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    Cytokines

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    Tarequl Islam Nishad
    Cytokines are low-molecular weight secreted proteins that are important for cell signaling. They are produced by immune cells and act by binding to cell surface receptors in low concentrations. Cytokines can act on the same cell that secreted it (autocrine action), nearby cells (paracrine action), or distant cells (endocrine action). Cytokines regulate the immune response by stimulating or inhibiting cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, and regulating antibody or cytokine secretion. Cytokines exhibit pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, antagonism, and can induce cascades of other cytokines.

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    Cytokines

    Uploaded by

    Tarequl Islam Nishad
    125 views3 pages
    Cytokines are low-molecular weight secreted proteins that are important for cell signaling. They are produced by immune cells and act by binding to cell surface receptors in low concentrations. Cytokines can act on the same cell that secreted it (autocrine action), nearby cells (paracrine action), or distant cells (endocrine action). Cytokines regulate the immune response by stimulating or inhibiting cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, and regulating antibody or cytokine secretion. Cytokines exhibit pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, antagonism, and can induce cascades of other cytokines.

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    Definition, types and function of cytokines

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    cytokines

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    Cytokines are low-molecular weight secreted proteins that are important for cell signaling. They are produced by immune cells and act by binding to cell surface receptors in low concentrations. Cytokines can act on the same cell that secreted it (autocrine action), nearby cells (paracrine action), or distant cells (endocrine action). Cytokines regulate the immune response by stimulating or inhibiting cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, and regulating antibody or cytokine secretion. Cytokines exhibit pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, antagonism, and can induce cascades of other cytokines.

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    125 views3 pages

    Cytokines

    Uploaded by

    Tarequl Islam Nishad
    Cytokines are low-molecular weight secreted proteins that are important for cell signaling. They are produced by immune cells and act by binding to cell surface receptors in low concentrations. Cytokines can act on the same cell that secreted it (autocrine action), nearby cells (paracrine action), or distant cells (endocrine action). Cytokines regulate the immune response by stimulating or inhibiting cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, and regulating antibody or cytokine secretion. Cytokines exhibit pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, antagonism, and can induce cascades of other cytokines.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Cytokines

    Cytokines are low-molecular weight secreted proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important
    in cell signaling. Their release has an effect on the behavior of cells around
    them.Cytokines include chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokinesand tumor
    necrosis factors but generally not hormones.They are produced by a broad range of cells,
    including immune cells like macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and mast cells.
    They act by binding to cell surface receptors and at very low concentration.

    A particular cytokine may bind to receptors on the membrane of the same cell that
    secreted it, exerting autocrine action; it may bind to receptors on a target cell in close
    proximity to the producer cell, exerting paracrineaction; in a few cases, it may bind to
    target cells in distant parts of the body, exerting endocrineaction (Figure).Cytokines
    regulate the intensity and duration of the immune response by stimulating or inhibiting
    the activation, proliferation, and/ or differentiation of various cells and by regulating the
    secretion of antibodies or other cytokines.

    Figure: Cytokines action

    Cytokines exhibit the attributes of pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, antagonismand


    cascade induction(Figure).A given cytokine that has different biological effects on

    [1]
    different target cells has a pleiotropic action. Two or more cytokines that mediate similar
    functions are said to be redundant; redundancy makes it difficult to ascribe a particular
    activity to a single cytokine.Cytokine synergism occurs when the combined effect of two
    cytokines on cellular activity is greater than the additive effects of the individual
    cytokines.In some cases, cytokines exhibit antagonism; that is, the effects of one cytokine
    inhibit or offset the effects of another cytokine.Cascade induction occurs when the action
    of one cytokine on a target cell induces that cell to produce one or more additional
    cytokines.

    [2]
    Figure: Cytokine attributes of pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, antagonism and cascade
    induction

    Table: Functional groups of selected cytokines

    Some cytokines of innate immunity

    Cytokine Secreted by Targets and effects


    Interleukin 1 (IL-1) Monocytes, Enhances B proliferation and
    macrophages, DC, NK maturation, NK cytotoxicity, induces
    cells APP
    Tumor Necrosis TH, macrophages, DC, Induces APP, neutrophil activation,
    Factor-α (TNF-α) NK cells tumor cytotoxicity
    Interleukin 12 (IL-12) macrophages, Induces proliferation and IFN-γ
    dendritic cells production by TH1, promotes TH1
    differentiation
    Interleukin 6 (IL-6) TH2, macrophages, Induces APP and enhances T cell
    dendritic cells proliferation
    Interferon α(IFN-α) Leukocytes Inhibits viral replication and enhances
    expression of MHC class I molecules
    Interferon β(IFN-β) Fibroblasts Inhibits viral replication and enhances
    expression of MHC class I molecules

    Some cytokines of adaptive immunity

    Cytokine Secreted by Targets and effects


    Interleukin 2 (IL-2) TH 1 T and B cell proliferation, promotes
    NK cell activation and proliferation
    Interleukin 4 (IL-4) TH2, NK cells, Mast Promotes Th2 differentiation ; isotype
    cells switch to IgE
    Interleukin 5 (IL-5) TH2, Mast cells Eosinophil activation and generation
    TGF-β T cells, macrophages, Inhibits lymphocytes proliferation,
    other cell types promotes isotype switch to IgE
    Interferon (IFN -γ) TH1, Tc, NK Inhibits viral replication, activates
    macrophage and inhibits proliferation
    of TH2

    [3]

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