Visualized

Flight
Maneuvers
Handbook
For High Wing Aircraft
Third Edition

For Instructors and Students

Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc.

Newcastle, Washington
Visualized Flight Maneuvers Handbook
for High Wing Aircraft
Third Edition

Based on original book by Harold J. Holmes,

a Haldon Publication.
Revised by Jackie Spanitz 2013.

Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc.

7005 132nd Place SE
Newcastle, Washington 98059-3153
Email: [email protected]
Internet: www.asa2fly.com

© 1996 – 2013 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc.

All rights reserved. Published 2013

Cover photo: © Fotolia.com

None of the material in this handbook supersedes

any operational documents or procedures issued
by the Federal Aviation Administration, aircraft
and avionics manufacturers, flight schools, or the
operators of the aircraft.

Printed in the United States of America

2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 978-1-61954-045-3
ASA-VFM-HI-3

09

ii
 CONTENTS
Aircraft Review................................................................. 1
Airplane Familiarization................................................... 2
Preflight Operations......................................................... 4
Starting Airplane.............................................................. 6
Before-Takeoff Check.................................................... 6a
Taxiing............................................................................. 7
Normal Takeoff & Climb................................................... 8
Crosswind Takeoff & Climb............................................ 10
Soft-Field Takeoff & Climb............................................. 12
Short-Field Takeoff & Climb........................................... 14
Straight and Level Flight................................................ 16
Shallow & Medium Turns............................................... 17
Rectangular Course....................................................... 18
S-Turns.......................................................................... 20
Turns Around a Point..................................................... 21
Eights-On-Pylons........................................................... 22
Maneuvering During Slow Flight.................................... 24
Power-Off Stalls............................................................. 25
Power-On Stalls............................................................. 26
Accelerated Stalls.......................................................... 28
Crossed-Control Stalls................................................... 29
Elevator Trim Stalls........................................................ 30
Secondary Stalls........................................................... 31
Spins.............................................................................. 32
Steep Spirals................................................................. 34
Chandelles..................................................................... 36
Lazy Eights.................................................................... 38
Steep Turns................................................................... 40
Go-Around Procedure................................................... 41
Traffic Pattern................................................................ 42
Forward Slip.................................................................. 44
Normal Approach & Landing......................................... 45
Crosswind Approach & Landing.................................... 46
Soft-Field Approach & Landing...................................... 47
Short-Field Approach & Landing................................... 48
Power-Off 180° Accuracy Approach & Landing............. 49

v
Emergency Descent...................................................... 50
Emergency Approach & Landing................................... 51
After-Landing Check...................................................... 52
Private Checklist............................................................ 53
Sport Checklist.............................................................. 54
Commercial Checklist.................................................... 55
Flight Instructor Checklist.............................................. 56
Index.............................................................................. 57

vi
 NORMAL TAKEOFF & CLIMB Downwind leg
Cro
(Private, Sport, Commercial, CFI) ssw
ind
9 leg
Objective: Takeoff and climb out to the downwind leg of
the traffic pattern.
8

Task: Check Manufacturer Recommendations

7
• Complete preflight inspection (see Page 4)
• Complete starting airplane check (see Page 6)
Taxi to the upwind runway ND
WI
•

6
• Complete before-takeoff check (see Page 6) 3
1
• Wing flaps 0° for normal takeoff
5
P S
FLA
0 2
10° 4
20°

30° • Keep heels on floor, and toes on rudder pedals, not

brakes
• Keep straight with rudder
• Know local airport traffic pattern and altitude procedures • Keep wings level with aileron
• Practice situational awareness and runway incursion • Check RPM for full power
avoidance procedures • Check engine instruments are in the green arc
• Ease the weight off nose wheel as elevator becomes
effective
• Apply full throttle smoothly and positively
• Obtain takeoff and departure clearances, if required
• Look out and check that runway and approaches are all
clear

• Line up on runway centerline, nose wheel straight

• Select a reference point straight ahead for tracking

Continued
8 Normal Takeoff & Climb
 • Retract gear after positive rate of climb is established, Evaluation:
and a landing cannot be made on remaining runway • Use 0° (normal takeoff) flap setting
• Leave runway at lift-off speed Scan for traffic
• • Clear area and align airplane on runway centerline
• Maintain a straight track over the extended runway • Advance throttle smoothly to takeoff power
240 40 centerline • Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and
60
220 AIR SPEED
MPH 80 accelerate to VY
200
100 • Establish pitch attitude for VY and maintain VY during
180
160 140 120 the climb (+10/-5 knots for Private and Sport, ±5 knots
• Beyond end of runway and within 300 feet of traffic for Commercial and CFI)
pattern altitude, make a climbing turn to crosswind leg • Retract landing gear after a positive rate of climb is
Manufacturer Recommended lift-off speed ____ knots (bank angle 20° maximum) established
• Use right rudder to offset torque as required • Allow for wind drift to keep a square pattern • Maintain takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude
• Maintain climb speed and continue to climb to pattern • Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift
altitude correction throughout takeoff and climb
• Level off at pattern altitude • Comply with noise abatement procedures
• Scan for traffic • Complete the appropriate checklist

• Keep right hand on the throttle

• Within 1/2 to 1 mile from the runway, make a medium
turn to downwind leg (bank angle 30° maximum)
• Scan for traffic
• To depart the traffic pattern, either climb straight out
• Establish the attitude that results in VY with full throttle
from the upwind leg, or turn 45° beyond the departure
Manufacturer Recommended VY _____ knots end of the runway after reaching pattern altitude
• Trim off any control pressure

NOSE
DOWN

NOSE
UP

• Maintain wings level with aileron, coordinate with

rudder

L TURN COORDINATOR R
2 MIN

Normal Takeoff & Climb (Continued) 9

 ELEVATOR TRIM STALLS
(CFI only)

Objective: Demonstrate what can happen when full

power is applied for a go-around while not maintaining
positive control of the airplane.

Task: Check Manufacturer Recommendations

• Find practice area where terrain is appropriate for

maneuvering, emergency landing area available
• Select an altitude that allows maneuver to be
completed no lower than 1,500 feet AGL
• Clear area for other aircraft DO NOT
FORGET
• Extend landing gear CLEARING
• Extend flaps, 1/2 to full TURNS

• Trim airplane for level hands-off flight • With airplane held in the normal climbing
attitude, adjust trim to relieve the heavy
• Advance throttle smoothly to control pressures
maximum power

• Carburetor heat on (fully out), or as • Maintain wings-level with coordinated

• Carburetor heat off (fully in) aileron and rudder
required

• Power to IDLE (throttle fully out)

• The combined force of thrust, • Complete normal go-around and level-off procedures
• Establish glide attitude and best torque, and back elevator trim cause the nose to rise
sharply and turn to the left • Retract gear and flaps (in increments) as airspeed
glide speed reaches VY
Manufacturer Recommended best glide • Do not attempt to correct these forces
• Resume normal flight attitude, power, and airspeed
speed _______ knots with minimum loss of altitude

• Re-trim airplane for the glide, as would be done during

• When pitch attitude increases above the normal Evaluation:
a landing approach (nose-up trim)
climbing attitude, and it is apparent a stall is imminent, • Demonstrate and simultaneously explain elevator trim
apply forward pressure to the control column stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations,
from an instructional standpoint
• Analyze and correct simulated common errors related
to elevator trim stalls in selected landing gear and flap
configurations

30 Elevator Trim Stalls

 SECONDARY STALLS
(CFI only)

Objective: Demonstrate what happens when stall

recovery is attempted before the airplane has regained
sufficient flying speed.

Task: Check Manufacturer Recommendations

• Find practice area where terrain is appropriate for

maneuvering, emergency landing area available
• Select an altitude that allows maneuver to be
completed no lower than 1,500 feet AGL
• Clear area for other aircraft DO NOT
FORGET
CLEARING
TURNS

• Perform a stall

• Allow airplane to stall for a second time • Allow airspeed to build before returning to straight-and-
• At full stall, release back pressure level flight
• Add full power • Resume normal flight attitude, power, and airspeed
with minimum loss of altitude
• Practice from both a power-on and power-off stalled
• At full stall, release back pressure condition

Evaluation:
• Pull back on the control column before the airplane • Demonstrate and simultaneously explain secondary
has regained sufficient flying speed stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configuration,
from an instructional standpoint
• Maintain wings-level with coordinated aileron and
rudder • Analyze and correct simulated common errors related
to secondary stalls in selected landing gear and flap
configurations

Secondary Stalls 31
 LAZY EIGHTS
(Commercial and CFI)

Objective: With constant change in control pressure

due to changing combinations of climbing and descend-
ing turns at varying airspeeds, experience the full
performance range of the airplane while flying a lazy
eight pattern.

Task:

• Find practice area where terrain is appropriate for

maneuvering, emergency landing area available
• Set power to obtain maneuvering speed (VA), cruise
speed, or manufacturer recommended speed
(whichever is less)
Cruise Speed or Manufacturer Recommended VA
(whichever is less) _____ knots
• Select an altitude that allows maneuver to be
performed no lower than 1,500 feet AGL, or
manufacturer recommended (whichever
is higher) DO NOT
FORGET
• Clear area for other aircraft
CLEARING
• Trim airplane for level hands-off flight TURNS

• Fly crosswind and select an upwind reference point

abeam the wing tip
• Pass the 45° reference point with maximum nose-up
for maneuver
• Increase bank angle through 15°
• Speed is decreasing
• Pitch attitude begins decreasing
• Bank angle continues to increase

• Raise the nose above the horizon and begin a climb

• Slowly roll in bank, and enter a coordinated climbing
turn into the wind
Continued
38 Lazy Eights
• Arrive at maximum bank angle 30 at 90° reference • At the 180° reference point, airplane is momentarily • Pass the 135° reference point with the lowest nose
point level attitude for maneuver
• Pitch attitude is momentarily level • Reduce bank angle through 15°
• Take note of minimum airspeed • Speed continues to increase
• Take note of maximum altitude • Pitch begins increasing
• Pitch continues to decrease • Bank angle continues to decrease
• Bank decreases
• Speed increases

• At the 180° reference point,

airplane is wings-level
• Pass the 135° reference point with the lowest nose • Altitude is same as entry altitude
attitude for the maneuver • Airspeed is same as entry
airspeed
• Resume straight-and-level flight

• Altitude is same as entry altitude

• Airspeed is same as entry airspeed Evaluation:
• Begin to raise the nose • Select an altitude that allows the
• Gently roll bank in the opposite direction task to be performed no lower than 1,500 feet AGL or
the manufacturer’s recommended altitude, whichever
is higher
• Select a prominent 90° reference point in the distance
• Establish the recommended entry power and airspeed
• Pass the 45° reference point with maximum nose-up
for maneuver • Plan to be and remain oriented while maneuvering
the airplane with positive, accurate control, and
• Increase the bank angle through 15°
demonstrate mastery of the airplane
• Speed is decreasing
• Achieve the following throughout the task—
• Pitch attitude begins decreasing
a. Constant change of pitch, bank, and turn rate
• Bank angle continues to increase
b. Altitude and airspeed consistent at the 90°-points,
• Reduce bank angle through 15° ±100 feet and ±10 knots respectively
• Speed continues to increase c. Through proper power setting, attain starting
• Pitch begins increasing altitude and airspeed at the completion of
• Arrive at maximum bank angle 30° at 90° reference maneuver, ±100 feet and ±10 knots respectively
• Bank angle continues to decrease point d. Heading tolerance ±10° at each 180° point
• Pitch attitude is momentarily level • Continue task through at least two 180° circuits and
• Take note of minimum airspeed resume straight-and-level flight
• Take note of maximum altitude • Maintain coordination throughout maneuver
• Pitch continues to decrease • Correct for torque effect in right and left turns
• Bank decreases • Loops should be symmetrical
• Speed increases • Pitch and bank attitude should have a constant rate of
change throughout the maneuver

Lazy Eights (Continued) 39