re·iter·ate / Ñ ri'ItJreIt; NAmE Ñ / verb

(formal) to repeat sth that you have already said, especially to emphasize it:[vn] to reiterate an
argument / a demand / an offer Ç [v that] Let me reiterate that we are fully committed to this policy.
[also v speech]

ô re·iter·ation / Ñ ri%ItJ'reISn; NAmE Ñ / noun [sing.]:a reiteration of her previous statement

ren·der / Ñ 'rendJ(r); NAmE Ñ / verb

CAUSE SB / STH TO BE STH

1[vn-adj] (formal) to cause sb/sth to be in a particular state or condition SYN  make:to render sth
harmless / useless / ineffective Ç Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake.

GIVE HELP

2render sth (to sb/sth) | render (sb) sth (formal) to give sb sth, especially in return for sth or because it
is expected:[vn, vnn] to render a service to sb Ç to render sb a service Ç [vn] They rendered assistance to
the disaster victims. Ç It was payment for services rendered.

PRESENT STH

3[vn] (formal) to present sth, especially when it is done officially SYN  furnish:The committee was asked
to render a report on the housing situation.

EXPRESS / PERFORM

4[vn] (formal) to express or perform sth:He stood up and rendered a beautiful version of ‘Summertime’.
Ç The artist has rendered the stormy sea in dark greens and browns.

TRANSLATE

5[vn] render sth (as sth) | render sth (into sth) to express sth in a different language SYN  translate:The
Italian phrase can be rendered as ‘I did my best’. Ç It’s a concept that is difficult to render into English.

WALL

6[vn] (BrE, technical) to cover a wall with a layer of plaster or cement

MELT

7[vn] render sth (down) to make fat liquid by heating it; to melt sth

ì mount / Ñ maUnt; NAmE Ñ / verb, noun

Πverb

ORGANIZE

1[vn] to organize and begin sth SYN  arrange:to mount a protest / campaign / an exhibition

INCREASE

2[v] to increase gradually:Pressure is mounting on the government to change the law. Ç The death toll
continues to mount.—see also mounting

GO UP STH

3[vn] (formal) to go up sth, or up on to sth that is raised SYN  ascend:She slowly mounted the steps. Ç He
mounted the platform and addressed the crowd.

BICYCLE / HORSE

4to get on a bicycle, horse, etc. in order to ride it:[vn] He mounted his horse and rode away. [also v] —
see also mounted  OPP  dismount

PICTURE / JEWEL, etc.

5[vn] mount sth (on / onto / in sth) to fix sth into position on sth, so that you can use it, look at it or
study it:The specimens were mounted on slides. Ç The diamond is mounted in gold.

OF MALE ANIMAL

6[vn] to get onto the back of a female animal in order to have sex

 IDIOMS 

see guard noun

 PHRASAL VERBS 

%mount 'up

to increase gradually in size and quantity:Meanwhile, my debts were mounting up. SYN  build up

Πnoun

MOUNTAIN

1Mount - (abbr. Mt) (used in modern English only in place names) a mountain or a hill:Mt Everest Ç St
Michael’s Mount

HORSE

2(formal or literary) a horse that you ride on

FOR DISPLAYING / SUPPORTING STH

3something such as a piece of card or glass that you put sth on or attach sth to, to display it

4(also mount·ing) something that an object stands on or is attached to for support:an engine / gun
mount

muse / Ñ mju;z; NAmE Ñ / noun, verb

Πnoun
1a person or spirit that gives a writer, painter, etc. ideas and the desire to create things SYN 
inspiration:He felt that his muse had deserted him (= that he could no longer write, paint, etc.).

2Muse (in ancient Greek and Roman stories) one of the nine goddesses who encouraged poetry, music
and other branches of art and literature

Πverb (formal)

1[v] muse (about / on / over / upon sth) to think carefully about sth for a time, ignoring what is
happening around you SYN  ponder:I sat quietly, musing on the events of the day.—see also musing

2to say sth to yourself in a way that shows you are thinking carefully about it:[v speech] ‘I wonder why?’
she mused. [also v that]

sway / Ñ sweI; NAmE Ñ / verb, noun

Πverb

1[usually +adv. / prep.] to move slowly from side to side; to move sth in this way:[v] The branches were
swaying in the wind. Ç Vicky swayed and fell. Ç [vn] They danced rhythmically, swaying their hips to the
music.2[vn] [often passive] to persuade sb to believe sth or do sth SYN  influence:He’s easily swayed. Ç
She wasn’t swayed by his good looks or his clever talk.

Πnoun [U] 1a movement from side to side

2(literary) power or influence over sb:Rebel forces hold sway over much of the island. Ç He was quick to
exploit those who fell under his sway.

sat·ur·ation / Ñ %s&tSJ'reISn; NAmE Ñ / noun [U]

1(often figurative) the state or process that happens when no more of sth can be accepted or added
because there is already too much of it or too many of them:a business beset by price wars and market
saturation (= the fact that no new customers can be found) Ç saturation bombing of the city (= covering
the whole city) Ç There was saturation coverage (= so much that it was impossible to avoid it or add to
it) of the event by the media.

2(chemistry) the degree to which sth is absorbed in sth else, expressed as a percentage of the greatest
possible

bo·sun (also bo’sun, boat·swain) / Ñ 'bJUsn; NAmE Ñ 'boU-/ noun

an officer on a ship whose job is to take care of the equipment and the people who work on the ship

be·stir / Ñ bI'st3;(r); NAmE Ñ / verb

(-rr-) [vn] bestir yourself (formal or humorous) to start doing things after a period during which you have
been doing nothing SYN  rouse

exe·unt / Ñ 'eksiVnt; NAmE Ñ / verb

[v] (from Latin) used in a play as a written instruction that tells two or more actors to leave the stage—
compare exit

wench / Ñ wentS; NAmE Ñ / noun

(old use or humorous) a young woman

nut·shell / Ñ 'nVtSel; NAmE Ñ / noun

 IDIOMS 

(put sth) in a nutshell

(to say or express sth) in a very clear way, using few words:To put it in a nutshell, we’re bankrupt.

glut / Ñ glVt; NAmE Ñ / noun, verb

Πnoun [usually sing.] glut (of sth) a situation in which there is more of sth than is needed or can be
used SYN  surfeit:a glut of cheap videos on the market

 OPP  shortage Œ verb(-tt-) [vn] [usually passive] to supply or provide sth with too much of sth:The
market has been glutted with foreign cars.

fain / Ñ feIn; NAmE Ñ / adverb

(old use) willingly or with pleasure:I would fain do as you ask.

allay / Ñ J'leI; NAmE Ñ / verb

[vn] (formal) to make sth, especially a feeling, less strong:to allay fears / concern / suspicion

stink·ing / Ñ 'stINkIN; NAmE Ñ / adjective, adverb

Πadjective

1having a very strong, unpleasant smell:I was pushed into a filthy, stinking room.

2[only before noun] (informal, especially BrE) very bad or unpleasant:I’ve got a stinking cold.

3[only before noun] (BrE, informal) showing a lot of anger:I wrote them a stinking letter to complain.

Πadverb

(informal, usually disapproving) extremely:They must be stinking rich.

wel·kin / Ñ 'welkIn; NAmE Ñ / noun

[U] (literary or old use) the sky or heaven

 IDIOMS 

let / make the welkin 'ring

to make a very loud noise

crabbed / Ñ 'kr&bId; NAmE Ñ ; Ñ kr&bd; NAmE / adjective

1or literary) (of sb’s writing) small and difficult to read

2(old-fashioned) = crabby
ac·cus·tomed / Ñ J'kVstJmd; NAmE Ñ / adjective

1accustomed to sth / to doing sth familiar with sth and accepting it as normal or usual SYN  used to:to
become / get accustomed to sth Ç My eyes slowly grew accustomed to the dark. Ç She was a person
accustomed to having eight hours' sleep a night.

2[usually before noun] (formal) usual SYN  habitual:He took his accustomed seat by the fire.

 OPP  unaccustomed

spam / Ñ sp&m; NAmE Ñ / noun [U]

1Spam™ finely chopped cooked meat that has been pressed together in a container, usually sold in cans
and served cold in slices

2(informal) advertising material sent by email to people who have not asked for it—compare junk mail

sani·ta·tion / Ñ %s&nI'teISn; NAmE Ñ / noun

[U] the equipment and systems that keep places clean, especially by removing human waste:disease
resulting from poor sanitation

stat·ute / Ñ 'st&tSu;t; NAmE Ñ / noun

1a law that is passed by a parliament, council, etc. and formally written down:Penalties are laid down in
the statute. Ç Corporal punishment was banned by statute in 1987.

2a formal rule of an organization or institution:Under the statutes of the university they had no power
to dismiss him.

Both the words mean ‘end or ending of life’.

‘Demise’ is mostly used in formal contexts to refer to the death of someone or something very
important or well known.
‘Death’ is a much more general term and unlike ‘demise’, it can be used with things and animals.

Sample Usage

The sudden demise of the Prime Minister created a political vacuum.

The word can also be used to indicate the failure of an enterprise.
Example- The demise of the well-known company made many investors worried.
Example- Niki became very upset when she heard about the death of her puppy.

Stationary
Stationary is an adjective and means 'fixed'.

Stationery

Stationery is a noun and means 'the articles sold by a stationer'.

Sample Usage
Stationary
Men used to believe in old days that the earth was stationary and that the sun moves round the
earth.

Stationery
He has opened a stationery shop in a busy locality.

Spacious
Spacious means having ample space or room.
Specious
Specious means apparently pleasing,attractive or right,but not really so.
Sample Usage
Spacious
1. In the spacious hall of the castle all the knights were assembled.
2. Their dining-room is very spacious.
Sooth
Sooth is a noun and means truth.
Soothe
Soothe is a verb and means 'to calm','to console'.
Sample Usage
Sooth
1. Sooth to say,he was indeed a perfect gentle knight.
2. In sooth.

Soothe
1. The gentle breeze produced a soothing influence on my heat oppressed brain.
2. She was so upset that it took half an hour to soothe her.

Senseless
Senseless means unconscious or unreasonable.
Meaningless
Meaningless means without any meaning or signification.
Sample Usage
Senseless
1. He fell down senseless.
2. A senseless man cannot distinguish between right and wrong.
3. The blow knocked her senseless.

Meaningless
1. What he says is utterly meaningless.
2. Meaningless chatter.
3. A Meaningless life.

Say
To say is to declare or assert.It governs direct objects only.

Speak
To speak is to utter words to express thoughts.

Talk
To talk is to carry on conversation.

Tell
To tell is to uniform or narrate.It governs both direct and indirect objects.

Sample Usage

Say
1. He said,"What a man has done a man can do."
2. He said,"What is your name?."

Speak
1. He speaks in such a low voice that no one can hear him.
2. He speaks loud.

Talk
1. We talked for some time and took leave of each other.
2. He is talking with his girlfriend.

Tell
1. He told us all that he knew about the affair.
2. He told us the story in an attractive manner.
3. I told you not to do this.

Sanitary
Sanitary means 'pertaining to health'

Sanatary
Sanatary means 'healing','conductive to health'.

Sample Usage

Sanitary
1. The sanitary conditions of our villages are deplorable.
2. Sanitary conditions for preparing food.
3. A sanitary washroom.

Sanatary
1. Sanatary measures should be immediately adopted to combat the spread of the disease.
in·nocu·ous / Ñ I'nQkjuJs; NAmE Ñ I'nA;k-/ adjective (formal)

1not intended to offend or upset anyone SYN  harmless:It seemed a perfectly innocuous remark.

2not harmful or dangerous:an innocuous substance

 SYN  harmless

whim·si·cal / Ñ 'wImzIkl; NAmE Ñ / adjective

unusual and not serious in a way that is either amusing or annoying:to have a whimsical sense of
humour Ç Much of his writing has a whimsical quality.

ô whim·si·cal·ly / Ñ -kli; NAmE Ñ / adverb

per·tain / Ñ pJ'teIn; NAmE Ñ pJr't-/ verb

[v] (formal) to exist or to apply in a particular situation or at a particular time:Living conditions are vastly
different from those pertaining in their country of origin. Ç Those laws no longer pertain.

 PHRASAL VERBS 

per'tain to sth/sb

(formal) to be connected with sth/sb:the laws pertaining to adoption

block·bust·er / Ñ 'blQkbVstJ(r); NAmE Ñ 'blA;k-/ noun

(informal) something very successful, especially a very successful book or film / movie:a Hollywood
blockbuster

ô block·bust·ing adjective:a blockbusting performance

cour·tesy / Ñ 'k3;tJsi; NAmE Ñ 'k3;rt-/ noun, adjective

Πnoun (pl. -ies)

1[U] polite behaviour that shows respect for other people SYN  politeness:I was treated with the utmost
courtesy by the staff. Ç It’s only common courtesy to tell the neighbours that we’ll be having a party (=
the sort of behaviour that people would expect).

2[C, usually pl.] (formal) a polite thing that you say or do when you meet people in formal situations:an
exchange of courtesies before the meeting

 IDIOMS 

courtesy of sb/sth

1(also by courtesy of sb/sth) with the official permission of sb/sth and as a favour:The pictures have
been reproduced by courtesy of the British Museum.
2given as a prize or provided free by a person or an organization:Win a weekend in Rome, courtesy of
Fiat.

3as the result of a particular thing or situation:Viewers can see the stadium from the air, courtesy of a
camera fastened to the plane.

do sb the courtesy of doing sth

to be polite by doing the thing that is mentioned:Please do me the courtesy of listening to what I’m
saying.

have the courtesy to do sth

to know when you should do sth in order to be polite:You think he’d at least have the courtesy to call to
say he’d be late.

Πadjective

[only before noun] (of a bus, car, etc.) provided free, at no cost to the person using it:A courtesy bus
operates between the hotel and the town centre. Ç The dealer will provide you with a courtesy car while
your vehicle is being repaired.

mag·nani·mous / Ñ m&g'n&nImJs; NAmE Ñ / adjective

(formal) kind, generous and forgiving, especially towards an enemy or a rival:a magnanimous gesture Ç
He was magnanimous in defeat and praised his opponent’s skill.

ô mag·na·nim·ity / Ñ %m&gnJ'nImJti; NAmE Ñ / noun [U]:She accepted the criticism with magnanimity.

ô mag·nani·mous·ly adverb

mas·tur·bate / Ñ 'm&stJbeIt; NAmE Ñ -stJrb-/ verb

1[v] to give yourself sexual pleasure by rubbing your sexual organs

2[vn] to give sb sexual pleasure by rubbing their sexual organs

ô mas·tur·ba·tion / Ñ %m&stJ'beISn; NAmE Ñ -stJr'b-/ noun [U]

ô mas·tur·ba·tory / Ñ %m&stJ'beItJri; NAmE Ñ 'm&stJrbJtO;ri/ adjective

con·verge / Ñ kJn'v3;dZ; NAmE Ñ -'v3;rdZ/ verb [v]

1converge (on … ) (of people or vehicles) to move towards a place from different directions and
meet:Thousands of supporters converged on London for the rally.

2(of two or more lines, paths, etc.) to move towards each other and meet at a point:There was a
signpost where the two paths converged.

3if ideas, policies, aims, etc. converge, they become very similar or the same

 OPP  diverge

ô con·ver·gent / Ñ -dZJnt; NAmE Ñ / adjective:convergent lines / opinions

ô con·ver·gence noun [U]

in·sur·gency / Ñ In's3;dZJnsi; NAmE Ñ -'s3;rdZ-/ noun

[U, C] (pl. -ies) an attempt to take control of a country by force SYN  rebellion—see also counter-
insurgency

ten·ter·hooks / Ñ 'tentJhUks; NAmE Ñ -tJrh-/ noun

[pl.]

 IDIOMS 

(be) on 'tenterhooks (NAmE also be on %pins and 'needles)

(to be) very anxious or excited while you are waiting to find out sth or see what will happen:I’ve been on
tenterhooks all week waiting for the results.

ì re·sist / Ñ rI'zIst; NAmE Ñ / verb

1to refuse to accept sth and try to stop it from happening SYN  oppose: [vn] to resist change Ç They are
determined to resist pressure to change the law. Ç [v -ing] The bank strongly resisted cutting interest
rates. [also v]

2to fight back when attacked; to use force to stop sth from happening:[v] He tried to pin me down, but I
resisted. Ç [vn] She was charged with resisting arrest.

3(usually in negative sentences) to stop yourself from having sth you like or doing sth you very much
want to do:[vn] I finished the cake. I couldn’t resist it. Ç I found the temptation to miss the class too hard
to resist. Ç [v -ing] He couldn’t resist showing off his new car. [also v]

4[vn] to not be harmed or damaged by sth:A healthy diet should help your body resist infection. Ç This
new paint is designed to resist heat.