PREMILLENNIALISM AND AN EXEGESIS OF REVELATION 20

13th ANNUAL PRE-TRIB STUDY GROUP

By Dr. Steve P. Sullivan © 2004
Professor at the College of Biblical Studies, Houston Texas

INTRODUCTION

Dr. John F. Walvoord in an article on Revelation 20:1-6 made this bold statement: "Few

verses in the Bible are more crucial to the interpretation of the Bible as a whole than the opening

verses in Revelation 20."1 Even if this statement overstates the matter, this passage is very

important to understand in the scheme of biblical prophecy. Yet, many people have dismissed

the book of Revelation as too difficult to understand and chapter 20 as too controversial to know

what it means. Therefore, they have missed some important revelation which God has given us

for our blessed hope as well as blessing to our spiritual lives (Revelation 1:3).

What are they missing? They are missing the climatic events which follow after the

second coming of Christ dealing with God's just and righteous kingdom. It is here that we see

Jesus Christ's irruption into history which brings the long awaited triumphant over evil.

Revelation 20 deals specifically with the resurrection of the righteous and the wicked. It is also

absolutely essential for the understanding of the future events and destiny of Satan. Finally, it is

the place where God reveals the extent of time for the earthly kingdom.

How will this article help in the understanding Revelation 20? First, we will discuss the

importance of the context of Revelation 20. Secondly, we will determine the meaning of the

"binding of Satan" in Revelation 20:1-3. Thirdly, we will raise and answer seven questions

concerning Revelation 20:4-15:

1
John F. Walvoord, "The Theological Significance of Revelation 20:1-6," Essays In Honor of J. Dwight
Pentecost, ed. Stanely D. Toussaint & Charles H. Dyer (Chicago: Moody Press, 1986), p. 227.
 2

(1) Who are they who reign with Christ?

(2) Who are those who will live?

(3) What about the thousand years?

(4) Where will the saints reign for a thousand years?

(5) When will the battle of Revelation 20:7-10 take place?

(6) What about the “great White Throne Judgment?”

(7) Why will there be a millennial kingdom?

One may see how important these questions are for understanding the future, but how

will all this affect our life in this present age? Let us answer this question by the following

statement: "One's view of eschatology [the study of last things], to a large extent, determines

what kind of ethics one develops and practices."2 Let us look at just one example from Scripture

out of many we could turn to demonstrate the above point. 1 John 3:2-3 says, "Beloved now we

are children of God, and it has not appeared as yet what we shall be. We know that, when He

appears, we shall be like Him, because we shall see Him just as He is. And everyone who has

this hope fixed on Him purifies himself, just as He is pure.”3 Notice how John expects that the

future hope of Christ's coming should purify our daily living in this present age. Therefore, let us

not shy away from Revelation 20 which deals with some crucial events of things to come, but let

us understand it and by God's grace not only enjoy the blessings it brings in this life and the life

to come, but also be the means of purifying our lives!

2
H. Wayne House & Thomas Ice, Dominion Theology: Blessing or Cursing? (Portland: Multnomah Press,
1988), p. 45.
3
All Bible quotation are taken from NASB unless otherwise stated.
 3

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CONTEXT

Introduction

How one understands the chronology of the book of Revelation, especially chapters 19-

21 will set the coarse for one's understanding of the millennium.4 Many amillennial scholars use

the recapitulation system or progressive parallelism5 as their system of interpretation of the

book.6 Anthony Hoekema supports the recapitulation method of interpretation when he says, "the

4
John A. McLean, “The Structure of the Book of Revelation and Its Implication for the Pre-wrath Rapture
(Part One),” Michigan Theological Journal, 2 (Fall 1991):138-167 critiques nine theories of structures for the book
of Revelation. John A. McLean, “The Structure of the Book of Revelation and Its Implication for the Pre-wrath
Rapture (Part Two),” Michigan Theological Journal, 1 (Spring 1992):7 “argues for the successive view of the
septets judgments, i.e., the trumpets sequentially follow the seals and the bowls sequentially follow the trumpets.
The successive structure does not negate a recapitulation of other visions in that the writer does portray visionary
scenes which preview eschatological events to come (Rev. 7:9–17; 14:8–13).” McLean summarizes the book of
Revelation by saying, “The crucial differences between the judgments include: the Prima facie reading of the text,
the sequential character within each septet, the use of ordinal numbers, the sequential aspect of the seventh part of
each septet, the contextual clues of progression argue for the successive approach. The following structural outline
represents a descriptive view of the development of the Apocalypse. This progressive disclosure is like a spiraling
conical staircase. The climax of the Apocalypse is the coming of the Son of Man. The major motif that leads up to
the parousia is the intensification of the septet judgments, (4:1–19:21). The septets unfold out of each other until the
final climax of worldwide destruction. The writer intermittently suspends the progressive movement and disclosure
of the septets in order to introduce pertinent information. The information is inserted by meaning of narrative
previews or narrative synopses. Narrative previews amplify major characters or events that are enunciated later in
the Apocalypse. Narrative synopses provide apocalyptic scenes that review past events and lead the reader to future
episodes.” (Michigan Theological Journal, 1 [Spring 1992]:9-10)

5
G. K. Beale, The New International Greek Testament Commentary:The Book of Revelation (Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999), pp. 121-45 surveys and argues for recapitulation position. See Robert L. Thomas,
Revelation 8-22 An Exegetical Commentary (Chicago: Moody Press, 1995), pp. 525-43 for a critique of
recapitulation and arguments for chronological progression in the book of Revelation.

6
A brief historical perspective of the development of eschatology see Harold Hoehner, “Evidence from
Revelation 20,” A Case for Premillenialism, eds. Donald K. Campbell & Jeffrey L. Townsend (Chicago: Moody
Press, 1992), pp. 236-45. Hoehner suggests to consult Hans Bietenhard, “The Millennial Hope in the Early Church,”
Scottish Journal of theology 6 (1953): 12-30, which is a condensation of his doctoral dissertation and Jean Danielou,
“The Theology of Jewish Christianity, “ in A History of Early Christian Doctrine before the Council of Nicaea,
trans. And ed. John A Baker (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1964), 1:377-404. Charles E. Hill, Regnum Caelorum:
Patterns of Millennial Thought in Early Christianity (Grand Rapids: Eerdmanns, 2001) 2nd ed. from an amillennial
viewpoint gives his understanding of the early history development of eschatology. See his summary chart on pp.
271-72. John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago: Moody, 1966), pp. 282-90 gives a brief survey
of the three major positions taken in Revelation 20.
 4

book of Revelation consists of seven sections which run parallel to each other, each of which

depicts the church and the world from the time of Christ's first coming to the time of his second

coming."7 Most amillennialist would list Revelation 20-22 as one of those progressive parallels.

Contrary to the premillennial view, the amillennialist does not see a progression from chapter 19

to chapter 20. They understand that chapter 20 begins to describe the activity of God binding

Satan's activity by Christ's work on the cross. Then the rest of chapter 20 through chapter 22

progresses on and gives us more detail about the church age, events surrounding the second

coming and the eternal kingdom.

Yet, there is strong evidence to indicate that the visions of Revelation 19 and 20 are

presenting a chronological progression in time. The literary device that John uses to indicate this

progression is the phrase translated "and I saw" (6"Â ,É*@< ). This is found in Revelation 19:11,

17, 19 and Revelation 20:1, 4, 11 and Revelation 21:1. This seems to indicate that the series of

visions happened one after the other and not as parallel visions which are recapitulating the same

period of time. Harold Hoehner addresses this issue:

The introductory words “and I saw” (kai eidon), used 32 times in the book,
usually denote the next vision seen by John (e.g., 13:1, 11; 14:1, 6, 14; 15:1;
16:13; 17:3; 19:11, 17, 19; 20:4, 11, 12; 21:1). Though these words are not as
forceful a chronological marker as “after these things I saw” (meta tauta eidon;
4:1; 7:9; 15:5; 18:1) or “after these things I heard” (meta tauta ekousa; 19:1), they
do show chronological progression.8

Some amillennialists would agree that the 6"Â ,É*@< in Revelation 19:11 - 21:1 gives a

7
Anthony A. Hoekema, The Bible And The Future (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979), p. 223; William
Hendriksen, More Than Conquerors (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1960), pp. 28-29. The seven parallel chapters are:
chapters 1-3, 4-7, 8-11, 12-14, 15-16, 17-19 and 20-22.

8
Harold Hoehner, “Evidence from Revelation 20,” A Case for Premillenialism, eds. Donald K. Campbell
& Jeffrey L. Townsend (Chicago: Moody Press, 1992), pp. 247-48.
 5

visional chronicle, but not a historical chronicle of events. In other words, they would accept that

John received the visions in the chronological order of Revelation 19:11 - 20:15, but they would

deny that the actual progress of history is necessarily in this order. Many amillennialists would

accept that Revelation 19:11-21 is a historical progression but they would contend that

Revelation 20:7-10 is referring again to the second coming like Revelation 19:11-21. They

would take Revelation 20:1-3 and the binding of Satan to begin at the death and resurrection of

Christ and then the “thousand years” would extend from the church age to the second coming.

This brief survey gives us a broad summary of the chronology issue. The next section of

this paper will examine the context and the validity of 6"Â ,É*@< in Revelation 19:11- 20:15 to

see if there is any reason to accept the 6"Â ,É*@< sections as not only visional progression but

historical progression of events.9

The “And I Saw” (6"Â ,É*@<) Sections in Revelation 19:11 - 20:15

In Revelation 19:11-16 the 6"Â ,É*@< section is an introduction to Jesus Christ and His

heavenly army. In 19:15-16 an explanation of the sword coming out of Christ’s mouth which

will judge the nations is described. In Revelation 19:17-18 section we are introduced to the birds

9
D. E. Aune, “Revelation 1-5” Word Biblical Commentary (Nashville, TN: Nelson, 1997) 52A:338 says
the 6"Â ,É*@<: (1) introduces a new vision (Rev.19:11, 17; 20:1, 4, 12; 21:1); (2) introduces a major scene within the
vision (Rev. 19:19; 21:2, 22); and (3) focuses “on a new or significant figure or action that occurs within a
continuing vision narrative” (Rev. 5:2, 6, 11; 6:2, 5, 8, 12; 7:2; 9:1; 16:13; 17:3, 6). Grant R. Osborne, Revelation, in
ECNT, ed. Moses Silva (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002):699 does not think that 6"Â ,É*@< in Rev. 19:11 - 20:15 are
chronological indicator, however he does believe that there is “narrative sequence, and the events in the vision flow
one after the other.” Others who would support both a visional and an historical progression in Revelation 19:11 -
20:15 are: John Walvoord, Revelation, p. 290; Alan Johnson, Revelation, Expositor’s Bible Commentary, ed. Frank
E. Gaebelein (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981), 12:580; Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation, NICNT (Grand
Rapids: Eerdmanns, 1977), p. 252; Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 An Exegetical Commentary, p. 381; David J.
MacLeod, “The Third ‘Last Thing’: The Binding of Satan, Bibliotheca Sacra 156 (Oct-Dec, 1999):472-73; Isbon T.
Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John (New York: Macmillan, 1919):738; R. H. Charles, The Revelation of St. John, in
ICC (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1920), 2:185.
 6

of the mid heaven and their role in the judgment. In verse 17 an angel calls forth the birds to

assemble for supper of the great slaughter and judgment of the enemies of God. The description

of verse 18 explains further the make-up of the “nations” in the previous section (v. 15). The

summoning of the birds in combination with the detailed description of the flesh they will eat (v.

18) explains the fierce wrath of God stated in 19:15. These combinations of events demonstrate

historical and visional progression in the first two sections (vv. 11-16 and vv. 17-18). This helps

to see that there is progression from each section that begins with “and I saw.”

Revelation 19:19-21 introduces the third sections where the beast and the false prophet

are judged. There are five points we need to consider: (1) The kings of the earth and their armies

are referred to in the previous section (vv.17-18) which demonstrates a progressive chronology.

(2) The latter half of verse 19 describes the war against the Lord who was sitting on the horse

and against His army which connects us back with 19:11-16. (3) The author in verse 20 makes a

description of the beast and the false prophet which refers back to their activity Revelation 13.

(4) Revelation 19:21 again demonstrates a progression in this section by referring to the “sword”

which came out of the mouth of the Lord. Thus, in verse 15 the author describes the Lord and the

sword which comes out of his mouth and then in verse 21 the author reports that the sword is

used to kill the enemies of God. (5) The last part of verse 21 also demonstrates historical and

visional progressive chronology. Notice in verses 17-18 that the birds are summoned to the

supper of the flesh of mankind and in verse 21 it describes the birds actually eating the flesh of

mankind.

Therefore, the major theme of Revelation 19:11-21 is the coming of the Lord and the

judgment upon the beast, his army of followers and the false prophet. The fourth section (20:1-3)
 7

deals with the last person of the unholy threesome. Notice the close ties that the beast has with

Satan. Satan is first introduced and some of his activities cataloged in Revelation 12. Then in

Revelation 13:4 it says, “and they worshiped the dragon, because he gave his authority to the

beast; and they worshiped the beast, saying, ‘Who is like the beast, and who is able to wage war

with him?’” This connection is also brought out in Revelation 20:10 when Satan is thrown into

the lake of fire just like the beast and the false prophet. In Revelation 20:1-3 section Satan is

confined in prison at the beginning of the thousand years. He will not be able to deceive the

nations until after the thousand years. It is then that he will be released for “a short time” (v.3).

The fifth 6"Â ,É*@< section (20:4-6) concentrates on those who sat on the thrones and the

martyrs who “came to life and reigned with Christ for a thousand years.” The thousand years tie

Revelation 20:1-10 together in a historical progression (20:2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). The martyred saints

(v. 4) who did not worship the beast or take his mark came to life in the first resurrection which

is at the beginning of the thousand years. The mark of the beast and the doom of the beast is

mentioned in Revelation 19:20 which is associated with the time period of the second coming of

Christ. This demonstrates that the event progresses from the judgment of the beast and the false

prophet at the second coming of Christ to the resurrection of the martyred saints who were

contemporary in time with the beast and his mark.10 These martyrs were resurrected at the

beginning of the thousand years for they must reign with Christ the entire thousand years (20:4-

5). Furthermore, the author not only uses a thousand years in his vision but also in his beatitude

(20:6). It is important to notice that the author changes from the aorist tense “reigned with Christ

for a thousand years” in verse 4 to a future tense of “will reign” with Christ for a thousand years

10
This will be developed later in the paper.
 8

in verse 6. This again demonstrates that Revelation 20:4-6 is future from the author’s

perspective. The future “reign” (20:6) corresponds with the beginning of the thousand-year

reign. It is difficult to see how the thousand years could begin at the death and resurrection of

Christ as many amillennialists propose.

The sixth section (20:7-10) changes the introductory phrase 6"Â ,É*@< and gives a time

indicator by using the phrase “when the thousand years are completed.” Revelation 20:7

connects back with 20:3 which says, “until the thousand years were completed” as well as the

phrase “after these things he must be released for a short time.” Notice the theme of Satan’s

deception on the nations. The deceiving of the nations is predicted in 20:3 yet this deception will

be prevented because of Satan’s imprisonment. Furthermore, in 20:8-10 Satan’s deception on

the nations and the final battle and his defeat is predicted. The time of Satan’s defeat (20:8-10) is

a thousand years after 20:4-6 (which we established as the time of the second coming of Christ).

Furthermore, progress in time is seen from Revelation 19:20 - 20:10 by the tying together the

beast and false prophet’s doom with the doom of Satan. The doom of the beast and the false

prophet happens at the second coming of Christ in Revelation 19:20. Revelation 20:1-3 indicates

the imprisoning of Satan for a thousand years and then “after these things” he is released for “a

short time” (20:3). This imprisonment is at the beginning of the thousand years (20:2-3).

Revelation 19:20 and 20:4-5 use the mark of the beast and the worship of the beast to indicate

that these two events happen at the same period of time–the second coming of Christ (19:20) and

the beginning of the thousand years (20:4-5). Then after the thousand years we see the events of

20:7-10. The climax comes with 20:10, which ties the whole section of Revelation 19:20 - 20:10

together by mentioning the place of doom where the beast and false prophet have been thrown a
 9

thousand years earlier.

R. Fowler White agrees that “there is historical as well as visional (revelatory) progress

between the visions of 19:11-21.”11 White and others refuse to believe that 6"Â ,É*@< (kai

eidon) is an indicator of historical progress12. He argues “when we consider the question of

historical progress between 19:11-21 and 20:1-3, the presence of the words kai eidon in 20:1 is

not relevant. The only relevant point is the content of the visions.”13 . However, the arguments

stated above have established a historical and visional progression in the 6"Â ,É*@< sections of

19:11-16, 19:17-18, 19:19-21 (which White agrees) and in sections 20:1-3, 4-6, 7-10 (6"Â ÓJ"<,

kai hotan). Why would one not think that 20:1-3 (6"Â ,É*@<) section is also a historical and

visional progression with 19:11-21, especially since the judgment of the ungodly threesome (the

beast, false prophet and Satan) helps tie the context together?14

Daniel Seven

The latter part of Revelation19 and the first part of Revelation20 seems to parallel the

11
R. Fowler White, “Making Sense of Rev 20:1-10? Harold Hoehner Versus Recapitulation,” Journal of
the Evangelical Theological Society 37 (December 1994):540.

12
Paul A. Rainbow, “Millennium as Metaphor in John’s Apocalypse,” Westminister Theological Journal,
58 (Fall 1996):211, n. 8 argues for progressive chronology in Revelation 19:11 - 20:15 (contra White), however he
still holds to an amillennial position from these texts.

13
White, “Making Sense of Rev 20:1-10? Harold Hoehner Versus Recapitulation,” p. 540.

14
William J. Webb, “Revelation 20: Exegetical Considerations,” Baptist Review of Theology, 4 (Fall
1994):15-16. He also argues in footnote #37 that “one might also note that the beast and false prophet in 20:10 have
already been thrown into the lake of fire some time before Satan is thrown into the same location. Granted, the
duration of the ‘time lapse’ is not specified. It may have been moments or it may have been a lengthy interval.
However, if Rev 20:7-10 is the same battle as the parousia battle of chapter 19 and all three players in the triad get
captured in the same battle (as amillennialists suggest), one might ask why John does not simply have all three
players thrown into the lake of fire at the same time. . . From a (straight) recapitulation perspective one would expect
in Rev 20:10 to read something like, ‘After the battle of Gog and Magog, Satan was thrown into the lake of fire
along with the beast and false prophet.’” (Ibid., pp. 15-16)
 10

events of Daniel 7. As one compares these two parallel texts, it seems to support the position that

Revelation 19 through Revelation 20 is a chronological progression and not a recapitulation.

Jack Deere says it this way:

The little horn of Daniel 7 parallels the beast of Revelation 13:1-8. Both the little
horn of Daniel and the beast of Revelation are said to have a worldwide empire
(Dan.7:7, 23; Rev.13:8). Both have victory over the saints for "a time and times
and half a time" (Dan.7:25; Rev.12:14). Both are destroyed by the Messiah at His
second advent (Dan.7:11, 26; Rev.19:20). Both affirm that immediately following
the destruction of the world ruler the kingdom is given to the saints (Dan.7:22, 27;
Rev.20:4-6). Thus it is apparent that a least up to the reign of the saints
Revelation 19:11-20:6 is following the same pattern as Daniel 7. Since the world
ruler is yet future, the millennial reign must also be future for the saints do not
reign or receive their kingdom until after his destruction. Thus on the basis of
Daniel 7 it is more natural to read Revelation 20:4-6 as part of a chronological
progression in its larger context (19:11-20:15) than as a recapitulation.15

The Worship of the Beast and the Mark of the Beast As an Indicator of Time

White says, “To appreciate the bearing of 15:1 on the interpretation of 19:11 - 20:10, we

need to remember that Christ’s wrath against the Armageddon rebels in 19:19-21 concludes the

plot line that was dropped in 16:16 and thus must (more or less) coincide with the last plague of

God’s wrath in 16:17-21. This coincidence of 19:19-21 with 16:17-21 means that Christ’s wrath

in 19:11-21 falls within the time frame which 15:1 established for the completion of God’s

wrath.”16

15
Jack S. Deere, "Premillennialism in Revelation 20:4-6," Bibliotheca Sacra 135 (Jan.-Mar., 1978): 60-61.

16
R. Fowler White, “Reexamining the Evidence for Recapitulation in Rev 20:1-10,” Westminster
Theological Journal 51 (1989): 331; see also White, “Making Sense of Rev 20:1-10?,” pp. 547-48. White sees an
inconsistency in premillennialist who see God’s wrath at the end of the millennium (20:8-9), when Revelation 15:1
indicates the seventh bowl finishes the wrath of God. Therefore, White uses this argument as one of his arguments
for the recapitulation of Revelation 19:11-21 in 20:7-10. However, he does recognize that this is not an absolute
statement on the wrath of God because he confines the wrath of God in 15:1 to the “divine retribution in history” for
God’s wrath “continues interminably in eternity” (“Reexamining the Evidence for Recapitulation in Rev 20:1-10,” p.
330, n. 21). The writer would agree that God’s wrath continues into eternity, however, why couldn’t Rev. 15:1 be
referring to the wrath that will end the three septet judgments? Ladd writes, “Now this series comes to its climax;
 11

The last bowl plague not only falls under this general time period of Revelation 19:11-21,

but also all seven bowl plagues fall under this general time period–near the end of the

Tribulation period. This time period is brought out by following the theme of the worship of the

beast and the false prophet or the worship of the image of the beast and the theme of the mark of

the beast (Revelation 13:4-18; 14:9-11; 15:2; 16:2, 10-11; 19:20; 20:4). First of all in Revelation

20:4, the martyrs did not worship the beast or his image and did not receive the mark upon their

forehead or upon their hand and they “came to life and reigned with Christ for a thousand years.”

This reigning for a “thousand years” parallels the time of Satan’s imprisonment in Revelation

20:2-3 for Satan is also bound for a “thousand years.” However one interprets the “thousand

years,”17 Satan is bound at the beginning of the “thousand years” and these saints who were

martyred and did not worship the beast “came to life and reigned with Christ” at the beginning of

with the visitation of the bowl plagues, God will have fully poured out his wrath in the particular context of the
plagues which anticipate the final judgment. These words cannot be interpreted to mean that the plagues exhaust the
totality of God’s wrath”(A Commentary on the Revelation of John, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972):204). Therefore,
Rev. 15:1 does not preclude God’s judgment at the end [f the millennium in Rev. 20:7-1], p. 204. See also Friedrich
Dgsterdieck, Critical and Exegetical Handbook to the Revelation of John, in Meyer’s Commentary, Trans. & ed.
Henry E. Jacobs (Winoa Lake, IN: Alpha Pub., 1980 reprint), p. 408; Alan Johnson, Revelation, 12:546; Henry
Alford, The Greek Testament (Chicago: Moody Press, 1958 reprint), 4:693; Mounce, The Book of Revelation, p. 285,
n.1; Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, p. 226; Osborne, Revelation, p. 561, n. 2. Thomas, Revelation 8-22
An Exegetical Commentary, pp. 567-85 argues that the seventh bowl begins in Revelation 16:17 and ends 22:5.

17
Daniel Wallace, Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1996), pp. 202-03 explains the difference between the genitive, dative and accusative of time. “One way
to remember the distinctions between the cases used for time is to remember the root idea of each case. However,
under the five-case system this may prove a bit confusing. Therefore, for the cases used for time, it may be helpful to
think in terms of the eight-case system. The root idea of the genitive is kind. Thus the genitive of time expresses the
kind of time or time within which. The root idea of the locative (not dat.) is position, expressing point in time. The
root idea for the accusative is extent. Thus the accusative of time expresses the extent of time.” In Revelation 20
there are six occurrences where1000 years is used. Three are nominative (20:3,5,7) and three are accusative
(20:2,4,6). The accusative of time fits well with the premillennialist view for the entire group will reign with Christ
the entire thousand years. However, the amillennialist (recapitulation view) have martyred saints entering the reign
of Christ through out the millennium which does not fit the text. Charles E. Powell, “Progression Versus
Recapitulation in Revelation 20:1-6: Some Overlooked Arguments” (www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=2481,
August 2000), p. 8 says if the amillennialist is correct then “the genitive of time would be more suitable. All other
occurrences of groups of plural subjects with the accusative of extent of time in the NT have the entire group
beginning and ending the period of time together (cf. Matt 20:6; 28:20; John 2:12; 11:6; Acts 21:7; Rev 2:10; 9:10).”
 12

the “thousand years.” Most amillennialists declare that the beginning of the thousand years in

Revelation 20:1-6 is the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ at his first coming (some may

include part of His ministry). If this is true, then the martyrdom of these saints and their refusal

to worship and take the mark of the beast must have occurred before the death and resurrection

of Christ. If they lived and died after the death and resurrection of Christ (which is the beginning

of the “thousand years” for the amillennialist) then they would not be able to reign with Christ

the full period of time like Revelation 20:4 declares.18

Secondly, most amillennialists place Revelation 19:19-21 during the period of the second

coming of Christ. It is interesting that the author of Revelation mentions the worship of the beast

and his mark at Christ’s second coming judgment (19:20). Does the author do this because these

two beasts and their deception upon mankind are continuing until they are judged in Revelation

19:20? I believe so. If so, Revelation 20:4 which mentions the active deception of the worship of

the beast and his mark is also in the time period of the second coming. This would demand that

the “thousand years” must come after the second coming of Christ. Let’s try to develop this

argument.

The writer believes the whole period of Daniel 70th week (Revelation 6-19) is a period of

God’s wrath, but His wrath increases with intensity as the seal, trumpet and bowl judgments are

brought forth. God’s intense wrath is associated with all seven bowl plagues (15:1, 7; 16:1).

Notice how the theme of the worship of the beast and his mark are connected with the seven

18
Harold Hoehner, “Evidence from Revelation 20,” p. 251 also adds this argument:
“If we accept a literal 1,000-year reign of Christ, then it would mean that after that period Satan is for a short time
released and deceives the nations as seen in Revelation 20:7-9 and afterward is cast into the lake of fire. But if one
thinks that the 1000-year reign of Christ refers to the present church age and that Satan is bound until Christ’s
second advent, at which time the new heaven and earth are ushered in, when will Satan be released for a short time?
Those who hold to a nonliteral 1,000 years tend to be vague on this issue.”
 13

bowls of God’s wrath in Revelation 14:9-11. It reads, “And another angel, a third one, followed

them, saying with a loud voice, ‘If anyone worships the beast and his image, and receives a mark

on his forehead or upon his hand, he also will drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is

mixed in full strength in the cup of His anger, and he will be tormented with fire and brimstone

in the presence of the holy angels and in the presence of the Lamb. And the smoke of their

torment goes up forever and ever; and they have no rest day and night, those who worship the

beast and his image, and whoever receives the mark of his name.’” These verses warn the earth

dwellers who worship the beast that the full strength of God’s wrath is about to come on them

and the eternal consequence with it. This full-strength wrath points to the seven bowl judgments.

In the introduction to the bowl judgments in Revelation 15 the mark of the beast and his image is

mentioned. However, this time it is used in a positive sense to describe those who did not submit

to the beast. They are pictured “standing on the sea of glass holding harps of God.” Notice bowl

one (16:2) and bowl five (16:10-11) specifically state that the “loathsome and malignant sores”

are upon “men who had the mark of the beast and who worship the image” (v. 2) and then in

verses 10-11 the pain of the sores is mentioned when God pours out His darkness on the

kingdom of the beast. These sores and pain are the continuation of the pain inflicted in verse

two. This observation points out that the first five bowl judgments are in the same time period.

Bowl six (16:12-16) is the satanic preparation for the battle of Har-Magedon. How did these

nations decide to come to war? Revelation 16:13-14 indicate that the demonic spirits were sent

out by the unholy threesome (dragon, beast and false prophet) to perform signs to deceive the

kings of the whole earth to obey the unholy three and gather them for war. We are not told what

signs the demons will perform, but we have already been told how the threesome deceived the
 14

nations in Revelation 13:13-18. It states in Revelation 13:13 that the false prophet uses “great

signs” and “causes all, the small and the great, and the rich and the poor, and the free men and

the slaves, to be given a mark on their right hand, or on their forehead.” It is through these signs

and the mark of the beast that the unholy three receive worship and allegiance from the kings of

the whole earth as well as individual people. It seems plausible that these kings will receive the

mark of the beast and follow him into war (cp. Rev. 13:7-8). Finally, bowl seven (16:17-21)

coincides generally to the same time period with Revelation 19:19-21 which is the war of Christ

against the nations of the earth at His second coming.

Now since all seven bowl judgments are in the same general time period which leads to

the second coming of Christ and since Revelation 19:17-21 is describing the judgment of the

second coming of Christ and coincides closely with Revelation 16:12-21 (the last two bowl

judgments), then Revelation 19:20 is referring to the deception which occurred at the time period

of the second coming of Christ. In other words, the worship of the beast (and sometimes the false

prophet and the dragon) and the mark of the beast can be plotted from Revelation 13-16 and 19-

20 and can be connected with the immediate events leading to the second coming (Revelation

16), the second coming judgment (Rev. 19:20), and the “first resurrection” of the saints after the

second coming (Rev. 20:4-5). Secondly, and most importantly, Revelation 20:4-5 uses the mark

of the beast and the worship of the beast which indicates that the events of Revelation 20:4-5

happened at the same general period of time. We have demonstrated above that the mark of the

beast and the worship of the beast at least continues through the last two bowl judgments and the

second coming of Christ. This indicates that the events of Revelation 20:4 will happen after the

second coming of Christ and the martyrs will reign with Christ a “thousand years” after the
 15

second return of Christ. We concluded this because Revelation 20:4 says, these martyrs will

“live and reign with Christ for a thousand years.” Therefore, the recapitulation of the

amillennialist in Revelation 20:1-6 has great difficulty in establishing their view while the

premillennial view that the thousand years begin after the second coming of Christ is

strengthened.

Summary

We see progressive, chronological events within the visions, in addition to being

successive progress within the visions. This progress is seen through the judgment of God upon

the ungodly leadership set up by Satan. The chronological progression in Revelation 19:17-18

and in the following event of 19:19-21 are demonstrations of this. In the former, the birds are

called together for the feast and in the latter, they actually eat. Next, the book of Revelation

presents the unholy threesome in the following characters: The false prophet, the Antichrist

(beast) and Satan. At the end of Revelation 19 two out of the three persons (the beast and the

false prophet) were judged. But nothing is said about the third person (Satan). It would be natural

to see a continuation of the chronological progression in Revelation 20 with the judgment of

Satan. Finally, Revelation 20:7-10 also shows progression in chronological succession. Satan is

said to be cast into the lake of fire in Revelation 20:10, rather than in 19:20, where it would be

natural for him to be mentioned if the unholy threesome is judged at the same time. The fact that

Revelation 20:10 assumes that the false prophet and the beast are already judged and are already

in the lake of fire, is a strong argument for a chronological understanding of the visions.

In review, we have seen the following progressive chronology: (1) In Revelation 19:19-
 16

21 two persons of the unholy threesome are thrown into the lake of fire. (2) Tracing the theme of

the worship of the beast and the mark of the beast in Revelation 13-16, one finds this theme

culminating in the second coming judgment in 19:20 and therefore, connected with the general

time period of the judgment leading to the second coming of Christ. This theme is also seen in

20:4 and places the time period shortly after the second coming of Christ where the resurrection

of the saints begins the thousand-year reign of Christ. (3) In Revelation 20:1-3 Satan is bound for

a thousand years, but will be released. (4) In Revelation 20:7 the thousand years end and Satan is

released "for a short time" (v. 3). Notice the text uses the temporal word "when the thousand

years are completed . . . " to indicate progression of time. (5) In Revelation 20:10 Satan is

thrown into the lake of fire where the beast and the false prophet are.

We also must add that the future tense "will reign" in verse 6 which interprets verses 4-5

as future events from the church age supports a successive chronology.19 Therefore, we

concluded that the context of Revelation 19-20 strongly supports a premillennial interpretation.

THE BINDING OF SATAN (Revelation 20:1-3)

Those who don't hold to a future millennial kingdom normally try to prove that Satan is

bound in this present age. They would say that Satan was bound by the death of Christ on the

cross. Such passages like Mark 3:24-27 (Matthew 12:22-29) are used for support. It is not that

Satan is bound totally, but he is bound so that he will not deceive the nations. In other words,

Satan will not be able to thwart the efforts of missionary endeavors. Many who hold to this

position stress the point that Satan is bound in reference to the nations, but he is not bound to the

19
More will be said about this below.
 17

individual person. Hoekema summarizes this view when he says, "we conclude, then, that the

binding of Satan during the gospel age means that, first, he cannot prevent the spread of the

gospel, and second, he cannot gather all the enemies of Christ together to attack the church."20

Yet, this view of Satan's binding has several problems which are contrary to it. First, the

vision in Revelation 20:1-3 takes elaborate measures to show the confinement of Satan which do

not fit the partial binding view. The angel21 has "a great chain" and “the key”22 which seems to

project the picture that the angel will bind Satan with a great chain and lock him in the "abyss."23

Hell, Hades and the abyss are not the same place. There is some debate about the contents of

Hades before the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. However, after Christ’s resurrection

Hades is the place where all the unbelieving souls are kept until the Great White Throne

Judgment in Revelation 20:11-15.24 Hell or Gehenna is also called the “lake of fire” or “the

second death.” These terms refer to the final punishment for all the unbelievers (Rev. 20:11-15).

The word abyss is sometime translated “bottomless pit” and has two basic usages in the New

Testament. Its predominant use describes the underworld as the “place of imprisonment for

disobedient spirits” (Lk. 8:31; Rev. 9:1, 2, 11; 11:7; 17:8; 20:1, 3) and the second use describes

20
Hoekema, The Bible And The Future, p.228.

21
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 405 gives the following possibilities of the identification of the angel:
“Christ, the Holy Spirit, the twelve apostles, one of the popes and Constantine the Great.” I would agree with
Thomas that the “angel” is an angelic being who is commissioned by God to do this task.

22
There are four keys mentioned in Revelation:”the key of David” (3:7), “keys of Death and Hades” (1:18),
“key to the shaft of the abyss” (9:1) and “the key” (20:1). The last three seem to refer to the authority and control
which God has given to who every holds the key(s) (Osborne, Revelation, p. 699).

23
The word abussoH (abyss) is used in the following verses in the New Testament: Lk. 8:31; Rom. 10:7;
Rev. 9:1, 2, 11; 11:7; 17:8; 20:1, 3.

24
MacLeod, “The Third, ‘Last Thing’: The Binding of Satan (Rev. 20:1-3), pp. 474-75 gives a good
summary of these terms.
 18

the “realm of the dead” (Rom. 10:7).25 The abyss is the place where disobedient angels or

demons do not want to go (Lk. 8:31), the source from where the beast (Rev. 11:7; 17:8) comes,

the confinement of the terrible demonic creatures which are loosed to plague the earth (Rev. 9:1,

2, 11), and the location where Satan will be imprisoned (Rev. 20:1,3). The closest parallel to

Revelation 20:1-3 is Revelation 9:1-12. Both texts have an angel who has a key to the abyss. In

Revelation 9 the abyss confines the creatures from any contact on earth until the abyss is opened;

while in Revelation 20 the angel uses the key to open the abyss to confine Satan from influence

on the earth for a thousand years.26

Notice also the elaborate words which John uses to secure Satan in the abyss: "shut it and

seal it over him." The vision seems to fit more the idea of a complete cessation of Satan's work

on earth. Powell is correct when he declares:

This is the most extensive description of imprisonment anywhere in the NT. If the
other references to the imprisonment imagery refer to absolute confinement, then
this passage must also. There seems to be no other reason for the extensiveness of
the imagery. John went to great lengths to make clear that Satan is to be cut off

25
J. Jeremias, “abussoH”in Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, ed. Gerhard Kittel, trans. and
ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964), 1:9-10.

26
Charles E. Powell, “Progression Versus Recapitulation in Revelation 20:1-6: Some Overlooked
Arguments,” pp. 10-11, n. 20 argues the following: “Beale, The Book of Revelation, 984 sees the abyss as a synonym
for ‘death and Hades.’ However, it seems that they are distinct. Only the demonic are related to the abyss in
Revelation. Death and Hades seem mostly related to humanity. In Rev 6:8 death and Hades are personalized and
represent the judgment of death upon humanity, death is the experience and Hades is the destination. Death and
Hades are again used figuratively in 20:13-14 for those who dwell in Hades and have experienced death as
judgment. In the NT, Hades always appears to be the place of the unbelieving dead (Matt. 11:23; 16:18; 10:15; Luke
16:23; 2:27; Acts 2:31; Rev. 1:18; Rev. 6:8; 20:13,14), and is a realm from which they cannot escape. Beale, 987,
also argues that ‘the abyss is one of the various metaphors representing the spiritual sphere in which the devil and his
accomplices operate’ and this sphere ‘represents a spiritual dimension existing alongside of and in the midst of the
earthly.’ However, this does violence to the imprisonment imagery of both 9:1-11 and 20:1-3. In every reference to
the abyss, the being or beings which are contained in it must emerge from it in order to interact with the human
realm. This suggests that the sphere of the abyss, like the realm of the dead, is separate from the realm of living
humanity, and those who dwell in the abyss have no contact with those outside that sphere. This may explain why
the demons of Luke 8:31 pleaded with Jesus not to send them to the abyss. It is a place of judgment with no contact
with the sphere of humanity.”
 19

from the realm of humanity for [sic] 1000 years. In all the above cases where
imprisonment, and not simply conquest, are involved, the imagery should be
taken in a straightforward manner and is comparable to the effects of
imprisonment in the human world in AD first century. Humans who are
imprisoned, especially those in solitary confinement, have little or no contact with
the outside world. Satan also will have no contact with the world outside of the
abyss when he is imprisoned.27

Secondly, if we examine Mark 3 and Matthew 12 we discover that the context of binding

is different from Revelation 20. The parallels are not the same. Powell is correct when he argues:

The binding imagery used is in a parable about a thief plundering a house. The
binding is neither meant to be completely restrictive, nor permanent. In this case,
the context does limit the extent of the binding, but not through the use of purpose
statement. Instead the activity of Jesus is clearly revealed, and the consequences
for Satan are delineated. The parallel in Luke 11:22 demonstrates that the binding
is not an image of imprisonment, but of conquest. The details of Rev 20:1-3 are
quite different. It is part of a visionary sequence in which the imprisonment of
Satan has an impact on the other elements of the sequence. In Rev 20:1-3 an angel
imprisons Satan and he is prevented from deceiving the world. In Matt 12:29 and
the parallels, Christ himself binds Satan, and Satan is helpless from keeping
Christ from exercising His authority over the demons. The two passages have
more differences than they do similarities.28

Thirdly, there are several passages in the New Testament which indicate that Satan's

27
Powell, “Progression Versus Recapitulation in Revelation 20:1-6,” p. 4. Powell also states that “Beale,
990, argues that the concept of the ‘abyss’ in Revelation is non-absolute. He notes that in 6:8 ‘Hades’ exercises its
influence over the people of the earth. However, he mistakenly assumes that the realm of the dead (Hades) and the
Satanic realm are the same. While Satan has the power of death, he does not have power over the dead. He cannot
raise the dead, nor release the dead from Hades. In fact, it is only when the key is given him that he can release the
demons in Rev 9:1-11 or, presumably, the beast in 11:7. In Rev 6:8, Death and Hades are personalized for the
judgment of death that is executed on the earth. While Satan and his minions are certainly involved in this judgment,
the inhabitants of Hades are not coming forth to execute it. The shutting up of the pit is metaphorical for an absolute
removal of influence, rather than a limited curtailment of influence, but this does not rule out the probability that it is
a sphere of the spiritual world which prevents access to the physical world” (Ibid., p. 12, n. 30).

28
Powell, “Progression Versus Recapitulation in Revelation 20:1-6,” p. 3. Beale, The Book of Revelation,
p. 985 argues that the “context and not the metaphor by itself, must determine what degree of restriction is intended.”
He does not believe that the binding of Satan in Revelation 20:1-3 is absolute. Powell responds by saying, “While
this is true per se, a purpose statement can only state why an action of imprisonment is taken, not the degree of
restriction intended. . . The purpose statement does not determine the degree of restriction at all; it is determined by
the language used for the restriction” (“Progression Versus Recapitulation in Revelation 20:1-6,” p. 2). Powell
demonstrates his point on pages 2-4 and concludes that Satan’s imprisonment is absolute for one thousand years.
 20

activity is not even partially bound. First John 5:19 says "the whole world lies in the power of

the evil one." First Peter 5:8 proclaims the freedom of Satan by saying, "Your adversary, the

devil, prowls about like a roaring lion seeking someone to devour." Then in 2 Corinthians 4:3-4

Paul tells us how Satan blinds the minds of men to the truth of the gospel, "And even if our

gospel is veiled, it is veiled to those who are perishing, in whose case the god of this world has

blinded the minds of the unbelieving, that they might not see the light of the gospel. . . ."29

Someone may say that these verses only apply to the activity of Satan who deceives individuals.

But what is involved in deceiving nations if it is not the deception of individuals on a mass level?

History itself does not indicate that Satan is bound so that he is unable to deceive the nations.

One only has to look at the 20th century activity of Nazi Germany, Red China and Russia. G. C.

Berkouwer is one amillennialist who does not believe that Satan is bound in this present age. He

says:

The language Revelation uses here [20:2-3] is forceful and radical . . . Those who
interpret the millennium as already realized in the history of the church try to
locate this binding in history. Naturally, such an effort is forced to find evidence
for a radical elimination of Satan’s power in that ‘realized millennium’. . . . The
necessary relativizing of John’s description of Satan’s bondage (remember that
Revelation 20 speaks of a shut and sealed pit) is then explained by the claim that,
although Satan is said to deceive the nations no more (vs. 3), this does not
exclude satanic activity in Christendom or individual persons. I think it is
pertinent to ask whether this sort of interpretation really does justice to the radical
proportions of the binding of Satan–that he will not be freed from imprisonment
for a thousand years.30

Fourthly, if the binding of Satan is the result of the finished work of Christ on the cross

then can this deception be done after the thousand years? The answer to this question must be

29
Other verses may be added such as Acts 5:3; 26:18; 1 Cor. 7:5; 2 Cor. 2:11; 11:14-15; Eph. 2:2; 2 Tim.
2:26, etc.

30
G. C. Berkouwer, Studies in Dogmatics: The Return of Christ (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972), p. 305.
 21

yes for Revelation 20:3 and 7-8 declare that after the thousand years are completed Satan goes

out to deceive the nations again. Then how can Christ die and bind Satan from deceiving the

nations with his finished work on the cross, but in Revelation 20:7-8 there is time when Satan

will not be bound and can deceive the nations? We have a conflict here. The same finished work

of Christ turns out to be the unfinished work in the future because Satan does in the future what

he cannot do now because of Christ's work on the cross.31

There are those who believe the binding of Satan is only a general binding where he

cannot thwart the spreading of the gospel to the nations. They believe the precise thrust of

Revelation 20:1-3 is to prevent Satan from inciting the eschatological "war to end all wars," by

deceiving the nations "to gather them together for the war" (20:8). Satan wants to rush God into

judgment to some how destroy his plan, but God has bound him and will not let him do it until

the appointed time.32

The problem with this view is what kept Satan from initiating the final battle before the

cross? If when he is unbound in the future he will incite this final war, what kept him from doing

it before the cross? If we say God prevented him from doing it then what is the difference

between God's prevention of the final war of all times before the cross and the so-called binding

during this age? In Revelation 20:3 it says that this binding prevents Satan from deceiving the

nations "any longer."33 Therefore, Satan must have deceived the nations before this time. Before

31
S. Lewis Johnson, Jr., Believers Chapel Tapes of Dallas, Tx.: "Divine Purpose series," tape #16.

32
David Chilton, The Days of Vengeance (Fort Worth: Dominion Press, 1988)), pp.500-506; Beale, The
Book of Revelation, pp. 984-89.

33
As we have argued above the language in Revelation 20:1-2 indicates a binding which does not refer to
decrease in attempts or failure in attempts, but prevention from any attempt to deceive the nations while the purpose
clause Ë<" :¬ B8"<ZF® in Revelation 20:3 conveys the failure in Satan’s deception. See also Richard A. Ostella,
 22

the cross we see world wars and after the cross we see world wars. If the binding deals with wars

then there is no difference here? We would agree that Satan is prevented by God to muster the

final war of all times until God so directs, but the deception which Satan does must happen

before the binding and after the binding according to Revelation 20:3 and 7-8. Yet, if this

involves war then the age we live in is no different from the age before the cross. Matter of fact,

in the 20th century we have had two world wars. We conclude that this understanding of the

binding of Satan does not do justice to the text or to history.

White believes the premillennial chronological approach to Revelation 19:11 - 20:1-3 has

a problem. Why would God want to protect the nations from Satan’s deception (20:3) when God

has allowed both the deception and destruction of all the nations in Revelation 19:19-21? 34 First

of all, the progressive chronological sequence of Revelation 19:11 - 20:3 has already been

addressed above in this article. Secondly, not everyone in all the nations is destroyed in the battle

of Revelation 19:15-21. Only the unbelievers will be he destroyed at this battle but not the

saints.35 According to Revelation 12:5 and 19:15 Christ will rule the nations in the future. In the

future new heavens and earth the nations will exist according to Revelation 21:24, 26; 22:2. This

“The Significance of Deception in Revelation 20:3,” Westminster Theological Journal 37 (Winter 1975): 236-38;
Powell, “Progression Versus Recapitulation in Revelation 20:1-6,” pp. 6-7; and Jeffrey L. Townsend, “Is the Present
Age the Millennium?” Bibliotheca Sacra ? (July-September 1983): 217.

34
White, “Reexaming the Evidence for Recapitulation in Rev 20:1-10,” p. 321.

35
There are other views concerning the identity of the nations in Revelation 20:3: (1) They are the beast
and his demonic armies (Johnson, Revelation, 12:587); (2) Not all the people joined in the battle of Revelation
19:19-21 and later join Satan when he is loosed at the end of the millennium (Johnson, Revelation, 12:587; George
Ladd, A Commentary on the Revelation of John (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972):262-63; Mounce, The Book of
Revelation, p. 353; Osborne, Revelation, p. 702); (3) This is an example of the conflicting ideas found in the book of
Revelation (Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, pp. 722,739); and (4) They are the rest of the death who are raised
and judged in Revelation 20:11–15 (J. Webb Mealy, After the Thousand Years: Resurrection and Judgment in
Revelation 20 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1992), pp. 140-42).
 23

is consistent with the Old Testament which indicates that the nations will come and worship the

Lord (Psalm 86:9; Isaiah 2:2; 66:19-20; Jeremiah 3:17; Micah 4:1-5; Zechariah 8:20-23; 14:16-

19).36 Therefore, Christ at his second advent will destroy all those who follow the beast

(Revelation 13:7-8, 15-17; 16:13-14; 19:17-21) but the saints will not take the mark of the beast

and thus many will be martyred (Revelation 7:9,13-17; 14:12-13). Some of the saints will

survive the Tribulation and will enter the millennium while others will be resurrected to enter the

millennium (Matthew 24:38-44; 25:31-46; Luke 17:22-37; Revelation 20:4). Thirdly, those

saints who make it through the Tribulation will reconstitute the nations (Revelation 12:13-17;

Zechariah 14:16-21).37 Powell argues that “the protection from the nations from Satan’s

deception is viewed as a whole, not at the beginning of the 1000-year period. With this in view,

it is best to see J §2< [the nations] as entities in and of themselves, and not in terms of

unbelievers versus believers. Indeed, unbelievers were victims of Satan’s deception in 16:1-16

and 19:20, and will be in 20:7-10, but this has an effect on the nations as a whole. It is this effect

that the nations are protected from during the Millennium.”38

In summary, we conclude that the binding of Satan refers to his activity of deception

36
Hoehner, “Evidence from Revelation 20,” p. 252.

37
Ibid.; Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 411; Webb, “Revelation 20: Exegetical Considerations,” p. 14.

38
Powell, “Progression Versus Recapitulation in Revelation 20:1-6,” pp. 5-6. Arndt, William, Frederick W.
Danker, and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature,
3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), p. 276. give their first meaning to the §2<@H as “a body of
persons united by kinship, culture, and common traditions, nation, people.” This fits Powell’s mean of §2<@H. The
word nation (§2<@H) is not used in John’s epistles and only used five times in the Gospel of John. Yet, each of these
verses refer to the nation of Israel (John 11:48,50,51,52; 18:35 - being singular). However, it is used 23 times in the
book of Revelation. Seven of these references are in the context of a phrase like “every tribe and tongue and people
and nation” or “the peoples and tribes and tongues and nations” (Rev. 5:9; 7:9; 10:11; 11:9; 13:7; 14:6; 17:15). It
seems that BDAG’s use of §2<@H fits these 23 uses in Revelation. (See also Theological Dictionary of the New
Testament, 2:369. The context may allow one to be more specific.
 24

upon all mankind who follows the beast and Satan. The binding of Satan is not connected to the

cross in the sense that the binding is taking place in our age. It refers to a future incarceration of

Satan after the second coming of Christ lasting a thousand years while the overcomers reign on

the earth.

RESURRECTION: THE SAINTS COME ALIVE AND REIGN

FOR A THOUSAND YEARS (20:4-6)

Who Are They Who Reign With Christ?

Revelation 20:4 begins with thrones being set up and those who sat on them were given

the authority to judge. We must remember that Daniel 7 is the background of this section. As one

reads Daniel 7, it becomes obvious that all the saints of all ages are involved here (cp. Daniel

7:9, 13-14,18, 22, 27). The major debate here is who are those who will sit on the throne? There

are four major views on this point. First, some identify the “they” in Revelation 20:4 with Christ,

the apostles and some of the saints (Matt. 19:28; Luke 22:30; 1 Cor. 6:2-3).39 However, the

absent of any mentioning of the apostles in the context makes this difficult. Also Christ is the

one who gives the right to judge and not the recipient of that authority.40 Secondly, some propose

that the twenty-four elders who represent the church sit upon the thrones.41 However, the context

39
A. T. Robertson, Word Pictures in the New Testament (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1933), 6:458; H. B.
Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, 3rd ed. (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1977 reprint):261; G. R. Beasley-Murray, “The
Book of Revelation,” rev. ed. in the New Century Biblical Commentary (London. Marshal, Morgan and Scott,
1978):293.

40
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 414.

41
Chilton, , The Days of Vengeance, pp. 508-09; Walvoord, Revelation, 296; Dgsterdieck, Critical and
Exegetical Handbook to the Revelation of John, pp. 464-65.
 25

does not mention how many thrones are set up nor does it mention the twenty-four elders.42

There is also the difficulty in taking the twenty-four elders as a representative group where as

those who sit on the throne are individuals.43 Thirdly, some believe that the martyrs in the earlier

part of the book are in view.44 However, why are the martyrs the only ones in view when John

elsewhere indicates that every believer will share in Christ’s reign (2:26-28; 3:12, 21; 5:10; cf. 1

Corinthians 6:2-3)?45 The other difficulty with this view is that the resurrection of the martyrs

and their reign with Christ is specifically spelled out at the end of the verse 4 which would make

the previous part of the verse to be repetitious.46 The fourth view seems to fit best. It claims that

the saints will sit upon the thrones (v. 4a) and the martyrs are in view in verse 4b-c.47 Thomas

gives the best exegetical support when he goes back to the armies of Revelation 19:14, 19 as the

42
William Lee, “The Revelation of St. John The Divine,” in The Bible Commentary, ed. F. C. Cook (Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1981 reprint), 10:794-95.

43
David J. MacLeod, “The Fourth ‘Last Thing’: The Millennial Kingdom of Christ (Rev. 20:4-6),”
Bibliotheca Sacra 157 (January, 2000): 55, n. 38; Jack S. Deere, "Premillennialism in Revelation 20:4-6," p. 63.

44
Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, p. 739; Johnson, Revelation, 12:582-83 and Mounce, The Book of
Revelation, p. 355 believe there is a second group mentioned that did not worship the beast (20:4c). Osborne,
Revelation, p. 705 says, “I believe it is indeed the martyrs who are the focus throughout 20:4 but that all the saints
are also intended in the larger context.” D. E. Aune, “Revelation 17-22” Word Biblical Commentary (Nashville, TN:
Nelson, 1997) 52C:1084-85 supports the martyrs position by saying, “The identity of those seated on the thrones is
surely connected with the resurrected martyrs who are twice said to reign with Christ . . . according to 3:21, the one
who conquers will sit with the exalted Christ on his throne. The narrative order of this pericope is not in proper
temporal sequence, for John first sees the thrones and those seated on them, i.e., the souls of the martyrs who had
been beheaded and who had experienced the first resurrection, an instance of hysteron-proteron (Allo, 285). The
disorganized character of this pericope results both from the author’s tendency to use the literary device hysteron-
proteron, i.e., reversing the logical order of narrative events (a device he frequently uses elsewhere; see Rev 3:3, 17;
5:5; 6:4; 10:4, 9; 20:4–5; 22:14), and from his tendency to describe where an individual or group of people sits
before describing them.”

45
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, pp. 413-14.

46
Ibid., p. 413. Charles, Revelation, 2:182-83 tries to rearrange the text.

47
Ladd, Revelation of John, p. 263.
 26

antecedent to the “they” in verse 4a.48 Christ comes on His white horse to conquer the enemies

on the earth (19:11-13,19) and the saints in their white clothes and white horses are following

Him (19:14).49 The inevitable principle that the conqueror takes dominion and rules over the

conquered is seen here.50 The glorified saints are promised to be apart of this rule earlier in

Revelation 2:26-28 and 3:21. It seems plausible that this is the same group of people who are the

Bride of the Lamb in Revelation 19:7-8.51 Some would also extend the armies of Christ as the

saints of all ages. They would point to Daniel 7:18, 22 and 27 which indicate the Old Testament

saints are part of the group. In Matthew 19:28 the twelve apostles are presented as part of the

group and 1 Corinthians 6:2-3 would include the church saints (cf. Rev. 2:26-28; 3:21; 5:10).52

This all seems to fit nicely here, but Revelation 20:4 is not that explicit. There is nothing that

seems to contradict this point, but there is nothing that seems to demand it. At least we can say

from the context that the saints that make up the armies of the Lord (19:14, 19) and possibly the

bride of the Lamb (19:7-8) are those who are sitting on the thrones.

In addition to the thrones and those who sat on them, John mentioned “the souls” of the

martyrs who had been faithful witnesses for Jesus Christ and did not worship the beast or take

his mark. Some have tried to maintain that there are two groups (2nd and 3rd group in 20:4) which

48
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 414.

49
J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976 reprint):457; Thomas, Revelation 8-22,
p.388. See also Beale, The Book of Revelation, pp. 960-61.

50
Seiss, The Apocalypse, pp. 457-58.

51
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 414.

52
David J. MacLeod, “The Millennial Kingdom of Christ (Rev. 20:4-6),” p. 55; Ladd, Revelation of John,
pp. 363-64.
 27

are described as “those who had not worshiped the beast or his image, and had not received the

mark upon their forehead and upon their hand.” The major problem with making a third group of

people different from the martyrs (the second group) is, nothing is said about their death. If this

third group is considered to be alive and different from the martyrs then it is difficult to see how

the verb "they came to live" could apply to the third group.53 Therefore, it seems that the phrase

"and those who" ( 6"\ @ËJ<,H) should be translated "that is, those" or “even those” and

continue with further description of the martyrs of the second group of people.54 Or it may be

best in the light of Revelation 13:15 to consider the third group is separate from the beheaded

saints but still part of the martyrs.55

53
Deere, “Premillennialism in Revelation 20:4-6,” p. 65; David J. MacLeod, “The Millennial Kingdom of
Christ (Rev. 20:4-6),” p. 56, n.45; Ladd, Revelation of John, p. 263.

54
The 6"\ would be explanatory (“that is” or “namely”) or ascensive (“even”). Either case gives further
information about the same group of people.

55
Some would find two groups of people in Revelation 20:b-c because the antecedent of @ËJ<,H (“those
who,” indefinite relative pronoun, nominative masculine plural) could not refer to JH RLPH (souls) for it is an
accusative feminine plural noun. Therefore, @ËJ<,H is the subject of new group of people. However, there is another
way to understand this problem. Consider the following points. There are nine places where ÓFJH is found in the
book of Revelation (1:7,12; 2:24; 9:4; 11:8; 12:13; 17:12; 19:2; 20:4). Seven of the cases explain further the
description of the previous point in the verse. However, 20:4 has a 6"\ that precedes the indefinite pronoun. There is
only three other places in the NT where this construction is found (Mt. 5:41; 23:12; Rev. 1:7). The two Matthew
verses do not continue the identity of the previous group (Beale, The Book of Revelation, p. 1001). However, these
cases in Matthew have the 6"\ ÓFJH construction at the beginning of the sentence and not in the middle of the
sentence like in Revelation 20:4. The only verse which is the closest parallel to Revelation 20:4 is Revelation 1:7.
The indefinite relative pronoun in Rev. 1:7 is a nominative masculine plural and near the middle of the sentence.
This construction introduces a group which is a subset of the previous group (Deere, “Premillennialism in Revelation
20:4-6,” p. 65; Beale, The Book of Revelation, p. 1001). This supports my interpretation. It is also interesting to see
that relative pronouns that are not in formal agreement with their antecedent is not uncommon in the book of
Revelation. (Deere, “Premillennialism in Revelation 20:4-6,” p. 65 gives these examples: 1:15,19,20; 5:6;
11:4,9,11,15; 14:7; 17:3; 19:1) It is the phenomena called constructio ad sensum. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond
the Basics, p. 337 concurs by saying, “not infrequently relative pronouns [RP] do not follow the basic rules of
agreement. Sometimes the gender of the RP does not match that of the antecedent, usually because of sense
agreement superseding syntactical agreement (constructio ad sensum).” Wallace goes on to illustrate that this
phenomena can involve gender and case (p. 337-39) and this can apply to indefinite relative pronouns (pp. 343-45).
This seems to help explain the gender change in Revelation 20:4. The case change of @ËJ<,H to a nominative is
because it is the subject of the clause and the change in gender seems to be a constructio ad sensum.
 28

There is a debate whether the “the souls” in verse 4 are disembodied souls56 or

resurrected embodied persons57. Many premillennialists interpret the word “souls” as resurrected

embodied persons and many amillennialists interpreted it as disembodied souls. Some scholars

have pointed out the parallel between Revelation 6:9-11 and Revelation 20:4-6.58 This is done to

support their position that the saints in Revelation 20:4-6 are not bodily resurrected and enter the

millennial kingdom, but they have died and their souls have entered the intermediate state in

heaven where they are waiting the Lord's return. We must admit that Revelation 6:9-11 refers to

intermediate state, but this doesn't mean that both passages are identical. Ramsey Michaels

summarizes this argument:

The reference to "the souls of those who were killed for the word of God and for
the witness which they had" (6:9) corresponds closely to "the souls of those who
were slaughtered for the witness of Jesus and for the word of God" (20:4).
Apparently the same group is in view in both instances . . . except that in chapter
6 the number is not yet complete (v.11). This exception, however, is important
because it serves as a caution against simply equating the two passages. They are
obviously related, but their relation is one of continuity rather than simple
identity. There is a progression from 6:9-11 to 20:4-6, so that if the former refers
to the intermediate state (as it clearly does), the latter must refer to a subsequent
stage in the experience of the martyred saints. This can only be bodily
resurrection at the coming of Christ. There is an incompleteness about the
situation of the group described in chapter 6. They are waiting and crying out,
"How long, O holy and true Master, before you pass judgment and avenge our
blood from the dwellers on the earth" (6:10). Although they have died, they are
still clearly on this side of the consummation . . . To put it in simplest terms, the
prayer of 6:9-11 is answered in 20:4-6 . . . The intermediate state in Revelation is

56
Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, p. 262; Hendriksen, More Than Conquerors, pp. 230-31; James A.
Hughes, “Revelation 20:4-6 and the Question of the Millennium,” Westminster Theological Journal 35 (1973): 289.

57
Seiss, Lecture on the Apocalypse, 459-60; Berkouwer, Return of Christ, p. 304; Deere, “Premillennialism
in Revelation 20:4-6,” p. 66-67.

58
Webb, “Revelation 20: Exegetical Considerations,” pp. 30-32; Beale, The Book of Revelation, pp. 998.
 29

thus seen as a state of longing and anticipation, not unlike our physical existence
here and now. The prayer "How long?" corresponds exactly to the prayers of the
suffering righteous on earth in the Old Testament (e.g., Ps.13:2ff; 79:5;
Zech.1:12). Though the saints are given a white robe and told to "rest" (6:11; cf.
14:13), this grace is only a temporary measure. The real answer to their plea is the
glory of an actual resurrection, granted at last in 20:4-6.59

John in Revelation 20:4 says that the disembodied souls “came to life and reign with

Christ for a thousand years.” Therefore, the battle ground is whether Revelation 20:4 refers to

physical resurrection or not. One piece of the puzzle which will help answer this question is

where are these “souls” reigning? Is it in heaven or on earth? Webb has given the following

arguments to point to the reigning on the saints to be on the earth:60 (1) The pericope before and

after 20:4-6 takes place on earth. Revelation 20:1-3 indicates that the angel descends from

heaven to imprison Satan in the abyss and Revelation 20:7-10 depicts Satan leading a battle on

earth against the Lord. (2) Revelation 5:10 promises that the saints are made to be a “kingdom of

priests to our God; and they will reign on the earth.” Some may try to fulfill this in the new

heavens and new earth, however, there is no explicit reference that connects with this period.

Furthermore, there are only two passages (Rev. 5:10: 20:6; cf. 1:6) which connects the saints’

priesthood with reigning on the earth. This is not to say that the saints do not continue to reign in

the new heaven and new earth, but John’s focus here is the millennial reign on earth.61

It is also important to consider when will the saints reign. Is it now or in the future? The

59
J. Ramsey Michaels, "The First Resurrection: A Response," Westminster Theological Journal 39 (Fall,
1976):107-108. Webb, “Revelation 20: Exegetical Considerations,” pp. 30-32 and MacLeod, “The Fourth ‘Last
Thing’: The Millennial Kingdom of Christ (Rev. 20:4-6),” p. 56, n. 43 agree that the souls in verse 4 are
disembodied souls who are then raised from the dead (“they came life”) and given resurrection bodies.

60
Webb, “Revelation 20: Exegetical Considerations,” pp. 32-34.

61
Ibid. p. 34, n. 87.
 30

writer has argued above that the context favors the time period and events which culminate in the

second coming of Christ. The plot of the worship of the beast and the mark of the beast can be

traced in Revelation 13-16 and 19-20. Most commentators place Revelation 19:20 in the context

of the second coming of Christ.62 Here the beast and the false prophet are connected with the

deception and worship of the beast and his mark and they are thrown into the lake of fire. The

same topic is mentioned in Revelation 20:4. In this verse the saints did not worship the beast or

receive his mark which places the events of verse 4 in the same time period which leads up to the

second coming of Christ. Having these points firmly in place we can investigate the meaning of

the phrase, “they came to life and reigned with Christ for a thousand years.”

Who Are Those Who Will Live?

In Revelation 20:4-5 we see the important verb which is translated in verse 4 as “they

came to life” and in verse 5 as “the rest of the dead did not come to life.” What does this mean?

Before we answer this question, we need to notice that most of verse 5 functions as a parenthesis

and the phrase, "This is the first resurrection" refers to the latter part of verse 4. The following

translation may help: “and they came to life and reigned with Christ for a thousand years. (The

rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were completed.) This is the first

resurrection.” Secondly, there has been some debate exactly how to translate the verb

“live”(.VT) in verses 4-5. It is probably best to translate it “they came to life” (§.F"<, an

ingressive aorist) in v. 4, but in verse 5 the translation “they lived” (§.F"<, a constative aorist)

62
Postmillennialist would not accept this position.
 31

is acceptable and does not play a major role in which millennial view one accepts.63

Then what does it mean that "they came to life?" The word can be use of spiritual life

(regeneration) in the NT, but it could not mean this here for the people who are coming alive

have already died (cp. v. 4). We find no biblical support of anyone being born again after they

are physically died.

Others try to say that it refers to the souls of men who have entered into heaven in the

intermediate state prior to physical resurrection. However, the verb .VT is rarely used for a soul

living after death that doesn't refer to a bodily resurrection (cp. Lk.20:37ff).64 In other words, this

is a rare use of this word. Secondly, one of the problems with taking these verses as the

intermediate state is that John calls this coming to life the first resurrection (•<VFJ"FH) in

verse 5. Out of about 41other times the word resurrection is mentioned in the NT only one time

does it fail to refer to a bodily resurrection.65 Therefore, the use of the word “they came to life”

in combination with “resurrection” strongly supports a bodily resurrection.66

The immediate context strongly supports a physical resurrection as the meaning for “they

63
Beale, The Book of Revelation, p. 1000; Nigel Turner, “Syntax,” A Grammar of New Testament Greek,
by James Hope Moulton, (Edinburgh: Clark, 1963), 3:7; A. T. Robertson, A Grammar of the Greek New Testament
in the Light of Historical Research (Nashville: Broadman, 1934), p. 833; and Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the
Basics, p. 559 think it is better to take .VT as an ingressive in verse 4.

64
Hoekema, The Bible In The Future, p. 233. Beale, The Book of Revelation, pp. 1008-10 uses Lk. 20:37-
38 and 1 Pet. 4:6 as examples from the New Testaments. He also mentions several other extra-biblical uses to bolster
his position. However, .VT is used 31 times in Johannine books and this use is not found unless Rev. 20:4 is the
exception. Beale attempts to use Rev. 2:10-11 for support by saying “presumably, and plausibly, the reward of life
commences at the point of death, so that the focus in 2:10-11 is on spiritual resurrection, which protects against
spiritual death” (p. 1008). The “presumably, and plausibly” demonstrate the weakness of this possible interpretation..

65
This reference is Luke 2:34. One more debated passage which they might claim would be Luke 20:28ff.

66
We may also add that the Greek word translated "they came to life" is used by John with the same Greek
tense in Revelation 2:8 as a reference to our Lord's bodily resurrection (cf.1:18). Then in Revelation 13:14 it refers to
a physical resuscitation of a mortal wound.
 32

came to life” (§.F"<). The coming alive refers back to the context of the first half of verse 4

where it says the "souls of those who had been beheaded . . . and [even] those who had not

worshiped the beast or his image. . . ." Since they lost their lives physically, it seems natural to

think that they came alive physically.67 Yet, a stronger argument is the context indicators from

the parallel use of "came to life" in verses 4 and 5. Dean Alford has a classic word on this point:

If, in a passage where two resurrections are mentioned, where certain RLP"
§.F"< [souls lived] at the first, and the rest of the <,6D@Â §.F"< [dead lived]
only at the end of a specified period after that first, --if in such a passage the first
resurrection may be understood to mean spiritual rising with Christ, while the
second means literal rising from the grave; --then there is an end of all
significance in language, and Scripture is wiped out as a definite testimony to any
thing. If the first resurrection is spiritual, then so is the second, which I suppose
none will be hardy enough to maintain: but if the second is literal, then so is the
first, which in common with the whole primitive Church and many of the best
modern expositors, I do maintain, and receive as an article of faith and hope.68

It can be concluded that Revelation 20:4 must refer to believers while the verb "did . . .

come to life" (§.F"<) in verse 5 must refer to unbelievers. If the §.F"< in both verses refers

to a physical resurrection, there is no problem. But if both verses refer to spiritual resurrection

then we are confronted with insurmountable problems. This would imply the unbelieving dead of

verse 5 would live spiritually in heaven after the thousand years are completed like the martyrs

of verse 4. Yet, this would support universal salvation. If you make the first one spiritual

resurrection in verse 4 and the last one in verse 5 physical resurrection then Alford’s

admonishment applies.

Therefore, some who hold an amillennial view contend that the word "until" (–PD ) in

67
Osborne, Revelation, p. 718.

68
Henry Alford, The Greek Testament, 4:732-33. Alford also stresses this point in his “Prolegomena”
section volume 4, page 252.
 33

verse 5 does not imply that the unbelieving dead will live again. They say the phrase "the rest of

the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were completed" is equivalent to saying

that "the second death had power on the rest of the dead during the thousand years and they also

did not live after the thousand years were completed."69

Yet, this argument does not hold up grammatically. There are two kinds of construction

which follow the word "until." There are prepositional phrases (e.g., Rom.5:13) and there are

clausal constructions (e.g., Rev.7:3; 15:8; 20:3, 5). Each time the clausal construction is used it

refers to some change after the appointed time stated.70 This is how the word "until" is used in

Revelation 20:3. If John did not accept the implication of the "until" clause then why the clause?

Why didn't he just say the "rest of the dead did not come to life? The “until” clause would not be

needed.71 But the "until" clause is needed in the context. Therefore, we conclude that the two

verbs "live" refers to bodily resurrection. The first resurrection is at the seconding coming of

Christ just before the millennium. The second resurrection is after the millennium.

Meredith Kline proposes a double binary pattern to try to establish that the first

resurrection as spiritual and the second as physical in Revelation 20:4-6.72 He sets up the

69
James A. Hughes, "Revelation 20:4-6 And The Question of The Millennium," pp. 301-2; Hoekema, The
Bible And The Future, p. 236.

70
Beale, The Book of Revelation, pp. 1016 agrees with Deere, “Premillennialism in Revelation 20:4-6,” pp.
68-69 when he says, “Now –PD occurs three times in Revelation with the aorist subjunctive (7:3 . . . 15:8 . . . 20:3).
In each of these uses –PD more than implies a change which ‘occurs after the point to which it refers is reached.’
Furthermore, exactly the same expressions are used in 20:3 and 20:5 . . . and 20:3 clearly contemplates a change
after the thousand years are completed.”

71
Deere, "Premillennialism in Revelation 20:4-6," p. 68-69; S. Lewis Johnson, Jr., "The Divine Purpose,"
tape series #17.

72
Meredith G. Kline, “The First Resurrection,” Westminster Theological Journal 37 (Spring 1975): 366-75.
See also Beale, The Book of Revelation, pp. 1005-07.
 34

following chiastic arrangement:

first physical death of the saints---------------------------------first spiritual resurrection of the

saints

A B

second physical resurrection of the wicked-----------------------second spiritual death of the

wicked

B A

Kline says the “two binary patterns are combined into a complex double pattern with antithesis

between the parts with each pair (i.e., the first-new contrast) and also between the two pairs

themselves, the one having to do with death and the other with resurrection. As we shall see

there is also a criss-crossing pattern of connection between the two pairs, ‘the first resurrection’

and ‘the second death’ being the explicit and metaphorical members of the two pairs, while the

first death links with the second resurrection, both being implicit and literal.”73 Therefore, Kline

would conclude that the above exegetical observation provides evidences that the first

resurrection in Revelation 20:4 to be spiritual and the resurrection in Revelation 20:5 to be

physical. Thus in his mind establishing an amillennial interpretation of Revelation 20:4-5.

Kline begins his argument to distinguish between the two resurrections by trying to

establish the understanding of BDTJ@H (“first”) not in a chronological sense but in an antithetical

sense. Kline uses three places in the New Testament (Revelation 21; Hebrews 8-10 and 1

Corinthians 15) to establish this. After he develops this usage of BDTJ@H as antithetical it is

73
Ibid., pp. 370-71.
 35

applied to Revelation 20:4-6.74 He would concluded that the first resurrection (spiritual) is

antithetical to the second resurrection (physical).

However, the chronological usage of BDTJ@H is overwhelmingly used in the New

Testament and especially in the book of Revelation (Rev. 1:17; 2:4, 5; 2:8; 4:1, 7; 8:7; 13:12;

16:2). It is also important to stress that the subject is resurrection (20:5) and “came to life” (vv.

4, 5) in combination with [email protected] There is no other place that BDTJ@H and •<VFJ"FH

(resurrection) are found in close proximity (except Acts 26:23 though this verse does not help us

here). However, the concept of first (“first fruits,” •B"DP¬) is found with “has been raised”

(having the thought of resurrection) in 1 Corinthians 15:20 and 23. We find no antithetical

aspect in Paul’s order of resurrection in 1 Corinthians 15:20 and 23. Christ’s first fruits of

resurrection is followed by the same concept of resurrection for “those who are Christ’s at His

coming” (v. 23). This use of “first” and “resurrection” fits the chronological position of the

premillennialist.

Kline uses the subject of the “new heaven and new earth” in Rev. 21, the Mosaic and

New covenant in Hebrews 8-10 and the “first man, Adam” and the “last man” Christ in 1

Corinthians 15 to develop his antithetical use of BDTJ@H. Then he says, “An interpretation of

protos in keeping with the usage and meaning of the word found in Revelation 21 is required in

Revelation 20, specifically in the expression ‘the first resurrection.’”76 He gives three reasons

74
Ibid., pp. 366-72.

75
Deere, "Premillennialism in Revelation 20:4-6," p. 72, n. 55.

76
Meredith G. Kline, “The First Resurrection,” p. 369.
 36

why Revelation 21 concept of BDTJ@H “is required” in Revelation 20:77 (1) “proximity of

Revelation 20 and 21 contexts”; (2) “general thematic continuity between the two chapters”; and

(3) “the striking fashion in which the first-(second) resurrection pattern is interlocked in the

‘thousand years’ context with the (first)-second death pattern of Revelation 21.”78 Requirements

#1 and #2 are not convincing since the subject of Revelation 20:4-5 is resurrection and the

subject of Revelation 21 is the new heavens and new earth, the new Jerusalem, and the

accomplishment of God and His provision to the overcomers. Therefore, the specific themes are

different and the context is not that close. The third requirement can be called a double binary

pattern.79 Hoehner explains Kline’s view this way, “the first resurrection is metaphorical

referring to the death of the Christian who is presently reigning with Christ (20:4), the second

resurrection is the literal physical resurrection, the first death is physical and the second is

metaphorical, which is the absence of spiritual life.”80 J. Ramsey Michaels answers Kline in his

article and part of his critique states:

Kline himself (correctly) sees the second death in close conjunction with the
second resurrection (both coming to expression in Rev. 20:11-15), so it is hard to
understand how he can at the same time refer to the former as ‘metaphorical’ and
the latter as ‘literal.’ Both represent the realities beyond the scope of human
experience. In that sense, neither can be described in human language without
resorting to analogy or metaphor of some kind. Yet both seem intended by the
author to be taken as real future events and therefore ‘literal.’
The implications of this for Kline’s thesis are clear. If the second death is
not metaphorical, there is no reason to assume that the first resurrection is
metaphorical either. If both deaths are in some sense ‘literal,’ why not both

77
Ibid.

78
Ibid.

79
Ibid., p. 370.

80
Hoehner, “Evidence from Revelation 20,” p. 255.
 37

resurrections?81

Michaels also demonstrates that though the concept of the first death and second resurrection is

in the context, it is not in the text itself, therefore, cannot be the basis for reconstructing a

“double binary pattern.”82 The evidence for both resurrections (20:4-5) being physical is still

strongly supported. In the opinion of many Kline has not established his case.

What About the Thousand Years?

The extent of the thousand years has become an ongoing debate. The lack of space will

only allow a brief survey. First, we must dispense with the shibboleth that the book of revelation

is a symbolic book; therefore we should expect that the number one thousand to be symbolical.

There are 174 cardinal numbers in the book of Revelation. In addition there are 19 numbers

which are fractions (e.g., 1/3 ) or cardinal numbers with fractions (e.g., 3 ½ ). Finally, there are

61 ordinal numbers which make a total of 254 numbers in the book.83 Davis enumerates four

general categories by which numbers are classified in Scripture: conventional84, rhetorical85,

81
J. Ramsey Michaels, “The First Resurrection: A Response,” p. 101. Meredith G. Kline, “The First
Resurrection: A Reaffirmation,” Westminister Theological Journal 39 (Fall 1976): 110-119 attempts to answer
Michaels.

82
Ibid., pp. 102-03.

83
See appendix.

84
John J. Davis, Biblical Numerology: A Basic Study of the Use of Numbers in the Bible (Grand Rapid:
Baker, 1986): 49-91. He defines this use “which is concerned primarily with the mathematical value of the numbers”
(p. 49). The function of this category can be further divided into mathematical processes (adding, subtracting, etc.),
specific quantities and rounded numbers (Ibid., pp. 49-54).

85
Ibid., pp. 93-102. He goes on to say, “Whenever numbers are so used, they are not to be understood
literally nor symbolically. . . The intention of the writer in this usage is not to emphasize the mathematical value of
the number primarily, but to express either intensity or other concepts such as ‘few,’ ‘many,’ etc. (Ibid., p. 93).
 38

symbolic86 and mystical87. There is some debate over the numbers in Revelation, but the vast

majority of the numbers should be categorized in the conventional use. John demonstrates the

conventional use not only by telling us totals in number, but he also counts out the number of

churches, seals, trumpets, bowls, woes and living creatures. Notice John tells us the total number

of elders is 24, but he also talks to one of the elders (4:4; 5:5; 7:3). In Revelation 7 he correlates

the four angels, the four corners of the earth and the four winds. Addition or multiplication is

indicated in Revelation 7:4-8 with the 144,000 for they are broken up into 12 groups of 12,000

each. The mentioning of 42 months (11:2; 13:5) as 1260 days (11:3; 12:6) is the conventional

use of time. In addition, one could add ½ an hour (8:1), 10 days (2:10), and 5 months (9:5, 10).

Round numbers are rarely used in Revelation. It is reasonable to see round numbers in the

fractions 1/10 (11:13) 1/4 (6:8), and 1/3 (8:7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; 9:15, 18; 12:4). It is possible that

the 7000 men killed in the earth quake (11:13), 200,000,000 armies and 1600 stadia could be

round numbers. Therefore, the conventional use of numbers which involves mathematical

operations, measurements, and around numbers involve all the numbers in the book of

Revelation with thirteen exceptions.

All but one of the thirteen exceptions could be classified as rhetorical and idiomatic

usages of numbers. Revelation 5:11 describes the number of the elders as “myriads of myriads

[or “ten thousand of ten thousands”] and thousands of thousands.”88 John uses this phrase to

86
Ibid., pp. 103-24.

87
Ibid., pp. 125-49. He concludes that the mystical use of numbers is not helpful in understanding the
Scripture (Ibid., pp. 148-49). The only possible use of mystical numbers in Revelation is 13:18. However, in this text
John makes it clear that he is using this number in a different way.

88
Some might want to place Revelation 9:16 here in this category, but one will notice it is not the exact
same expression and therefore can be a conventional number.
 39

describe a large indefinite number of angels usually understood as an expression from Daniel

7:10.89 The most idiomatic usage in Revelation is the number one. Though one is also used in a

conventional sense (5:5; 6:1 (2x); 7:13; 13:3; 15:7; 17:1, 10; 21:9; 21:21), it may also be used as

an indefinite English article “an” (8:13; 9:13; 18:21; 19:17).90 Other times it has the nuance of

“uniform, or single” as in a single purpose (17:13,16). Still other times it connotes the nuance of

“suddenness or abruptness” (18:8, 10, 17, 19)91 or a “very short time” (17:12).92 The only other

verse which is difficult for any interpreter is Revelation 13:18. Some would put this in the

symbolic usage while others may put it in the mystical usage. Whatever category one puts it, the

writer, John, makes it clear in the text that it is not to be considered a conventional usage.

Secondly, it is often declared with emphasis that this is the only place where the kingdom

is said to be a thousand years. We would agree with this, but we must also add that there are

many places we can turn in the Bible to demonstrate there will be an earthly kingdom. On the

other hand, it is interesting that this one place which mentions the time length of the earthly

kingdom declares six times that it will be a thousand years.

A quick look at a concordance will indicate when a number is used with the word "year"

it refers to a literal year. Everywhere there is a number with a time indicator in Revelation, such

89
Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 An Exegetical Commentary (Chicago: Moody Press, 1992), p. 403.

90
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 24, n. 70; Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, p. 559; A. T. Robertson, A
Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research, (Nashville: Broadman, 1934): 674;
Osborne, Revelation, p. 359.

91
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 326; Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, p. 559; Beasley-Murray,
Revelation, p. 266; Osborne, Revelation, p. 622. Thomas says, “the locative does not express duration of time, but is
a figurative way of expressing abruptness” (Ibid.).

92
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 301; Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, p. 715; . Thomas calls it “an
adverbial accusative of time” (Ibid.).
 40

as days, months and years, one finds nothing in the text which would compel the reader to

understand this to be anything other than a conventional use of numbers.93 Even 2 Pet. 3:8 is not

an exception. Peter is not saying that a thousand years are one day, but he is pointing out God's

transcendence in respect to time. In other words, Peter is trying to give us some idea how God

views time so he uses literal time.94 It is also important to see that John does use phrases to

indicate large indefinite numbers and short amounts of time even in Revelation 20, but he does

not use numbers to do this. In verse 3 John indicates that Satan must be released after the

thousand years “for a short time.” When this release happens, it says in verse 8 that Satan gathers

an army for war “the number of them is like the sand of the seashore.” The uses of numbers in

contrast with John’s use of indefinite phrases for time and numbers help to support that cardinal

numbers are to be understood in the conventional category.

Finally, we find that the structure of John's writing which gives us the vision in verse 4

and an interpretation of the vision in verses 5-6, gives strong support for a future literal

thousand-year-kingdom. This is indicated by the past tense verb (aorist) "reigned" in verse 4 and

the future tense "will reign" in verse 6. John writes in the past tense to indicate the

consummation of the vision, but he declares that his interpretation of the vision is future from his

time. Therefore, we have a thousand years mentioned in both the vision (verse 4) and in the

interpretation of the vision (verses 5-6). The above argument is a strong indication that we

should take the thousand years as a literal thousand years and this literal millennial kingdom is

93
See for day(s) (2:10; 8:12; 11:3, 9, 11; 12:6) months (9:5, 10; 11:2; 13:5) and years (20:2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
See the discussion above for 1 hour and 1 day in 17:12; 18:8, 10, 17, 19.

94
Hoehner, “Evidence from Revelation 20,” p. 249; John F. Walvoord, “The Theological Significance of
Revelation 20:1-6,” p. 231.
 41

future after the second coming of Christ. Furthermore, the thousand years in the vision are said

to be a thousand years in the interpretation of the vision. Since the number thousand is not

interpreted differently, it gives support that John is using the conventional use of numbers in

Revelation 20:4-6. There are at least six other places in Revelation where the number in the

vision is the same as the number in the interpretation:95

Verses Symbol Interpretation

1:20 7 stars angels of 7 churches

7 lampstands 7 churches
4:5 7 lamps of fire 7 Spirits of God
5:6 7 eyes 7 Spirits of God
11:3-4 2 olive trees 2 witnesses
2 lampstands 2 witnesses
17:9 7 heads 7 mountains
7 kings
17:12 10 horns 10 kings

This pattern strengthens the understanding that the thousand years in Revelation 20 is a

conventional number.

Where Will the Saints Reign for A Thousand Years?

The place where the saints will reign in this thousand years is the earth. The following

arguments favor this view. First, in Revelation 19:11-16 we see Christ coming out of heaven to

smite the nations who are on the earth and the saints will reign with Christ (Rev. 20:4). Then we

see in Revelation 20:9 that the saints are still upon the earth after the thousand years for this is

95
William E. Mouser, Jr., “The Hermeneutics of Numbers in the Revelation,” (unpublished paper at Dallas
Theological Seminary, 1976), p. 9.
 42

where Satan comes to attack them.96 This seems to indicate that the kingdom is on the earth.

Secondly, Revelation 5:10 claims that the saints will reign as priest upon the earth while 20:6

says “they [the saints] will be priests of God and of Christ and will reign with Him for a

thousand years.” Therefore, this writer would agree with Webb that “this bi-fold description of

the priestly and kingly functions of believers is mentioned explicitly (in a verbal way) in only

three passages: 1:6; 5:10 and 20:6. It is not mentioned explicitly (i.e., through any clear verbal

connection) in the new-heavens-and-new-earth material. Since 20:6 is the only place where the

priestly-service and kingly-reign theme is explicitly reiterated within Revelation (and in the

wording that echoes 5:10), perhaps it ought to be given some preference as the writer’s focal

point for fulfilling the reign-on-earth promise of 5:10.”97 Finally, the Old Testament Messianic

prophecies like Psalm 2 looked forward to an earthly rule and reign in the kingdom.

WHEN WILL THE BATTLE OF REVELATION 20:7-10 TAKE PLACE?

The temporal article “when” (ÓJ"<) in 20:7 is a time indicator which connects back with

the thought of 20:3 which says “after these things he [Satan] must be released for a short time.”98

96
Webb, “Revelation 20: Exegetical Considerations,” p. 32; Doros Zachariades, “Making Sense of the
Millennium Resurrection in Revelation 20,” Journal of the Grace Evangelical Society 14 (August 2001): 44. The
writer is not saying that the saint will not reign as priest in the new heaven and earth, but only it is not explicitly
stated they would.

97
Ibid., pp. 33-34.

98
BDAG, p. 731 states that when ÓJ"< is used with an aorist subjunctive “the action of the subordinate
clause precedes that of the main clause. Therefore,” when the thousand years are completed (an aorist subjunctive in
a subordinate clause), Satan will be released” (main clause). Osborne, Revelation, p. 710, n. 17 makes this helpful
statement: “Some (Beale 1999: 1021, noting Morris 1987: 238) overstate the force of ÓJ"< (hotan) as an indefinite
relative (“whenever”) to stress the symbolic nature of the thousand-year period, but in the Koine period it had often
lost its indefiniteness and had a force similar to ÓJ, (“when”; cf. Zerwick 1963: §337).”
 43

The text is indicating that after the millennium there is a short period of time for which the

events of 20:7-10 take place. As we said above, this short time after the millennium is a

difficulty for the amillennialist who believes that Revelation 20:7-10 is a recapitulation of

Revelation 19:11-21. Those who believe in this recapitulation have to explain the short time of

Satan after the second coming and from where the release of Satan comes. As discussed above,

the premillennial viewpoint best explains the thought of John which understands this chapter as

having visional progression with historical progression of events. The premillennialist believes

that at the second coming of Christ Satan is confined in prison for a thousand years and then

released for a short time after the millennium and comes to an end by being cast into the lake of

fire where the beast and the false prophet are.

The main activity of Satan in Revelation 20:8 is the deception and gathering of nations,

Gog and Magog, from the four corners of the earth to war. Magog is first mentioned in Genesis

10:2 and both names are mentioned in Ezekiel 38:2.99 The identification of Gog and Magog in

99
David J. MacLeod, “The Fifth ‘Last Thing’: The Release of Satan and Man’s Final Rebellion (Rev. 20:7-
10),” Bibliotheca Sacra 157 (April-June 2000): 208, n. 28 lists the possible chronological progression of Ezekiel 38-
39: “(1) The invasion will take place before the Tribulation (David L. Cooper, When God’s Armies Meet the
Almighty [Los Angeles: biblical Research Society, 1940], 80-81). (2) the invasion will take place in the middle of the
Tribulation (J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come [Grand Rapids: Dunham, 1958], 350-53; Leon Wood, A
Commentary on Daniel [Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1973], 309. (3) The events will take place at the end of the
Tribulation (William Kelly, Lectures on the Book of Revelation [London: G. Morrish, 1874], 448; and Charles Lee
Feinberg, The Prophecy of Ezekiel [Chicago: Moody, 1969], 218. (4) The events of Ezekiel 38-39 will spread over a
period of time, with chapter 38 being fulfilled in the middle of the Tribulation and chapter 39 being fulfilled at its
end (Harold Hoehner, “the Progression of Events in Ezekiel 38-39,” in Integrity of Heart, Skillfulness of Hands, ed.
Charles H. Dyer and Roy B. Zuck [Grand Rapids: Baker, 1994], 82-92). (5) The invasion will take place at the end
of the millennium (H.L. Ellison, Ezekiel, The man and His Message [Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1956], 133-34; A. B.
Davidson, The book of the Prophet Ezekiel, Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges, rev. A. W. Streane
[Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916], 301; Mounce, The book of Revelation, 371; J. Paul Tanner,
“Rethinking Ezekiel’s Invasion by Gog,” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 39 [March 1996]: 29-46;
and Meredith G. Kline, “Har Magedon: The End of the Millennium,” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
39 [June 1996]: 207-22). (6) Ezekiel’s prophecy will be fulfilled in two events, one recorded in Revelation 19:17-21
and one in Revelation 20:7-10 (Caird, The Revelation of St. John the Divine, 256; and Ralph H. Alexander,
“Ezekiel,” in The Expositor’s Bible Commentary [Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1986], 6:937-40).”
 44

20:8 with Ezekiel 38 has several difficulties. Hoehner details the differences:100 (1) Gog and

Magog in Ezekiel 38 are identified with a local northern power; in Revelation 20:8 Gog and

Magog refers to the “four corners of the earth”; (2) in Ezekiel Gog is a prince and Magog refers

to land; in Revelation 20:8 Gog and Magog refer to people; (3) in Ezekiel 39:4,17-20 the battle

ends with a great feast of the corpses (which fits well with Revelation 19:17-21 – the battle at the

end of the Tribulation at the second coming); in Revelation 20:10-11 fire comes down from

heaven devours the nations and Satan is thrown in the lake of fire. John in the book of

Revelation does not “always cite the OT with a strictly literal interpretation of proper names and

events.”101 These two names, Gog and Magog, refer to the nations in the latter days of the

millennium that will attack Jerusalem.102 As discussed above, the saints that survive the

Tribulation enter the millennium and reconstitute the nations to become a great multitude like the

sand on the sea shore. It is a testimony to the depravity of man to think that this multitude of

people which make up the nations will live in the most perfect environment thus far in the

history of man since the fall, will have the Lord Himself as head of the government and they will

fall prey to the deception of Satan. This deception will demonstrate their unbelief and rebellion

by warring against the Lord. The doom of the nations will come swiftly as they surround the

100
Hoehner, “Evidence from Revelation 20,” p. 258.

101
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 424. Webb, “Revelation 20: Exegetical Considerations,” pp. 10-11 makes
the same point, but the writer may differ on some points.

102
Ibid.; David J. MacLeod, “The Fifth ‘Last Thing’: The Release of Satan and Man’s Final Rebellion
(Rev. 20:7-10),” p. 209; Lee, “The Revelation of St. John The Divine,” in The Bible Commentary, 801; Johnson,
Revelation, 12:587.
 45

saints and Jerusalem103 for fire will be sent out of heaven to devour them. Then Satan will be

thrown into the lake of fire where the beast and false prophet had already been thrown at Christ’s

second coming. They will not be annihilated104, but will experience mental and sensory

torment105 throughout eternity. The expression “day and night” is expressing a figure of speech

for continual torment; while the expression “forever and ever” (lit. “unto the ages of the ages” -

,ÆH J@×H "Æ<"H JT< "Æf<T<) expresses the extent of time which in this context is eternal

punishment.106

There are those who believe that Revelation 20:1-10 is the recapitulation of Revelation

19:11-21. They give at least four points for their support.107 We will look at two of these points

103
It is quiet probable that the “and” (6"Â) in Revelation 20:8 is ascensive (“even,” expressing the point of
focus) and could be translated, “even the beloved city” (Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 425).

104
For the debate between eternal punishment and annihilation see William Crockett ed. Four Views of
Hell (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992); Christopher W. Morgan & Robert A. Peterson, gen. ed., Hell Under Fire
(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004); and W. G. T. Shedd, The Doctrine of Endless Punishment (Carlisle, PA: Banner
Truth, 1990 reprint). See also the five articles on hell by the Master’s faculty in The Master’s Journal 9 (fall 1998):
129-217.

105
This punishment is described as the “lake of fire, outer darkness (Matt. 8:12; 22:13; 25:30), wailing and
gnashing of teeth (Matt. 8:12; 13:42, 50; 22:13; 24:51; 25:30; Luke 13:28), a never-dying worm and unquenchable
fire (Mark 9:48)” and furnace of fire (Matt. 13:42.50) (Thomas, Revelation 8-22 An Exegetical Commentary, p. 426).

106
Ibid.; David J. MacLeod, “The Fifth ‘Last Thing’: The Release of Satan and Man’s Final Rebellion
(Rev. 20:7-10),” p. 210; Beale, The Book of Revelation, p. 1030; Osborne, Revelation, p. 716; D. E. Aune,
“Revelation 17-22” Word Biblical Commentary (Nashville, TN: Nelson, 2002) 52C:1100.

107
White in “Reexaming the Evidence for Recapitulation in Rev 20:1-10” argues from Rev. 15:1 that the
wrath of God is complete after the return of Christ, thus, the wrath poured out in Rev. 20:7-10 after the thousand
years in the premillennial view contradicts this verse (pp. 330-31). The writer has commented on this point in
footnote 16. Secondly, White believes if Revelation 16:17-21; 19:11-21 and 20:9-11 “all recapitulate Christ’s second
advent in 6:12-17, we may conclude with good reason that 16:17-21; 19:11-21; and 20:9-11 are each parallel
accounts of Christ’s return in their own right” (p. 333). White acknowledges that just because there are some
similarity of events, it does not prove identity (p. 333). The writer has argued in this article that the dissimilarities are
sufficient to indicate that Rev. 20:7-10 is not a recapitulation of 19:11-21. See also Hoehner, “Evidence from
Revelation 20,” p. 260-61. Thirdly, White uses the motif of angelic descending and ascending in Rev. 7:2; 10:1;
18:1and 20:1 to support his recapitulation position (p. 336-43). However, he states in his introduction “that this
discussion does not prove recapitulation in chap. 20, but it does support that approach when taken in conjunction
with factors such as the recapitulation of 19:11-21 in 20:7-10” (p. 336). Craig A. Blaising, “Premillennialism,” Three
 46

in a more extensive way. First, White details descriptive imagery in Revelation 19:17-21 and

20:7-10 which he ties with the episode in Ezek. 38-39.108 He concludes that the similarities

demonstrate that Revelation 19:17-21 is recapitulated in 20:7-10.109 The usage of the phrase

“Gog and Magog” in Ezekiel 38-39 and Revelation 20:8 has been discussed above and

demonstrated that they are not identical. White also tries to identify the “fire”110 in Ezekiel 39:6

with Revelation 20:9. However, Ezekiel 39:9, 12, 14 in the flow of the same context speaks

about a seven-year process of burning the war material and seven months of burying the dead

after the war which ends with the second coming of Christ. If we take the sequence of White’s

recapitulation, how do the seven years and the seven months fit in after the second coming of

Christ when the eternal state is suppose to be established? One does not have this confusion if

this recapitulation is jettisoned and a chronological progression is taken.111 White has also linked

Ezekiel 38:18-22 and Revelation 16:17-21 with Revelation 19:17-21 which is a difficulty for the

postmillennialist, but he has not successfully linked these passages with Revelation 20:7-10.

Secondly, White suggests when John refers to the nations at war against Christ and His

Views on the Millennium and Beyond, ed. Darrel L. Bock (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1999):216-17, n. 86 gives six
points in his critique of this argument.

108
Thomas, Revelation 8-22 An Exegetical Commentary, p. 560 n. 58 offers two weaknesses of White’s
assumption of recapitulation of Rev. 19:17-20 in 20:7-10 by arguing from Ezek. 38-39: (1) “inadequate allowance
for the characteristic of OT prophecy whereby it ‘compresses’ or foreshortens future sequences without necessarily
reflecting extended periods that may separate events named in the same prophecy;” (2) “inadequate consideration of
John’s independence in his allusions to OT Scripture.”

109
White, “Reexaming the Evidence for Recapitulation in Rev 20:1-10,” p. 326-28.

110
Ibid., p. 326.

111
Hoehner, “Evidence from Revelation 20,” p. 259 also mentions the confusion and inconsistency this
position makes with the casting of the beast and the false prophet in Rev. 19:20 and the casting of Satan in the lake
of fire in Rev. 20:10.
 47

saints, the noun “war” (B`8,:@H) is preceded by an article as seen in 16:14; 19:19; 20:8.112 This

is in contrast with lack of an article with B`8,:@H when John refers to war in general (9:7, 9;

11:7; 12:7; 13:7).113 Therefore, since the war of 16:14 and 19:19 refer to the final battle at

Christ’s coming so does Revelation 20:8. White also points out that all three passages have

virtually the same phrase “to gather them for the war” which he says points to the same war. He

says, “with the definite article in 20:8, the article’s presence makes it all but impossible to avoid

the conclusion that the battle mentioned in 20:8 is the one previously described in 19:19 and in

16:14.”114 The interpretation of the kind of article which is present in Revelation 20:8 depends on

the overall context of the passage. The article does not have to be referring back to a previous

war, but to the characteristic of the kind of war that is at present being fought.115 The phrase “to

gather them for the war” is not the only thing to consider. The writer has demonstrated above the

differences between Revelation 19:11-21 and 20:7-10. Revelation 20:7 orients the war in verse 8

as coming after the thousand years. The thousand years will start after the war that ends in the

return of Christ in Revelation 19:11-21. “The settings of each passage make it clear that they are

112
White, “Reexaming the Evidence for Recapitulation in Rev 20:1-10,” p. 326-28.

113
Though the writer would argue that Rev. 11:7 and 12:7 refer to a specific war this does not over turn
White’s argument for his argument is concentrated on Rev. 16:14, 19:19 and 20:8 which have an article with them.

114
White, “Reexaming the Evidence for Recapitulation in Rev 20:1-10,” p. 329.

115
The article in the Greek phrase JÎ< B`8,:@< in Rev. 20:8 could easily be a “well-know” article or
“par excellence” article. Daniel Wallace, Beyond the Basics, p. 225 says the “well-know” article “points out an
object that is well known, but for reasons other than the above categories (i.e., not anaphoric, deictic, par excellence,
or monadic). Thus it refers to a well-known object that has not been mentioned in the preceding context (anaphoric),
nor is considered to be the best of its class (par excellence), nor is one of a kind (monadic).” However, it may be
better to classify this as a par exellence article. Wallace says of this article, “The par excellence article is not
necessarily used just for the best of a class. It could be used for the worst of a class—if the lexical nuance (or
contextual connotation) of that particular class suggests it. In essence, par excellence indicates the extreme of a
particular class. “I am the chief of sinners” does not mean the best of sinners, but the worst of sinners. . . The article
par excellence and the well-known article are often difficult to distinguish. Technically, this is due to the fact that
the article par excellence is a subset of the well-known article” (Ibid. p. 222).
 48

different times.”116

WHAT ABOUT THE “GREAT WHITE THRONE JUDGMENT?” (Revelation 20:11-15)

Who Is Sitting on the Throne?

John introduces the last section of Revelation 20:11-15 with the chronological indicator

6"Â ,É*@< (“and I saw”). In this vision he sees a “great white throne and Him who sat upon it.”

The concept of the throne is a dominant theme in Revelation 4-5, 7 and then there are a few

references sprinkled through some of the rest of the chapters until chapter 20:11-15. The throne

in Revelation 4-7 seems to emphasize God’s majesty and sovereignty as He rules and directs His

eternal plan, while the awesomeness of this throne with its color white seems to express God’s

sovereignty and authority in His holy and righteous judgment.

There is a debate about who is sitting on this throne. Some believe it is the Father117

while others believe it is Jesus Christ.118 Revelation 20:12 seems to allude to Daniel 7:10 and if

this is the context for verses 11-15 then it points to the conclusion that the Father is sitting upon

the throne. Couple this point with the numerous times in Revelation (4:2-3, 9; 5:1, 7, 13; 6:16;

7:10, 15; 19:4; 21:5) that the Father is sitting on the throne and it becomes strong case. However,

116
Hoehner, “Evidence from Revelation 20,” p. 260.

117
Charles, The Revelation, 2:192; Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, p. 748; Swete, The Apocalypse of
St. John, p. 271; G. B. Caird, The Revelation of St. John Divine, in the Harper New Testament Commentary (New
York: Harper &Row, 1966), p. 258; Johnson, Revelation, 12:589; Mounce, The Book of Revelation, p. 364; and
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 429.

118
Hendriksen, More Than Conquerors, p. 235; Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, p. 305; Chilton,
Days of Vengeance, p. 529-31; David J. MacLeod, “The Sixth ‘Last Thing’: The Last Judgment and the End of the
World (Rev. 20:11-15),” Bibliotheca Sacra 157 (July-September 2000): 318.
 49

the Lamb sits with the Father (3:21; 12:5; 22:1, 3, 12; cf. 5:6; 7:17; Hebrews 1:3) and judgment

was given to the Son (22:12; John 5:19-27; cf. Matthew 25:31 ff; Acts 10:42; 17:31). Therefore,

it is probably best to conclude that the oneness of the Father and Son (John 10:30; cf. John 8:16;

Revelation 5:13; 6:16; 7:10, 17; 22:1, 3; 21:22-23) make both of them part of the judgment.119

What Happens to Heaven and Earth?

John describes heaven and earth as “fled away and no place was found for them.”120 The

question is whether this phrase is describing the dissolution of heaven and earth or is it only

describing the change of the present order. Those who believe this are a change in the present

order point to Romans 8:19-23 which gives the impression of a renewing of the creation. Jesus in

Matthew 19:28 refers to the restoration of all things (cf. Acts 3:19-21) as a regeneration which

also fits more of a change than a dissolution. Finally, they point out that “He who sits on the

throne said, ‘Behold, I am making all things new’” (Revelation 21:5).121 Ladd believes that this

phrase “suggests the renovation of what already exists.”122 Swete adds that the word “new”

119
Beasley-Murray, Revelation, p. 299; Johnson, Revelation, 12:589; Mounce, The Book of Revelation, p.
364; Osborne, Revelation, p. 720; Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, p. 271; and Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 429.

120
Mealy, After the Thousand Years, pp. 164-67 insist upon the translation, “And I saw a throne, great,
white, and sitting upon it was he from whose face the earth and sky fled, and no place was found for them.” This
translation bolsters his interpretation that Rev. 20:11-15 is “an event which is recalled as having happened earlier,
before the scene opens. The question of how much earlier, however, is not addressed by v. 11. It could equally have
happened more or less immediately before, or a thousand years before (or anywhere in between, for that matter)”
(Ibid., p. 167). Even if Mealy’s exegetical point is correct the context (which he admits) is the determining factor.
The writer has already argued above for a progressive chronology; and therefore, does not agree with Mealy’s
equating Rev. 20:11-15 with the second coming.

121
Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, pp. 315-16 neutralizes the point that renovation is the better
interpretation in Rev. 21:5 because John uses the B@XT (make) rather than 6J\.T (create). The word B@XT is
used in Mt. 19:4 where God used “both the word create (Gr., kitzo) and the word made (Gr., poieo) for the same act”
(Ibid., p. 316).Therefore, B@XT can be used to convey the meaning of create.

122
Ladd, Revelation of John, p. 276.
 50

(6"<`H) “suggests fresh life rising from the decay and wreck of the old world.”123 However,

there are several points which seem to outweigh this evidence. The strong language in

Revelation 20:11 stating that the earth and heaven “fled away and no place was found for them”

with the description of Revelation 21:1 (“the first heaven and the first earth passed away”),124

coupled with the statement that there is a “new heaven and a new earth,” strongly supports a

dissolution of the present order.125 The verb “passed away” (•B82"<) in Revelation 21:1

suggests a removal of the old creation for it means “to discontinue as a condition or a state.”126

The phrase “and there is no longer any sea” also suggests that “there is practically no substantial

continuity between the old fallen order and the new redeemed order, but that the old order is

completely swept away and replaced by something altogether new and different.”127 Another

passage to consider is 2 Peter 3:7, “But the present heavens and earth by His word are being

reserved for fire, kept for the day of judgment and destruction of ungodly men.” This passage

seems to relate the dissolution of the present order to the time of judgment and destruction of the

123
Swete, The Commentary on Revelation, p. 275. However, Johannes Behm, “6"<`H” in Theological
Dictionary of the New Testament, ed. Gerhard Kittel, trans. and ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1965), 3:447-48 defines 6"<`H as “new in nature, better, superior or unusual.” Hermann Haarbeck,
Hans-Georg Link & Colin Brown, “6"<`H” in The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology Gen.
ed. Colin Brown (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1971), 2:670 adds the following important point: “In secular usage
kianos denotes that which is qualitatively new as compared with what has existed until now, that which is better than
the old, whereas neos is used temporally for that which has not yet been, that which has just made its appearance.
But the longer these words were used, the less strictly was the conceptual differentiation maintained.” Therefore, the
word itself may fit either position.

124
Aune, Revelation 17-22, p. 1117; Charles, The Revelation, 2:193; Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus
Christ, p. 305 and Thomas, Revelation 8-22 An Exegetical Commentary, p. 440.

125
The dissolution of the heaven and earth is also indicated by Mt. 24:35 (Mk. 13:31; Lk. 21:33) and Lk.
16:17.

126
BDAG, p. 102.

127
Ladd, Revelation of John, p. 276.
 51

ungodly people which Revelation 20:11-15 describes as the Great White Throne judgment.128

Peter continues his description of the dissolution in 2 Peter 3:10-13. Therefore, it may be

concluded that there seems to be topographic changes to the present order at the Lord’s second

advent but Revelation 20:11 involves the dissolution of the present order and it happens at the

end of the millennium sometime before the new heaven and the new earth.

Who Is Being Judged at the Great White Throne?

There are those who believe the Great White Throne judgment is the final and only

general judgment where all believers and unbelievers are judged (John 5:24-29). However, it

was demonstrated above that there are at least two phases to God’s judgment separated by a

thousand years. Also at the pre-tribulational rapture of the church (seven years before the second

advent),129 all church saints will be resurrected or transformed (1 Thessalonians 4:13-17; 1

Corinthians 15:51-53) and then will appear before the Judgment Seat of Christ (2 Corinthians

5:10; Romans 14:10). At the second advent of Christ, the judgment of all the Old Testament

saints (Daniel 12:1-2a) and the judgment of Revelation 20:4-5 will take place as well as the

judgment of the nations in Matthew 25:31-46. Finally, a thousand years after Christ’s advent and

reign on earth, all unbelieving dead (“rest of the death”of Revelation 20:5 and 12-15) will be

128
J. Dwight Pentecost, Things To come: A Study in Biblical Eschatalogy (Grand Rapids: Zondervan,
1958), p. 553. He also notes, “If it be held that this cannot refer to the same time since Johns says, ‘from whose face
the earth and heaven fled away’ (Rev. 20:11) and Peter says, ‘reserved unto fire against the day of judgment’ (2 Pet.
3:7), it is sufficient to say that John’s statement gives the fact that the old heaven and earth have passed away
without giving the means by which this is accomplished, while Peter gives the means through which the dissolution
takes place. There is no contradiction here” (Ibid.).

129
See John F. Walvoord, The Rapture Question, revised & enlarged ed. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1979);
Paul D. Feinberg, “The Case for the Pretribulation Rapture Position,” The Rapture: Pre-, Mid-, Post- Tribulational?
(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984):45-86; and Thomas Ice & Timothy Demy, eds., When the Trumpet Sounds
(Eugene, OR: Harvest House, 1995).
 52

judged. The conclusion is that future judgment will come in a number of phases and the Great

White Throne will be the last judgment.130

The 6"Â ,É*@< (“and I saw”) in Revelation 20:12 continues the scene of the Great White

Throne.131 “The rest of the dead” who do not “come to life until the thousand years were

completed” (Revelation 20:5) become the primary focus in Revelation 20:12-15. There is little

debate that this verb “come to life”in verse 5 is a physical resurrection and those who are called

the “dead” will face the second death (Revelation 20:6). The phrase “standing before the throne”

in verse 12 implies that the “dead” will be resurrected to face the Great White Throne

judgment.132

Some have proposed that Revelation 20:12 represent believers who will be judged and

verses 13-14 represent unbelievers.133 Those who are in favor of 20:12 being the righteous,

support this view by connecting the phrase they are “standing before the throne” in 20:12 with a

similar phrase in Revelation 7:9 which says that the saints are “standing before the throne.”134

However, there are four places in Revelation (5:6; 7:9, 11; 20:12) that contains the verb

“standing” (ËFJ:) in combination with the noun “throne” (2D`<@H) and only Revelation 20:12

130
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 429.

131
Aune, Revelation 17-22, p. 1081states that the first 6"Â ,É*@< (“then I saw”) introduces the section of
Rev. 20:11-15 and the second 6"Â ,É*@< (“and I saw”) emphasizes a particular scene in the vision.

132
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 430; Aune, Revelation 17-22, pp. 1081, 1101.

133
Beale, The Book of Revelation, pp. 1033-34 connects Rev. 20:11-15 with Rev. 11:18 and believes both
the saints and the wicked are involved as a general and final judgment. However, in Rev. 20:12-15 there is no
statement about the destiny of those who will be recorded in the book of life. Rev. 20:5 opposes the concept of a
general judgment where all people will be judged for it declares that there will be a thousand years between the
judgment of the second advent and the resurrection and judgment of “the dead.”

134
Osborne, Revelation, p. 721.
 53

has the context of judgment. Therefore, the other verses do not help us here and the evidence is

not established.

Secondly, this view of the righteous and the wicked in Revelation 20:12-15 is predicated

upon several other points135: (1) The opening of the book of life in verse 12 but not in verse 13;

(2) Daniel 12:1-2 where the positive side is reflected in 20:12 and the negative side in 20:15; and

(3) Revelation 14:14-15 parallels 20:12 and Revelation 14:17-20 parallels 20:13-15. An overall

critique of these points involves the context and the possible style of the author, John. Aune

states that 20:13 “appears to be a doublet or reduplication of v 12 . . . Some scholars argue that v

13 originally came before v 12, while others contend that v 13 is an elaboration of v 12.”136

Though the writer does not agree that verse 13 ever came before verse 12, he does agree that

verse 12 is the same group of people which are expanded in verse 13-15. Aune also indicates that

verses 12-13 could be yet another instance of John’s use of a hysteron-proteron, which is “the

arrangement of events in their reverse of their logical order.”137 If so, then this will help support

that verses 12-13 are not two groups of people, but one group of wicked peoplewho will be

judged.

The context of Daniel 12:1-2a is not the Great White Throne judgment but the second

advent of Christ. Daniel 12:1 says, “And there will be a time of distress such as never occurred

since there was a nation until that time.” It is at this time that “everyone who is found written in

135
Ibid., pp. 721-22.

136
Aune, Revelation 17-22, p. 1081.

137
Ibid., p. 1102. Aune also see hysteron-proteron in 3:3,17; 5:5; 6:4; 10:4,9; 20:4-5; 22:14. The writer
does not agree with Aune in Rev. 20:4-5. More information on hysteron-proteron may be found above in footnote
44.
 54

the book, will be rescued.” Then in Daniel 12:2a it states there will be resurrections for “those

who sleep in the dust of the ground.” Jesus speaks of the same period of time in Matthew 24:21-

31 which is the 3 ½ years of unprecedent judgment on the earth (“great tribulation” in Matthew

24:21 and “time of distress” in Daniel 12:1) which ends in the second advent. The last part of

Daniel 12:2 is the only part that refers to Revelation 20:12-15 and this is where Revelation 20:4-

6 explains that there is a thousand years between the resurrections. Therefore, Daniel 12:2b is the

only part that refers to Revelation 20:11-15 and Daniel says that the judgment of these people

will be “disgrace and everlasting contempt.” Often in the Old Testament prophecies the future

events are compressed and appear to be speaking about the same period of time, but subsequent

revelation makes it clear that the time periods are different (e.g., Isaiah 61:1-2).138

The final point on this subject that needs to be investigated is the parallel of Revelation

14:14-20 with Revelation 20:12-15. Aune correctly contends that Revelation 14:14-16 and 17-20

are a doublet which brings forth parallel thoughts of one eschatalogical judgment. Therefore, it

cannot be used to support believers and unbelievers at the judgment in Revelation 20:12-15. He

presents five main arguments for his conclusion:139 (1) Both Revelation 14:14-16 and 17-20 are a

clear allusion to Joel 3:13 which is also a doublet using the same imagery but referring to only

one judgement; (2) The word “sickle” which is used in both parallel accounts in Revelation 14 is

primarily a negative symbol which involves judgment and punishment; (3) The phrase “the hour

of His judgment has come” in Revelation 14:7 can be construed to parallel the phrase “the hour

to reap has come” in 14:15; (4) Though the concept of reaping the harvest is a metaphor of

138
See footnote 108, point one.

139
D. E. Aune, “Revelation 6-16” Word Biblical Commentary (Nashville, TN: Nelson, 1998), 52B:802.
 55

divine judgment (Isa. 17:5; 18:4-5; 24:13; Hos. 6:11 Joel 3:13; Mic. 4:12-13; Mat. 13:24-30, 36-

43; Mk. 4:29), Matthew 3:11-12 uses the reaping imagery of both the saved and unsaved. (5)

The eschatalogical gathering of God’s people is found in the Gospels and the epistles, but it is

strikingly absent from the book of Revelation, even Revelation 19 which presents the second

advent of Christ. Finally, the event of Revelation 14:14-20 is best understood as a preview of

Revelation 19:11-21 which is the second advent and not the Great White Throne judgment of

Revelation 20:12-15.140

Thus, the “rest of the dead” in Revelation 20:5 do not experience the first resurrection

and they will be resurrected and enter into the Great White Throne judgment. Notice that no

living person will enter into this judgment, only the dead of all ages which Revelation 20:13

represents as “death and Hades.”141 In Revelation 20:12 the books are opened (cf. Dan. 7:10) and

the book of life is opened. The books represent the deeds of each individual which demonstrates

what kind of life the person lived. Salvation is by grace through faith (Eph. 2:8-9) but his deeds

will demonstrate that he or she has a saving faith (Eph.2:10; Jas 2:14-26; 1 Pet. 3-9; 2 Pet. 1:3-

11). Thomas is correct when he says, “The point of the passage is not to prove salvation by

works, but condemnation by works”142 (John 5:29; Rom. 2:5-9; Rev. 22:12; cf. Mt. 25:31-46).

The book of life (cf. Rev. 3:5; 13:8; 17:8; 21:27) is the ultimate judge whether one will spend

eternity in the lake of fire (20:15). Apparently, the books will demonstrate their sin and

140
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 220.

141
It seems that the saint in the millennium will not experience death (Zech. 14:11; Isa. 65:20, 22, 25) and
will be protected by God from the war of Rev. 20:7-10. We assume that God will give them glorified bodies which
will prepare them for immortality in the new heavens and new earth (Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 431).

142
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 433.
 56

guiltiness and this reflects why their name is not written in the book of life.

The “Sea” and “Death and Hades” and the “Lake of Fire”

In Revelation 20:13, the “sea” and “death and Hades” give up the dead for judgment. A

problem arises when verse 13 is compared with verse 11. How can the sea give up the dead when

verse 11 indicates the dissolution of heaven and earth and Revelation 21:1 parallels this point

and adds that the sea is also no longer? Thomas response by saying that the sea could have

yielded up the “dead simultaneously with the disappearance.”143 However, it seems best to

explain this as a hysteron-proteron (a reversal of the logical order of events) as we discuss

above.144 Some have made the sea in verse 13 to be a personification of evil145 or a symbol of the

realm of evil or the rule of evil forces.146 Since the sea is associated with death and Hades, this is

a possibility. Thus, it would be concluded that the sea has a negative or evil connotation and

would be destroyed in the new heaven and new earth (21:1).147 However, the figurative use of the

word “sea” in Revelation is not always negative (cf. 4:6; 15:2 [second reference]). Secondly, if

the sea in 20:13 is the evil realm or forces (like 13:1), what is the difference between the

143
Ibid.

144
Aune, Revelation 17-22, p. 1102; Osborne, Revelation, p. 723.

145
Osborne, Revelation, p. 722.

146
Beale, The Book of Revelation, pp. 1034.

147
The word “sea” (2V8"FF") is used 25 time in Revelation. Without considering 21:1 or 20:13, the
figurative use of the “sea” is seen in 4:6 and 15:2 (twice) as a simile describing a sea of glass in heaven and a sea of
glass mixed with fire which seems to be the bowl judgments that is to be pour out. Finally, there is Rev. 13:1 which
seems to be a figure for the abyss as one compares this with the origin of the beast in Rev. 11:7. The 19 other
references are the literal use of the word “sea” as they are connected with creation (5:13; 10:6: 14:7), or used in the
phrase earth and sea (7:1,2,3; 10:2,5,8; 12:12), or in the context of creatures living in the sea or ships on the sea (8:8
[twice],9; 16:3 [twice]; 18:17,19,21).
 57

meaning of the “sea” and “death and Hades” in 20:13? Why is not the sea thrown in the lake of

fire like death and Hades? One may give the answer that 21:1 indicates the dissolution of the sea.

However, Matthew 25:41 says the eternal fire was prepared for the devil and his angels and not

to be annihilated. Therefore, it seems best to take the sea in 20:13 as literal.148

The understanding of “death and Hades” in 20:13-14 is also debated (cf. Revelation 1:18;

6:8).149 It seems most likely that the phrase is a personification where “death” refers to the

ruler150 or state151 of death and “Hades” as the place of death. The mentioning of both the “sea”

and “death and Hades” could possibly mean that all the dead associated with the sea152 and all

the dead associated with the land (i.e., death and Hades153) were resurrected to the Great White

Throne judgment. However, it is most likely a doublet where the sea is a subset of all the

148
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 433; Johnson, Revelation, 12:589-90; Aune, Revelation 17-22, p. 1102-03;
Mounce, The Book of Revelation, p. 366; Beasley-Murray, Revelation, p. 302; Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus
Christ, p. 308; Swete, The Commentary on Revelation, p. 273; Ladd, Revelation of John, p. 273; Beckwith, The
Apocalypse of John, p. 749.

149
There are several options: (1) The personification of death and the realm of death (Aune, Revelation 17-
22, p. 1103; Beasley-Murray, Revelation, p. 303; Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, p. 749; Johnson, Revelation,
12:590; Mounce, The Book of Revelation, p. 366; Osborne, Revelation, p. 723; Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 433); (2)
A symbol of demonic forces which are rendered powerless (Swete, The Commentary on Revelation, p. 273; Morris,
Revelation in Tyndale New Testament commentaries, ed. R. V. G. Tasker (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984), p. 242;
Caird, The Revelation of St. John the Divine, p. 260; Osborne, Revelation, p. 723); (3) A metonymy (i.e., the
container for its contents) referring to unbelievers cast into the lake of fire (20:15) (Beale, The Book of Revelation, p.
1035); (4) A symbol of the physical death that is swallowed up into the second death which is eternal (Beale, The
Book of Revelation, p. 1035). Each have some merit but the first view is preferred by the writer.

150
Aune, Revelation 17-22, p. 1103.

151
Thomas, Revelation 8-22, p. 433.

152
It was a common belief among the Greeks and the Romans that they abhorred the thought of drowning
at sea or being buried at sea. There was even a belief that those who died at sea did not go to Hades but remained in
the sea. Some have associated this background sources with why John mentions the dead in the sea (Aune,
Revelation 17-22, pp. 1102-03; Thomas, Revelation 8-22, pp. 432-33.)

153
Aune, Revelation 17-22, p. 1103.
 58

unbelieving dead who are in Hades awaiting the time of the Great White Throne judgment.154

In Revelation 20:14 the intermediate holding place of all unbelieving dead is thrown into

the lake of fire. The unholy threesome (Satan, the beast and the false prophet), all the multitude

of unholy angels (cf. Matthew 25:41) and all unbelieving people (cf. Revelation 20:15; 21:8) are

punished in the lake of fire. It is also stated that the lake of fire is the second death. This concurs

with 1 Corinthians 15:26 and 54-55 where death, the last enemy, will be in its rightful

submissive state in God’s plan. Death will no longer disturb the peace of the new heaven and

earth (21:4).

Finally, how should the lake of fire be understood? First, it is a place where no one will

escape and they will be tormented consciously, continually and eternally (Revelation 14:9-11;

19:20; 20:10; 21:8).155 Secondly, this punishment is both physical and spiritual. The language of

Revelation 20:12-15 indicates that the unbelievers are resurrected with new bodies (cf. Daniel

12:1-2; John 5:28-29; Matthew 10:28). This body is different from their earthly body but

nevertheless it is a body made out of a substance that can be felt and has flesh and bone (like our

Lord’s glorified body - Luke 24:39) which the immaterial part of man is a part. Why would the

unbeliever be resurrected if hell is only spiritual? “The whole point of the resurrection is to

reunite body and soul. God could easily send souls directly to hell. But he does not. He raises all

154
Ibid.

155
Matthew Waymeyer, Revelation 20 and the Millennial Debate (The Woodlands, TX: Kress Christian
Pub., 2001): 83-84 gives the following characteristics of hell in the New Testament: “fire” or “unquenchable fire”
(Mat. 3:10,12; 7:19; Mk. 9:42; cf. Mk. 9:48); “the fiery hell (Mat. 5:22; 18:9; cf. Jas. 3:6); “furnace of fire” (Mat.
13:42,50); “the eternal fire (Mat. 18:8; 25:41); “the punishment of eternal fire (Jude 7); “the fury of a fire which will
consume the adversaries” (Heb. 10:27); “outer darkness” and “weeping and gnashing of teeth” (Mat. 22:13; 25:30;
cf. Mat. 13:42); “eternal punishment” (Mat. 25:46); “eternal destruction, away from the presence of the Lord and
from the glory of His power” (2 Th. 1:9); “eternal judgment” (Heb. 6:2); and “the black darkness” (2 Pet. 2:17; Jude
13).
 59

people from the dead and then sends that person to hell.”156

There is a debate whether the word fire in connection with eternal punishment is literal or

metaphorical.157 In either case, the Scripture is describing the horrible eternal punishment which

awaits the unbeliever. This punishment is also described as darkness (Matthew 8:12; 22:13;

25:30; 2 Peter 2:17; Jude 13), weeping and gnashing of teeth (Matthew 8:12; 13:42; 22:13;

24:51; 25:30; Luke 13:28) and “where the worm never dies” (Mark 9:47-48).158 Scripture paints

this grim picture so that nothing short of endless punishment and agony for the unbelievers are

conveyed. Therefore, the admonishment to every unbeliever who is still alive is to flee the

punishment to come by believing on the Lord Jesus Christ’s substitutionary work on the cross.

The justice of God demands that every sin must be paid. Either the person will spend eternity in

hell paying for his or her sins or Jesus Christ paid for them on the cross. Trusting in Christ for

eternal salvation is the one decision which must not be put off for it has eternal consequences.

WHY WILL THERE BE A MILLENNIAL KINGDOM?

With the above arguments in this article one could answer this question concerning the

millennial kingdom with the declaration that Revelation 20 tells us there must be a millennial

kingdom. It is this kingdom which the Old Testament predicted, our Lord spoke about in his

ministry and the apostles asked about in Acts 1:6-7 during the Lord’s post-resurrection

156
Daniel B. Wallace, “Hell: Spiritual or Physical or Both?” http://www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=405,
November 2004, p. 2.

157
See William Crockett ed. Four Views of Hell (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992).

158
Robert L. Thomas, “Jesus’ View of Eternal Punishment,” The Master Seminary Journal 9 (Fall 1998):
163-64; Leland Ryken, James C. Wilhoit & Tremper Longman III, eds., “Hell,” Dictionary of Biblical Imagery
(Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1998): 377.
 60

ministry.159 However, there are also theological arguments why there is a millennial kingdom:

1. During the Millennium, Christ will manifest his kingdom in world history and will fulfill all

the Old Testament covenant promises which God made to his people.160

2. "The Millennium will reveal that man's rebellion against God lies deep in man's own heart, not

in the devils' deception. Even when Satan is bound and righteousness prevails in the world, some

people will still rebel against God. The final release of Satan will openly draw out this hidden

evil."161 This is another way of showing how sinful man's heart really is. With a perfect

environment and a perfect rule of Christ on earth, the unregenerate man will still act in rebellion

against God.

3. The very world where Christ was rejected will be the very place where His glory will be

manifested. The creator of the world (Revelation 4:11) will be proven to be the Lord of the world

and history.162

4. Tertullian (ca. 160-225), an early premillennialist, believed the millennium was a necessary

hope for all the believers to be rewarded on the very scene where they suffered and labored for

the Lord. According to Luke 19:11-27, our Lord promised authority over cities in His kingdom

159
For more information on the kingdom see: Alva J. McClain, The Greatness of the Kingdom (Winona
Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1974 reprint); J. Dwight Pentecost, Things To Come (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1958): 427-
75; Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, Israelology: The Missing Link in Systematic Theology (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries
Press, 1994 revised).

160
Johnson, Revelation, 12:581; Macleod, “The Fourth ‘Last Thing’: The Millennial Kingdom of Christ
(Rev. 20:4-6),” p. 60.

161
Johnson, Revelation, 12:581.

162
Macleod, “The Fourth ‘Last Thing’: The Millennial Kingdom of Christ (Rev. 20:4-6),” p. 60.
 61

to those who are faithful (cf. Revelation 2:26-27).163

5. Finally, the millennium is the completed work of God's redemption in history. Creation is

linked with man in the Fall for when man fell judgment was also placed upon the creation. Just

as the Fall took place on the earth in history and affected both man and creation, so in the

kingdom it will be shown on earth in history that not only has man been redeemed by the Son but

also the creation will have its cursed lifted and participate in the glory of the accomplishment of

the Lord Jesus Christ. The kingdom is a necessary event to demonstrate to the glory of Jesus

Christ the effect of his saving work not just on individuals who come to faith, but also in the

cosmic significance of His saving work. It touches all of creation (cp. Col.1:20).164

Conclusion

It is our conclusion that the best interpretation of Revelation 20:1-15 is the premillennial

view. We believe that the visions of Revelation 19-20 are in chronological progression not only

within the visions, but from one vision to another. Therefore, in the future Christ will come the

second time. He will judge the nations and will throw the beast and the false prophet into the

lake of fire. Then an angel will come and bind Satan and shut him up in the abyss so that he will

not deceive mankind for a thousand years.

The believers of all ages will be bodily resurrected and will reign with Christ on earth for

163
Tertullian, Against Marcion 3.24 said, “We say that this city has been provided by God for receiving the
saints on their resurrection, and refreshing them with the abundance of all really spiritual blessings, as a recompense
for those which in the world we have either despised or lost; since it is both just and God-worthy that His servants
should have their joy in the place where they have also suffered affliction for His name’s sake.” (cf. Macleod, “The
Fourth ‘Last Thing’: The Millennial Kingdom of Christ (Rev. 20:4-6),” p. 60).

164
S. Lewis Johnson, "The Divine Purpose," tape #16.
 62

a thousand years. Satan will also be loosed at the end of the thousand years and he too will be

judged and thrown into the lake of fire. Then after the thousand years the unbelieving dead from

all the ages will be raised, judged and thrown into the lake of fire to be consciously, continually

and eternally punished.

 63

APPENDIX

Numbers in the Book of Revelation

The numbers are listed in the order in which they appear in the book. Cardinal numbers and
factions are entered in Arabic numerals and ordinal numbers are written out.

Verses Numbers Reference Verses Numbers References

1.4 7 churches 5.6 7 eyes

7 spirits 7 spirits of God
1.11 7 churches 5.7 4 living creatures
1.12 7 lampstands 24 elders
1.16 7 stars 5.11 10,000 (2x) angels
1.20 7 (2x) stars 1,000 (2x) angels
7 (2x) lampstands 5.14 4 living creatures
7 (2x) churches 6.1 1 of the 7 seals
2.1 7 stars 7 seals
7 lampstands 1 of the 4 living
2.4 first love creatures
2.5 first deeds 4 living creatures
2.8 “first and last” 6.3 second seal
2.10 10 days second living creature
2.19 first beginning works 6.5 third seal
3.1 7 spirts of God third living creature
7 stars 6.6 4 living creatures
4.4 24 thrones 3 quarts of barley
24 elders 6.7 fourth seal
4.5 7 lamps fourth living creature
7 spirts of God 6.8 1/4 of the earth
4.6 4 living creatures 6.9 fifth seal
4.7 first living creature 6.12 sixth seal
second living creature 7.1 4 angels
third living creature 4 corners of the earth
fourth living creature 4 winds
4.8 4 living creatures 7.2 4 angels
6 wings 7.4 144,000 sealed ones
4.10 24 elders 7.5-8 12,000 (12x) sealed ones
5.1 7 seals 7.11 4 living creatures
5.5 1 of the elders 7.13 1 of the elders
7 seals 8.1 seventh seal
5.6 4 living creatures ½ an hour
7 horns 8.2 7 angels
 64

Verses Numbers Reference Verses Numbers Reference

8.2 7 trumpets 11.3 1260 days

8.6 7 angels 11.4 2 olive trees
7 trumpets 2 lampstands
8.7 first angel or trumpet 11.9 3½ days
1/3 of the earth 11.10 2 prophets
1/3 of the trees 11.11 3½ days
8.8 second angel 11.13 1/10 of the city
1/3 of the sea 7000 people
8.9 1/3 creatures in the sea 11.14 second woe
1/3 ships third woe
8.10 third angel 11.15 seventh angel
1/3 rivers and springs 11.16 24 elders
8.11 1/3 waters 12.1 12 stars
8.12 fourth angel 12.3 7 heads
1/3 sun 10 horns
1/3 moon 7 diadems
1/3 stars 12.4 1/3 stars of heaven
1/3 them (all the above) 12.6 1260 days
1/3 it (day) 12.13 2 wings
8.13 1 eagle 13.1 10 horns
3 angels 7 heads
9.1 fifth angel 10 diadems
9.5 5 months 13.3 1 of the heads
9.10 5 months 13.5 42 months
9.12 first woe 13.11 2 horns
2 more woes first beast
9.13 sixth angel 13.12 first beast
1 voice 13.18 666 number of the beast
4 horns of the altar 14.1 144,000 (sealed)
9.14 sixth angel 14.3 4 living creatures
4 angels 144,000 (sealed)
9.15 4 angels 14.4 first fruit first portion
1/3 mankind 14.8 second (angel)
9.16 200,000,000 armies of horsemen 14.9 third angel
9.18 3 plagues 14.20 1600 stadia
1/3 mankind 15.1 7 angels
10.3 7 peals of thunder 7 last plagues
10.4 7 (2x) peals of thunder 15.6 7 angels
10.7 seventh angel 7 plagues
11.2 42 months 15.7 1 of the 4 living
11.3 2 witnesses creatures
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Verses Numbers Reference Verses Numbers Reference

15.7 4 living creatures 18.21 1 angel

7 angels 19.3 second (time)
7 golden bowls 19.4 24 elders
15.8 7 plagues 4 living creatures
7 angels 19.17 1 angel
16.1 7 angels 19.20 2 (beast & false
7 bowls prophet)
16.2 first angel 20.2 1000 years
16.3 second angel 20.3 1000 years
16.4 third angel 20.4 1000 years
16.8 fourth angel 20.5 1000 years
16.10 fifth angel first resurrection
16.12 sixth angel 20.6 first resurrection
16.13 3 unclean spirits second death
16.17 seventh angel 1000 years
16.19 3 parts 20.7 1000 years
16.21 a talent hailstones 20.8 4 corners of the earth
17.1 1 of the 7 angels 20.14 second death
7 angels 21.1 first heaven
7 bowls first earth
17.3 7 heads 21.4 first things
10 horns 21.8 second death
17.7 7 heads 21.9 1 of the 7 angels
10 horns 7 bowls
17.9 7 heads 7 plagues
7 mountains 21.12 12 gates
7 kings (Gk. text) 12 angels
17.10 5 (kings) 12 tribes
1 (king) 21.13 3 (4x) gates-east,north,south,
17.11 eighth (king) west
7 (king) 21.14 12 foundation stones
17.12 10 horns 12 names
10 kings 12 apostles
1 hour 12.16 12,000 stadia
17.13 1 purpose 12.17 144 cubits
17.16 10 horns 12.19 first foundation stone-
17.17 1 purpose jasper
18.8 1 day second sapphire
18.10 1 hour third chalcedony
18.17 1 hour fourth emerald
18.19 1 hour 21.20 fifth sardonyx
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Verses Numbers Reference

21.20 sixth sardius

seventh chrysolite
eighth beryl
ninth topaz
tenth chrysoprase
eleventh jacinth
twelfth amethyst
21.21 12 gates
12 pearls
1 of the gates
22.2 12 fruits
22.13 “first and the last”