
ess
ioni
nte
nde
dtove
nta
nge
r,f
rus
tra
tio
nof
e
xpr
ess
ivevi
ol
enc
e
ra
ge.
Thi
srefer
st oal
ltypesofext
erna
lfor
ceswhi
ch
maypreventanindi
vid
ualf
romc ommi
tti
nga e
xte
rna
linhi
bi
ti
on
cr
ime.
Theendr
esu
ltoft
hec
rimeisd
est
ruc
tive
,su
ch
e
xti
nct
ivec
rime
asde
atho
fprop
ert
ydamag
e.
Ki
ll
ingo
rend
ang
eri
nga
nunb
ornf
etu
s. f
eti
ci
de
At
ermu
sedt
ode
not
ecr
imi
nalhe
adq
uar
ter
s. f
las
hho
use
Ac
tofb
uyi
nga
nds
ell
ings
tol
eng
ood
s. f
enc
e
Vi
ol
entcr
imedire
ctedagai
nstp
eop
led
uet
o
g
ayb
ashi
ng
t
hei
rsexu
alor
ientat
ion.
Isaresid
enti
alre
newalphasei
nwhi c
ho b
sole
te
housi
ngseit
herreno
vat
edo rrep
lac
ed,such
g
ent
ri
fi
cat
ion
are
asu nder
goi
ngthi
sstagehasshownincr
eased
cri
mer at
e.
Meanslit
tlewar.Itst
artedouto fSpani
sh
re
b e
ll
ionag a
ins
ttheFr enc
ht r
oop si
n1808a ft
er
Napole
onBo napar
te’
sinvasi
ono ftheIber
ian Gu
err
il
la
Peni
nsula
.Thet ermisu sedi
nterchange
ablywit
h
i
nsurgenceandterro
rism.
Ref
erstothoseactsofinti
midat
iona
ndviol
enc
e
des
igne
dt ofri
ghte
na ndinti
midat
epers
onswho
ha
tec
rime
s
ar
eu ndes
ira
blebyr e
asono frac
e,re
li
gio
n,
se
xualori
entat
ionofethni
co ri
gi
n.
Refe
r stopro
fessi
onalshop
li
ft
erswhofi
lc
hwith
theinte
nti
onofs e
ll
ingtheme r
cha
ndi
zeatha
lf he
els
thepriceofpawni
ngt hem.
Menwhodis
tinct
ive
lyhaveanunc
arings
exu
al
hyp
erma
scu
li
ne
at
ti
tud
eandbe l
ie
vevio
lencei
smanly.
Re
fer
stoi
nco
mpl
etec
rime
s. i
ncho
atec
rime
s
Se
rio
usa
ndf
req
uentc
rime
s. i
nde
xcr
ime
s
Thisdis
cipl
inetrace
st heact
ivit
ieso
fs e
ver
al
gener
ati
onso ffamil
iesbel
ie
ve dtohaveala
rge i
nhe
rit
anc
esc
hoo
l
numbero fcri
minalme mber
s.
Cri
mest
hati
sco
mmi
tt
edi
nthes
hor
tes
tpo
ssi
bl
e
i
nst
antc
rime
s
ti
me.
Aggr
ess
ioni
nte
nde
dtoi
mp r
ovethef
ina
nci
alo
r
i
nst
rume
nta
lvi
ol
enc
e
so
cia
lst
andi
ngoft
heof
fend
er.
Stat
esthatcr
iminog
enicpr
oce
ssinfl
uenc
es
evol
veo ve
rti
med uetotherel
ati
onswit
h
i
nte
rac
tio
nalt
heo
ry
i
nsti
tut
ionandeventswhi
chdeter
minescri
mina
l
behavi
ourpat
ter
ns.
I
tref
erst
oal
ltyp
esint
erna
lforc
eswhi
chmay
i
nte
rna
linhi
bi
ti
on
p
reve
ntaper
sonfro
mc ommit
ti
ngacri
me.
Ref
erstot
heu s
eo ff
orce,i
nti
mida
tionort
hre
at
i
nte
rpe
rso
nalc
oer
cio
n
bypeer
s,pa
rent’
sorothe
rs i
gni
fi
cantpe
rso
ns.
Ap hi
lo
sophyo fla
w,whichstate
stha tpeo
ple
whoviolat
ether i
ghtofot
hersdeservetob e
j
ustd
ese
rt
puni
shed,theseveri
tyofwhic
hs hou
ldb e
co
mme nsuratewiththese
rio
usnesso ft
hec ri
me.
Ac o
mp onentofconf
li
cttheo
rywhichasser
ts
t
hatsocialpro
ble
me xper
iencedbythelo
we r
l
eftr
eal
is
m
cl
asseswhichmu stb
ea d
d r
essedbyrad
ical
measure
s.
Thevi
ewtha
tsugge
s tsthatl
owercr
imerat
es
f
o rwo
menasaresultofthei
r"2ndcl
ass
"soci
al l
ib
era
lfe
mini
stt
heo
ry
andec
ono
micpo
sit
ion.
Grou
pofof
fend
erswho’
scri
mina
lca
ree
r
l
if
eco
urs
epe
rsi
ste
d
co
nti
nue
swelli
ntoad
ult
hoo
d.
Acriminall
eagu
ewhi chori
gi
nate
sf r
om Si
ci
ly,
I
tal
ya ndhasawi d
ec ont
rolandinf
lue
ncei
n Ma
fia
r
acketeer
inginNorthe
rnAme ri
ca.
Ki
ll
ingo
fap
ers
onwhoma
li
ce. ma
nsl
aug
hte
r
Fo
rcibl
esexbet
weencou
ple
swhoa
rel
ega
ll
y
ma
rit
alr
ape
marr
iedtoea
cho t
her
.
Re
fer
stot
het
arg
eto
fac
onma
norwo
man. ma
rk
Theactofki
ll
inganu
mbe
rofp
eop
lei
nas
ing
le
ma
ssmu
rde
r
i
nci
dent
.
Per
sonswithrel
ati
velypredominantmu s
cle
s,
bo
nea ndmoto
ro rgansofthebo d
y;l a
rgewr i
st me
somo
rph
ha
nd;ifle
anaha rdr e
cta
ng u
larou t
li
ne.
Vi
ol
entcri
mesc ommitte
dbyconc
erne
d
i
ndi
vid
ual
swhovi ewi tast
hei
rdut
ytori
dthe mi
ssi
onha
tesc
rime
s
wor
ldofspec
ifi
ce vi
l
.
Refe
rst ot
helawoft
hee a
rlyI
sra
eli
tes
cont
ainedi
ntheol
dtest
amentoft
heJ u
dae
o- mo
sai
cco
de
Chri
stia
nbibl
e.
Ref
erstoperso
nswhoareconside
redas
pot
ent
ialo
ffe
ndersi
nagive
na r
ea.Theinc
rea
se
mo
tiva
tedo
ffe
nde
rs
i
ntherenumberhasad
irec
ti mpactont
he
cr
imerate
.
Arguestha
tc ri
mei sno
tap r
oductofasi
ngl
e
caus
eo rfact
orb u
tac omb
inat
ionofse
vera
l mu
lti
pl
efa
cto
rthe
ory
fa
ctors
.
Asser
tsthatint
ell
ige
nceisgeneti
cal
ly
det
erminedandthatlow-i
nte
lli
genceis na
tur
ethe
ory
as
socia
tedwithcrimina
lbehavi
our.
Thep erso
nb ef
orec
ommi t
ti
ngthecri
mei sl
ikel
y
t
of eelunhapp
y,uns
ati
sfi
ed,re
sent
fulorang
r y
ne
edf
rus
tra
tio
n
abou
ts omethi
nginpar
ti
culara
boutl
ifein
gener
a l
.
Pers
onswhosecri
minalac
tio
nsa ri
sefro
mi nfr
a
ps
ychicconf
li
ctbet
weentheso c
ialandant
i- ne
uro
ticc
rimi
nal
so
cialco
mp o
nent
so fhi
spersonal
it
y.
Criminal
sa d
heretoco
nventi
onalva
luesa
fte
r
overcomingleg
alandmor
a lval
uesint
operi
odo
f ne
utr
ali
zat
iont
heo
ry
i
lle
g a
lb e
haviour
.
Perso
nswhoc o
mmi tc r
imes,whoseps
ychic
org
aniza
tio
nresemblesthatofno
rmalind
ivi
dua
l
no
rma
lcr
imi
nal
exceptt
hatheident
if
yhi msel
fwithc
rimina
l
pro
totyp
e.
Asser
tsthatint
ell
ig
enc
eisap
rod
ucto
f
nu
rtu
ret
heo
ry
envi
ronment.
Sexual
lyove
rtmater
ialwhi
chlac
ksseri
ous
purpo
seanda p
pea
lsonlytothepr
uri
enti
nter
est o
bsc
eni
ty
ofthevie
wer.
Theviewthatcri
minal
seval
uatethe
irmo
tives,
nee
d sandski
ll
sbefor
ed e
cid
ingtocommi
tt he o
ffe
nde
rsp
eci
fi
c
of
fense
.
Refe
rstol
owe s
tfor
mo fc
rimi
nalcare
er,
re
quiri
ngl
imit
edski
llandgoesabou
tfelo
nio
us o
rdi
nar
ycr
imi
nal
wayswhoo r
gani
zat
ionandinf
lue
nce.
I
ll
egalact
ivi
ti
esofpeopl
ea ndas
soci
ati
onwho
se
s
olepurposeispr
ofi
tthro
ug hi
ll
egi
ti
mate o
rga
niz
edc
rime
b
usines
se nt
erpr
ise
.
Trai
ltocri
minalcaree
rthatbe
ginswit
hmi no
r
aggr
essi
on,physi
calfi
ght
inga
nde ve
ntual
ly o
ver
tpa
thwa
y
re
sult
stoviole
ntcrimes.
Awardtermfo
rindexcri
mes,whic
ha re
Pa
rtIc
rime
s
ca
teg
o r
iesofs
eri
ousandfre
quentcri
mes.
Ag
ene
ralt
erm whi
chd
eno
tesno
n-i
nde
xcr
ime
s. Pa
rtI
Icr
ime
s
Commonl
yknowna s"Ulu
kans",theyar
et ho
se
whocommitc
rimesbyinduce
me nt,byrewardor p
ass
ivei
nad
equ
atec
rimi
nal
s
pr
omis
ewhoc ons
ider
ingit
sconse q
uenc
es.
Assert
sthatcerta
insoc
iala
ndp e
rso
nal
chara
cteri
sti
csofper
sonsma kes
omepeop
le p
ass
ivep
rec
ipi
tat
ion
att
ract
ivetarge
tsofcri
mina
ls.
Stud
yo ftheexte
rnalf
ormat
ionofthes kul
lthat
i
ndicat
estheconfor
mati
onandd e
velop
me ntof
p
hre
nol
ogyo
rcr
ani
ol
ogy
i
tsvariou
sp a
rtsinrel
ati
ont
ot hebehavio
uro f
thecri
minal
.
I
tdominat
edper
sonswhoi
ncr
eas
ethe
irp
ers
ona
l
g
rat
if
icat
ionwhoduere
gar
dfort
he p
lea
sur
epr
inc
ipl
e
c
onse
qu e
nces
.
Thie
veswhogaininc
omefromgameofani
mal
s
p
oac
her
s
ei
therpr
ote
cte
do nbelo
ngi
ngtoo
ther
s.
1.Sp eci
fica
ll
y,itreferstot hee vol
utionary
assump t
ionsands ci
enti
ficme thodso fthe
'
po s
iti
vistskull
'ofcriminology.
I
nthestu
dyo fc
rimi
nol
ogy,wha
tar
ethet
wo 2.Ge nerall
y,iti
su sedtoc har a
c t
eriz
ea l
l
mea
ningofPOSI
TIVISM? approachestoc ri
minol
o gytha tarep ri
ma ril
y
concernedwi t
hq uest
ionso fetho l
ogy,a ndwhich
beli
evet hatsoci
alphenome nac ana nds houldbe
explai
nedi nthema nnero fthena turals c
ience
s.
Ref
erstot
hebal
anceofgai
nandlo
sst
hata
per
sonmayexp
erie
nceifhecommi
tsagi
ven p
ote
nti
als
ati
sfa
cti
on
cr
ime.
Di
rec
tfo
rmo
fphys
ica
lag
gre
ssi
on. p
red
ati
on
Thea
bnor
malact
swhic
hd ono
the l
prede
fine
p
rima
ryd
evi
anc
e
t
hesel
forpu
bli
cima
geo ft
heoff
ender
.
1.Tha tthes everi
tyofp uni
shme ntscorres
p o
nds
tothes everit
yo ftheharmd oneb ythecrime,
Thecl
assi
calschoola
ssu
me dt
hatpu
nishment
s sothatmo r eseri
ou scr
ime sreceivemo r
e
co
uldonl
yd et
ermineift
heywerepr
oporti
ona
lto ser
iousp unishments.
t
heirc
rime,whe r
ep r
opor
ti
ona
li
tymeans? 2.Tha tthet ypeofp u
nishme ntresemblesthe
cri
me ,sot hatothersinsocietyca nbes
t
ass
o c
iatethep unishmentwi t
ht hec r
ime.
Thos
epers
onswho
sep
hys
ica
lar
est
outa
ndwi
th
p
ykni
ctyp
e
ro
undbo
dies.
Theabi
li
tyt
olear
nrega
rdi
ngtheco
nsequ
ences
r
eal
it
ypr
inc
ipl
e
andr
esul
tsofo
ne'sa
cti
onthr
oughexp
eri
enc
e.
Actso
utwa
rdl
yint
ende
dtohe
lpot
he r
sbutha
ve
r
eci
pro
cala
ltr
uis
m
the
irpr
ima
rypurp
oseist
obe
nef
itthedo
er.
Itistheb a
s isofthes oci
alcontra
c tacco
rdingto
theclassi
cals kul
l.Becausep eo
plea r
ehe donist
ic,
dri
venb yt heirself
-int
erest,yetrati
onal,
capabl
eo fr ati
onal
lyc o
nsideri
ngwha tisrea l
lyin
thei
rs el
f-i
nt eres
t,theywi l
lcomet othe r
eci
pro
calo
bli
gat
ion
concl
u s
iont hatli
feismo rep l
easurabl
ewi t
ha
degreeo fsecurit
y-atta
inedb yeveryonein
soci
etyp ro
mi singnottoa ctinwa ysthatwi l
l
harmo thers.
Thi
s_ ____
_thepromi
sesthatallrat
ional
i
ndivi
dual
swouldmakeinas oci
ety-ca
nb e
r
eci
pro
calo
bli
gat
ion
co
ns i
der
edas o
cie
ty'
sfund
a mental"s
oc i
al
co
nt r
act
".
Aseni
orlawe
nfo
rce
mentf
igu
re,t
hef
orer
unne
r
r
eeve
o
fsheri
ff
.
Thes t
atetha
te xi
stwhenpeo
plewit
hwealt
h
andpovert
yliveincl
osepr
oximit
ywitho
ne r
ela
tived
epr
iva
tio
n
anot
her.
Act
iveanddynami
cper
sonwalks
,ta
lks,and
r
omo
toni
c
ge
stur
esass
e r
ti
vel
yandbeha
vesaggr
essi
vel
y.
Ki
ll
ingo
fanu
mbe
rofp
eop
leo
verap
eri
odo
f
s
eri
almu
rde
r
t
ime.
Cri
meswhicharecommitt
edonl
yd ur
inga
ce
rtai
nperio
doftheyearli
kevi
ola
tio
no ft
ax s
eas
ona
lcr
ime
l
aw,viol
ati
onofel
ect
ionla
w.
Thi
st heo
ryo ncr
imecausat
ionexpl
ai
nsthat
cr
imei spro
duce
do nl
yb yonefact
ororvari
abl
e s
ing
leo
runi
tar
yca
use
whic
hma ybesoci
al
,bio
log
icalo
rme nt
al.
Thosecommitt
edonl
ywhe ng
ivent
hes
itu
ati
on
co
nd u
civetoi
tscommis
sio
n,suc
hasmurder
, s
itu
ati
ona
lcr
ime
i
nfant
ici
de,pa
rri
ci
de.
Ref
erstot
hec
ult
ura
lop
por
tuni
tyt
oco
mmi
t
s
itu
ati
ona
lcr
imep
ote
nti
al
cr
ime.
Shor
tterminf
lue
nceo
nani
ndi
vid
ual
'
s
s
itu
ati
ona
lind
uce
ment
beha
vio
ur.
Pro
sti
tut
eswhotr
ades
exu
als
ervi
cesi
n
s
kee
zer
s
exc
hangefo
rdru
gs.
Ama
teu
rsho
pli
ft
erwhos
tea
lsf
orp
ers
ona
lus
e. s
nit
ch
Asser
tstha
tpeop
lecommitcr
imeduetot
he
weakeni
ngofs
ocialf
orc
estha
tbindt
hemto s
oci
alc
ont
rolt
heo
ry
so
ciet
y.
I
tisthei deao fBecarri
aa ndo t
herme mbersof
t
heclassicalschoolthatgovernme ntc anb e
t
houghto fa screat
edb yitsciti
zensf orcert
ain
s
hareda ndc ommo ne nds.Itusest hisno t
ionto
s
oci
alc
ont
rac
tthe
ory
d
eter
mi newhe nlawsa rejustandu njust
,b y
a
rgui
ngt ha tjustla
wsb ou g
httob et houghtofas
p
romisest hateveryoneins oci
etywo ul
dr ea
li
zes
i
ntheirb estinter
esttoma ket oonei nvader.
Thu
swhoarenor
mali
nthe
irbehavio
urbut
s
oci
al
iz
edd
eli
nqu
ent
s
mer
elyd
efe
cti
vei
nthe
resoc
ial
iz
atio
np r
oce
sse
s.
St
udyo fthebr
eakdownofs
oci
alins
tit
uti
ons
suc
ha sthefa
mily,t
hecommuni
ty,thescho
ol,
s
oci
ald
iso
rga
niz
ati
ont
heo
ry
re
li
gioninaparti
cul
arar
eaandit
se ff
ect
sto
cr
iminal
it
y.
Re
fer
stot
hos
ecr
ime
sco
mmi
tt
edi
nonep
lac
e. s
tat
icc
rime
Partofthesocials
tru
cturetheor
ywo rk.Vie
ws
cri
mea saf unct
ionofconfl
ic
tb e
tweena n
s
tra
int
heo
ry
i
ndivi
dual'
sgo a
lsandtheme ansava
il
ab l
etohim
toobt
ainit.
I
ll
ega
lac
tsi
nte
nde
dtovi
cti
miz
ethep
ubl
ic
. s
tre
etc
rime
s
Asmal
lgrou
pwo rk.I
sloos
elyase
cti
onofa
d
omina
ntcul
turebutmai
ntai
nsadi
sti
nct
,uni
que s
ubc
ult
ure
o
rqueers
eto fva
lues
,bel
ief
sandtr
adi
ti
ons.
Theacto
fma
kingo
ne'
sho
meo
rbu
sine
ssc
rime
t
arg
etha
rde
ning
pr
oof
.
Eff
ortstof i
gureouttheimpl
icat
ionsofat heor
y,
whatadde rvari
able
sme etbeaddedtot he
the
ory;alsoa ss
ocia
tedwiththebeli
efda t
a t
heo
ret
ica
lel
abo
rat
ion
the
oryc omp e
tit
ionisbet
terthantheor
etical
i
ntegrat
ion.
Refer
stotheeffo
rtstoc
omeupwi
thgrand
,
over
archi
ngtheor
ieswhi
cha
ppl
ytoal
ltypeso
f t
heo
ret
ica
lint
egr
ati
on
cri
mea nddevi
ance.
Effor
tstofigu
reo u
tt hedetai
lsofathe
ory,how
thevari
able
swo rktog e
ther;usu
all
yassoc
iat
ed
t
heo
ret
ica
lsp
eci
fi
cat
ion
withab e
li
efthatma ny,competi
ngtheo
riesare
bett
erthaninteg
ratede f
for
ts.
Ef
fortst
oc omeupwi
thfor
mal,sys
temat
ic,
l
ogic
al,andmathe
mat
ica
lwaysinwhichthe
ori
es t
heo
ryb
uil
di
ng
ar
ec ons
truc
ted
.
Aninfo
r me
d,cre
ati
veendeavourwhi
chc o
nne
cts
so
me t
hingkno
wnwi thso
me thi
ngunkno
wn; t
heo
ryc
ons
tru
cti
on
us
uall
yiname asur
abl
ewa y.
Theopi
nio
nthatp
eopl
e'sb
ehavio
urismo t
iva
ted
Ut
il
it
ari
ani
sm bythepur
sui
tofpl
eas
ureandtheavoi
danceof
pai
n.
Refe
rstothet
heoryofJer
e myBe nthamand
Jo
hnStuar
tmillt
hatover
allut
ili
tyo rbene
fit
pro
ducedbyanacti
onboughttobet hesta
ndard u
til
it
ari
ani
sm
bywhichwejudg
et heworthorgo o
d ne
ssof
morala
ndlega
lacti
on.
Theb u
il
dingblo
cksoft
heo
rie
s;thi
ngstha
tvar
y;
t
hingsyouc a
nha vemo
reorles
scri
minal
ly va
ria
ble
s
i
ncli
ned.
Crimesthatvio
lat
esmoralorder
,b u
tther
ei sno
act
u a
ltarg
e t
,vict
imoroffe
ndedp ar
ty.I
nt hes
e
vi
cti
mle
ssc
rime
s
cri
me ssuchasd r
ugabus
e,g a
mb l
ingandthelike
theoffe
ndedp a
rtyiss
oci
e t
ya sawho l
e.
Conc
ernedper
sonswhogoonmo r
alcru
sades
whoanys u
ppor
tandorg
ani
zat
ionfro
ml eg
al vi
gi
la
nte
s
au
thori
ti
es.
Personschara
cte
riz
edbythet
endenc
ytore
lax;
comfort
able
;lovesl
uxu
ry;aness
enti
al
ly vi
sce
rot
oni
c
extr
overt.
Refe
rstothemoneygivenbytheoff
enderfor
compens
ati
onoftheaggri
eve
dp a
rtyandthe we
rgi
ld
st
ate,acommonp r
act
iceinmedi
evalpe
riod
.
Partofthewe
rgi
ldt
hatg
oest
othevi
cti
m's
wr
it
e
fa
mi l
y.
Howmanymont
hsofaband
onmentsho
uldbe
a
tle
ast6mo
nths
co
unt
edbef
orec
ons
ide
ringachi
ldasaband
oned
?
Asap syc
holo
gicald
isor
der,i
tisapsycho
logi
cal
di
sorde
rma ni
fest
edb yachil
dwit
hinapprop
riat
e a
tte
nti
ond
efi
ci
thyp
era
cti
ved
iso
rde
r
i
mp u
lsi
vit
y,lac
ko fatt
enti
onandhyp
e r
act
ivit
y.
Del
inq
uentwhoseant
i-s
oci
albeha
vio
urpea
ksi
n
a
dol
esc
ent
-li
mit
edo
ffe
nde
r
ad
oles
cenceandla
terdi
mini
she
swi t
hag
e.
Pe
rio
dco
ver
ing21-40ye
arso
fhu
manl
if
e. a
dul
tho
od
Knownasspont
aneo
usr emiss
ion,iti
sthe
manne
rb ywhic
hani nd
ivid
ualr e
ducethera
teo
f a
gingo
ut
t
heirabe
rra
ntbeha
viourastheya ge.
Ref
erstotheyouthandyou
ngadu
ltswhola
c k
ski
ll
sandeducat
ionnece
ssa
ryt
ob einde
ma nd a
t-r
isk
i
nmo der
ns oc
iet
y.
Peri
odo
fhuma
nl i
fewhi
chst
artsf
ormt
he
b
abyho
od
se
condwee
ktotheseco
ndyear
.
Thet ot
a l
it
yo ft hec ir
cums t
ancesa ndc onditi
ons
whicha remo s tco ngenialtothes u
r vi
va l
,
prot
e c
tiona ndf eelingso fsecuri
tyo fthec hil
d
andmo ste ncou ra
g ingt othe chil
d'sphys ical
,
b
esti
nte
res
toft
hec
hil
d
psychol
ogical,a nde moti
onald e
velopme nt.Italso
me a
nst hel eastde trimentalavai
lablealternati
ve
f
o rsafeguardingt heg r
owtha ndd evel
o pme ntof
t
hec hil
d .
Expl
ai
nstha
thu
manmi
sco
ndu
cta
sar
esu
lto
f
b
iog
eni
cap
pro
ach
bi
ol
ogy.
Ref
erstopre
ssa ndind
ividua
lswhoa reeff
ect
ive
de
terr
entst
oc r
imea ndd e
li
nq u
encysuchas c
apa
bleg
uar
dia
n
po
li
ceo fwa
tchf
ula ndconcernednei
ghbo
urs.
Refe
rstot hemalt
reat
mentwhi
chma yb e
habi
tua
lofac hi
ldwhichmaybephysi
calabuse
,
c
hil
dab
use
psyc
holog
icalabu
se,negl
ect
,cr
uelt
y,emotio
nal
andsexualmalt
reat
ment.
1.Livingins i
tuati
onsofarmedc onfl
ic
t.
2.Livinginc ommu ni
tywithhighlevelof
cri
mina l
it
y.
3.Beingame mb erofag ang.
Whoa
rec
ons
ide
reda
schi
ld
-at
-ri
sk?
4.Beingo utofs kul
l.
5.Comi ngfrom ad ysf
uncti
onalofbrokenfami
ly
ofthatp a
rento rguardi
an.
6.Beinga bandonedorne g
lect
ed,anda ft
er
 dil
igents e
ar cha ndinq uir
ythep are
ntor
guardianc annotb ef ound.
7.Be ingexp loi
teds exu al
lyoreconomica
lly.
8.Be ingas tre
etc hil
d.
9.Be ingabu sedt hrus exual
,physi
cal,
psycho l
ogic
a l,andme ntal
,economicora nyo t
her
me a
nsa ndt hep arentso rguar
dianrefus
e ,are
unwilli
ngo ru nab l
et og i
vep r
otect
iontot he
chil
d.
Referstoafacil
it
ywhichprovi
des24ho u
r
re
s i
dentgrou
pc arefor9ofmo rement
all
ygi
ft
ed
c
hil
dca
ringi
nst
it
uti
on
dependent
,abandonedorne
glecte
dchil
d,
handic
appedofyo ut
hoff
enders
.
Ref
erstoachi
ldwho
’sa
ll
egeda
s,acc
u s
edof,o
f
adj
udge
das,ha
vingc
ommit
tedano
ffenseu
nder c
hil
dinc
onf
li
ctwi
thl
aw
Phi
li
ppi
nel
aws.
Aninst
itu
tiono fpri
sonsa ss
umingthecu
stody
andcareofc hil
dre
nf orp l
acementi
nanyc hi
ld
cari
nginst
it
u ti
onofho meu ndercar
eand c
hil
dpl
ace
mentc
ent
re
cust
odyofa nyp er
sonf orpurpos
esofado
pt i
on,
fos
tercareo fguar
dianship
.
Termc o
ine
db yWo l
fga
ngt ode
not
ead el
inq
uent
andwho’sar
rest
edmo r
etha nf
ort
imesbefor
e
c
hro
nico
ffe
nde
r
t
hea geofmajor
it
yands t
andsagoodcha
nceo f
beco
mingana d
ultcr
imina
l.
Refe
rt oanyclu
bofori
ginofi
ndivid
ua l
s21yr
s.
ofageo rove
r,whi
chisdir
ect
lyinvolvedi
n
c
ivi
cas
soc
iat
ion
car
ryingoutchi
ldwel
far
eacti
vit
iesand
pro
grams .
Assert
sd at
astr
o ngsel
f-i
mageprot
ectst
he
yout
hf ro
mt heinfl
uenc
ea ndpre
ssur
eo f c
ont
ainme
ntt
heo
ry
ca
rcinogeni
cpul
lsinhisenvir
onment
.
Anya c
tb ywordofdee
dwhi c
hd e
bas
esor
degr
adestheint
ri
nsi
cdigni
tyandwort
hofa c
rue
lty
humanb e
ing
.
Sell
ing’
sstu d
ywhi chassert
sthatitisa
condit
ionwhi chresul
tsfr
omr ulesandnor
mso
f
anindivi
dua l
’
ss ub-c
ult
uralaff
il
ia
tio
n c
ult
urec
onf
li
ct
di
sag r
eeme ntwiththerol
ed emandso f
conformis
ts oci
ety.
I
rra
tio
nala
nds
puro
fthemo
menta
cts
. d
eca
denc
e
Refe
rst
oonewhosebeha
vio
urb
ring
shi
mto
d
eli
nqu
ent
re
peatc
onf
li
ctwi
ththela
w.
Onewho’swhoap a
rent
,g ua
rdi
anofcust
odi
an
orwhosepar
entorguard
ianforgoodcau
se d
epe
nde
ntc
hil
d
des
ire
stober e
li
evedofhiscus
tod
ya ndcar
e.
Toref
rai
no fc
easefr
omc o
mmi
tt
ingac
rime
d
esi
st
us
ual
lyasthesub
jec
ta g
es.
Ref
e r
st oa24ho u
rchildc
aringinst
it
uti
onwhi
ch
gi
vess hortt
ermresi
dentca
ref o
ryo ut
hful d
ete
nti
onho
me
of
fenders.Awai
ti
ngcourtdi
sposi
tio
n.
Asser
tst hatl
ower-cl
assyou
thswi
thl
imit
ed
l
egit
imateo pp
ortuni
tyjoi
ngang
sandp
u r
suea
d
iff
ere
nti
alo
ppo
rtu
nit
y
cri
minalc a
reertoachi
eveal
ter
nat
emeans
uni
versalsucces
sg oa
ls.
Ana l
ter
nativechil
d-approp
ria
teprocessof
deter
mini
ngt heresponsi
blyandtre
atme ntofa
chi
ldinconfli
ctwiththelawo nthebasisof
d
ive
rsi
on
his
/hersoci
a l
,cul
tural
,economic
,psycho l
ogi
cal
oreducat
ionalbackgr
o u
ndwhor esort
ingto
for
ma lco
urtp ro
ceedi
ng s
.
Viewthatyou
thcanmoveinando u
to f
del
inq
uencyandtha
tthei
rli
fes
tyl
ec anadjus
t
d
rif
t
andembracebot
hdevi
antandconvent
iona
l
val
ues.
Co
ver
spu
ber
tyt
o17yr
s.o
fhu
manl
if
e. e
arl
yad
ole
sce
nce
2yr
s.to6yrs.o
fhu
manl
if
ewhi
chc
orr
esp
ond
e
arl
ychi
ld
hoo
d
t
opre-s
cho
olyrs
.
Re
fer
stoactsthatmakeo ra
tte
mpt
stoma
kea
e
cono
mica
bus
e
womanf
ina
ncia
llydep
e nd
ent.
Ana l
armi
ngformofdo
me st
icvi
ole
nceb
y
e
lde
rab
use
chi
ld
rentothe
irel
derrel
ati
vesl
ivi
ngwi
thd
eem.
Refe
rst ot hee mplo
yme nt,hi
ringp er
suasi
onof
i
nduceme nto fcoerci
ono fac hil
dtop er
forman
i
ndecents howso bscenee xhi
bit
ionsand e
xpl
oi
tat
ion
publ
ica
tionso fp o
rnographicma t
eria
lsforsel
li
ng
anddist
ribu t
ion.
Que
sti
on Ans
wer
Referst
otheapprehensio
no ftakingintocust
ody
ofac hi
ldi
nconfl
ictwiththelawb ylaw
enfor
cementof
fer
so rpri
vat
ec ozens.Itincl
udes i
nit
ialc
ont
actwi
tht
hec
hil
d
theti
mewhe nthec hil
dall
egedt obei nconfl
ic
t
withthela
wr e
ceivesas ubpoe
nao r
der.
Re
fer
stot
hef
ir
st2we
eksa
fte
rbi
rt
hofac
hil
d. i
nfa
ncy
Angerorsti
gmad i
rect
edtowar
d sof
fenderb
y
i
nfl
uenti
alper
sonsresul
ti
nginshame,lo
ssof i
nfo
rma
lsa
nct
ion
re
spectandembarra
ssment.
Re f
e rstoas eri
eso fa c
tivit
ieswhichare
designedt oaddressissuest hatcaus
edthec hi
ld
toc ommi tano f
fense.Itma ytakethefor
mo fan
i
nd ividua
li
zedt r
e a
tme ntp rogr
am whichma y
i
nte
rve
nti
on
i
nc ludec o
unsell
ing,skil
lst rai
ning
,educat
ion,and
othe racti
vit
iesthatwi l
le nhancehis
/her
psyc hol
ogica
l,emo ti
onala ndp syc
ho-so
cialwell
-
being .
Per
sonsbel
owt
hea
geo
fmi
nor
it
yofb
elo
w18
Whoa
rec
ons
ide
reda
sju
veni
le
?
yr
so fag
e.
Refer
stoas yst
e md eali
ngwi thc hil
drenatri
sk
andchil
dreninconf l
ic
twi t
ht hel aw,which
provi
deschil
d-a
p propri
ateproc e
e di
ngs,inc
lud
ing
J
uve
nil
eju
sti
cea
ndwe
lfa
res
yst
em.
progr
amsa ndservicesforp r
e venti
on,dive
rsi
on,
rehab
il
it
ati
on,re-integra
tio
na nda f
terc
areto
ensur
etheirnorma lgrowthandd evel
opment.
Pe
rio
dco
ver
ing17t
o21ye
arso
ld. l
atea
dol
esc
enc
e
Per
iodcove
ring6to11yea
rsc
orr
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ond
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atec
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olye
ars
.
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eginsatage6
c
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teri
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essedfee
li
ngsofsexu
ali
ty l
ate
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u
nti
lthegenit
alagebeg
insatpuber
ty.
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rio
dco
ver
ing40-60ye
arso
fhu
mane
xis
tenc
e. mi
ddl
eag
e
Fail
uretop rovid
ef o
rr eas
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rom
povert
ya dequatefood,shel
terandcl
othi
ng,
basi
ce duc
a t
ion,me di
calcarewhichseri
ous
ly ne
gle
ct
endangerthes oci
al
,me ntal
,physi
cal
,emo t
iona
l
develo
pme nto fachil
d.
Ref
erstoachi
ldwhoseb
asicnee
dsha vebee
n
ne
gle
cte
dchi
ld
de
li
bera
tel
yunatt
end
edofinad
equat
elyatt
ended
.
Achi
ldcari
ngins
tit
uti
onthatpro
vid
esbasi
c
e
duca
tio
na ndcar
ef ormo
r etha
n6c hi
ld
renle
ss nu
rse
ry
t
han6ye a
rsofage.
Humanexi
ste
ncewhi
chs
tar
tsf
rom 60ye
ara
nd
o
lda
ge
be
yond.
Thi
svi ewa s
sertsthatchi
ldr
enwhostart
ed
del
inquentc ar
eerse ar
lyandc o
mmit
tedviol
ent
p
ers
ist
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e
ac
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o u
g houttheiradol
esc
encewoul
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yto
co
nt i
nuea sa dul
ts.
Phaseofd
evel
opmentwe r
echi
ld
renf
ocu
sthe
ir
p
hal
li
cst
age
at
tenti
onont
heirg
e ni
tal
s.
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ngcri
ppl
e,deaf
,mu t
eb l
indofa
dve
rti
se
def
ect
swhichres
tri
ctthei
rme a
nsofact
iona
nd p
hys
ica
ll
yha
ndi
cap
ped
co
mmu ni
cat
ionwit
ha d
d e
rs.
Star
tsa
tc o
nc e
pti
onatt
heo vum,de
velop
mento
f
p
re-na
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eri
od
theembr
yot ofet
ust
obirt
ho fachi
ld.
Thi
sma rksthee
ndo
fchi
ld
hoo
dandt
hes
tar
tof
p
ube
rty
ado
les
cence.
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rstofamil
ytypehome swhi
chgi
ve
tempor
aryshel
terf
rom 10-20daysf
orchi
ld
ren r
ece
ivi
ng
underobs
erva
tio
n.
Ap heno
me nonthatocc
urswhe nyout
hwho
r
ega r
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lvesasdeli
nquent
saregivingan
r
efl
ect
iver
olet
aki
ng
i
nnervo i
cetotheirper
cepti
onofvi
ewo fhow
s
ignif
ica
nto t
hersfee
laboutthem.
Afaci
li
tythatreceivesandrehabsyou t
hfu
l
o
ffe
nderso radderd i
stu
rbedchil
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rthe
p
urposeofd e
terminingtheappropri
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or r
eha
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it
ati
onc
ent
re
d
eemo fr e
comme nd i
ngthei
rp er
ma nent
t
reat
me ntinotherwe l
fareagenci
es.
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resap roc
e sso fresolving
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ictswi ththema xi nvol
ve mento ft hevictim,
theo ff
e nde randt hec o
mmu ni
ty.I tseekst o
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onc il
ia
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n
fortheo f
f ender,theo f
fendeda ndt he
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est
ora
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ntegratedint
os oc i
ety.Ita l
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end er,t hevi c
tima ndc ommu nityin
preventions t
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Refe
rstoa gg
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icu
ltu
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ndust
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al
s
ama
han
ent
erpr
ise
swi derbel
ongingtola
bouror
manage
me nt.
Af acu
ltywhichp r
ide
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tiontochi
ld
reni
n
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nc yrece
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onbroughtab
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hel
terc
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it
uti
on
fo
r t
uit
ousevents,aba
ndonment,dang
erous
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ngwhoa dul
tc a
re.
Athe o
rythatpointcr
iminalbehavi
oura
lp a
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t
oc hil
dhoo
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iali
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ionandp roofanti
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oci
ald
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lop
mentmo
del
a
tta
c hmentsovertheli
feco u
rse.
Referst
oo ff
enseswhichd i
scri
mina
teo nl
y
ag
a i
nstac hi
ld,wil
lana du
ltdoesnotsu f
fera
ny
penal
tyforcomings i
mil
ara ct
s.Thisshall s
tat
uso
ffe
nse
i
nc l
udecurfe
wvi ol
ati
ons,tru
ancy,par
e nta
l
di
sobedi
encea ndtheli
ke.
Refe
rstono
tatt
endi
ngcl
ass
eswhoany
t
rua
ncy
re
asona
blec
aus
et omor
ethan20sc
hoold
ays
.
Anyc l
ub,or
g a
nizat
ionofa s
soci
atio
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i
ndivid
ual
sbelow21ye arso fagewhichis
yo
utha
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cia
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n
di
rectl
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ectl
yinvol
ve dinc a
rryi
ngout
you
t hofchi
ldwe l
far
ea c
tivi
tie
sa ndp r
ogr
ams.
Refersto24ho urc hildcaringinstit
uti
o n
ma nagedb yac c
reditedloca lgovernme ntu ni
ts
andlicenseda ndo fac cr
e d
itedno n-gove r
nme nt
organiz
ati
o nsp r
ovidings hort-t
e r
mr esi
d enti
al yo
uthd
ete
nti
onho
me
careforc hil
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lictwitht helawwho
area wait
ingc ourtdisposit
iono rtheirc aseso f
tra
ns f
ertoa dd e
ra ge nci
eso fjurisdi
cti
o n.
A24hou
rres
ide
nti
alc
aref
aci
li
tyma
nag
edb
y
yo
uthr
eha
bil
it
ati
onc
ent
ers
t
heDSWD.
Humanint
erac
tio
ncha
ract
eriz
edb yb
eing
a
dul
teg
ost
ate
f
actu
al,wor
thyandva
lueforrea
son.
Pre-desi
gnedpers
o nnel
,whop roceedupon
not
ific
ati
onimme d
ia t
elytotheinci
dentsceneto
se
lectas ui
tabl
elocati
onforat ac
tic
alho l
di
ng a
dva
ncep
art
y
ar
ea ,coor
dina
tewhi chthefir
stresponder
sand
i
nit
iatecoll
ect
ingintel
li
genc
eo nthet ar
getare
a.
Ma
les
exho
rmo
ne. a
ndr
oge
n
Ref
erstothep e
riodwereap ot
enti
alvi
cti
m
st
art
stor e
cogniz
ea ndperce
ivethata a
nti
ci
pat
oryp
has
e
pr
ecari
oussit
uati
one xi
sts
.
Hu mant r
aitusu
a l
lydis
tingui
shedbyint
ent
iona
l
andwi l
fulactswhichviola
testheri
ghtsof a
nti
-so
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lpr
ese
ntl
y
other
st hroug
hu nethi
calbehavi
our
.
Anal
ysi
sthatmeasu
rethebe
li
efs
,at
ti
tud
esa
nd
a
tti
tud
esu
rve
y
val
uesofdi
ffe
rentgr
oups
.
Fe
aro
fbe
inga
loneo
rfe
aro
fone
'ss
elf
. a
utop
hob
ia
Behavi
ourwhic
hisdi
sti
ngui
shedand
a
voi
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ona
li
ty
char
acter
ize
dbyhyp
ersens
iti
vit
ytorej
ect
ion.
I
tre
fer
stoap
syc
hol
ogi
cala
cti
vit
ywhi
chi
s a
war
ene
ss
a
cco
rdingtoman'
sexpe
rie
ncea
ndi
nte
rpr
eta
tio
n
o
fsti
mu l
usoro
b j
ect
.
Mannerofle
arni
nga
ggr
ess
ionb
yme
anso
f
b
eha
vio
urmo
del
li
ng
ob
servanc
e.
Theb ranchofp s
ychol
ogythatdeal
swi t
hthe
stu
dyo fo bs
ervabl
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havio
urrat
hert ha
n
unconsci
ousmo ti
ves.I
tgivesat
tent
iontothe b
eha
vio
uri
sm
rel
ati
onshipbetweenpart
icul
arst
imuliandan
i
ndivid
ua l
’
sr es
ponsetoit
.
Ab
nor
ma ls
exualbeha
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urb
yha
vingi
nte
rco
urs
e
b
est
ial
it
y
wi
thl
ivi
ngani
ma l
s.
Ca l
cul
ati
ngofmeasur
ingorp r
oba b
ledur
ati
o nof
l
e ngt
ho fhuma
nlif
ea ndatt
emp ttorel
atethe
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iome
try
freque
ncyofcri
meb etwe
enp arentandoff
spri
ng
ands i
bli
ngs
.
Avi
ewwhi chsta
testhatnoseri
ous
c
ons
ider
a t
iont
oo rg
anicfac
tor
sinatte
mpt
ingt
o b
iop
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ia
u
nder
standhumanna t
ure.
Referstonatu
rala
ndor
ganicher
it
age,
envi
ronme nta
ndit
sef
fect
so nman'
ssoci
al b
ios
oci
alb
eha
vio
ur
acti
vit
ies
.
Refe
rstoane mot
ionaldi
stu
rbanc
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ch
moodscha
ng ebe
twe e
np eri
odsofwi
lde
cst
asy b
ipo
lard
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rde
r
andpro
founddepr
ession.
Exe
mpli
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edbyinst
abil
it
yr ef
lec
tedi
ndr
ast
ic
b
ord
erl
inep
ers
ona
li
ty
mooda
ndb e
havi
ouralprob
lems.
Ac ommo ntermfo rasc hemi
calres
traints
,
ant
ipsyc
ho t
icdrugssu c
ha sHaldol
,p r
olong,
Ris
perdalandsteali
ngwhi chhel
pc ontr
o ll
evels c
hemi
cals
tra
itj
acke
t
ofneurot
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ha sdopamine/ser
otoni
n,
usedtotreatvi
olence-pronepeop
le.
Humanint
era
cti
onwhichischar
act
eri
zedb
y
depe
ndenc
e,demand
s,impat
ienc
e,bei
ng c
hil
deg
ost
ate
re
bell
io
usandemoti
ona
l.
Ap er
so nalinvestmentinconfo r
mistindi
vid
uals
,
i
nsti
tut
io nsa ndprocesstha
tt hwa r
tpe o
plefro
m
engag
ingi nb ehavio
ura ndactivi
tie
sthatme et c
ommi
tme
ntt
oco
nfo
rmi
ty
harma ndj e
o par
d i
zetheirachievementand
rep
utati
o n.
Refer
stoindi
vidu
aldesi
ret
ocounte
rbal
ance
i
nferi
ori
tywit
hs omet
hingi
nwhichhema y
c
omp
ens
ati
on
succ
eed.Usual
lyadensere
act
ionagai
nst
fe
eli
ngsofina
dequac
ya ndi
nfe
rio
rit
y.
Ref
erstoormoretyp
eofhu
manc
ond
uctwhi
ch
c
omp
lexhu
manb
eha
vio
ur
oc
cursnones
itu
ati
on.
Occu
rswhens
timul
usandres
ponsepat
terns
c
omp
li
ment
aryt
rans
act
ion
fr
omo nee
gost
atetoi
nvad
era r
ep a
ral
le
l.
Unco
ntr
oll
abl
eori
rre
sis
tib
lei
mpu
lset
odo
c
omp
uls
ivene
uro
sis
so
methi
ng.
Hu
mantrai
twhic
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rac
ter
ize
db yco
ncern
c
omp
uls
ivep
ers
ona
li
ty
wi
thr
ule
sa ndo
rder
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le
dinsi
ste
nce.
Aps
ychol
ogi
calsta
techar
acte
rizedbyre
peat
c
ond
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iso
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r
a
ndseve
reepiso
desofanti
-soci
albe
havi
our
.
Be
havi
ourandma
nne
rse
xpe
cte
dofs
oci
alg
rou
p
c
ond
uctno
rms
membe
rs.
Assert
ionthathumanbehavi
ourismoul
dedb y
i
nterpers
onaldif
fer
enc
ea ndthatwhomaint
ain
c
onf
li
ctvi
ew
soci
alinf
luenceandpo
we rweu sei
ttofurt
her
the
irowng o a
lsanddes
ires.
Pa
rto fsu
pere
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ermi
neswha
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c
ons
cie
nce
wrongandwhatisc
orrec
t.
Gene t
ictendenci
esande arl
ye xperi
enceswhi
ch
ma kesomep e o
plesuscep
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et odevi
antsoci
al
c
ont
agi
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ffe
ct
behaviou
rwhi chisrela
yedb yt hepres
enceof
antis
ocia
ls i
bl
ingsintheho us
eho l
d.
Meanscont
rol
li
ngandsta
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iz
ingt
hes
itu
ati
on
c
ont
ainme
nt
andare
awhe r
einc
r i
si
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s.
Thea
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rti
ont
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rimeb
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nsi
nli
fea
nd c
ont
inu
ityo
fcr
ime
c
ont
inu
est
hro
ugho
utt
hel
if
eco
urs
e.
Aco
ursethats
tart
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erha
nde
d
b
eha
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ura ndpro
gres
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tycrime c
ove
rtp
athwa
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c
ommis
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n.
Thes c
hemet ha
tc o
nductnormsarehanded
downfromo negenerat
iontoawards
ot hey
c
ult
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ltr
ans
mis
sio
n
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mes tab
leandp re
dict
abl
eg r
oupl
ifest
ylea
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behavi
our
.
Re
fer
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n'ss
ens
eoft
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uta
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us
Fal
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ts e
lf,c
ause
db ymorbi
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d
elu
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n
pr
esentnpar
anoi
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iap
rae
cox.
Me nt
aldis
orderthatbeg
insatofshor
tl
ya f
ter
pubert
y,andu sua
ll
yleadtogenera
lfai
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reo ft
he
d
eme
nti
apr
aec
ox
mentalfacu
lti
es,wit
hthec o
rres
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ng
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olog
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mp ai
rment
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Thi
sp e
rta
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ali
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reeab
lere
ali
ti
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Awit
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lre
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ize
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mpu
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oma
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Alsoknownasdif
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s
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ire
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twitho t
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ri
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ourwhic
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ter
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ongint
ermsofti
me.
Thisfor
msp a
rto fma n'
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calorgani
zat
ion
bet
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mu liononehanda ndhismotor
e
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ac
tivi
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.Thee gooperat
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hesu
p e
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owhichdir
ects
i
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ualint
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ll
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asu
rab
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Aphas
einthedeve
lopmentwher
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lss
tar
t
El
ect
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omp
lex
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ohavese
xualf
eeli
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rt he
irf
athe
rs.
Convu
lsi
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end
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ytome
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l
e
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eps
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de
teri
ora
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n.
Asse
rti
ontha
tal
lindi
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ual
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ualatbi
rt
h
e
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pot
ent
ial
it
y
andaredr
aft
eri
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uencedbyt
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renvi
ronment
.
Morbi
dp r
opens
ityt
olovetoma
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ove
;
e
rot
oma
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unc
ontro
ll
abl
esexuald
esir
e.
Ref
erstod
evia
nts
exualb
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ourbyme
ansof
e
xhi
bi
ti
oni
sm
exp
osi
ngpri
vat
eorga
nsofthebodyi
npu
bli
c.
Ana t
tri
buteofhumanbehavi
ourwhi
chc
onno
tes
e
xte
nsi
ty
si
ze,di
stanceandlo
cat
ion.
Dayd
rea
ms,whi
chi
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ormofphys
ica
lfl
it
sasa
f
ant
asy
te
mpora
ryes
cap
efr
omfr
ust
rat
iono
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it
y.
Ment
a ldef
ect
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amounti
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sye tsopr
o nounce
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eeb
le-mi
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iso
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t
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rol
f
ortheirowno ffortheprot
e ct
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fo thers
.
Devi
ati
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ubs
tit
uti
ono
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f
eti
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i
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rowth.
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Anabno
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hissa
idt
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iona
l,
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bit
ualhu
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ur
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uage.
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it
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ome
bod
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mic
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lco
mpu
lsi
on
Ext
reme
lyme
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mos
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als
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mop
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Rea
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hu
manb
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i
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nvi
ronment.
Abr
anchofpsyc
hologytha
te mp
has
ize
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lf-
hu
mani
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ycho
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t
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e s
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D
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Apsyc
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i
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s.
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sonswithme nta
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cha
deg
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ya reunabl
et oguar
dthems
elve
s i
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ots
ag
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tc o
mmo np hysi
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rs.
Perso
nwi thme nt
alde
fect
ivenes
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amounti
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i
mbe
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ya reincapa
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eofmanagingthe
ms el
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iminala
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e
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tsact
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Peopl
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m withadr
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su
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emacy.
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nst
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manb
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ur
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nher
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i
nte
nsi
ty
t
ermsofmagni
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ermil
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aco
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ese
izu
re
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ho rwholo
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Ast
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ist
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re,co
ndi
ti
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ate
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rai
ts
p
eopl
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imepronelateri
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Sexualde
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nc har
act
eri
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ati
fi
cat
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y
ma
soc
his
m
endu
ringpai
ninfl
ict
eduponhim.
Thi
sr e
fer
st othegr
owthofbi
rt
htha
tis
pr
imari
lyinf
lue
ncedandde
ter
minedbyg
ene
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tur
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on
f
acto
rs.
Di
sor
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htheaf
fec
ted
me
gal
oma
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pe
rso
nthi
nkso
fhimse
lfa
sexal
tedo
rgreat
.
Ment
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sorderwit
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br
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tenacc
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nd me
lanc
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ha
ll
uci
nat
ions
.
Ap e
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romd
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me
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ll
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rang
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ha
ll
ucina
tio
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Sta
ndardsb ywhic
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a c
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her
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ateauthor
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andangera tco
nvent
ionalso
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y.
Cr
avi
ngo
fane
rot
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tur
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rde
adb
odi
es. ne
cro
phi
l
ism
Referstod
ep r
essi
on,ange
r,fe
ar,di
sap
poi
ntment
ando t
heradvers
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tio
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tsf
rom ne
gat
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ffe
cti
ves
tat
es
str
ain.
Thep
roc
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ngne
g a
tivest
imu
liorl
osso
f
ne
gat
iver
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orc
eme
nt
re
war
dtores
tra
inunwant
edb e
havi
our
.
Meanstoset
tl
eorar
rang
ebyc
onf
err
inga
nd
ne
got
iat
e
di
scus
singt
erms.
St
udyo
fthea
cti
vit
ieso
ftheb
rai
n. ne
uro
-phys
iol
ogy
Pe
opl
ewhofea
rthatt
herepr
imi
ti
vei
nst
inc
ts
ne
uro
tic
s
wi
lld
omi
nat
ether
ep r
ese
ntl
y.
Mo
vingf
romp
lac
etop
lac
e. no
mad
ism
Occu
rswhens
timul
usandres
pons
epatt
erns
no
n-c
omp
li
ment
aryt
rans
act
ion
fr
omo nee
gost
atetoa
wa r
da r
enotp
arall
el
.
Ap ha
seofdeve
lop
me ntwhenmales
tart
sto
ha
ves exu
ali
nte
rcour
sewiththe
irmothe
rs.
Oe
dip
uscompl
ex