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    Electron Transport Chain

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    bluegreenalga
    The document discusses the electron transport chain, which transfers electrons from substrates to oxygen in a stepwise manner through electron carriers and enzyme complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradual transfer produces energy in a controlled and efficient process, unlike the explosive and inefficient direct reaction of hydrogen with oxygen in non-biological systems. The key components of the electron transport chain discussed are the electron carriers NADH, flavoproteins, ubiquinone, and cytochromes, as well as the four enzyme complexes - Complex I, Complex II, Complex III, and Complex IV.

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    Electron Transport Chain

    Uploaded by

    bluegreenalga
    309 views22 pages
    The document discusses the electron transport chain, which transfers electrons from substrates to oxygen in a stepwise manner through electron carriers and enzyme complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradual transfer produces energy in a controlled and efficient process, unlike the explosive and inefficient direct reaction of hydrogen with oxygen in non-biological systems. The key components of the electron transport chain discussed are the electron carriers NADH, flavoproteins, ubiquinone, and cytochromes, as well as the four enzyme complexes - Complex I, Complex II, Complex III, and Complex IV.

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    Electron Transport Chain

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    The document discusses the electron transport chain, which transfers electrons from substrates to oxygen in a stepwise manner through electron carriers and enzyme complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradual transfer produces energy in a controlled and efficient process, unlike the explosive and inefficient direct reaction of hydrogen with oxygen in non-biological systems. The key components of the electron transport chain discussed are the electron carriers NADH, flavoproteins, ubiquinone, and cytochromes, as well as the four enzyme complexes - Complex I, Complex II, Complex III, and Complex IV.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    309 views22 pages

    Electron Transport Chain

    Uploaded by

    bluegreenalga
    The document discusses the electron transport chain, which transfers electrons from substrates to oxygen in a stepwise manner through electron carriers and enzyme complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradual transfer produces energy in a controlled and efficient process, unlike the explosive and inefficient direct reaction of hydrogen with oxygen in non-biological systems. The key components of the electron transport chain discussed are the electron carriers NADH, flavoproteins, ubiquinone, and cytochromes, as well as the four enzyme complexes - Complex I, Complex II, Complex III, and Complex IV.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 22
    At a glance
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    The electron transport chain transfers electrons in a step-wise, efficient and controlled manner from substrates to oxygen to produce energy gradually in cells.

    In biological systems, cells use the electron transport chain to transfer electrons stepwise from substrates to oxygen, producing energy gradually in an efficient and controlled process. In non-biological systems, energy is produced directly and explosively by the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen.

    The main components are hydrogen carriers (NAD+, FAD, FMN), ubiquinone, cytochromes (b, c1, c, a, a3) and iron-sulfur proteins.

    BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION

    Electron Transport Chain


    Dr. Dalia Shaalan
    Lecturer of Medical Biochemistry
    Faculty of Medicine – Mansoura University
    Electron Transport Chain
    In non-biologic systems,
    • Energy is produced in the form of heat by direct
    reaction between hydrogen and oxygen,
    • Then heat can be transformed into mechanical
    or electric energy.
    • This process is explosive, inefficient and
    uncontrolled.
    Electron Transport Chain
    In biologic systems,
    • Cells use electron transport chain to transfer
    electrons stepwise from substrates to oxygen.
    • Thus producing energy gradually.
    • This process is stepwise, efficient and
    controlled.
    Electron Transport Chain
    • Definition:
    It is a chain of catalysts of increasing redox
    potential that collects reducing equivalents
    (hydrogen atoms and electrons) from substrates
    transferring it stepwise to be oxidized in a final
    reaction with oxygen to form water and energy.
    • It is also known as redox chain or respiratory
    chain.
    Electron Transport Chain

    Components of the electron transport chain


    1. Hydrogen and electron carriers.
    2. Four membrane-bound enzyme complexes.

    All are imbedded in the inner mitochondrial


    membrane.
    Electron Transport Chain

    FAD
    NAD→ FMN→ Co Q→ Cyt b→ c1 → c → a → a3
    Hydrogen and electron carriers
    Electron Transport Chain
    Hydrogen and electron carriers
    1- NAD+
    • A coenzyme acts as a hydride ion carrier (H- =
    Hydrogen atom with 2 electrons).
    • It receives 2H from substrates as isocitrate,
    malate, β-hydroxy acyl CoA and β-hydroxy
    butyrate.
    • Its reduced form (NADH+H+) passes both
    hydrogens to flavoprotein containing FMN
    Electron Transport Chain
    Hydrogen and electron carriers
    2-Flavoproteins
    • FAD and FMN are tightly bound to flavoproteins to
    prevent their reduced form reacting with oxygen directly.
    • Flavoprotein Fp1 containing FMN receives (2 H) atoms
    from reduced NAD+ passing them to coenzyme Q.
    • Flavoprotein Fp2 containing FAD receives (2 H) atoms
    from substrates as succinate, acyl CoA and choline
    passing them to coenzyme Q.
    Electron Transport Chain
    Hydrogen and electron carriers
    3- Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q)
    • It is a small molecule, freely mobile in the inner
    mitochondrial membrane.
    • collects reducing equivalents from more fixed
    components (reduced FMN or FAD).
    N.B: Ubiquinones are compounds containing quinine ring
    (vary according to number of side chain isoprene units).
    The most common ubiquinone is coenzyme Q that has
    structural similarity to vitamin K.
    Electron Transport Chain
    Hydrogen and electron carriers
    3- Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q)
    • Receives 2 hydrogen atoms to form ubiquinol (reduced
    coenzyme Q) or 1 hydrogen atom forming semiquinone.
    • Reduced coenzyme Q passes the 2 e- to 2 cytochrome b
    and releases 2H+ into the mitochondrial matrix.
    • It is a bridge between flavoproteins, which can carry 2
    hydrogen atoms, and cytochrome b, which can carry one
    electron only.
    Electron Transport Chain
    Hydrogen and electron carriers
    3- Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q)
    Oxidation of ubiquinol involves 2 successive actions:
    • Ubiquinol (coenzyme Q) dehydrogenase:
    transfers electrons to (cyt b, FeS protein, cyt c1 which
    are its coenzymes) then to cytochrome c .
    • Cytochrome oxidase:
    transfers electrons from cyt c to (cyt a, cyt a3 which are
    its coenzymes) then to oxygen.
    Hydrogen and electron carriers

    4- Cytochromes
    • Electron carriers transfer only electrons from CoQ to O2.
    • The letters; a, b and c according to their order of discovery.
    • All ETC cytochromes are haemoproteins (differ in redox
    potential).
    • The haem in cytochromes differs from that of haemoglobin
    as the Fe atom oscillates between oxidation and reduction
    during the physiological action of cytochromes, while the Fe
    of haemoglobin remains in the reduced form during its
    physiological action.
    Electron Transport Chain
    Hydrogen and electron carriers
    4- Cytochromes
    • Cytochrome c is a water soluble, peripheral membrane
    protein. It is relatively mobile.
    • Cytochrome a3 contains copper in addition to the
    haeme group.
    • N.B. the mobile components of the electron transport
    chain include Co-Q and cyt c. They collect reducing
    equivalents from the other fixed components.
    Electron Transport Chain
    Hydrogen and electron carriers
    5- Iron sulfur protein (FeS or none- haeme iron)
    • associated with flavoproteins and cytochrome b.
    • consists of cluster of cysteine residues which bind Fe by
    covalent bonds (with S of cysteine).
    • The S and Fe are thought to take part in the oxidation-
    reduction mechanism between flavoprotein and
    coenzyme Q as Fe atom in these complexes oscillates
    between oxidation and reduction that allow them to
    either give up or accept electrons.
    Enzyme Complexes of the Electron Transport
    Chain organized in the inner mitochondrial
    membrane
    Electron Transport Chain
    Enzyme Complexes of the Electron Transport Chain
    • Complex I: NADH dehydrogenase (NADH-ubiquinone
    oxidoreductase)
    • It is a flavoprotein that contains FMN as well as FeS protein
    as coenzymes.
    • It transfers hydrogen atoms from NADH+H+ to ubiquinone.
    Electron Transport Chain
    Enzyme Complexes of the Electron Transport Chain
    • Complex II: Succinate dehydrogenase (succinate-
    ubiquinone oxidoreductase)
    • It is a flavoprotein that contains FAD as well as FeS
    protein as coenzymes.
    • It transfers hydrogen atoms from succinate to
    ubiquinone.
    Electron Transport Chain
    Enzyme Complexes of the Electron Transport Chain
    Complex III: Ubiquinol dehydrogenase (ubiquinol-
    cytochrome c oxidoreductase).
    • It transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c
    using cyt b and cyt c1 as coenzymes.
    Complex IV: Cytochrome oxidase (cytochrome-oxygen
    oxidoreductase)
    • It transfers electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen.
    • It needs cyt a and cyt a3 as coenzymes.
    Electron Transport Chain
    Enzyme Complexes of the Electron Transport Chain
    N.B: In addition to these four enzyme complexes, there is
    fifth complex (complex V) which is the ATP synthase
    that responsible for biosynthesis of ATP from ADP and
    inorganic phosphate.
    Electron Transport Chain
    Electron Transport Chain
    AH2 NAD FMNH2 Oxidized reduced Oxidized reduced

    Coenzyme Q Cyt b (2 Fe +2) Cyt c1 (2 Fe +3) Cyt c (2 Fe +2)


    NAD linked
    Complex I Complex III
    dehydrogenases
    A NADH+H+ FMN reduced Oxidized reduced Oxidized
    Coenzyme Q Cyt b (2 Fe +3) Cyt c1 (2 Fe +2) Cyt c (2 Fe +3)

    2H+

    reduced Oxidized reduced


    ½ O2
    Cyt c (2 Fe +2) Cyt a (2 Fe +3) Cyt a3 (2 Fe +2)

    Complex IV
    O= H2O
    Oxidized reduced Oxidized
    Cyt c (2 Fe +3) Cyt a (2 Fe +2) Cyt a3 (2 Fe +3)

    Sequence of events in the electron transport chain

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