Design & Development of a Re-Programmable Embedded

Systems : A Practical Approach based on

8051 architecture
(Experimental Manual For
B.Tech & M.Tech Students)
for SoC with support of ITRA

Designed & Developed By: Ms. Nidhi Agarwal

Under the Guidance of: Dr. SRN Reddy, Associate Professor, CSE

Computer Science & Engineering Department

Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women

Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110006

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 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Exp No. Description of experiment Page No.

Exp. 1 Design and develop a reprogrammable embedded computer 4-13

using 8051 microcontrollers and to show the following aspects.
1. Programming
2. Execution
3. Debugging

Exp. 2 To Demonstrate the Tool Chain for Keil IDE (Embedded 14-16
Systems Development Tool Chain) with the example of LED
Blinking Program.

Exp. 3 To demonstrate the procedure for flash programming for 17-20

reprogrammable embedded system board using NXP’s
FlashMagic.

Exp. 4 To demonstrate the procedure of flash programming source 21-26

code for reprogrammable embedded system board using
Sunrom technology’s 89SXX USB flash programmer, ISP Model:
1315.

Exp. 5 To demonstrate the procedure and connections for multiple 27-28

controllers programming of same type of controller with same
source code in one go, using flash magic.

Exp. 6 To interface 8 LEDs at Input-output port and create different 29-30

patterns.

Exp. 7 To demonstrate use of general purpose port i.e. Input/ output 31-32
port of two controllers for data transfer between them.

Exp. 8 To demonstrate block wise programming of memory for micro 33-36

controller using flash magic.

Exp. 9 To demonstrate block wise erasing of memory for micro 37-39

controller using flash magic.

Exp. 10 To demonstrate timer working in timer mode and blink LED 40

without using any loop delay routine.

Exp. 11 To demonstrate interfacing of seven-segment LED display and 41-42

generate counting from 0 to 99 with fixed time delay.

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Exp.12 To demonstrate serial communication between PC and 43-47
controller using serial UART of controller.

Exp. 13 To demonstrate communication between two controllers using 48-50

SPI in master mode. Only master will send and Slave will
receive.

Exp. 14 To demonstrate communication between two controllers using 51-53

SPI in master and slave mode. Master will send, Slave will
receive and vice versa.

Exp. 15 To demonstrate interfacing of 16x2 LCD and print some 54-57

welcome message on it.

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 Experiment 1

Design and development of a Reprogrammable Embedded System

(Computer) (RES) using 8051 Microcontroller (MC)
1.1 Objective: Design and develop a reprogrammable embedded system board using 8051
microcontrollers and to show following aspects.
1. Programming
2. Execution
3. Debugging

1.2.1 Software Requirement: Editor for schematic drawing like Eagle.

https://www.cadsoftusa.com/download-eagle/freeware/

Or Protel.
http://protel-pcb.software.informer.com/1.5/
1.2.2 Hardware Requirement: Soldering Iron, Tweezer, Cutter, Multimeter, Components as per
table1.1.

1.3 Description:

1.3.1 Embedded System:- Embedded systems are those systems that are similar to computer (they
can be termed as computer on a chip) but are designed for some specific task, they may have lesser
components (be in size or in count) associated to it, then PC. They may or may not contain all
components of a computer system. For more definitions one may refer links below.
http://www.dauniv.ac.in/downloads/EmbsysRevEd_PPTs/Chap01Lesson_1Emsys.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
Unlike PC, Embedded systems are designed to perform some specific task and generally are not
designed for performing multiple tasks.

1.3.2 Block Diagram of an Embedded System:

Memory
Data Program
Output
Input

Switch LCD/LED
Microcontroller
Sensor Printer
Peripheral Interface
Clock SPI I2C ADC UART

Figure 1.1: Block diagram of Embedded System

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1.3.3 “Components of a Computer”
Basic component of an embedded system is its controller which could be a microprocessor unit (MPU)
or a microcontroller unit (MCU). MPU needs more peripherals to accomplish a task and hence results
in complex circuit and higher power consumption, whereas MCU units mostly have on chip
peripherals that includes memory elements like ROM/RAM, basic function elements like Timers/
Counters/ Interrupts and special interfaces like UART/ SPI/ I2C/CAN etc. and thus resulting in lesser
component count and lesser power consumption. For more information on difference between MPU
and MCU one may visit below mentioned sites.
http://www.atmel.in/Images/MCU_vs_MPU_Article.pdf
http://maxembedded.com/2011/06/05/mcu-vs-mpu/

1.3.4 Re-programmable Embedded System (RES):- In its easiest definition, a re-programmable

embedded system is one which can be re programmed a number of times easily while in system or in
application and with minimum component requirement i.e. there is no need to pull out MCU every
time one wants to program it and hence provide flexibility in programming and operations. It is
developed using 8051 compatible microcontrollers manufactured by NXP/ Atmel. In addition to
execution of intended program RES also provide debugging facility and chip programming for other
users.

The Reprogrammable embedded system consists of:

 Sockets for placing microcontroller- 40 pin

 DC socket for external power supply (DC 5V)
 1 LED for power on indication and 1 push button for reset
 11.0592 MHz Quartz Crystal Oscillator
 8 LEDs for output pin state indication at port P0
 1 DIP switch (8 switch) for input pin activation
 Connector and driver for serial communication RS232
 Multiple-pin connectors for direct access to I/O ports
 Connector for SPI programming
 1 Piezo buzzer for audio/frequency output
 Additional power supply connectors

1.4 Selection of component for a given application

Every application circuit is build around some components which should be selected as per the
functionality of the application, availability of components, cost of entire system, procurement time
for components and most importantly meeting of some critical parameters of intended application.
1.4.1 Selection of Processor:
Selection should be based mainly on architecture, availability, cost, time to prototype and market,
testability and debug-ability. As per the requirement a microcontroller will be suitable for this purpose.
Intel/Atmel 8051 architecture is suitable for beginners due to its easy understandability, easy

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availability of architecture description and instruction set. Some advance controllers of 8051
architecture provide boot-loader, in system programming and in application programming.
NXP’s P89V51RD2 and Atmel’s AT89S52 are such general purpose controllers, based on 8051
architecture. Re-programmability is achieved using ISP (In-System-Programming) feature provided by
NXP P89V51RD2 or by Atmel AT89S52. P89V51RD2 uses ISP by Atmel AT89S52. P89V51RD2
provides ISP feature using UART pins (RxD, TxD, RST, PSEN) while AT89S52 uses SPI pins
(MOSI, MISO, SCK, RST) for ISP functionality.
NXP’s P89V51RD2 and Atmel’s AT89S52 features include;
 8-bit, 40-pin controller in DIP package
 Operating voltage +5V
 Operating frequency 0 to 40 MHz
 32-Input / Output pins
 3-16 bit Timers
 8- Interrupt levels
 1-UART
 1-SPI
 1 KB of user RAM
 64 KB of Flash

1.4.2 Selection of other components:

1.4.2.1 Serial communication interface
UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) is required for boot-loader/ ISP/IAP
programming and also for applications that include PC interfacing.
MAX232 is one such chip which provide serial communication interface between personal computer
and microcontroller chip. It is selected due to its easily availability and low cost. Operating voltage
requirement is +5V.

1.4.2.2 Oscillator
Oscillator is used as a clock signal generator. Crystal oscillators are used for their frequency stability
and hence should be chosen over other type of oscillators.
Piezo electric crystal oscillator of 11.0592MHz frequency is used here as this frequency is most
suitable for generation of precise baud rate and easy interfacing with PC. Besides, it is also possible to
select internal RC oscillator during chip programming/Operations.

1.4.2.3 Connector
DB9 Female PCB Mount:- 3 pins of DB9 connector (pin 2-RD, pin 3-TXD and pin 5-GND) are used
for connections between PC and UART IC i.e. MAX232.
Connectors for direct access to Ports
In order to enable microcontroller ports to be directly connected to additional components, each of
them is connected to 8 pin, on-board connector.
* Upper Port P1 is also used for providing SPI interface for flash programming.

1.4.2.4 Input Selection

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8-DIP switches are provided on board here for interfacing with any of input port. Inputs from
sensors/ADC/PC may also be connected through port connectors.

1.4.2.5 Output Selection:

LED: 8-LEDs are connected at port0 with 1KOhm resistor network RN1. They may be used for
initial configurations and testing as well as to view outputs.
LCD: 16x2, LCD may be connected using I/O port connectors. They may be used for displaying
messages/values. LCD supports ASCII display.
Output at PC/DAC/Motors (through drivers) is also supported.

1.4.2.6 Power Supply

There is a connector on the development board enabling connection to external power supply source
(DC-5V). Besides, voltage necessary for device operation can also be obtained from PC via USB cable
at connector J7/J8.

1.5 Selection of tools

Some tools and editors are required to prepare assembly language program and its compiling i.e. hex
file generation, and writing this hex file to flash memory.
Free downloadable Keil µvision version 4, editor is used for writing assembly language program and
its compiling.
Free downloadable Flash Magic or USB programmer is used for flash programming.
Hyper terminal available with windows is used for debugging purpose.

1.6 Schematic Diagram

Discussion and explanation: Refer schematic diagram figure 1.6
1. Microcontroller 89V51RD2 is biased with +5V power supply connected at pin 40, GND
connected at pin 20. A 0.1MFD ceramic capacitor is connected between pin 40 and GND to
suppress supply spikes.
2. Enable Access (EA), pin 31 and PSEN pin 29 are all connected with Vcc. PSEN bar is
connected to high logic as only internal flash memory is in use.
3. Cathode of all 8 LEDs are connected at different pins of port0 i.e. from pin 32 to 39 of
controller, LED anode will be connected to Vcc through 1KOhm resistance network RN1.
These LEDs will be used in program to view outputs or to check proper functioning by
blinking them with different delays.
4. A 16 pin DIP switch (8 on/off switches) can be connected through 10KOhm resistance network
RN3 at any port for switch inputs. At on condition port will be at low level.
5. A 11.0592 MHz crystal oscillator is connected between pin 18 and 19 of controller, with two
22pf ceramic capacitors connected between pin 18, 19 and GND.
6. As controller requires logic high voltage for short duration to get itself reset, a reset circuit is
connected at RST pin i.e. pin 9 of controller. It consists of a push-to-on switch connected
between Vcc and pin 9, a 10K resistor connected between pin 9 and GND and an electrolytic
capacitor of 10MFD/25V, connected between Vcc and pin9 of controller.
7. For serial UART working, pin 10 of controller i.e. receive pin at port3 (P3.0) and pin 11 of
controller i.e. transmit pin at port3 (P3.1) are connected with serial UART IC, MAX232 pin 9
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 and 10 respectively. Pin 9 of MAX232 is R2OUT i.e. receive out pin, which outputs data
received from PC through serial cable via pin 8 i.e. R2IN of MAX232. Pin 10 of MAX232 is
T2IN i.e. transmit input, which inputs data from controller. This input data is then sent to PC
through serial cable via pin7 i.e. T2OUT of MAX232.
8. IC MAX232 is biased with +5V supply at pin 16, GND at pin 15. Rest of its biasing is done as
per recommended circuitry. Four number 10 MFD/63V electrolytic capacitors are connected as
recommended.
9. DB9 connector is connected between MAX232 and PC.
Refer table 1 for complete list of components.

Figure 1.2: Pin diagram of P89V51RD2/AT89S52

*Note: Some instructions or names of SFRs may be changed in different processors of different
manufacturers, e.g. ATMEL NXP for same architecture. Care must be taken here.

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Figure 1.3: Bareboard PCB for Reprogrammable Embedded System

Figure 1.4: Components for Reprogrammable Embedded System

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Figure 1.5: Assembled PCB for Reprogrammable Embedded System

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 Table 1.1
1.7 LIST OF COMPONENTS FOR THE
EMBEDDED DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM
Components Qty./board
ICs
P89V51RD2/ AT89S52
1 1
2 MAX232 1
CAPACITORS
1 10uF(electrolytic)/63V 5
2 22pF(ceramic) 2
KEYS
1 DIP SWITCH 1
2 ON/OFF(push to On push to OFF) 1
CRYSTAL
1 11.0592 MHz 1
LEDS
1 LED(3mm) 9
RESISTANCES
1 10K RESISTANCE NETWORK( 9 -pin) 2
2 1K RESISTANCE NETWORK( 9 -pin) 1
3 470E 1
4 1K 1
CONNECTORS
1 SERIAL PORT( DB-9) RIGHT ANGLED
FEMALE 1
2 SERIAL PORT( DB-9) MALE 1
3 SERIAL PORT (DB-9) FEMALE 1
4 CONNECTOR (8-PIN) MALE+ FEMALE 2
5 CONNECTOR (2-PIN) MALE+FEMALE 2
6 BERGSTICK MALE 1
7 CASING (DB-9 CONNECTOR) 2
8 FEMALE TO FEMALE SINGLE
CONNECTING WIRE 10
TRANSISTORS
1 BC547 1
IC base
1 40-pin 1
3 16-pin 2

PCB 1

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 Figure1.6: Schematic Diagram for reprogrammable Embedded Board

1.7 Programmer
The purpose of the programmer is to transfer HEX code from PC to appropriate pins and provide
regular voltage levels during chip programming as well. For this development system, the programmer
is freely available FlashMagic (for P89V51RD2) or 89SXX from Sunrom Technologies (for
AT89S52) connected to PC via Serial cable/ USB cable. When the process of programming is
completed, microcontroller pins used for it are automatically available for other application.
1.7.1 Source Code: Table 1.2
; Blinking of LED at port 2.7. Some delay is generated to see LED blinking(LA and LB loop)
ORG 0000
START: NOP
MOV R0, #0FFH;
LB: MOV R1, #0FFH;

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LA: NOP;
DJNZ R1, LA;
DJNZ R0, LB;
CPL P2.7
SJMP START
END

1.8 Result: Embedded system board ( as shown in figure 1.5) is soldered, checked and found
working.

1.9 Conclusion:- Target board of such types can be designed using very less amount of components
and can be used for many applications.

1.10 Remarks:- Other controllers of 8051 architecture and having same pinouts can also be tested
and used on same target board .

1.11 References:-

1. Datasheet Max232
2. Datasheet P89v51RD2/AT89S52
3. http://www.cadsoftusa.com/shop/eagle-hobbyist-and-education/
4. https://www.cadsoftusa.com/download-eagle/
5. http://www.cadsoft.de/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/V6_tutorial_en.pdf
6. http://www.mikrocontroller.net/attachment/17909/Protel_99_SE_Traning_Manual_PCB_Desi
gn.pdf

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 Experiment 2

Tool Chain of Keil IDE (Embedded Development Tool Chain) with the example of
LED Blinking Program
2.1 Objective: To understand the procedure of creating source code for reprogrammable embedded
system board using IDE such as Keil µVision.

2.2 Software Requirement: Editor like Keil µVision Ver 4 or less.

2.3 Description:

Understanding any processor or controller needs familiarity with its architecture and instruction set.
Any architecture can be best understood using its instruction set through different programs.

One may use assembly language or embedded C for writing programs. Programs written in assembly
language are completely processor dependent and need major changes when converting to other
processor. While programs written in C are generally independent of processor and needs minor
changes during conversion to other processors.

C is thus preferred for programming. But to know and understand a processor better, one must be
familiar with assembly language.

All source code written in this document will be written using assembly language for 8051
architecture.

Some development environment is needed to prepare any application. An editor is needed first to
provide a platform for writing programs i.e. source code.

A source code written in assembly/C language is needed to be converted to machine language (hex
code) before programming into processor. This conversion is done by compiler which converts
assembly/C language code to hex code.

IDE i.e. Integrated development Environment, serves both these purposes as well as provide
debugging facility.

Assembly language file will be stored by extension .asm, C file by extension .c and hex file by
extension .hex.

2.4 Procedure:

Many free software are available for educational purpose e.g. Keil, SDCCDown load free tools for
IDE from

www.keil.com/download/product,

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https://www.keil.com/demo/eval/c51.htm

IDE for 8051 architecture can be downloaded using these links. It’s an integrated development
environment for creation and compilation of assembly/C source code for any 8051 architecture based
target boards. It also provides debugging facility [1].
Steps:
2.4.1.1 Click on Keil µVision4 icon for getting started.
2.4.1.2 Click on Project tab>Make new project> Select target device.
2.4.1.3 Click on File>New file.
2.4.1.4 Prepare a test code in assembly language as shown in editor window. Save it with .asm
extension.
2.4.1.5 Add this created file to project. One may add one or more than one file in a single
project.
2.4.1.6 Click Target1 ( at left side pane)>Source Group> Right click to add code file.
2.4.1.7 Open Project tab> Options for target target1> Output tab>check „create hex file‟
option.
2.4.1.8 Open Project tab> Build target. This will generate compiled .hex file from the .asm or
.C file, in the project created.
One may refer Help tab for further help for using this tool.
*Many video are there in you tube which may be referred to understand the procedure better.

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 To view register
s/SFRs/memory
status and content

Figure 2.1 IDE- Keil µVision

2.5 Result: Sample program for LED blinking is written, compiled and hex file generated.

2.6 Conclusion:- Different programs can be written, debugged and simulated using IDE.

2.7 Remarks:- Different programs should be written and tested using assembly/C language for better
understanding of the tool .

2.8 References:-

[1] https://www.keil.com/demo/eval/c51.htm

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 Experiment 3

Flash Programming Using Serial UART Flash Programmer- FlashMagic

3.1 Objective: To understand the procedure of flash programming source code for reprogrammable
embedded system board using NXP’s FlashMagic.

3.2.1 Software Requirement: FlashMagic.

3.2.2 Hardware Requirement: Target board with P89V51RD2 controller as per circuit given in
figure 1.6, Serial Cable with DB9 Connector, Power Cable.

NOTE: Choose target processor which supports In-system programming (ISP) e.g. Phillips
P89V51RD2.

3.3 Procedure:

1. Down load free tools for flash programmer from

www.flashmagictool.com
Save and run FlashMagic.exe
A serial port flash programmer will be downloaded then.

3.3.1 Requirements: Flash Magic works on Windows 2000, XP, Vista and 7. 10Mb of disk space is
required for reliable operation of the said tool.

Once install, Flash magic will look like figure 3.1.

Recommended settings for flash magic are as shown in figure 3.1.

Connect target board with serial port of PC using Serial cable (standard 9 pin cable is recommended).
Flash magic tool steps are described as under.
 Step1 :- Select target device, choose serial COM port, baud rate and Interface as None.
 Step2:- Choose desired option for flash erase.
 Step3:- Browse desired hex file that to be flash programmed into target controller.
 Step4:-Select desired options for programming. Verify after programming is recommended.
Beginners should not use other options as they may lock their target device.
 Step 5:- After all setting are done press Start programming button.

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 Figure 3.1 FlashMagic Programmer

If any error message, as shown in figure 3.2 appears then click

Options->Advance Options->Hardware Config and uncheck both the options as shown in figure 3.3

Figure 3.2 FlashMagic Programmer Communication Error Message

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 Figure 3.3 FlashMagic Programmer Communication Advance Options

Once communication between flash magic and target board established, after pressing start button,
flash programmer will show message as in figure 3.4

Figure 3.4 Reset Message

Reset processor at target board.

Flash programming will be started then.

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After successful programming Finished message can be seen at bottom left corner of flash
programmer screen.
Target board is now ready to be used. It will run as per the hex file loaded.

3.4 Result: Sample program for LED blinking is programmed and LED blinking is observed as per
program at target board.

3.5 Conclusion:- Different hex files can be programmed and checked using flash programmer.

3.6 Remarks:- Different programs should be programmed and tested using assembly/C language for
better understanding the tool .

3.7 References:-

[1] www.flashmagictool.com

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 Experiment 4

Flash Programming Using SPI Flash Programmer- 89SXX

4.1 Objective: To understand the procedure of flash programming source code for reprogrammable
embedded system board using Sunrom technology’s 89SXX USB flash programmer, ISP Model: 1315.

4.2.1 Software Requirement: 89SXX programmer frontend.

4.2.2 Hardware Requirement: Target board with Atmel AT89S52 controller as per circuit given in
figure 1.12, Power Cable.

NOTE: Choose target processor which supports In-system programming (ISP) using SPI e.g.
Atmel AT89S52.

4.3 Procedure:

1. Down load free tools for flash programmer application from

http://www.sunrom.com/337
2. For 89SXX USB flash programmer, ISP Model : 1315 (figure 4.1)
3. Save and run 1100_setup.exe
4. A SPI flash programmer application will be downloaded then (figure 4.2).
5. 89SXX USB flash programmer (figure 4.1) will program target board (figure 4.5) using
1100_setup.exe (figure 4.2).

Figure 4.1 89SXX USB ISP Flash Programmer (SPI based)

Click icon (figure 4.2) to start programming application (figure 4.3).

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 Figure 4.2 Application icon
STEP 3

STEP 2

STEP 1

STEP 4

STEP 5

Figure 4.3 Application 89SXX USB ISP Flash Programmer (SPI based)

Connect USB programmer with computer and target board. Steps to be followed are as described
under.
Step1:- Select Device> 8051 MCU>Atmel>AT 89S52>OK
Step2:- Browse intended hex file.

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Step3:- Selected file will appear here.
Step4:- Click Program to flash program the selected device.
Step5:- During programming, different programming status can be seen here.
Pin configuration for ISP connectors are as shown in figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4 Pin Configuration for USB 89SXX ISP Programmer [3]

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Figure 4.5 Schematic diagram showing connection between microcontroller and programmer [3]

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 Figure 4.5 Schematic diagram of target board using ATMEL microcontroller

4.4 Source Code: Table 4

;Blinking of LED at port 2.7. Some delay is generated to see LED blinking(LA and LB loop)
ORG 0000
START: NOP
MOV R0, #0FFH;
LB: MOV R1, #0FFH;
LA: NOP;
DJNZ R1, LA;
DJNZ R0, LB;
CPL P2.7
SJMP START
END

4.5 Result: Target board is programmed and blinking of LED at port p2.7 i.e. pin no 28 of
microcontroller AT89S52 is obtained.

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4.6 Conclusion: With very low component count and easily and freely available tools, designing and
programming of small and low cost systems can be achieved.

4.7 Remarks: Any IDE and any flash programmer can be used. Keil µVision, FlashMagic and
89SXX USB programmers are recommended and tested here, for their respective purposes. All these
tools are selected due to their easy accessibility, low cost and wide acceptance. Help on these tools are
easily available.

As newer PC/laptops are equipped with USB port, one can also think for USB base programmers. One
option is to choose Universal programmer, they are highly flexible in terms of device selection but are
higher in cost. For simple projects, one can easily rely on chip specific programmer which may not
provide flexibility in device selection, but are quite cheep.

*Note:- USB to RS232 converter will be needed to use Flash magic from PC’s USB port.

4.8 Reference:-

1. www.keil.com
2. www.flashmagictools.com
3. http://www.sunrom.com/337

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 Experiment No. 5

Multiple Controllers Programming Using Flash Magic

5.1 Objective: To understand the procedure and connections for multiple controllers programming of
same type of controller with same source code in one go, using flash magic.

5.2.1 Software Requirement: Editor like Keil µvision ver 4 or less, Flash programmer.

5.2.2 Hardware Requirement: 2 Sets of target boards with P89V51RD2 controller as per circuit
given in figure 1.6, Serial Cable with DB9 Connector.

5.3 Procedure:

1. Connect circuit as per given block diagram of figure 5.1. These connections will facilitate
programming of multiple controller of same type, simultaneously. Here it is checked for 2
controllers.
2. Use source code of experiment 1.
3. Set flash programmer for programming as per given figure 5.2.
4. Open Options-> advance option-> Misc->Check, disable device signature checking.
5. Start flash programming.
6. Reset both the target controllers simultaneously when prompted.
7. Click ok for warning message.

Processor 1 Processor 2 MAX232 Tx Serial To PC

(P89V51RD2) (P89V51RD2) Interface Connector
DB9
Rx
Tx Tx,pin10
Rx Tx Rx, pin 9
Pin 11 Rx
pin 10 Pin 11
pin 10

Figure 5.1 Block diagram for multi controller programming, connections

27
 Figure 5.2 Flash programmer settings for multi controller programming

5.4 Result: Both the controllers are programmed simultaneously with same program.

5.5 Conclusion:- Multiple controllers can be programmed in one go with same source code and
hence beneficial in time saving for large production. Target board there can be designed with some
jumper settings to facilitate multiple programming connections.

5.6 Remarks:- Single max232 interface is used here to program multiple controllers and hence care
must be taken as this may increase voltage levels of max232 which may result in its damage.

5.7 References:-

1. Datasheet Max232
2. Datasheet P89v51RD2

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 3.
Experiment 6

Interfacing LEDs at Input/ Output Port

6.1 Objective: To interface 8 LEDs at Input-output port and create different patterns.

6.2.1 Software Requirement: Editor like Keil µvision ver 4 or less, Flash programmer.

6.2.2 Hardware Requirement: Target boards with P89V51RD2/AT89S52 controller as per circuit
given in figure 1.6/4.5, Serial Cable with DB9 Connector/USB 89SXX Programmer with cable.

6.3 Procedure:

1. Connect 8 LEDs at port 2 (pin 21 to 28) as per given block diagram of figure6.1. Rest of the
circuit will remain same as figure 1.6/4.5
2. Write program for LED blinking at port.
3. Build/Compile project.
4. Flash program and observe results.

Microcontroller

P89V51RD2
or AT89S52

Figure 6.1 LED connections at port2

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6.4 .1 Source Code : Table 6A
;Program written using assembly language of LCALL DELAY
8051 architecture for P89V51RD2 MOV P2,#0BFH
;This program will lit one LED at a time LCALL DELAY
;starting from port 2.0 to port 2.7 and create MOV P2,#7FH
;LED rotation pattern. All other LEDs will LCALL DELAY
;remain off. LJMP MAIN
ORG 0100
; Subroutine for some delay generation, to
MAIN: MOV P2,#0FEH view ;LED blinking
LCALL DELAY
MOV P2,#0FDH DELAY: MOV R0,#0FFH
LCALL DELAY LOOP1: MOV R1,#05H
MOV P2,#0FBH LOOP2: MOV A,#05H
LCALL DELAY LOOP3: DEC A
MOV P2,#0F7H JNZ LOOP3
LCALL DELAY DJNZ R1,LOOP2
MOV P2,#0EFH DJNZ R0,LOOP1
LCALL DELAY RET
MOV P2,#0DFH END
*Bold lines shows change in instructions

6.4.2 Source code : Table6B

Same function can be achieved using source code 3B with less number of instructions
;Rotate accumulator left command is use to ; subroutine for some delay generation
;create same rotating effect.
ORG 0100 DELAY: MOV R0,#0FFH
MAIN: MOV A,#0FEH LOOP1: MOV R1,#05H
MAIN1: MOV P2,A LOOP2: MOV R2,#05H
LCALL DELAY LOOP3: DJNZ R2,LOOP3
LCALL DELAY DJNZ R1,LOOP2
RL A DJNZ R0,LOOP1
LJMP MAIN1 RET
END

6.5 Result: Output at LEDs observed as per programs, i.e. LED rotating in circular manner is
achieved at port2.
6.6 Conclusion:- with smart use of instructions memory area of controller can be saved as can be
seen from above example.
6.7 Remarks:- Different LED patterns can be generated and tested e.g. blinking of all LEDs,
Blinking of alternate LEDs, 8 bit/4bit binary pattern generation, BCD number pattern generation,
dancing LED etc.

6.8 Reference :- Datasheet 89V51RD2/ AT89S52

30
 Experiment 7

Use of I/O pins for data transfer between controllers

7.1 Objective: To use general purpose port i.e. Input/ output port of two controllers for data transfer
between them.

7.2.1 Software Requirement: Editor like Keil µvision ver 4 or less, Flash programmer.

7.2.2 Hardware Requirement: 2 sets of target boards with P89V51RD2/AT89S52 controller as per
circuit given in figure 1.6/4.5, Serial Cable with DB9 Connector/ USB 89SXX Programmer with
cable, some connectors.

7.3 Procedure:

1. Connect target boards as per given block diagram of figure 7.1.

2. Write programs, for both the controllers.
3. Build/Compile project.
4. Flash program both the controllers with respective source codes and observe results.

Vcc
+5V
8LEDs at port 2 for checking

8LEDs at port 2 for result

Controller1 Controller2
Port 3 as Port 3 as
Port 3 Port 2
Port 2 output port input port

GND

Figure 7.1 Two microcontrollers connected through port3

31
7.4.1 Source code: Table 7A
;Program for microcontroller1, i.e. for Sender ;Subroutine for delay
;controller DELAY: MOV R0,#02
ORG 0000H LOOP1: MOV R1,#255
START: MOV A,#0FEH LOOP2: MOV R2, #255
LOOP: RR A LOOP3: DJNZ R2, LOOP3
MOV P3,A DJNZ R1, LOOP2
MOV P2,A DJNZ R0, LOOP1
LCALL DELAY RET
SJMP LOOP END

7.4.2 Source code: Table 7B

;Program for microcontroller2, ie for receiver controller. These controllers are connected
;through port3. No delay program is written here as delay will be taken care by controller1
;routine.
ORG 0000H
START: NOP
LOOP1: MOV A,P3
MOV P2,A
SJMP LOOP1
END

7.5 Result: Output observed at LEDs, of both the target boards as per programs, i.e. LED lighting in
circular manner is achieved at port2 of controller2 same as of controller1 at port2.

7.6 Conclusion:- General purpose Input/Output pins can also be used to transfer data between ports.
However this process will be slow but benefit lies in its easiness.

7.7 Remark:- Both controllers can send and receive data from other controller at different as well as
at same port but not at the same time. Different programs can be tested for such functionalities.

7.8 Reference :-

1. Datasheet 89V51RD2/AT89S52

32
 Experiment 8

Memory Block Programming Using Flash Magic

8.1 Objective: To achieve block wise programming of memory for controller using flash magic.

8.2.1 Software Requirement: Editor like Keil µvision ver 4 or less, Flash programmer.

8.2.2 Hardware Requirement: Target board with P89V51RD2 controller as per circuit given in
figure 1.6, Serial Cable with DB9 Connector.

8.3 Procedure:

1. Write source codes ( e.g. LED blinking at port) , for different blocks of memory.
2. Add all source codes into one µvision project (as described in figure 8.2).
3. Build/Compile project. Compiled file i.e. hex file will contains all source codes into one file.
4. Before programming the controllers, un-check all memory erase options (as described in figure
8.1) in flash programmer.
5. Flash program the controller and observe results.

8.4 Source Code: Table 8

;First block of program starts from location ;50h, ;Third block of program starts from location
on/off LED at port2.0 for some time ;200h, on/off LED at port2.2 for some time
; jump to second block of memory ; jump to fourth block of memory

ORG 0050H ORG 0200H

LJMP START1 LJMP START1
START1: MOV R3,#20 START1: MOV R3,#20
LED1: CPL P2.0 LED3: CPL P2.2
LCALL DELAY LCALL DELAY
DJNZ R3,LED1 DJNZ R3,LED3
LJMP 0100H LJMP 0300H
DELAY: MOV R0,#02 DELAY: MOV R0,#02
LOOP1: MOV R1,#255 LOOP1: MOV R1,#255
LOOP2: MOV R2,#255 LOOP2: MOV R2,#255
LOOP3: DJNZ R2,LOOP3 LOOP3: DJNZ R2,LOOP3
DJNZ R1,LOOP2 DJNZ R1,LOOP2
DJNZ R0,LOOP1 DJNZ R0,LOOP1
RET RET
END END
;Second block of program starts from location ;Fourth block of program starts from location
;100h, on/off LED at port2.1 for some time ;300h, on/off LED at port2.3 for some time
; jump to third block of memory ; jump to first block of memory
ORG 0100H ORG 0300H
33
 LJMP START1 LJMP START1
START1: MOV R3,#20 START1: MOV R3,#20
LED2: CPL P2.1 LED4: CPL P2.3
LCALL DELAY LCALL DELAY
DJNZ R3,LED2 DJNZ R3,LED4
LJMP 0200H LJMP 0050H
DELAY: MOV R0,#02 DELAY: MOV R0,#02
LOOP1: MOV R1,#255 LOOP1: MOV R1,#255
LOOP2: MOV R2,#255 LOOP2: MOV R2,#255
LOOP3: DJNZ R2,LOOP3 LOOP3: DJNZ R2,LOOP3
DJNZ R1,LOOP2 DJNZ R1,LOOP2
DJNZ R0,LOOP1 DJNZ R0,LOOP1
RET RET
END END

Figure 8.1 Memory block programming selection in flash magic

34
 Multiple
source codes
in one project

Figure 8.2 Memory block programming of controller

8.5 Result: Output at LEDs observed as per programs, LED blinking at port2 of controller, at
different port locations as per program. Different source codes are combined into one project as seen
in figure 5.2.
Hex file of this project is as displayed under

:100050000200537B14B2A012005FDBF902010078AA
:0C0060000279FF7AFFDAFED9FAD8F62206
:100200000202037B14B2A212020FDBF90203007890
:0C0210000279FF7AFFDAFED9FAD8F62254
:100300000203037B14B2A312030FDBF9020050783F
:0C0310000279FF7AFFDAFED9FAD8F62253
:100100000201037B14B2A112010FDBF90202007895
:0C0110000279FF7AFFDAFED9FAD8F62255
:00000001FF

35
 Yellow highlight shows start of different memory block of different source codes and green highlight
shows same delay routine used in all source codes.

8.6 Conclusion:- Without erasing entire source code a part of it can be altered using memory block
programming as discussed. And hence results in saving time of programming for large programs.

8.7 Remarks: Same labels can be used in different source codes though they belong to same project.
Common routines e.g. .delay routines for different source codes in same project can also be placed at
one location and used by all programs and thus results in memory space saving.

8.8 Reference :-

1. Datasheet 89V51RD2

36
 Experiment 9

Memory Block Erasing Using Flash Magic

9.1 Objective: To achieve block wise erasing of memory for controller using flash magic.

9.2.1 Software Requirement: Editor like Keil µvision ver 4 or less, Flash programmer.

9.2.2 Hardware Requirement: Target board with P89V51RD2 controller as per circuit given in
figure 1.6, Serial Cable with DB9 Connector.

9.3 Procedure:

1. Write source code for LED blinking at port, for different blocks of memory. Use source
code of experiment 5.
2. Build/Compile project.
3. At flash programmer, un-check all memory erase options. See figure 9.1.
4. At flash programmer open ISP, select Erase Flash pages. See figure 9.2.
5. Select desired page to be erased (here it is page 4), and then press erase. See figure9.2
6. Program controller with desired code and observe results.

9.4 Source Code: Table 9

; Block of program starting from location 200h DELAY: MOV R0, #02
; On/off LED at port2.6 for some time LOOP1: MOV R1, #255
; Jump to different block of memory LOOP2: MOV R2, #255
ORG 0200H LOOP3: DJNZ R2, LOOP3
LJMP START1 DJNZ R1, LOOP2
START1: MOV R3,#20 DJNZ R0, LOOP1
LED3: CPL P2.6 RET
LCALL DELAY END
DJNZ R3,LED3
LJMP 0300H

37
 Uncheck
all erase
options

Figure 9.1 Settings for memory block programming

38
 Figure 9.2 Erase desired page of flash memory

9.5 Result: In source code of experiment 8, only third block is erased using flash page erase and then
flash is programmed with new program for LED output at port2.6.
Results observed as per programs, i.e. LED blinking at port2 of controller, at different port locations as
per program. LED blinking first at port2.0, then port2.1, and then at port 2.6 instead of port2.2 as per
experiment 5 and then at port 2.3.

9.6 Conclusion:- Same as block writing of memory, block erase of memory can also be done for
different blocks.

9.7 Remark:- Each memory location cannot be erased or programmed. This can be done only in
block defined. Means modifications will be done on entire block of memory and not on single
location.

9.8 Reference :- Datasheet 89V51RD2

39
 Experiment 10

Timer in Timer Mode

10.1 Objective: To achieve timer working in timer mode and blink LED without using any loop delay
routine.

10.2.1 Software Requirement: Editor like Keil µvision ver 4 or less, Flash programmer.

10.2.2 Hardware Requirement: Target board with P89V51RD2/AT89S52 controller as per circuit
given in figure 1.6/4.5, Serial Cable with DB9 Connector/ USB 89SXX programmer with cable.

10.3 Procedure:

1. Write source code e.g. LED blinking at port.

2. Build/Compile project.
3. Program controller with desired code and observe results.

10.4 Source Code: Table 10

;Timer0 is used in timer mode. Runs from ; Timer0 ISR routine
;0000 to ffffh and blink LED at port 2.2, Timer
;0 ISR,Timer0 in mode 1 TMR0_INT: CLR TR0
CLR TF0
ORG 0000H CPL P2.2
LJMP START MOV TL0,#00H
ORG 000BH MOV TH0,#00H
START: MOV TMOD,#01H SETB TR0
MOV TL0,#00H RETI
MOV TH0,#00H END
SETB EA
SETB ET0
SETB TR0
LJMP $

10.5 Result: Results observed as per programs, i.e. one LED blinking at port2.2 of controller, as per
program.

10.6 Conclusion:- As timer is used to generate delay, controller is free to complete other tasks while
generating delay.

10.7 Remarks:- Using timers different functions can be achieved. E.g. generation of fixed time delay,
generation of frequency at, any I/O port etc.
Counter function of timers allow measurement of unknown frequency, event counting etc.

10.8 Reference :- Datasheet 89V51RD2/AT89S52

40
 Experiment 11

Seven segment LED display interfacing

11.1 Objective: To achieve interfacing of seven segment LED display and generate counting from 0
to 99 with fixed time delay.

11.2.1 Software Requirement: Editor like Keil µvision ver 4 or less, Flash programmer.

11.2.2 Hardware Requirement: Target board with P89V51RD2/AT89S52 controller as per circuit
given in figure 1.6/4.5, Display circuit as per figure 11.1, Serial Cable with DB9 Connector/ USB
89SXX programmer with cable.

11.3 Procedure:

1. Connect circuit as per figure 11.1. Connect J1 and J2 between points 2 and 3.Connect
point3 of J1 to port1.6 and point3 of J2 to port1.7 of target board controller (figure1.6/4.5).
2. Short CON5 and CON6 and connect them to CON2 of target board controller
(figure1.6/4.5).
3. Write desired source code.
4. Build/Compile project and program controller with desired code and observe results.

Figure 11.1 Seven Segment LED display connections with controller

41
11.4 Source Code: Table 11
;Only for two seven segment connected at SETB P1.7
;port2, ;control pins for common cathode type DJNZ R6,NEXTDIG
;Seven segment is connected at port 1.6 and MOV R6,#0FFH
;1.7
INC R4
ORG 0000H DJNZ R3,NEXTDIG
LJMP START1 INC R5
START1: SETB P1.7 MOV A,R5
SETB P1.6 MOV R4,#00H
MOV R5,#00H SETB P1.6
MOV R4,#00H CJNE R5,#0AH,NEXTSEG
MOV R6,#0FFH SJMP START1
NEXTSEG: MOV R3,#0AH ;DELAY ROUTINE
MOV DPTR,#1000H DELAY: MOV R0,#02
NEXTDIG: MOV A,R4 LOOP1: MOV R1,#10
MOVC A,@A+DPTR LOOP2: MOV R2,#100
MOV P2,A LOOP3: DJNZ R2,LOOP3
LCALL DELAY DJNZ R1,LOOP2
CLR P1.7 DJNZ R0,LOOP1
SETB P1.6 RET
MOV A,R5
MOVC A,@A+DPTR ORG 1000H
MOV P2,A DB 03FH, 06H, 05BH, 04FH, 66H,
LCALL DELAY 06DH, 07DH, 07H, 07FH, 067H
CLR P1.6 END

11.5 Result: Two common cathode seven segments LED displays are showing counting starting
from 0 to 99 with fixed time delay.

11.6 Conclusion:- Interfacing of seven segment LED displays is achieved.

11.7 Remark:- More than two seven segment LED displays can be connected at same port with
different control pins. Alpha-numeric displays can also be connected in similar manner.

11.8 Reference :-

1. Datasheet 89V51RD2/AT89S52
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-segment_display

42
 Experiment 12

RS232 Serial Communication between PC and controller

12.1 Objective: To achieve serial communication between PC and controller using serial UART of
controller.

12.2.1 Software Requirement: Editor like Keil µvision ver 4 or less, Flash programmer, Hyper
terminal at PC (download from http://www.hilgraeve.com/hyperterminal-trial/).

12.2.2 Hardware Requirement: Target board with P89V51RD2/AT89S52 controller as per circuit
given in figure 1.6/4.5, Serial Cable with DB9 Connector/ USB 89SXX programmer with cable.

12.3 Procedure:

1. Write desired source code.

2. Build/Compile project.
3. Program controllers with desired code.
4. Close Flash programmer.
5. Connect target board with PC through DB9 serial connector, open hyper terminal for
desired communication.
6. Set hyper terminal as shown in figures 12.1 to 12.4. Select Com port, baud rate as 9600,
data bits as 8, parity as none, stop bit as 1 and flow control as none.
7. Observe results.

12.4 Source Code: Table 12

; This code enables controller to communicate MOV SCON, #50H
;with PC at 9600 baud-rate. Data sent from PC ANL PCON,#7FH
;will be echoed ;back to PC. Timer1 of SETB TR1
;controller is used for generating baud rate. AGAIN: JMP AGAIN
;Serial interrupt routine resides at 0023h. LED
;at port 2.0 is used for indication. Stack ;Serial interrupt routine for checking transit or
;pointer set at 08h. Timer1 is used in mode 2 ;receive. Only if RI flag is set, receive will
;i.e. auto reload mode. ;occur else transmit. Receive indication is
;given by LED at port 2.0. Read data from
ORG 0000H ;SBUF, this is data received from PC, clear RI
JMP 0100H ;flag and load SBUF with same data to sent
ORG 0023H ;back to PC
CALL SR_INT
RETI SR_INT: JNB RI,CHKTX
CLR P2.0
ORG 0100H MOV A,SBUF
START: SETB P2.0 CLR RI
MOV SP,#08H MOV SBUF,A

43
 CLR TR1 RET
MOV TMOD, #20H ;After transmit complete give indication at
; Enable interrupt servicing and serial port ;LED connected at port 2.0 and clear transmit
;interrupt, Load fdh in timer1 for 9600 baud ;flag TI
;rate. Set 8 bit UART mode and enable
;reception. After then start timer1. CHKTX: SETB P2.0
MOV IE,#90H CLR TI
MOV TH1,#0FDH RET
MOV TL1,#0FDH END

Hyper Terminal settings will be as described under.

Open hyper
terminal

Click
start

Figure 12.1 Open hyper terminal for checking serial communication between PC and Target
board

44
 Type any
name

Figure 12.2 Name hyper terminal for connections in serial communication

Select
communication
port

Figure 12.3 Select communication port for checking serial communication

45
 Figure 12.4 Select options for checking serial communication
12.5 Result: Target processor is receiving from PC, and then sent back received data to PC. Results
are observed as per figure 12.5.

Figure 12.5 Output received while checking serial communication

12.6 Conclusion:- Controller is communicating with PC using serial UART.

12.7 Remark:- Communication between two controllers can also be achieved using serial UART.

46
12.8 Reference :-

Datasheet 89V51RD2/AT89S52

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232

http://www.aggsoft.com/rs232-pinout-cable/serial-port-db9.htm

http://www.hilgraeve.com/hyperterminal/

47
 Experiment 13

SPI-Serial Peripheral Interface-Master mode

13.1 Objective: To achieve communication between two controllers using SPI in master mode. Only
master will send and Slave will receive.

13.2.1 Software Requirement: Editor like Keil µvision ver 4 or less, Flash programmer.

13.2.2 Hardware Requirement: Target board with P89V51RD2/AT89S52 controller as per circuit
given in figure 1.6/4.5, Display circuit as per figure 11.1, Serial Cable with DB9 Connector/USB
89SXX programmer with cable.

13.3 Procedure:

1. Connect circuit as per figure13.1.

2. In circuit of figure 11.1, connect J1 between 1 and 2, connect CON5 (of figure 11.1 circuit)
to CON2 of target board circuit as per figure 1.6/4.5.
3. Write desired source code.
4. Build/Compile project.
5. Program controllers with desired code and observe results.

SCLK P1.7

MISO P1.6
SPI
SPIMaster
Master SPI Slave
MOSI P1.5
Controller Controller
SS P1.4

Figure 13.1 SPI connections between two controllers as Master-Slave

13.4.1 Source Code: Table 13A For Master processor

;Processor as master and used only for sending LOOP: MOV A,#00H
;data to slave, Fclk Peripheral/128 as baud rate MOV SPDAT,DATA_EX
;and with slave select pin, P1.6(MISO) serial JNB TRANSMIT_OK,$
;input, P1.5(MOSI) serial output, P1.4 CLR TRANSMIT_OK
;(SS_bar) Slave select, P1.7 (SCK) Serial LCALL DELAY
;Clock INC R5
;Define some RAM locations CJNE R5,#05H,LP2
MOV R5,#00H
TRANSMIT_OK BIT 20H.1 MOV DPTR,#1500H

48
SERIAL_DATA DATA 08H MOVC A,@A+DPTR
DATA_SAVE DATA 09H MOV DATA_EX,A
DATA_EX DATA 0AH LP2: MOV A,R5
; Define SPI Control Register, MOVC A,@A+DPTR
;Configuration/status register; MOV DATA_EX,A
;Data register and Interrupt registers LJMP LOOP
; Interrupt routine, interrupt at address 0x004B
SFR SPCR = 0XD5;
SFR SPSR = 0XAA; IT_SPI: CPL P2.7
SFR SPDAT = 0X86; MOV R7,SPSR
SFR IEN0 = 0XA8; MOV ACC,R7
SFR IEN1 = 0XE8; JNB ACC.7,BREAK1
ORG 0000H SETB TRANSMIT_OK
LJMP BEGIN MOV SPSR, #00H
ORG 004BH BREAK1: JNB ACC.6, BREAK2
LJMP IT_SPI BREAK2: RETI
ORG 0100H
BEGIN: CLR P2.7 ;Delay routine
MOV R5,#00H DELAY: MOV R0,#20
MOV A,#00H LOOP1: MOV R1,#255
MOV DPTR,#1500H LOOP2: MOV R2,#255
MOVC A,@A+DPTR LOOP3: DJNZ R2,LOOP3
MOV DATA_EX,A DJNZ R1,LOOP2
ORL SPCR,#10h DJNZ R0,LOOP1
SETB P1.4 RET
ORL SPCR,#83h
ANL SPCR,#0FFh ORG 1500H
ORL SPCR,#04h DB 6DH, 38H, 77H, 3EH, 79H
SETB EA END
SETB ES
ORL SPCR,#40h
CLR TRANSMIT_OK

13.4.2 Source Code: Table 13B For Slave processor

;Processor as slave and used only for receiving ORG 0100H
;data from master, Fclk Peripheral/128 as baud BEGIN: MOV DATA_EX,#55h
;rate and with slave select pin, P1.6(MISO) CLR P1.4
;serial input, P1.5(MOSI) serial output, P1.4 ORL SPCR,#83h
;(SS_bar) Slave select, P1.7 (SCK) Serial ANL SPCR,#0FFh
;Clock ORL SPCR,#04h
;Define some RAM locations SETB EA
SETB ES
TRANSMIT_OK BIT 20H.1 ORL SPCR,#40h
SERIAL_DATA DATA 08H CLR TRANSMIT_OK

49
DATA_SAVE DATA 09H LOOP: JNB TRANSMIT_OK,$
DATA_EX DATA 0AH CLR TRANSMIT_OK
; Define SPI Control Register, LJMP LOOP
;Configuration/status register;
;Data register and Interrupt registers ; Interrupt routine, interrupt at address 0x004B
IT_SPI: MOV R7,SPSR
SFR SPCR = 0XD5; MOV ACC,R7
SFR SPSR = 0XAA; JNB ACC.7,BREAK1
SFR SPDAT = 0X86; MOV P2,SPDAT
SFR IEN0 = 0XA8; SETB TRANSMIT_OK
SFR IEN1 = 0XE8; MOV SPSR, #00H
ORG 000H BREAK1: JNB ACC.6, BREAK2
LJMP BEGIN BREAK2: RETI
ORG 4BH
LJMP IT_SPI END

13.5 Result: Slave processor is showing data as received from master processor. Seven segment LED
display connected at Port 2 of slave controller shows alphabets SLAUE one by one repeatedly. While
one LED connected at Port2.7 of master process toggles every time it transmits.

13.6 Conclusion:- SPI interfacing is achieved where master controls the slave.

13.7 Remark:- A master can control a number of slaves using slave select. Same source code of
master and slaves can be used for communication between one master and four slaves with changes
only in slave select.

13.8 References:-
1. 89V51Rd2 datasheet/AT89S52
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus
3. http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/courses/CStudio/Silabs/Appnotes/AN028.pdf

NOTE:- Program written here are as per P89V51RD2. Please refer Atmel datasheet for any
changes in SFRs used for SPI.

50
 Experiment 14

SPI-Serial Peripheral Interface-Master/Slave mode

14.1 Objective: To achieve communication between two controllers using SPI in master and slave
mode. Master will send, Slave will receive and vice versa.

14.2.1 Software Requirement: Editor like Keil µvision ver 4 or less, Flash programmer.

14.2.2 Hardware Requirement: Target board with P89V51RD2/AT89S52 controller as per circuit
given in figure 1.6/4.5, Display circuit as per figure 11.1, Serial Cable with DB9 Connector/USB
89SXX Programmer with cable.

14.3 Procedure:

1. Connect circuit as per figure13.1.

2. In circuit of figure 11.1, connect J1 between 1 and 2, connect CON5 (of figure 11.1 circuit)
to CON2 of target board circuit as per figure 1.6/4.5
3. Write desired source code.
4. Build/Compile project.
5. Program controllers with desired codes and observe results.

14.4.1 Source Code: Table 14A For Master processor

;Processor as master and used for sending and LOOP: MOV A,#00H
;receiving data to and from slave, Fclk MOV SPDAT,DATA_EX
;Peripheral/128 as baud rate and with pin, JNB TRANSMIT_OK,$
;P1.6(MISO) serial input, P1.5(MOSI) serial CLR TRANSMIT_OK
;output, P1.4 (SS_bar) Slave select, P1.7 LCALL DELAY
;(SCK) Serial Clock INC R5
;Define some RAM locations CJNE R5,#05H,LP2
MOV R5,#00H
TRANSMIT_OK BIT 20H.1 MOV DPTR,#1500H
SERIAL_DATA DATA 08H MOVC A,@A+DPTR
DATA_SAVE DATA 09H MOV DATA_EX,A
DATA_EX DATA 0AH
; Define SPI Control Register, LP2: MOV A,R5
;Configuration/status register MOVC A,@A+DPTR
;Data register and Interrupt registers MOV DATA_EX,A
LJMP LOOP
SFR SPCR = 0XD5; ; Interrupt routine, interrupt at address 0x004B
SFR SPSR = 0XAA;
SFR SPDAT = 0X86; IT_SPI: CPL P1.4
SFR IEN0 = 0XA8; MOV R7,SPSR
SFR IEN1 = 0XE8; MOV ACC,R7
ORG 000H JNB ACC.7,BREAK1

51
 LJMP BEGIN MOV P2,SPDAT
ORG 4BH SETB TRANSMIT_OK
LJMP IT_SPI MOV SPSR, #00H
ORG 0100H BREAK1: JNB ACC.6, BREAK2
BEGIN: CLR P2.7 BREAK2: RETI
MOV R5,#00H ;Delay routine
MOV A,#00H DELAY: MOV R0,#20
MOV DPTR,#1500H LOOP1: MOV R1,#255
MOVC A,@A+DPTR LOOP2: MOV R2,#255
MOV DATA_EX,A LOOP3: DJNZ R2,LOOP3
MOV SPCR,#0D7h DJNZ R1,LOOP2
SETB P1.4 DJNZ R0,LOOP1
SETB EA RET
SETB ES
CLR TRANSMIT_OK ORG 1500H
DB 6DH, 38H, 77H, 3EH, 79H
END

14.4.2 Source Code: Table 14B For Slave processor

;Processor as slave and used for sending and ORG 0100H
;receiving data to and from master, Fclk BEGIN: MOV DATA_EX,#0Fh
;Peripheral/128 as baud rate and with pin, MOV SPCR,#0C7h
;P1.6(MISO) serial input, P1.5(MOSI) serial CLR P1.4
;output, P1.4 (SS_bar) Slave select, P1.7 SETB EA
;(SCK) Serial Clock SETB ES
;Define some RAM locations CLR TRANSMIT_OK
TRANSMIT_OK BIT 20H.1 LOOP: MOV SPDAT, DATA_EX
SERIAL_DATA DATA 08H JNB TRANSMIT_OK,$
DATA_SAVE DATA 09H CLR TRANSMIT_OK
DATA_EX DATA 0AH MOV A,DATA_EX
; Define SPI Control Register, CPL A
;Configuration/status register; MOV DATA_EX,A
;Data register and Interrupt registers LJMP LOOP
; Interrupt routine, interrupt at address 0x004B
SFR SPCR = 0XD5; IT_SPI: CPL P1.4
SFR SPSR = 0XAA; MOV R7,SPSR
SFR SPDAT = 0X86; MOV ACC,R7
SFR IEN0 = 0XA8; JNB ACC.7,BREAK1
SFR IEN1 = 0XE8; MOV P2,SPDAT
ORG 000H SETB TRANSMIT_OK
LJMP BEGIN MOV SPSR, #00H
ORG 4BH BREAK1: JNB ACC.6, BREAK2
LJMP IT_SPI BREAK2: RETI
END

52
14.5 Result: Slave processor is showing data as received from master processor. Seven segment LED
display connected at Port 2 of slave controller show alphabets SLAUE one by one repeatedly. While
eight LEDs connected at Port2 of master process shows 4 LEDs on/off every time it receives data from
slave after it transmits.

14.6 Conclusion:- Bidirectional communication between master and slave controllers using SPI
interface is achieved. It shows that either of the two controller can work as master/slave.

14.7 Remark:- Data communicated between two controllers can be stored in internal /external
memory block. Any of the participating controller can control other controller’s operations.

14.8 References:-
1. 89V51Rd2 datasheet/ AT89S52
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus
3. http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/courses/CStudio/Silabs/Appnotes/AN028.pdf

NOTE:- Program written here are as per P89V51RD2. Please refer Atmel datasheet for any
changes in SFRs used for SPI.

53
 Experiment 15

Interfacing of 16x2 LCD with microcontroller

15.1 Objective: To achieve interfacing of 16x2 LCD and print some welcome message on it.

15.2.1 Software Requirement: Editor like Keil µvision ver 4 or less, Flash programmer

15.2.2 Hardware Requirement: Target board with P89V51RD2/AT89S52 controller as per circuit
given in figure 1.6/4.5, Serial Cable with DB9 Connector/USB 89SXX programmer with cable, 16x2
LCD , 10K POT, connecting wires.

15.3 Procedure:

1. Connect LCD with target board (figure 1.6/4.5) as per figure 15.1.
2. Write desired source code as per table 15. Refer figure 15.2.
3. Build/Compile project.
4. Program controllers with desired code.
5. Close Flash programmer
6. Observe results.

89V51RD2

Figure 15.1 16x2 LCD module connections with microcontroller

54
Figure 15.2 LCD module commands and instruction set

55
15.4 Source Code: Table 15

; This code enables controller to send data on

;LCD. Port 0 is used for data bus, P1.0 for ;SET ENTRY MODE
;enable, P1.1. for RW and P1.2 for RS. SETB P1.0
NOP
ORG 0000H NOP
LJMP START MOV P0,#06H
;subroutine to display welcome, use ASCII NOP
;values corresponding to alphabets CLR P1.0
START: LCALL LCDINT LCALL DELAY
WELCOME: MOV A,#20H ;SET DISPLAY ON
LCALL DISDT1 SETB P1.0
MOV A,#57H NOP
LCALL DISDT1 NOP
MOV A,#45H MOV P0,#0CH
LCALL DISDT1 NOP
MOV A,#4CH CLR P1.0
LCALL DISDT1 LCALL DELAY
MOV A,#43H ;SET CURSOR AND DISPLAY SHIFT
LCALL DISDT1 SETB P1.0
MOV A,#4FH NOP
LCALL DISDT1 NOP
MOV A,#4DH MOV P0,#01CH
LCALL DISDT1 NOP
MOV A,#45H CLR P1.0
LCALL DISDT1 LCALL DELAY
JMP $ ;SET FUNCTION SET
SETB P1.0
//subroutine for display data on LCD NOP
NOP
DISDT1: SETB P1.2 MOV P0,#038H
SETB P1.0 NOP
NOP CLR P1.0
NOP LCALL DELAY
MOV P0,A RET
LCALL DELAY
CLR P1.0 //Subroutine for delay used in LCD delay
CLR P1.2 DELAY: MOV R0,# 09
LCALL DELAY1 LOOP1: DJNZ R0,LOOP1
RET RET

;one time usable routine for LCD initialization //Subroutine for delay used in display
DELAY1: MOV R0,#01
LCDINT: MOV P1, #00H LOOP11: MOV R1,#0100
SETB P1.0 LOOP12: MOV R2,#0255

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 NOP LOOP33: DJNZ R2,LOOP33
NOP DJNZ R1,LOOP12
MOV P0,#01H DJNZ R0,LOOP11
NOP RET
CLR P1.0 END
LCALL DELAY

15.5 Result: 16x2 LCD interfaced with controller is showing message as ‘WELCOME’ on its first
line as per the source code.

15.6 Conclusion:- LCD is interfaced with controller and is showing messages.

15.7 Remark:- With the same procedure 16x4, 20x2, 20x4, 40x4 etc LCD can also be interfaced. Here
care must be taken in selecting LCD display segment address. Through proper segment address one
can display data anywhere on LCD display panel.
Bidirectional communication between LCD and controller can also be done, where one can use LCD
memory space, can create own characters using CGRAM data space of LCD eg hindi character set.

15.8 References:-
1. Datasheet 89v51RD2/AT89S52
2. https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/LCD/ADM1602K-NSW-FBS-3.3v.pdf

57
Design & Development of a mobile design using
Raspberry Pi : A Practical Approach
(Experimental Manual for M.Tech Students)
for SoC and mobile design(Version 1, 2013-14)
with support of MHRD and NOKIA projects

Designed & Developed By: Ms. Nidhi Agarwal

Under the Guidance of: Dr. SRN Reddy, Associate Professor, CSE

Computer Science & Engineering Department

Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women

Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110006

Appendix A-List of Experiments

2nd Semester M.TECH (MPC)
L P C

58
 0 2 1
Paper Code: MMC-520
Paper Title: Embedded System Design Based on ARM/Atmel Lab

1. Introduction to programming tool chain for Embedded Application Development Environment

(IDE) i.e. KEIL μversion4 and Flash Magic.
2. Design and develop a re-programmable embedded computer using 8051 architecture. Give its
schematic diagram and explain the function of each block.
3. Explain the procedure for Multiple Processor programming with Flash Magic & draw its
schematic.
4. Write a program to interface LEDs at Input/ Output Ports, write delay routine and generate 10
different patterns with specified delay.
5. Use of I/O pins for data transfer between two controllers and perform Master and Slave
Communication.
6. Write a program to use different Memory Block for different purpose.(e.g. each block for
different LED patterns). Use switches for selecting different LED patterns.
7. Write a program to erase a particular memory block (as in experiment no. 5) and re-write with
some other LED pattern code. Use switches for selecting different LED patterns.
8. Write a program to use of Timers 0/1 in Timer Mode and generate delay and use this delay to
blink LED as per experiment no.3. Also calculate the delay.
9. Write a program to interface seven segment display
a) Display the numerals from 0-9 at regular interval.
b) Display one character of your name at a time at regular interval
10. Write a program to communicate between PC and Controller using RS232 interface at 9600
baud rate using Window XP hyper-terminal application.
11. Write a program to communicate between two controllers using SPI (Serial Peripheral
Interface) and draw its schematic.
12. Write a program to print Hello World/ Your name using Intel Atom board editor and check the
output on the terminal.
13. Write a program to display MAC address of Intel Atom Board on the terminal and initialize the
serial port.
14. Study the architecture and peripherals of MBED ARM development board and write a program
to display various system parameters.
15. Write a program to interface buzzer and LEDs at I/O ports of ARM MBED board.
16. Write a program to interface LCD to ARM board and display moving message.
17. Write a program to generate variable duty cycle of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) using
ARM board. Select duty cycle using 8 switches D/P switch.
18. Minor project based on 8051/ATMEGA/ARM/ATOM. Choose a project as per your choice it
should include at least five interfaces from following list-

External Timer/Counter Sensor: Motion/IR/Sound/ ADC

interrupt Humidity/Pressure/Temperature
LCD 4 X 4 keyboard RS232 Interface/I2C/SPI GSM Module
Relay Qwerty Keyboard RTC Bluetooth Module

59
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