This section will summarize the Basic parameters of the LTE:

Parameters Description

1.4

5
Channel Bandwidth (MHz)
10

15

20

15
Transmission Bandwidth 25
Configuration NRB : (1 resource block
= 180kHz in 1ms TTI ) 50

75

100

UL: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM(optional)

Modulation Schemes
DL: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

UL: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) supports

50Mbps+ (20MHz spectrum)
Multiple Access Schemes
DL: OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) supports
100Mbps+ (20MHz spectrum)

UL: 75Mbps(20MHz bandwidth)

DL: 150Mbps(UE Category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth)

Peak data rate in LTE

DL: 300Mbps(UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth)

UL: 1 x 2, 1 x 4
(Multiple Input Multiple Output)
DL: 2 x 2, 4 x 2, 4 x 4

Latency End-user latency < 10mS

 E-UTRA Operating Bands

As Example B-3 is 1800 Band use 5MHz. EARFCN (1200-1949)

where UL is (1710-1785)MHz & DL (1805-1880) MHz
The radio network design process results in a complete design of a radio network.
 CW Test Service
This is at beginning of design when no site has been built or even selected. All test sites
are temporary/dummy sites. At this point drive test is performed mostly for characterization
of propagation and fading effects in the channel. The objective is to collect field data to
optimize or adjust the prediction model for preliminary simulations.
Continuous wave (CW) testing, also called CW drive testing, is essential to the RF
planning process and deployment of cellular networks. This is at beginning of design when
no site has been built or even selected. All test sites are temporary/dummy sites. At this
point drive test is performed mostly for characterization of propagation and fading effects in
the channel. The objective is to collect field data to optimize or adjust the prediction model
for preliminary simulations. A CW test should be conducted to examine the signal levels in
the area of interest: indoor, outdoor, and in vehicle. There are two types of drive tests:
1. CW Drive:
A CW drive test is conducted through different routes in the area to be covered before
the network is deployed. A transmit antenna is placed in the location of interest (future
site), and is configured to transmit an un-modulated carrier at the frequency channel of
choice. A vehicle with receiver equipment is used to collect and log the received signal
levels.
2. Optimization Drive:
This drive test is conducted after the cellular network is in operation (different call
durations, data uploads, and data downloads). Thus, the modulated data signal is
transmitted and then collected by the on-vehicle receiver equipment, then the data are
analyzed for different performance parameters like reference channels (similar to the pilot
in 3G systems), power measurements, scrambling codes, block error rates, and error vector
magnitudes.
 Test Preparation
• The test equipment required for the CW drive testing :-
– Receiver with fast scanner
• Example : HP7475A, EXP2000 (LCC) etc.
• The receiver scanner rate should conform to the Lee Criteria of 36 to
50 sample per 40 wavelength
– CW Transmitter
• Example : Gator Transmitter (BVS), LMW Series Transmitter (CHASE),
TX-1500 (LCC) etc.
– Base Station test antenna
• DB806Y (Decibel-GSM900), 7640 (Jaybeam-GSM1800) etc.
– Accessories
• Including flexible coaxial cable/jumper, Power meter, extended power
cord, GPS, compass, altimeter
• Base Station Antenna Selection
 – The selection depends on the purpose of the test
– For propagation model tuning, an omni-directional antenna is preferred
– For candidate site testing or verification, the choice of antenna depends on
the type of BTS site that the test is trying to simulate.
• For Omni BTS :
• Omni antennas with similar vertical beamwidth
• For sectorised BTS
• Utilising the same type of antenna is preferred
• Omni antenna can also be used, together with the special
feature in the post processing software like CMA (LCC) where
different antenna pattern can be masked on over the
measurement data from an omni antenna
• Test Site Selection
– For propagation model tuning, the test sites should be selected so that :-
• They are distributed within the clutter under study
• The height of the test site should be representative or typical for the
specific clutter
• Preferably not in hilly areas
– For candidate site testing/verification, the actual candidate site configuration
(height, location) should be used.
– For proposed greenfield sites, a “cherry-picker” will be used.
• Frequency Channel Selection
– The necessary number of channels need to be identified from the channels
available
• With input from the customer
– The channels used should be free from occupation
• From the guard bands
• Other free channels according to the up-to-date frequency plan
– The channels selected will need to be verified by conducting a pre-test drive
• It should always precede the actual CW drive test to verify the exact
free frequency to be used
• It should cover the same route of the actual propagation test
 • A field strength plot is generated on the collected data to confirm the
channel suitability
• Drive Route Determination
– The drive route of the data collection is planned prior to the drive test using a
detail road map
• Eliminate duplicate route to reduce the testing time
– For propagation model tuning, each clutter is tested individually and the
drive route for each test site is planned to map the clutter under-study for
the respective sites.
– It is important to collect a statistically significant amount of data, typically a
minimum of 300 to 400 data points are required for each clutter category
– The data should be evenly distributed with respect to distance from the
transmitter
– In practice, the actual drive route will be modified according to the latest
development which was not shown on the map. The actual drive route taken
should be marked on a map for record purposes
• Drive Test
– Initiate a file to record the measurement with an agreed naming convention
– Maintain the drive test vehicle speed according to the pre-set scanning rate
– Follow the pre-plan drive route as closely as possible
– Insert marker wherever necessary during the test to indicate special locations
such as perceived hot spot, potential interferer etc.
– Monitor the GPS signal and field strength level throughout the test, any
extraordinary reading should be inspected before resuming the test

Radio Network Planning

Below flow diagram shows one of the more common work procedures recommended by
the Radio network planning team. It covers all the major area that requires technical
attention from the conceptual beginning of a network design to the provisioning of final
network parameters required for the deployment phases.
 Contents LTE Planning
LTE Network Planning
 ----- Frequency Planning
 ----- Coverage Planning
 ----- Capacity Planning
Frequency Planning Recommendations
* Convention Conventional Frequency Reuse Scheme 1*3*1
Under this scheme, a single frequency will be used for the entire system. Although it
eliminates the need of any frequency planning considerations, it also opens the door for
inter-site and inter-sector interference which is detrimental for urban LTE deployment due
to the high site.
Application scenario
• Limited application scenario in urban and suburban environment without impacting
QoS/QoE.
• Possible application in highly isolated rural scenario where users are also highly
scattered
Advantage
• High spectral efficiency and high throughput per site.
• Easy to deploy.
• No special scheduling algorithm required
Disadvantage
• High level of interference especially on cell edge area
• Low throughput on cell boundary and lower QoS/QoE for users on boundary area.
• Coverage control of cells becomes an important factor in achieving a high
throughput level
SFR 1*3*1 – Downlink and Uplink
SFR (Soft Frequency reuse) is the recommended frequency reuse methodology. Both FDD
and TDD can use this interference reduction method. The SFR concept is based on dividing
the entire LTE carrier bandwidth into 3 sub-sections as shown below
Under this configuration, each sector will only use one of the sub-sections, also known as
the primary band, which “1/3” of the entire carrier bandwidth, to serve the cell edge users.
As a result, the interference level between sectors can be reduced, thereby enhancing the
throughput of those users.
For those users location near the center of the cell, the other 2 sections, which is the
remaining “2/3” of the carrier bandwidth, also known as the secondary band, will be used to
serve these users. The figure below depicts the actual layout

SFR 1*3*1 Downlink frequency planning scheme

Application scenario
• Recommended configuration to satisfy high traffic and high site density requirement.
• Best results will require the introduction of Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC)
Advantage
• Reduce inter-cell interference under a high site density deployment.
• Improve cell edge user throughput and quality of experience.

TDD Specific Frequency Planning Considerations

It is very common for telecom Operators within the TDD band of LTE have a wider
unpaired spectrum than the bandwidth defined maximum carrier bandwidth of 20MHz. As a
result, the selection of carrier bandwidth for multiple carrier condition is also more complex
in TDD than FDD. Moreover, the coexistence of WiMAX within the same TDD spectrum is
also very common and this has further complicated the carrier and bandwidth planning for
LTE TDD network from a carrier planning perspective. Planning engineers need to take all
these variations along with customer throughput and coverage requirement into account
when it comes to TDD frequency planning.
 Besides, carrier bandwidth, co-frequency and time sharing nature between uplink and
downlink in TDD also require careful selection of guard band and pilot time slot (DwPTS, GP
and UpPTS). Failure to include enough separation will create a lot of co-channel interference
which will degrade the throughput performance significantly. Lastly, for TDD to work
properly, all cells must be operating in time synchronous mode to avoid any extra
interference being introduced to the network. IEEE 1588v2 implementation is
recommended and will help to ensure the integrity of time synchronization within the LTE
TDD network.

 Charter 1 LTE Network Planning

 ----- Frequency Planning
 ----- Coverage Planning
 ----- Capacity Planning
 Link Budget and Coverage Planning
Operators are rightfully focused on the service quality of a system and coverage is an
important part of the service quality of a system. The aim of radio network planning is to
balance coverage, capacity, quality, and cost so none of these can be considered in
isolation. Various factors must be considered during LTE system coverage planning and
setting of these parameters will affect coverage radius and the quantity of base stations.
Coverage and design requirement must be analyzed in choosing
parameters within the following parameter groups:
•• Propagation-related
•• Equipment-related
•• LTE-specific
•• System Reliability
•• Specific Considerations
Achievable cell radius can be derived from the Excel based link budget tools. Network
planning tool, GENEX U-net, will
provide site deployment specific simulation analysis to obtain the number of required
base stations in the target area.
The coverage area offered by a 3 sector and Omni site along with coverage planning
flow is shown below

Link Budget Procedure

 Link Budget Model: Uplink

Link Budget Model: Downlink

 Link Budget Principle

MAPL Calculation Process

 Coverage Planning Comparison LTE/CDMA /WiMAX

 Charter 2 LTE Network Planning

 ----- Frequency Planning
 ----- Coverage Planning
 ----- Capacity Planning
 Capacity Analysis Concept

Capacity Estimation Realization Process

 Key performance baseline

Neighbor Cell Planning

ANR & Neighbor Cell Planning

PCI Planning
 Scrambling Overview

 PCI: Physical Cell ID, is used to generate scrambling code to

identify the different cell
 PCI Planning Principle

Differences between a scrambling code and a PCI: The scrambling code ranges from 0 to 511
whereas the PCI ranges from 0 to 503. In addition, the protocols do not have specific
requirements for scrambling code planning. Therefore, only the reuse distance needs to be
ensured in scrambling code planning. For PCI planning, however, 3GPP protocols require
that the value of PCI/3 should be 0, 1, or 2 in each eNB.
Reference Signal in LTE
Example of cross antenna interference
PCI Planning – Modulo 3
 Cyclic Prefix Size Decision

The symbol energy that can be captured by the OFDM receiver depends on the CP length:
• If the CP is longer than the multipath delay of an OFDM symbol, the OFDM receiver
can capture all energy of the symbol.
• If the CP is shorter than the multipath delay of an OFDM symbol, the OFDM receiver
can capture only some energy of the symbol.
 FDD Mode & TDD Mode
TDD and FDD are two topologies by which critical resources time and frequency are shared
among mobile subscribers or terminals. LTE uses both of these flavors to provide facility
for the mobile subscribers or UEs to utilize the scarse resource efficiently based on the
need.
Let us understand LTE FDD and TDD LTE versions with figures and band example below. LTE
has radio frame of duration 10ms consisting of 10 subframes. Each subframe has two
slots. The slot is of 0.5ms duration. Hence there are total 20 slots in a radio frame.

In LTE base station is referred as eNodeB and mobile subscriber is referred as UE. The figure-1
describes LTE FDD scenario. As shown in the figure f1 and f2 are one pair of frequencies
allocated separately for both the uplink and downlink direction.
Figure mentions LTE band-13 with uplink frequency of range 777 to 787MHz and downlink
frequency of range 746 to 756 MHz. Hence f1 is allocated from uplink band and f2 is
allocated from downlink frequency band. The entire radio frame of 10ms is used
simultaneously over downlink and uplink directions.
Pls. note that downlink always refers to transmission from LTE eNodeB to UEs and uplink
refers to transmission from UEs to eNodeB. Both uplink and downlink will have 10MHz
bandwidth each on which entire frame will be used.
The figure describes TDD LTE scenario. As shown in the figure both uplink and downlink has
been allocated same frequency f1 and but both uses different time slots for mapping
their information data.
Figure mentions LTE band-33 which is from frequency 1900 to 1920MHz. Entire bandwidth of
20MHz is used for both eNodeB and UEs. Figure mentions configuration of radio frame
time slots 0 to 9 for UL/DL configuration of zero and 5ms DL/UL switch point periodicity.
It is D,S,U,U,U,D,S,U,U,U. Here D stands for downlink and U stands for uplink. Hence the
subframes of the entire radio frame is divided and used for both the uplink and
downlink direction.

Both LTE FDD and TDD versions have their own applications and the same can be exploited by
telecom operators based on traffic and other requirements.

Following table summarizes LTE FDD and TDD versions. It compares both with respect to
application, frame structure, Guard period, frequency band, interference, data rate and
interoperability with other RATs.
Feature LTE FDD TDD LTE

TDD version is used where

FDD version is used where both uplink and downlink
Application both uplink and downlink data rates are
data rates are symmetrical. asymmetrical.

Frame structure Uses FDD frame structure Uses TDD frame structure

Provided in the center of

special subframes and
Not provided,every downlink used for the advance of
Guard periods subframe can be associated the uplink transmission
with an uplink subframe. timing. The no. of
downlink and uplink
subframes is different

REFER LTE Frequency REFER LTE Frequency

Frequency bands Bands for FDD frequency Bands for TDD frequency
ranges ranges

Interference between Interference between

neighbouring base stations neighboring base stations
Interference less as transmission and more, as transmission
reception is done on and reception is done on
seperate frequencies. the same frequency.

Minimum: 1.728 Mbps with 1.4MHz BW,6 RBs, QPSK

Peak Downlink data rate modulation,
for FDD/TDD LTE Maximum: 345.6 Mbps with 20MHz,100 RBs, 64QAM,4X4
MIMO

Minimum: 1.8 Mbps with 1.4MHz BW, 6 RBs, QPSK

Peak Uplink data rate for modulation,
TDD/LTE FDD Maximum: 86.4 Mbps with 20MHz BW, 100 RBs, 64QAM
modulation

TDD LTE works well with

Interference will be higher minimum interference
Working with other RAT along with TD-SCDMA
than TD version
RAT
COMPARISON OF TDD LTE AND FDD LTE DUPLEX FORMATS

PARAMETER LTE-TDD LTE-FDD

Paired spectrum Does not require paired spectrum as Requires paired spectrum with
both transmit and receive occur on sufficient frequency separation
the same channel to allow simultaneous
transmission and reception

Hardware cost Lower cost as no diplexer is needed to Diplexer is needed and cost is
isolate the transmitter and higher.
receiver. As cost of the UEs is of
major importance because of the
vast numbers that are produced,
this is a key aspect.

Channel reciprocity Channel propagation is the same in Channel characteristics different in

both directions which enables both directions as a result of the
transmit and receive to use on set use of different frequencies
of parameters
UL / DL asymmetry It is possible to dynamically change the UL / DL capacity determined by
UL and DL capacity ratio to match frequency allocation set out by
demand the regulatory authorities. It is
therefore not possible to make
dynamic changes to match
capacity. Regulatory changes
would normally be required and
capacity is normally allocated so
that it is the same in either
direction.

Guard period / Guard period required to ensure Guard band required to provide
guard band uplink and downlink transmissions sufficient isolation between
do not clash. Large guard period uplink and downlink. Large
will limit capacity. Larger guard guard band does not impact
period normally required if capacity.
distances are increased to
accommodate larger propagation
times.
Discontinuous Discontinuous transmission is required Continuous transmission is
transmission to allow both uplink and downlink required.
transmissions. This can degrade the
performance of the RF power
amplifier in the transmitter.
Cross slot Base stations need to be synchronised Not applicable
interference with respect to the uplink and
downlink transmission times. If
neighbouring base stations use
different uplink and downlink
assignments and share the same
channel, then interference may
occur between cells.