Research Article Civil Eng Res J

Volume 5 Issue 3- June 2018

Copyright © All rights are reserved by Vijayvenkatesh Chandrasekaran
DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.05.555662

Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement

of Cement with Glass Powder and Eggshell Powder
Ash in Concrete
Vijayvenkatesh Chandrasekaran*, Vasanth M, Thirunavukkarasu S and Manikanda Prabu T
Department of Civil Engineering, St. Josephs College of Engineering and Technology, India
Submission: April 30, 2018; Published: June 12, 2018
*Corresponding author: Vijayvenkatesh Chandrasekaran, Department of Civil Engineering, St. Josephs College of Engineering and Technology,
Anna University Chennai, India, Email:

Abstract
Cement developed manufacturing is solitary carbon-dioxide emitting sources besides deformation in addition to ablaze of fossil fuel.
Emission of greenhouse gages, such as emitted CO2 to the ambiance. The employment identified the option of by glass fine particles as the
incomplete substitute as 0%, 20%, 30%, 40% and intended for its compressive strength up to 7, 14 & 28 existence of era and be compared
by conventional concrete. Departure squanders fabric failed to emphasize waste can be old additional efficiently and cause an environmental
problem. Glass powder and eggshell powder material is very fine powder material obtained as byproducts of glass during sawing and shaping,
and not recycling its causes an environmental problem in the world. The option of using it glass ash powder separately as partial replacement of
cement on concrete where studied and evaluated based upon % replacement of cement on concrete where studied and evaluated based upon %
of the partial cement replacement with both glass powder.

Keywords: Cement; Glass powder; Eggshell ash powder; Fine aggregate; Coarse aggregate

Abbreviations: BIS: British Standard system; OPC: Ordinary Portland cement; ppm: parts per million

Introduction
as of inside and approximately the little shops are crammed
The attention construction of society in use squander
full because a waste and willing like the landfill. Squander glass
or recycled materials in added the concrete is rising since of
is compressed into particular size intended for use because
emphasis located on sustainable construction. The glass (be an
collective in an assortment of application such as hose filtration,
still fabric. Which should be recycled [1]. The chemical properties.
substitute of cement replacement in concrete. The crushed and
In adding use waste glass like cullet in glass industrialized waste
compressed concrete glass be as well used as the substitute of
glass powder in addition to eggshell ash powder crushed into
cement in the concrete manufacture, other than due to its flat
specific size for uses as strengthening cement inside a variety of
and stretched out nature which enhances the reduce inside the
application [2].
workability and credited the fall in compressive strength [5]. A
Glass powder glass is a nebulous material by means of high silica content, thus
Manufacturing processes, service industries, and municipal creation it possibly pozzolanic material when the particle size is
solid wastes are the sources of production of numerous waste less than 75μm .study contain exposed that thinly earth glass does
materials [3]. Concerns related to disposal of the generated wastes not contribute to alkali-silica reaction.
have tremendously increased with the increasing awareness about Egg Shell Ash
the environment the use of waste products in concrete not only
The spire of this study is to lime substance composition
makes it economical but also helps in reducing disposal problems
of the eggshell to discover its suitability of substitute in the
[4]. Reuse of bulky wastes is considered the best environmental
concrete [6]. To identification the viability of utilizing the eggshell
alternative for solving the problem of disposal. One such waste is
as cement substitution material. In the direction of study the
plastic, which could be used in various applications. Sustainability
strength parameters of the eggshell powder diverse specimens
is an idea for concern for the well being of our planet with
and to contrast it with conservative specimens. Calcium wealthy
continued growth and human development. (the squander glass
in eggshell ash powder is a fowl waste by means of chemical

Civil Eng Res J 5(3): CERJ.MS.ID.555662 (2018) 001

 Civil Engineering Research Journal

composition almost similar to that of limestone [7]. Employ of obtainable by means of the majority widespread ordinary port
eggshell waste as an alternative of natural lime to replace cement land cement (OPC) which is grey in color, but a white port land
in concrete can contain reimbursement similar to minimizing the cement is also available [13].
use of cement, conserve usual lime and utilize fabric material [8].
Water
Obviously to a research eggshell squanders age group in India, the
united states, the united kingdom is 190000, 150000 and 11000 Potable water (6-7.5ppm) by means of cementitious materials
tons per year correspondingly. Eggshell waste can be used as form a cement paste by the procedure of curing process [14].
fertilizer, animal feed ingredients, and other such uses. However, The cement paste glue the aggregate jointly, closed the voids.
the majority of the eggshell waste is deposited as landfills [9]. Contaminated water used to make concrete be able to reason
Eggshell squanders in landfills attract pests due to fond of a casing problems setting or in causing early failure of the structure.
and causes tribulations linked with a human being health and Aggregate
environment. Few experiments test investigations are conducted
Aggregates are grainy materials such as (20mm) crushed
to use eggshell waste in civil engineering applications.
stone sand, gravels, the length of by means of water and Portland
Methodology cement, are in necessary bonding frictions in concrete [15]. Locally
Standard concrete cube of size 150×150×150mm were cast available sand and coarse aggregates were in this experiment
and tested on 7days, 14 days and 28days. Partial substitution [16]. Specific gravity of coarse aggregate is 2.74.
of glass powder and eggshell ash for cement [10] by 20% (15% Glass powder
glass powder & 5% eggshell ash), 30% (20% glass powder &
The glass is a mixture of a number of metallic silicates, one of
10% eggshell ash), 40% (25% glass powder & 15% eggshell ash)
which is usually that of an alkali metal [17]. It is an amorphous,
was tried in the control mix and the compressive strength of the
transparent or translucent. It may also be considered as a solidified
adjusted mix proportion was studied.
super cooled solution of various metallic silicates having infinite
Standard concrete cylinder size 150mm diameter and 300mm viscosity [18]. The glass powder was obtained by crushing waste
height were cast and tested on 7days, 14 days and 28 days [11]. glass pieces in a cone crusher mill. In Figure 2, the 425-micron
Partial substitution of glass powder and eggshell ash for cement passing friction was used for the experiment.
by 20% (15% glass powder & 5% eggshell ash), 30% (20% glass
powder & 10% eggshell ash), 40% (25% glass powder & 15%
eggshell ash) was tried in the control mix and the compressive
strength and split tensile strength (cylinders) of the adjusted mix
proportion were studied (Figure 1).

Figure 2: Broken glass.

Figure 1: Flow chart

Egg shell ash
Eggshell contains CaCO3, the Figure 3 shown as eggshell
Description of Materials ash basically contains lime calcium, magnesium carbonate, and
protein contents are available [19]. In a lot of other countries, it
Cement
is conventional practice for eggshell to be dehydrated and use as
Ordinary port land cement is the majority ordinary type of a source of calcium in creature. The excellence of bright green in
cement in all-purpose use approximately the universe, used as eggshell waste is prejudiced very much by the degree of travel
a essential element of concrete, mortar, stucco, and most non- around to sunlight, rare water and harsh weather conditions [20].
specialty grout [12]. 53 grade (OPC) cement be required to be It is the grained powder ash by means of appropriate quantity
convened. And refereed BIS specification is 12269-1987 with a which is sieve to the necessary dimension previous to utilize
designed strength for 7, 28 days being a minimum range of 53MPa among concrete/mortar.
or 530kg/sq cm. More than a few types of port land cement are

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Cement with Glass Powder and Eggshell Powder Ash in Concrete. Civil Eng Res J. 2018; 5(3): 555662. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.05.555662.
 Civil Engineering Research Journal

Fine Glass Powder

Powder glass beads are made from finely ground glass, the
main source being broken and unusable bottles and a great
variety of other scrap glasses [24]. Special glasses such as old
cobalt medicine bottles, cold cream jars, and many other types of
glasses from plates, ashtrays, window panes- to name only a few-
are occasionally bought new, just for purposes [25]. Waste glass
obtainable nearby in Thanjavur shops is been composed. Previous
to addition glass powder inside concrete it has designate powder
to the preferred dimension in (Figure 4). Crushing period: 30 to
60 minutes.

Figure 3: Eggshell ash powder.

Properties of Concrete
Quality of cement
Provide the cement be conventional by means of the suitable
standard and it have stored properly in dry condition, it must exist
for utilize in concrete.

Quality of aggregates Figure 4: Glass powder.

Superiority quality of aggregates its depends upon its form,
size, texture, strength etc. [21]. Determines the strength of Advantages of glass powder
concrete its major friction bonds of concrete. • It’s economical.

Quality of water • It’s reduced the global warming and environmental friendly.
Frequently the quantity of water is covered by a amount of • It gives more flexibility.
required conditions status in zonal areas. Clause stating, “the
• The glass powder controls the carbon-di-oxide.
water should be fit for drinking”. Humidity (50%), normal or cold
temp (39%), heavy temp (55-60%). • And also reduced the cement consumption.
Water/cement ratio Egg Shell Ash
It determine the workability of the concrete so it is very Egg contains several mutually growing layer of CaCO3. Specific
important factor in manufacturing of concrete. gravity egg shell powder ash was 0.84. Bulk density of egg shell
Compaction of concrete powder was 0.80gm/cm3.moisture content of a was 1.17%.

This test is used to determine the compressive strength Advantages of eggshell powder
of a concrete cube, which has usually been made from the • It’s more economical.
fresh concrete cast in a standard test mold [22]. The value of
compressive strength can then be used to assess whether the • It’s most eco-friendly and reduced the global warming.
batch that the concrete cube represents meets the required • Egg shells are high in calcium, magnesium carbonate, and
compressive strength. Following cube manufacture and curing, lime content.
which should both be closely controlled.
• And also a better combination of cement mortar &concrete
Temperature admixture.
The rate of hydration reaction is temperature reliant. This
• 8. Experimental equipment’s
income that the concrete reserved at superior temperature
determination increase strength extra rapidly than a comparable Concrete Mixer
concrete reserved at a lower temperature [23]. Still, the final A concrete mixer is a device that homogeneously combines
strength of the obtainable reserved at a higher temperature will cement, aggregates, such as a sand or gravel land water to form
be lower.

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concrete. Characteristic concrete mixer uses are developing Resources and Place of Work
drum to mix the constituents [26]. Intended for slighter volume
The proposed work shall be carried out the laboratories of
works portable concrete mixers are frequently used. An option
civil engineering departments of St. Joseph college of engineering
to a machine in (Figure 5). Is integration concreter cement by
and technology, Thanjavur. The routine testing facilities are
hand. This is typically done in a helm barrow. However several
available in our college itself.
companies have lately begun to put up for sale customized traps
for this reason. The concrete mixer was invented by Columbus Preparation of specimen
industrialist Gephardt jaeger. Batching: Usually batching is done by volume but most
stipulation necessitates so as to batching be complete through
mass quite than volume. The % of an accurate dimension of
concrete materials.

Quantity of cement: A quantity of cement mix exceeds = 30%

(scale capacity), the measuring accuracy of 1% of the necessary
mass. Intended for minor batches then the measuring accuracy
should be within 4% of the necessary quantity.

Dimensions of aggregates: It fine angular crushed structure,

9.5mm, and 37.5mm diameter. Characteristically most common
size of aggregate (20mm).

Quantity of water: Is measured inside volumetric quantity

amount as 1-liter water =1kg cement.
Figure 5: Concrete mixture.
Mixing of concrete: Mix design is defined as the development
of select appropriate ingredient of concrete and formative their
Casting Moulds relative proportions [29].
Cubic size: 15*15*15cm. (Figure 6). Cube specimens are
Placing: Cube casting into the molds shall be provided pored
crushed after rotating those 90 [27]. To decrease the amount of
in the concrete with a base plate and they shall be as per IS:
friction caused by the rough finishing.
10086-1982 [30].

Demolding: Test cubes should be demanded between 16

and 24 hours after they have made. If after this period of time the
concrete has not achieved sufficient strength to enable remolding
without damaging the cube then the remolding should be delayed
for a further 24 hours [31]. When removing the concrete cube
from the mold, take the mold apart compressive strength may be
reduced.

Curing: Curing is the process in which the concrete is

protected from loss of moisture and kept within a reasonable
Figure 6: Casting moulds.
temperature range. This process results in concrete with increased
strength and decreased permeability. Curing is also a key player in
Damping Rod mitigating cracks, which can severely affect durability.
As per IS: 10086 -1982 the damping rod shall be 16±0.5mm
• It is cured with water. Do not let it dry.
dia and 600±2mm long with a rounded working end and shall be
made of HYSD [28] (Figure 7). • Dry concrete all reactions stop.

• Keep temperature at moderate level.

Tests on Materials
Slump cone test
The concrete slump test is an experiential test that measures
the workability of fresh concrete. Additional specifically, it
measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch.
(M20, M25, M30). This test is perform to check the consistency of
Figure 7: Damping rod. freshly concrete slump 0-25mm, low workability mixes 10-40mm,

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 Civil Engineering Research Journal

medium workability mixes; 50-90mm for normal reinforcement equal to the difference of mold height and settlement of plunger. If
concrete placed with vibration [32], high workability penetration of the plunger is within 5-7mm from the bottom, then
concrete;˃100mm. water added is correct. Otherwise, water is added and replace is
repeated.
Mix proportion
Grade: M20 Calculation
Water content = weight of cement × % of water content
w/c ratio: 0.5
400 × 25/100 = 100ml
The slump value for w/c ratio of 0.5 is 70mm
400 × 27/100 = 108ml
Standard consistency test
Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of cement (approx. 400 Standard consistency of cement = 30 %
gems) with the weighed quantity of water (start from 20%-25%) Specific gravity test on fine and coarse aggregate
taking care that mixing (gauging) remains between 3 to 5 minutes
Dry the pycnometer and weight it with its limit (W1). Obtain
and mixing shall be completed before any signs of setting becomes
about 200gms of oven sand passing through 4.75mm sieve
visible. Fill the vacant mold with the paste, the mould should rest
into the pycnometer and weight again (W2). Thoroughly dry
on non-porous base. Place the mold under Vicat apparatus. The
the pycnometer from outside and weight it (W3). Weight the
plunger attached to a movable rod is gently lowered on the paste.
pycnometer after drying it on the outside thoroughly (W4). Do
Settlement of a plunger is noted, penetration from the bottom is
another time the procedure for three samples (Table 1).

Table 1: Specific gravity of fine aggregate.

Weight Weight in Grams

W1 628

W2 1663

W3 2179

W4 1524

Formula used W2=Weight of pycnometer + oven dry soil

G = W 2 − W 1 (W 2 − W 1) − (W 3 − W 4) (1) W3=Weight of pycnometer + oven dry soil + water

Where, W4=Weight of pycnometer + water (Table 2) specific gravity

of fine aggregate
W1=Empty weight of pycnometer

Table 2: Specific gravity of coarse aggregate.

Weight Weight in Grams

W1 700

W2 1350

W3 1950

W4 1540

Calculation G=2.8
G=1663-628/ (1663-628)-(2179-1524) Specific gravity of coarse aggregate g = 2.8
G =2.65 Fineness modulus test on river sand and coarse
Specific gravity of river sand g = 2.65 aggregate
For a 500gms of range oven dry soil example, grain size
Calculation
allocation has to be deliberate. Obtain the soil sample into 75µ
G=1350-700/ (1350-700)-(1950-1540) sieve (Table 3 & 4).

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 Civil Engineering Research Journal

Table 3: Fineness modulus of river sand.

Cumulative % Weight
Is-Sieve No.(mm) Weight Retained (gms) % Weight Retained % Passing
Retained
4.75 60 1.2 1.2 98.8
2.36 535 10.7 11.9 88.1
1.188 1100 22 33.9 66.1
600µ 1230 24.6 58.5 41.5
300µ 1430 28.6 87.1 12.9
150µ 235 4.7 91.8 8.2
75µ 265 5.3 97.1 2.9
Pan 145 2.9 100 0

Table 4: Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate.

Cumulative % Weight
Is- Sieve No Weight Retained (gms) % of Weight Retained % Passing
Retained
40 - - - -
25 0.055 1.1 1.1 98.9
20 1.255 24.5 25.6 74.4
16 2.23 44.6 70.2 29.8
12.5 1.27 25.4 95.6 4.4
10 0.14 2.8 98.4 1.6
Pan 0.08 1.6 100 0

Calculation Fineness modulus = 3.9

Fineness modulus = cumulative % weight retained / 100 Water absorption test
Fineness modulus = 481.5/100 The fine aggregate passing through is 4.75mm sieve is taken
about 1kg and dehydrated inside an oven at a high temperature
Fineness modulus = 4.81
of 110ºc±5ºc for after 24 hours and cooled to room temperature.
Calculation Its weight is taken as (W1 g).the dried fine aggregate is immersed
Fineness modulus = cumulative % weight retained in clean water at a temperature 27ºc±2ºc for 24 hours. The fine
aggregate is removed from the water. Within three minutes from
Fineness modulus =390.7/ 100 the removal of water, the weight of fine aggregate W2 is found out.
The above procedure is repeated for various samples (Table 5-11).

Table 5: Water absorption.

% of Water
Weight of Oven Dried Weight of Saturated Weight of Absorbed
Sample Number Absorption=(W3/
Specimen (W1)g Specimen (W2)g W3=(W2-W1)g
W1)×100

1 0.955 1.01 0.015 1.5

The percentage of water absorption is 1.5%.

Table 6: Physical properties of cement.

Physical Properties Value

Standard consistence of cement 30%
Fineness of cement 1.33%

Table 7: Physical properties of fine aggregate.

Physical Properties Value

Specific gravity 2.54
Bulk relative density (kg/m )
3
1460
Fineness modulus 4.81

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Cement with Glass Powder and Eggshell Powder Ash in Concrete. Civil Eng Res J. 2018; 5(3): 555662. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.05.555662.
 Civil Engineering Research Journal

Table 8: Physical properties of coarse aggregate. that of highest point of the subsided concrete was measured and
Physical Properties Value
reported as slump. This test is performed to check the consistency
of freshly made concrete [35]. Consistency is a term very closely
Specific gravity 2.52
related to workability.
Bulk relative density (kg/m3) 1691
Fineness modulus 3.9
Tests on Hardened Concrete
Compressive test
Table 9: Physical properties of glass powder.
The determination of compressive strength is primarily
Physical Properties Values
mean to withstand compressive stress as concrete is strong
Specific gravity 2.6 in compression .higher the compressive strength better is the
Fineness passing 150μm 99.5 durability and bond strength which is very important in quality
Fineness passing 90μm 98 control of concrete. Select a suitable proportion of cement, fine
aggregate and coarse aggregate. The mould greased with oil and
Table 10: Chemical properties of glass powder. the concrete was compacted in it with the tamping rod and trowel.
Chemical Pproperties Values The mould after filling with concrete was placed on placed on the
Ph 10.25 vibration table. Number of concrete are prepared like this were
placed for curing which are taken out at different time periods
Color Grayish white
and then placed in compression testing machine. The load was
Table 11: Physical properties of egg shell ash. gradually applied and the value at which the maximum failure
Physical Property Values was noted and the values are tabulated [36] (Table 12) (Figure 8).

Specific gravity 0.85

Moisture content 1.18
Bulk density (g/m ) 3
0.8
Particle density (g/m ) 3
1.012
Porosity (%) 22.4 bet
Surface area (m2/g) 21.2

Formula used

Percentage of water absorption = (W 2 − W 1) ×100 W 1 (2)

Tests Results on Concrete

General
A concrete test is performed to study additional concerning
the property of a specific example of concrete [32]. A number of
dissimilar tests can be performed on concrete in cooperation, on
Figure 8: Compressive strength of concrete cubes.
a job location, and in a laboratory. Because concrete is significant
structural elements, testing is binding in many regions of the world,
Table 12: Compressive strength of the concrete cube (N/mm2)
and construction companies must be used refer documentation
of their testing and results when asked to accomplish so by % of Glass
Powder & Egg Compressive Strength (N/mm2).
government legislature [33].
shell Ash
Concept of mix design 7days 14 days 28 days

• The grade was M20. 0% 15.24 17.87 23.54

20% 15.43 19.54 24.59
• The combination cement contend of 6kg.
30% 13.56 16.54 23.59
• The water cement ratio is 0.53. The replacement levels of 40% 12.65 15.31 20.2
cement, glass powder &egg shell powder were used in terms
of 20%, 30%, 40%. Apparatus required

Workability • Compressive testing machine

Slump test the workability of all concrete mixture was • Concrete cube mould (150mm×150mm×150mm)
determine through slump test utilizing a metallic slump mould
• Damping rod
[34]. The difference in level between the height of mould and

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Cement with Glass Powder and Eggshell Powder Ash in Concrete. Civil Eng Res J. 2018; 5(3): 555662. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.05.555662.
 Civil Engineering Research Journal

• Tray split tensile strength of concrete than the other combinations. So

it is optimum and recommended for the structural purposes.
• Trowel

Split tensile test Conclusion

From our investigation for M20 grade concrete by replacing
• Cylinder splitting test: this is also sometimes referred as,
40% also it attain 20km/m3.so we can make it as a practice by
“Brazilian test”
replacing 40% in all conventional buildings. It also makes it a
• This test developed in Brazil in 1943 economical and eco-friendly building [38]. The above-mentioned
work of various researchers and our present experimental work,
• 14.1. Splitting tensile strength test on concrete cylinders
it is clear that glass powder and eggshell ash can be used as a
• Splitting tensile strength test on the concrete cylinder is a partial replacement of cement in concrete because of its increased
technique to decide the tensile strength of concrete. workability, strength parameters like compressive strength and
• The concrete is extremely feeble in tension due to its brittle split tensile strength [39]. As for disposal, utilization of waste
nature and is not predictable to resist the direct tension. glass powder and eggshell ash in concrete will not only provide
economic, it will also help in reducing disposal problems.
• The concrete develops cracks when subjected to tensile
forces. To determine the splitting tensile of concrete (Figure Acknowledgement
9) (Table 13). Partial replacement of cement with glass powder and
eggshell powder ash in concrete these paper works fully ready
to worn risks not supporting any funding in the institute. It’s
highly suggested the partial replacement of 20% of glass powder
and 15% of eggshell ash powder in concrete. It better results in
compared the normal concrete.

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Cement with Glass Powder and Eggshell Powder Ash in Concrete. Civil Eng Res J. 2018; 5(3): 555662. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.05.555662.
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How to cite this article: Vijayvenkatesh C, Vasanth M, Thirunavukkarasu S, Manikanda P T. Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of
009
Cement with Glass Powder and Eggshell Powder Ash in Concrete. Civil Eng Res J. 2018; 5(3): 555662. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.05.555662.