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4 Enzymes and metabolism

4.1 Metabolism (Book 1A, p. 4-3)

(1) _______________ (新陳代謝) is the sum of chemical reactions that take place in an
organism. It includes (2) _______________ (分解代謝) and (3) _______________ (合成代謝).

Catabolism Anabolism

energy energy
complex molecule simple molecules simple molecules complex molecule

The (4) ______________ (breaking-down / The (6) ______________ (breaking-down /

building-up) reactions in an organism. building-up) reactions in an organism.
Energy is (5) _______________ (released / Energy is (7) _______________ (released /
required). required).

4.2 The role of enzymes in metabolism (Book 1A, p. 4-4)

For every reaction, a certain amount of energy must be supplied to the reactants before the
reaction can occur. This is called the (1) _______________ _______________ (活化能).
In our body, (2) _______________ (酶) are present which function as biological catalysts (催化劑).
They help (3) _______________ (raise / lower) the activation energy so that chemical reactions
can take place at body temperature at a faster rate.

activation energy
(without enzyme)

activation energy
energy level

reactants (with enzyme)

products
◄ Enzymes work by lowering
the activation energy
progress of reaction

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 Go to
Practical 4.1 Demonstration of the breaking-down action of enzymes
(Book 1A, p. 4-5; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 4-1)
Practical 4.2 Demonstration of the building-up action of enzymes
(Book 1A, p. 4-6; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 4-4)

4.3 Actions and properties of enzymes (Book 1A, p. 4-7)

A How do enzymes work? (Book 1A, p. 4-7)

On each enzyme molecule, there is an (1) _______________ _______________ (活性部位). An

enzyme molecule only binds to (2) _______________ (受質) molecules that fit the shape of its
active site.
A metabolic reaction begins when the substrate molecule(s) bind to the active site of an
enzyme to form an (3) _______________-_______________ _______________ (酶受質複合物).
Its formation (4) _______________ (raises / lowers) the activation energy of the reaction.
The substrate(s) are converted into product(s). The enzyme molecule is released in its
(5) _______________ form.

Catabolic reactions
enzyme-substrate
complex
substrate shapes fit products
together
enzyme enzyme
unchanged
active site

enzyme can be reused

Anabolic reactions
enzyme-substrate
substrates
complex
shapes fit product
together
enzyme enzyme
active site unchanged

enzyme can be reused

▲ Enzyme action in metabolic reactions

The specificity of enzyme actions can be explained by the (6) ___________- _____________ -
_____________ _______________ (鎖鑰假說).

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 B What are the properties of enzymes? (Book 1A, p. 4-8)

Property Description

Enzymes are biological Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering the

(7) _______________. (8) _______________ energy of the reactions.

The actions of enzymes are An enzyme only acts on substrates that fit into its
(9) _______________. (10) _______________ _______________.

Enzymes are The structures and hence the activity of enzymes are easily
(11) _______________. affected by temperature and pH. Most enzymes are
(12) _______________ (變性) at high temperatures.

Enzymes are Enzymes remain unchanged after reactions. They can bind to
(13) _______________. other substrate molecules after the reaction is complete.

Enzymes are needed in relatively Since enzymes can be (15) _______________, they are
(14) _______________ amounts. usually needed in small amounts only.

4.4 Factors affecting the rate of enzymatic reactions

(Book 1A, p. 4-10)

A Temperature (Book 1A, p. 4-10)

maximum rate
reaction rate

enzymes are
enzymes are denatured
inactive

temperature (℃)
10 20 30 40 50 60
optimum temperature
for this enzyme

▲ Effect of temperature on the rate of an enzymatic reaction

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 At low temperatures, enzymes are (1) ______________ (不活躍). The enzyme and substrate
molecules move slowly and the chance for them to (2) _______________ with each other is low.
Therefore, the reaction rate is (3) _______________.
As the temperature rises, both enzyme and substrate molecules move around more rapidly and
collide with each other more (4) ______________. This increases the chance of forming
(5) _____________-_____________ ______________. As a result, the rate of the enzymatic
reaction (6) _______________.
The rate of enzymatic reaction will eventually reach a maximum at (7) _______________
_______________ (最適溫度).
High temperatures may cause (8) _______________ change (i.e. a change in shape) in the
active site of the enzyme molecule. The enzyme is said to be (9) _______________. The
substrate molecule can no longer fit into the active site of the enzyme. As a result, the rate of
the enzymatic reaction (10) _______________.

B pH (Book 1A, p. 4-12)

Most enzymes work in a (11) _______________ (wide / narrow) range of pH. They work best
at their (12) _______________ pH.
Similar to the effect of high temperatures, an unsuitable pH will cause (13) _______________
of the enzyme. Therefore the rate of the enzymatic reaction (14) _______________.

many enzymes in mammals

(e.g. salivary amylase)

pepsin pancreatic lipase

reaction rate

pH
2 4 6 8 10 12 14

optimum optimum optimum

pH pH pH

▲ Different enzymes have their own optimum pH

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 C Inhibitors (Book 1A, p. 4-15)

(15) _______________ (抑制劑) are chemicals that can decrease the rate of enzymatic
reactions. Cyanides and (16) _______________ _______________ (重金屬) such as mercury
ions, lead(II) ions and copper(II) ions are examples of inhibitors.

Go to
Practical 4.3 Investigation of the effect of temperature on enzyme activity
(Book 1A, p. 4-11; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 4-8)
Practical 4.4 Design an investigation of the effect of pH on enzyme activity
(Book 1A, p. 4-13; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 4-12)

Practical 4.5 Investigation of the effect of inhibitors on enzyme activity

(Book 1A, p. 4-15; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 4-17)

4.5 Applications of enzymes (Book 1A, p. 4-18)

Enzymes produced by organisms also work well outside the organisms. They are extracted and
used to produce various commercial products.
Examples of products and the enzymes used:

Product Enzyme used

I Biological washing powders a Protease

II Stonewashed jeans (石磨藍牛仔褲) b Lipase

III Contact lens cleaners c Cellulase

IV Meat tenderizers d Papain (木瓜酶)

V Cheese e Pectinase (果膠酶)

VI Fruit juices

I: (1) _______ & (2) _______ II: (3) _______ III: (4) ______

IV: (5) _______ V: (6) _______ VI: (7) ______

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 Advantages and limitations of using enzymes in the production of commercial products:

Advantage Limitation

Enzymes can speed up chemical Enzymes are sensitive to

reactions. This (8) _______________ the (15) _______________ and
production time and allows the (16) ________ changes. High
(9) _______________ production of temperatures and unsuitable pH can cause
products. (17) _______________ of enzymes.
Enzymes are (10) _______________ in Enzymes are easily affected by
action. This can reduce the production (18) _______________. All containers
of (11) _______________ products. that are used in the production processes
Enzymes are (12) _______________ and have to be (19) _______________. This
are needed in small amounts only. This prevents the containers from
lowers the (13) ______________ of (20) _______________ with inhibitors.
production.
Many enzymes work at
(14) _______________ conditions. Using
enzymes in the production processes does
not require extreme conditions.

Go to
Practical 4.6 Investigation of the effectiveness of different biological washing powders
(Book 1A, p. 4-20; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 4-20)
Practical 4.7 Design an investigation of protease activities in different fruit juices
(Book 1A, p. 4-21; Practical Workbook for SBA 1A, p. 4-24)

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Answers
Ch 4 Enzymes and metabolism

4.1

1 Metabolism 2 catabolism 3 anabolism 4 breaking-down 5 released

6 building-up 7 required

4.2

1 activation energy 2 enzymes 3 lower

4.3

1 active site 2 substrate 3 enzyme-substrate complex 4 lowers

5 original 6 lock-and-key hypothesis 7 catalysts 8 activation
9 specific 10 active site 11 proteins 12 denatured 13 reusable
14 small 15 reused

4.4

1 inactive 2 collide 3 low 4 frequently

5 enzyme-substrate complexes 6 increases 7 optimum temperature
8 conformational 9 denatured 10 decreases 11 narrow 12 optimum
13 denaturation 14 decreases 15 Inhibitors 16 heavy metals

4.5

1 a 2 b 3 c 4 a 5 d
6 a 7 e 8 shortens 9 mass 10 specific
11 unwanted 12 reusable 13 cost 14 moderate 15 temperature
16 pH 17 denaturation 18 inhibitors 19 clean 20 contaminating

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