Guide To Safety Heavy Vehicle Management

Road and traffic guidelines
RTS 16
Guide to heavy vehicle

management
ISSN 1170–5337
June 2006
Land Transport New Zealand
P O Box 2840
Wellington
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RTS Guide to heavy vehicle management
2
RTS 16 Guide to heavy vehicle management
Contents
1 Introduction 5
2 Size and weight limits 6
3 Vehicle types 8
4 Tracking curves 9
5 Heavy vehicle safety 10
5.1 Braking distance 10
5.2 What heavy vehicle drivers cannot see 11
5.3 Recommended safety features of roads and facilities 13
5.4 Heavy vehicle speed limit 19
5.5 Vehicle and load safety 20
5.6 Wind effect of heavy vehicles on other road users 23
5.7 Lateral clearances 23
5.8 Safety Management Systems 23
6 Geometric design 24
7 Bridges, tunnels, level crossings and roads with restricted dimensions 25
7.1 Height 25
7.2 Width 26
8 Overdimension vehicles 28
9 Overweight vehicles 30
10 Vehicles without pneumatic tyres 30
11 Vehicle crossing points 30
12 Road works zones 31
12.1 Road construction zones 31
12.2 Requirements for vehicles used only in road construction zones 32
12.3 Temporary closure of roads 35
13 Special routes for heavy vehicles 36
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14 Restrictions on use of roads by heavy motor vehicles 36
14.1 Protection of bridges by temporary weight or speed limits 38
14.2 Temporary prohibition or restriction of heavy motor vehicle traffic 39
14.3 Restriction of heavy traffic on roads 39
14.4 Classification of class C roads 40
14.5 Special vehicle lanes 40
14.6 Bylaws 40
15 Engine braking noise controls 42
16 Road user charges 42
17 Driver licences 42
18 Certificate of fitness 43
19 Transport service licences 43
20 Heavy vehicle selection guide 43
21 Traction engines 44
Appendix 1: Reference documents 44
Appendix 2: Acknowledgements 49
Appendix 3: Traffic sign references 51
Road and traffic guideline publications 53
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1 Introduction
Land Transport New Zealand (Land Transport NZ) has received requests from
road and traffic engineers and planners employed in both local government and
independent consultancies for information relating to the design and management
of roads and off-road facilities to safely cater for heavy vehicles.
This document has been produced as a reference guide for those seeking further
details about particular heavy vehicle issues. It also provides an introduction to
how heavy vehicles perform on New Zealand roads and how roads can be
designed to carry heavy vehicles safely.
There are many aspects of heavy vehicles that road and traffic engineers and
planners need to be aware of in order to design facilities to accommodate these
vehicles or manage them on their roading network.
This document is the latest in a series of Road and Traffic guidelines which are set
out on page 53.
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2 Size and weight limits
Most vehicles used on public roads are required to fit within the maximum size
(dimension) and weight (mass) limits which are specified in the Land Transport
Rule: Vehicle Dimensions and Mass 2002 (VDM Rule).
2.1 The dimension limits are set out in Table 4.1 and the mass limits in schedule 2 of
National limits the VDM Rule.
The basic maximum dimension limits for standard vehicles are as follows:
Height (all vehicles) 4.25 m (excluding ropes, chains and

straps) or
4.275 m (including ropes, chains and
straps).
Width (all vehicles) 2.5 m (excluding mirrors etc) or
2.98 m (including side mirrors and other
allowable projecting devices).
Length Motor vehicle 12.6 m (excluding mirrors).
only
Length Motor vehicle 20 m (excluding mirrors).
towing one or
two trailers
Note: Articulated buses and motor vehicles towing only one semi-trailer
are limited to an overall length of 18 m.
These are the standard maximum size limits that vehicles carrying passengers or
goods must fit within. Vehicles transporting large indivisible loads and vehicles
incorporating specialist machinery (such as mobile cranes) may operate on roads
with dimensions greater than those shown above under special conditions as
overdimension vehicles (see section 8 Overdimension vehicles below).
In New Zealand all public roads are deemed to be class 1 and able to carry
vehicles of standard maximum mass (weight) unless a special restriction or
weight limit applies to those roads. This is set out in regulation 3 Classification of
roads of the Heavy Motor Vehicle Regulations 1974. For class 1 roads, the
maximum allowable mass limit for each vehicle depends on the width of the tyres
and the number of tyres on each axle, the number of axles in each axle set and
the spacing of axle sets along the vehicle.
Note: An axle set consists of one, two, three or four axles in a group.
These limits are set out in Schedule 2 of the VDM Rule.
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Maximum mass limits applying to heavy vehicles:
Single axle set with single standard width tyres 6,000 kg
Single axle set with single large (wide) tyres 7,200 kg
Single axle set with dual standard width tyres 8,200 kg
Tandem axle set with dual standard width tyres* 15,000 kg
Tri axle set with dual standard width tyres 18,000 kg
Quad axle set with dual standard width tyres 20,000 kg
*with axles spaced from 1.3 m to less than 1.8m apart (for full details see VDM
Rule).
2.2 The maximum dimension limits for standard vehicles (without a load) are
Enforcement enforced by heavy vehicle inspectors in testing stations when heavy vehicles are
checked for a first certificate of fitness (or after the vehicle has been modified).
The maximum vehicle dimension and mass limits (on public roads, including any
load carried) are enforced by the NZ Police Commercial Vehicle Investigation Unit
(CVIU). These specially trained officers undertake driver and vehicle inspections at
8 permanent weigh bridge stations as well as at other suitable areas close to the
roadway where they employ mobile weighing equipment. The requirements for
these areas are explained in paragraph 5.3(1)(d) below.
For more information see the NZ Police website at:
http://www.police.govt.nz/service/road/cviu.php
2.3 Road controlling authorities (RCAs) have the power to further restrict the size and
Powers of road weight of vehicles which can use particular roads if those roads are unsuitable for
controlling
vehicles of standard maximum size or standard maximum weight limits.
authorities to
restrict limits These powers are described in section 14 Restrictions on use of roads by heavy
motor vehicles below. Depending on the reason for the restriction, temporary or
permanent restrictions can be imposed.
Temporary restrictions can be imposed under the Heavy Motor Vehicle Regulations
1974.
Permanent restrictions can be imposed through a bylaw made pursuant to the
Transport Act 1962.
There are also provisions for RCAs to restrict routes that heavy vehicles can use
(in section 70AA of the Transport Act 1962) and to request that Land Transport
NZ classify a road as unsuitable for heavy vehicles except for access purposes –
that is Class C (in regulation 3 of the Heavy Motor Vehicle Regulations 1974).
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3 Vehicle types
Two basic types of heavy vehicle are permitted to operate on New Zealand roads
– rigid vehicles and trailers.
Vehicles with a driver's position and their own motive power are called rigid
vehicles (except for articulated buses which are a separate type). Many rigid
vehicles are fitted with couplings to tow trailers.
There are four types of trailer:
Simple trailer – with one axle set usually located near the centre of the trailer and
most of the weight of the trailer supported by that axle set.
Semi-trailer – with one axle set located towards the rear of the trailer and usually
connected to the towing vehicle by an articulated coupling located above the rear
axle set of the towing vehicle.
Full trailer – with two axle sets and a drawbar attached to first axle set.
Pole trailer – with one or two axle sets and a telescoping drawbar to steer the
trailer. They support part of a long load which is also partly supported by the truck
that tows the trailer through the load.
Some heavy rigid vehicles are permitted to tow two trailers:

• A-trains – where a heavy rigid vehicle tows a semi-trailer which tows a full
trailer.
• B-trains – where a heavy rigid vehicle tows a semi-trailer which tows a second
semi-trailer.
• A combination of vehicles where the second trailer is a light trailer and the
gross weight of the combination is less than 20 tonnes.
For more details about vehicle dimension and mass requirements see Land
Transport NZ Factsheets (available at www.landtransport.govt.nz):
• No. 13 Vehicle dimensions and mass
• No. 13a Heavy rigid vehicles
• No. 13c Towing and trailers (full, semi, simple, pole, A- and B-train)
or section 4 of the VDM Rule.
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4 Tracking curves
Large vehicles need more space to turn than smaller vehicles – at intersections,
bus stops, driveways, parking areas, loading docks and maintenance garages.
Land Transport NZ has published a set of tracking curves setting out the amount
of road space that vehicles in New Zealand will need to turn.
New Zealand on-road tracking curves sets out 27 curves showing the swept path
for six types of vehicle turning on at least four different radii.
These tracking curves are available from the Programmes section in Land
Transport NZ regional offices.
Note:
1. Rigid trucks and buses can now have a length of 12.6 m (the same as a tour
coach) so the tour coach tracking curves should be used when designing facilities
for large rigid vehicles.
2. The maximum length for a rigid vehicle towing one semi-trailer or for an
articulated bus is now 18 m.
Land Transport NZ is in the process of updating these tracking curves. A revised

set of curves is expected to be available on the Land Transport NZ website later in
2006.
The detailed design of off-road parking facilities is explained in AS2890.2–2002
Parking facilities part 2: Off-street commercial vehicle facilities. This document
provides detailed advice on the dimensions required for the manoeuvring of some
types of heavy vehicles.
Note: New Zealand maximum dimension limits are different in some details to
those used in this Australian Standard. New Zealand also allows A-trains, B-trains
and truck and full trailer combinations which are not included in this standard. The
NZ tracking curves should be referred to in these cases.
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5 Heavy vehicle safety

Heavy vehicles are likely to operate with a greater degree of safety if the roads
and facilities they run on have been designed to take account of their particular
operating characteristics.
Many heavy vehicles have lower performance capability than cars in braking,
acceleration, stability, dynamic handling and manoeuvrability.
Heavy vehicles need additional road space to fit safely on a road, particularly to
negotiate curves. They are also more sensitive to road design features such as
road curvature, camber and crossfall due to the high centre of gravity of the loads
they often carry.
Many heavy vehicles have lower speed capabilities than cars and cannot maintain
speeds up to the posted speed limit on steep grades.
Compared to light vehicles, most trucks have a big weight difference between
being fully loaded and carrying no load. Their suspension systems must not only
handle greater loadings, but also a greater range of loadings. The speed,
acceleration, braking capacity and lateral stability of a truck (or trailer) can differ
markedly between being fully loaded and carrying no load.
Drivers of light vehicles should refer to Factsheet 34 Sharing the road safely with
trucks for basic safety information about heavy vehicles on the road.
5.1 Trucks typically need considerably more distance to stop than cars:
Braking • There is less friction (grip) between truck tyres and the road than for car
distance
tyres.
- Heavy vehicle tyres use different compounds (for carrying heavy weights
and for high mileage use) from those used in car tyres.
- Pavement surfaces with low friction (or skid resistance) or high roughness
(as measured by a roughness measuring machine) are a particular problem
for trucks, especially in wet conditions or if they are carrying no load or
only a light load.
• Trucks may have lower braking efficiency due to their higher weight when
fully loaded.
• Truck brakes may require a greater activation time for braking to commence
on all axles (particularly trailer axles).
For more details refer to minimum stopping sight distance tables in the Austroads
road design guides:
• Rural road design – A guide to the geometric design of rural roads.
• Urban road design – Guide to the geometric design of major urban roads.
An increased braking distance will be needed on a downward sloping road.
10
Truck drivers need sufficient warning that they may need to slow considerably or
stop. Truck braking distance is particularly important in the placement of warning
signs in higher speed limit areas in advance of:
• intersections where drivers may need to give way to other traffic
• railway level crossings
• curves with low advisory speeds
• one lane bridges or places with restricted size limits
• traffic signals.
The design, phasing and visibility of traffic signals should accommodate the
braking and acceleration capabilities of heavy combination vehicles.
5.2 Most heavy vehicle drivers have a better view of the road ahead than car drivers
What heavy do due to their higher seating position. However, they often have significant blind
vehicle drivers
spots due to parts of their vehicle or its load blocking their view, as follows:
cannot see
Figure 1. Heavy vehicle driver’s blind spots

In front: Drivers cannot see immediately in front of the vehicle below window
level – particularly if the driver's seat is set back from the front of the vehicle (as
in bonneted-engine trucks and agricultural tractors).
Behind: There is a blind spot directly behind the vehicle – particularly in the case
of loaded trucks and buses (unless they have special mirrors or an on-board video
system which allows the driver to see behind the vehicle).
Heavy vehicle drivers should, therefore, not be required to reverse their vehicle
without assistance in areas to which the general public has access.
Truck stops, commercial premises and bus stations should be designed so that
vehicles can enter and leave without having to reverse on the roadway.
Similarly, bus turnaround areas should be designed so that the bus can turn
without needing to reverse.
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Front left side: Drivers cannot see to the left of the vehicle below the front side
window level – particularly on trucks, (the driver is situated on the right-hand side
of the cab and cannot see what is happening near road level on the left-hand side
of the vehicle).
This area is particularly dangerous for pedestrians and cyclists who may be
situated beside the heavy vehicle when the driver wishes to turn left or change
lanes to his or her left.
Through left side window: Visibility is restricted to the left of the vehicle behind the
cab window.
The driver is situated on the right-hand side of the cab and cannot see what is
happening on the left-hand side of the vehicle to the rear of the cab window.
At intersections and railway level crossings, truck drivers cannot see approaching
traffic or trains which are behind their field of view through the left side window.
At many intersections and at rail level crossings the truck driver has to give way to
road traffic or trains approaching from his or her left.
To allow for adequate driver visibility, road intersections and level crossings should
be laid out so that the road approach angle to the main road or railway line is as
close as possible to a right angle.
See section 5.3(4) Intersection design, paragraph (b) on page 15.
Rear side views: On both sides of vehicle to the rear of the cab the driver’s view
may be limited.
The rear vision mirrors may only show the area immediately along the side of the
vehicle, meaning that drivers may not see vehicles behind the cab in adjacent
lanes.
Mirrors: Land Transport NZ recommends that, whenever it is reasonably possible,

motor vehicles be fitted with mirror systems that reduce their driver’s blind spots
to the minimum. This is particularly important if :
• the driver’s view of the road behind the vehicle is obstructed by a load-
carrying body or other equipment or a load placed behind the cab or;
• the motor vehicle is towing a trailer or trailers or other unpowered motor

vehicle.
If the load-carrying body, equipment, load or attached trailer or other motor
vehicle is wider than the driver’s cab, then additional rear vision mirrors should be
fitted in positions which enable the driver to see to the rear past his or her vehicle
(and any attached trailer or other vehicle).
The requirements for mirrors on vehicles are set out in Land Transport Rule:
Glazing, Windscreen Wipe and Wash, and Mirrors 1999. Clause 5.5 of this Rule
allows for the fitting of additional rear view mirrors.
Retro-reflective delineators: These devices mark centrelines and edgelines and

tend to be designed to suit the car headlight height and the eye height of car
drivers. Heavy vehicle drivers may not be as well catered for with these delineators
due to their higher headlight and eye heights. These factors should be considered
when choosing appropriate reflectors.
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5.3 Crashes involving heavy vehicles are likely to be fewer if the following features
Recommended are included in the design and planning of roads and facilities which will be used
safety features
by heavy vehicles.
of roads and
facilities
5.3(1) a. Heavy vehicle rest stops and parking areas. It is important that adequate
Heavy vehicle off-road parking facilities are provided adjacent to routes used by long haul
stops
drivers so they can stop their vehicles to take a break from driving and also
to check the vehicle for possible mechanical problems and its load for
possible movement or loose chains, ropes or straps. Refreshment, refuelling
and toilet facilities could also be desirable at these stopping places. The
presence of these areas should be indicated with advisory signs displaying
the motorist service symbols S16 ‘Parking for heavy motor vehicles’ or S17
‘Parking for heavy trailers’ as specified in the Manual of traffic signs and
markings (MOTSAM).
b. Bus stops These should be designed to allow the buses to stop clear of the
traffic lane on main roads with a paved or all-weather waiting area for
passengers. A safe pedestrian route should be provided to the bus stop if it
is not adjacent to an existing footpath. School bus stops should be designed
according to the guidelines set out on this webpage:
http://www.landtransport.govt.nz/road-user-safety/school-buses/bus-
stops.html
Bus stops should be signed with the RP 5 ‘Bus stop’ or RP 5.1 ‘Bus stop –
with arrow’ signs.
c. Effluent dump sites These should be provided for vehicles carrying livestock
and for mobile homes/caravans/campervans at convenient locations such as
near ports, meat processing plants, camping grounds and tourist
accommodation. These should be indicated with MOTSAM signs IG–18 and
IG–19 and/or a motorists’ service sign displaying the S14 ‘Waste disposal
point’ symbol.
d. Heavy vehicle inspection areas These areas are needed for the weighing and
inspection of heavy vehicles by Police CVIU. Such areas need to be large
enough to get a heavy vehicle combination off the main road safely, flat
enough to allow for weighing or brake testing, with good visibility for the
vehicle entering and leaving the stop area. CVIU do not need to have weigh
pit facilities at all sites. If a road is being realigned, then the old bypassed
roadway may provide a good facility for this activity. Transit NZ has a policy
providing for the installation and maintenance of these facilities alongside
state highways. This is set out in section 4.11 Weight enforcement facilities
of the State highway control manual. Land Transport NZ will consider
providing funds for such facilities as set out in section 7.4.31 Weighing
facilities of the Programme and funding manual.
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5.3(2) a. Footpaths These should be provided so pedestrians can walk or run clear of
Pedestrian and heavy vehicle movement.
cycle facilities
b. Pedestrian crossing facilities These should be provided for pedestrians where
pedestrian and vehicle traffic flows warrant.
c. Cycle lanes or shoulders On main heavy vehicle routes (including bridges),
cycle lanes or shoulders of sufficient width for cyclists should be provided.
Another option is wide, shared lanes for heavy vehicles and cyclists (at least
4.5 m wide).
d. Cycle tracks Separate cycle tracks or alternative routes (including crossing
facilities at main roads) should be provided if there is insufficient width on
main routes for both heavy vehicles and cyclists to share the road safely.
5.3(3) a. Lane width Sufficient lane width is needed for heavy vehicles, so that they are
Road width and separated from opposing traffic on two-lane roads. The total heavy vehicle
alignment
width including mirrors is nearly 3.0 metres. After allowing for the effects of
pavement crossfall, leaning or swaying of the truck body and potentially
untrue tracking of trailer trains – a design envelope of up to 3.5 metres wide
should be adopted. 3.5 m should be the minimum lane width on two-lane,
two-way roads. Where there are two lanes in the same direction and heavy
vehicle traffic flows are low, some reduction in lane width is acceptable as
drivers are able to avoid having trucks in adjacent lanes at the same time.
b. Curves The lane or seal width on curves should be wider to allow the extra
road space needed by heavy vehicles when traversing the curve (particularly
truck and trailer combinations). Suitable superelevation should be provided
on curves to maintain vehicle stability for the appropriate road design speed.
Advisory speed signs and/or chevron curve indicators or chevron boards
should be provided at curves where the safe speed for the curve is
significantly lower than the operating speed of the road. This is particularly
important for trucks towing heavy trailers because laden trailers are often less
stable than other motor vehicles. Drivers towing laden heavy trailers are
advised to reduce their speed to 10 km/h below the speed shown on the
advisory speed sign. See Traffic note 20: Truck crashes and advisory speeds.
c. Shoulders Sufficient shoulder width is needed to provide a safe clearance to
roadside objects and provide a recovery area for driver steering errors,
particularly on curves. Sufficient strength should be provided in the shoulder
pavement (and road edge) so it can support heavy vehicle axle weights.
Shoulder crossfall to be similar to that for the traffic lanes so that a driver can
easily return to the traffic lanes if the vehicle runs onto the shoulder either
inadvertently or as a result of a defensive driving manoeuvre.
d. Bridges and tunnels Clear marking of the ends of narrow bridge handrails or
tunnels is needed so heavy vehicle drivers are aware of limited clearances.
Clear signage should be provided showing restricted height clearances.
Sufficient clearance should be provided to bridge rails and tunnel walls. See
Transit New Zealand Bridge manual, Appendix A, Table A4, which
recommends clearances to guard rails and side walls of up to 1.2 metres in
addition to normal lane widths, depending on traffic volumes. Also see section
5.7 Lateral clearances .
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5.3(4) a. Visibility At uncontrolled junctions and those with a Give way or Stop control,
Intersection adequate sight distances should be maintained to allow heavy vehicle drivers
design
to choose suitable gaps in the main road traffic so they can cross or turn their
vehicle safely.
b. Layout At uncontrolled junctions and those with Give way or Stop control, the
side road approach to a main road should be designed so that a vehicle
waiting at the limit line to turn right or proceed straight ahead is at right
angles to the main road. This is so approaching traffic can be seen by the
heavy vehicle driver and is not in his or her blind spot (particularly to his or
her left behind the left cab window). The distance which a driver at a side
road needs to see approaching traffic depends on the speed of that traffic.
The greater the main road traffic speed, the greater the visibility required by
a driver at a side road junction. An intersection angle that varies from 90
degrees should only be installed if it can be shown that sufficient visibility of
conflicting main road traffic is still provided for truck drivers at the side road
approach. Generally intersection angles should not be outside the 70 to 110
degree range (as recommended for railway level crossings) unless a
roundabout or traffic signal control is used at the junction.
c. Main roads Sufficient turning area should be provided at intersections of main
roads so heavy vehicle combinations can turn without hitting traffic islands,
signs or signals and do not have to cross into opposing lanes to complete
their manoeuvre.
d. Minor roads At minor road junctions in urban areas with a low volume of
heavy traffic use, the safety of pedestrians is enhanced if kerb radii are kept
small (as recommended in RTS 14), even if heavy vehicles do need to
encroach over the centreline. However, care must be taken to ensure that
heavy vehicles are able to turn without riding over the kerb and thereby
endangering pedestrians. The risk for cyclists can also be increased,
particularly from trucks turning left. Damage can also be caused to vehicles if
they need to ride across kerbs. Those designing kerb changes must consider
the needs of all road users including cyclists and heavy vehicle movements so
a balance of these needs is provided for in the kerb layout.
e. Left turn lanes Separate left turn lanes should be installed where there is high
heavy vehicle left-turn traffic. A straight-through cycle lane may need to be
provided to the right of the left-turn lane. A pedestrian refuge triangular
island may improve safety.
f. Stacking length Sufficient stacking length should be provided in turning lanes
at intersections where heavy vehicle combinations are likely to make such a
turn.
g. Roundabouts Sufficient space should be provided on the roadway for heavy
vehicle combinations to manoeuvre through a roundabout without colliding
with or riding over raised traffic islands. Heavy vehicles may need to run over
the edgelines, lane lines and hatched areas which are marked to guide the
movements of smaller vehicles. Laden heavy trucks can roll over if forced to
manoeuvre across raised traffic islands.
h. Traffic signals
• Conflicts between trucks and cyclists at traffic signals can be reduced by
15
use of advanced cycle boxes which allow the cyclist to wait in front of the
trucks where they are visible.
• Conflicts between left turning trucks and pedestrians at traffic signals can
be reduced by giving the pedestrian phase an early start, thereby moving
the pedestrians into view before the truck is permitted to turn.
• Where heavy combination vehicles make turning movements at traffic
signals, the phases directing these movements should be set to allow
sufficient time for the movement to be completed before the next phase is
called.
i. Level crossings Sufficient separation of intersections from railway level
crossings is needed so that heavy vehicle combinations can wait between the
intersection and the level crossing without blocking either the intersection or
the level crossing.
5.3(5) a. Loading facilities Appropriately sized off-road facilities should be provided for
Driveways and loading and unloading heavy vehicles, particularly large trucks (and trailers).
off-road facilities
Adequate loading/unloading docks or space for forklifts or cranes to operate
should be installed clear of general highway or road traffic (including cyclists
and pedestrians). This is particularly important if the site is a generator of
light vehicle, cyclist or pedestrian traffic (such as an educational facility,
supermarket, shopping mall or entertainment centre) or is situated close to
such a facility or area. Generally the layout of such facilities should be
arranged so that the reversing of heavy vehicles onto or off the roadway can
be avoided. Reference can be made to AS 2890.2–2002 Parking facilities part
2: Off-street commercial vehicle facilities. This document provides much
detailed advice on the dimensions required for the manoeuvring of some
types of heavy vehicles.
Note: Some New Zealand maximum vehicle dimensions differ from those
used in AS 2890.2–2002.
b. Visibility Adequate sight distances are needed to allow heavy vehicle drivers
to choose suitable gaps in the main road traffic to turn into or out of
driveways as set out in RTS 6 – Guidelines for visibility at driveways (1993).
c. Width Sufficient width should be provided in driveway entrances to allow large
vehicles to turn into or out of driveways. Refer to RTS 6 Guidelines for
visibility at driveways, Figures 3 and 4, for design details of road widening at
driveway entrances used by heavy vehicles. In low speed environments (less
than 10 km/h), AS 2890.2 recommends a minimum width of 6.5 metres kerb
to kerb or 7.1 metres wall-to-wall if two trucks are to pass each other. At
higher speeds, greater clearances are advised.
d. Flush medians On busy main roads, flush medians of sufficient width and
length should be installed to allow right-turning heavy traffic to wait for gaps
in the main road traffic.
e. Turning space If there is only one driveway servicing a site, provision of
adequate off-road manoeuvring space to enable large vehicles to be turned
around so they do not have to back onto the roadway.
f. Height clearance Sufficient height clearance is needed so large vehicles do not
collide with overhead obstructions.
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5.3(6) a. Visibility Adequate sight distances should be provided to allow heavy road
Railway level vehicle drivers to see a sufficient distance along the railway track (in both
crossings
directions) so they can ensure their vehicle (including trailers) will be able to
completely pass over the crossing before any train reaches that crossing. If
such visibility is not available then half-arm barriers should be installed.
Note: The required minimum sight distances are set out in the Manual of
traffic signs and markings, Part 1 Traffic signs, Appendix A4, Table A3 ‘Typical
minimum stop line distances’
b. Controlling devices Appropriate controlling devices and markings should be
installed at level crossing according to RTS 10 – Road signs and markings for
railway level crossings.
c. Layout The angle between the road and the railway track should be as close
to a right angle (90 degrees) as possible and should not be outside the 70 to
110 degree range so that heavy vehicle driver visibility along the railway
track is provided for.
d. EXEMPT signs Buses and vehicles carrying some types of dangerous goods
are required to stop at most level crossings (except those fitted with half arm
barriers). Where such crossings are only used by trains moving at slow speed
(less than 15 km/h), RCAs may (subject to clause 9.5 of the Land Transport
Rule: Traffic control devices 2004) install a supplementary EXEMPT sign,
which allows these road vehicles to move over the crossing without stopping.
See Traffic note 31 ‘Exceptions to requirement for passenger service and
dangerous goods vehicles at rail level crossings – Guidelines’ for details.
5.3(7) a. Skid resistance Good skid resistance is needed so that braking and traction
Road surface and are effective particularly on curves.
pavement
b. Strength Pavements and road base should be of adequate strength and
durability for heavy traffic.
c. Roughness Low roughness surfaces should be provided so braking
performance, tracking and driver comfort can be maintained (and driver
fatigue reduced).
d. Rideability This is the absence of long wavelength bumps. On some types of
road foundation, sustained use of the roadway by heavy vehicles can create
long wavelength bumps which can be unsafe and unpleasant for both heavy
vehicle and light vehicle users. Drivers and passengers could become
stressed, distracted or dizzy if there is a prolonged series of such bumps.
These bumps may also cause some types of loads to move about within a
vehicle making it less stable. In recent years Transit NZ have had a remedial
programme on some state highways to remove this ‘wave’ effect.
e. Signs Clear signage showing weight restrictions on bridges or other
restrictions on heavy vehicle movement (see section 14 Restrictions on use
of roads by heavy motor vehicles ).
f. Effluent dump sites Provision of facilities should be made for the safe disposal
of effluent from livestock carried on heavy vehicles so that it does not spill on
to the roadway (see 5.3(1) (c) above).
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5.3(8) The following features should be considered depending on the traffic flows, traffic
On rural roads, mix, crash record, cost, feasibility and likely benefits:
motorways and
expressways a. A divided carriageway with a road safety barrier in the median strip.
(speed limit
greater than b. A road safety barrier along the centre line on 2 lane roads with high traffic
70 km/h)
flows.
c. A wire rope barrier on a three-lane highway (forming a ‘2+1’ type of road

with alternate passing lanes).
d. Moderate gradients (if a steep grade is necessary then a passing lane or slow
vehicle bay should be provided on two-lane highways).
e. Provision of escape ramps for heavy vehicles at the bottom of long steep
gradients.
f. Rumble strips at edgelines and centre lines to alert drivers if they stray off
their correct path.
g. Provision of passing lanes on two-lane highways and other major roads so

light vehicles can pass slower heavy vehicles safely.
Transit NZ has developed a strategy for doing this on State Highways as

follows:
‘The current policy on passing opportunities described under the Efficiency
and safety improvements section (4.2) of the National State Highway
Strategy, sets out the objectives as follows:
i. To maximise passing opportunities by trimming back vegetation,

embankments and crests that restrict sight distances.
ii. To provide passing lanes of an appropriate length to enable passing

manoeuvres to be safely undertaken at nominal spacing of 5 km on
routes with traffic volumes in excess of 4000 vehicles per day, and
otherwise where necessary to provide regular passing opportunities –
particularly in rolling and mountainous terrain where such opportunities
may be limited.
iii. To provide slow vehicle bays on steep grades and where appropriate on
lower volume heavy vehicle and tourist routes.’
Land Transport NZ recommends that other RCAs use the same criteria in
deciding whether to install passing lanes on their rural roads.
The economic criteria and methods for analysing passing lane proposals are
set out in the Land Transport NZ Project evaluation manual, Appendix A10
Passing Lanes.
The recommended markings and signage at passing lanes (including design
reference documents) are set out in MOTSAM part 2 Markings pages 2–18,
updated July 2004.
h. Removal of roadside hazards.
18
5.3(9) The following features should be considered depending on the traffic flows, traffic
On urban roads mix, crash record, cost, feasibility and likely benefits:
(up to 70 km/h
speed limit) a. Control of parking in urban areas so that traffic lanes are available for heavy
vehicle movement.
b. Provision of loading zones (as set out sections 12.4(2) to 12.4(4) of the Land
Transport Rule: Traffic Control Devices 2004) in old established commercial
areas where there are no service lanes or off-road areas for unloading goods
vehicles. Planning schemes should encourage the development of off-road
unloading areas adjacent to or as part of these sites so the loading zones on
the roadway can be removed.
c. Sufficient clearance to roadside furniture (signs, poles, verandas, traffic
signals, signal control boxes, litter bins, trees, shrubs, planter boxes,
monuments, telephone kiosks, seats etc. ) particularly at bus stops and
loading zones. Allowance should also be made for the usual camber of a road
towards the kerb as this is likely to cause a large vehicle which is parked
alongside a kerb to overhang that kerb.
5.4 The maximum speed limit for heavy vehicles on New Zealand roads is 90 km/h
Heavy vehicle (as set out in clause 5.5(1) of the Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004 (RU
speed limit
Rule)) unless the RCA has imposed a speed restriction for a particular road which
is less than that imposed by this Rule – in which case the lower speed limit for the
road takes precedence.
School buses are limited to a maximum of 80 km/h (clause 5.6(2) of RU Rule).
Heavy vehicles without adequate suspension systems must comply with a
maximum speed limit of 45 km/h (see RU Rule clause 5.5(2)), unless a lower
speed limit applies.
Vehicles without pneumatic rubber tyres must comply with the conditions imposed
by the RCA (which could include a specific speed limit).
Some bridges with limited structural strength have lower heavy vehicle speed
limits to protect the structural safety of the bridge. See section 14.1 below.
19
5.5 Vehicle and

load safety
5.5(1) Heavy vehicles are usually a place of work and, if so, they are now subject to the
General requirements of the Health And Safety In Employment Act 1992 as amended in
2004 (HSE Act). Drivers need to be trained in the safety procedures appropriate
to that type of vehicle and any load it carries.
Most heavy vehicles are designed to carry goods, animals or people. The Land
Transport Act 1998 (section 9) requires that any load carried by a vehicle be
safely secured to that vehicle so it cannot fall or escape from the vehicle. The
Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004 specifically requires that a vehicle be
loaded in such a way that the vehicle or its load is not likely to:
• cause injury to any person or animal
• cause annoyance to any person
• cause damage to any property
• cause distraction to the driver
• drag on the roadway.
The recommended methods and principles of securing goods to heavy trucks are
set out in the Truck Loading Code (which is available in bookshops).
The loading of buses is required to comply with the Land Transport Rule:
Passenger Service Vehicles 1999.
Most heavy vehicles are required to have a Certificate of Loading which lists the
maximum weight or passenger limits that the vehicle can safely carry or tow (as
set out in section 8 of the Vehicle Standards Compliance Rule 2002).
Most heavy trailers with a maximum laden weight of more than 10 tonnes need to
be assessed for their stability (Static Roll Threshold or SRT test) when laden. The
safe maximum height and weight limits for loading are printed on their Certificate
of Loading. This is explained in Factsheet 13e Static roll thresholds.
RCAs are able to indicate recommended routes for vehicles carrying livestock or
other specified loads (such as dangerous goods). An information sign in
accordance with Traffic Note 18 Traffic information signs should be used.
RCAs can also prohibit the use of some roads by vehicles carrying livestock or
other specified loads (such as dangerous goods) by passing a bylaw in accordance
with the Transport Act 1962. See section 14.6 Bylaws, below.
5.5(2) Vehicles should be loaded or unloaded clear of the traffic lanes and preferably in
Loading of an off-road area. If a vehicle is to be loaded or unloaded on a roadway or in an
vehicles
area open to the public, the driver and the person undertaking this work should
ensure that other road users are not endangered or unduly delayed by this
activity. The loading and unloading of vehicles should be undertaken in
accordance with the HSE Act. Loading equipment which is carried on or fitted to a
vehicle should only be operated by people who have been trained in the safe use
of that equipment.
Loaders who need to work on a roadway should wear high visibility clothing and
receive appropriate training in safety procedures. Where goods are being directly
20
loaded from, or unloaded onto, a roadway, the vehicle should display a hazard
warning (either simultaneously flashing direction indicator lights or a flashing
amber beacon). Generally goods vehicles should not be loaded or unloaded on
roadways with high traffic flows or with speed limits greater than 50 km/h.
Vehicle operators and loaders should consult the road controlling authority for its
recommendations regarding the safety and timing of such work if they wish to
load or unload vehicles directly to or from the roadway. On main traffic routes,
RCAs should limit the loading or unloading of heavy vehicles (including the
collection of domestic rubbish and similar materials) to off-peak hours when traffic
flows are lower so that this work can be carried out more safely and with less
inconvenience to other road users.
Note: The law regarding the standing or parking of vehicles on a roadway is set
out in part 6 of the Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004. Parking on flush
medians is prohibited by clause 6.7 of this Rule.
5.5(3) Dangerous goods include substances that have explosive, flammable, toxic,
Dangerous goods oxidising, infectious, radioactive or corrosive properties; and containers that have
held dangerous goods.
The general requirements for safely transporting dangerous goods are set out in
Land Transport Rule: Dangerous Goods 2005 (DG Rule).
For an introduction to these requirements see Factsheet 64 – Transporting
dangerous goods.
Persons wishing to transport some types of dangerous goods (particularly
explosives and radioactive substances) or dangerous goods in bulk may need to
meet additional requirements set out in the Hazardous Substances and New
Organisms Act 1996 or the Radiation Protection Act 1965, or in regulations made
in accordance with these Acts.
Tankers and containers for the bulk transport of dangerous goods need to meet
the requirements of the Hazardous Substances (Tank Wagons and Transportable
Containers) Regulations 2004 (as amended in 2004).
Drivers of vehicles carrying particular types of dangerous goods (explosives,
flammable gases and flammable liquids as specified in section 8.4 of the DG Rule)
must stop at rail level crossings unless the crossing is protected by half arm
barriers or has an EXEMPT sign. See paragraph 5.3(6)d above.
A good general reference document covering the movement of dangerous goods
by land, sea and air transport is published by the Ministry of Transport, entitled
Multimodal Transport of Dangerous Goods.
21
5.5(4) An issue which can affect motorists, motorcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians is the
Waste discharge of animal waste by trucks or trailers carrying livestock (particularly
discharged by
cattle, sheep etc). In the Land Transport Act 1998, waste which is discharged by
animals
animals being carried on a vehicle is excluded from the definition of ‘load’. This
definition of load also applies to most other Land Transport legislation. So it is
difficult for the NZ Police to bring a prosecution against a driver whose vehicle
discharges animal waste.
The livestock transport industry has been fitting holding tanks for stock effluent to
its vehicles.
A national stock effluent working group (consisting of road controlling authorities,
government agencies, transport, farming and meat industry representatives) has
produced a code of practice for minimising stock effluent spillage from trucks and
guidelines for installing disposal sites. The group is promoting the installation of
disposal sites through regional and local planning processes. Several sites have
already been installed as part of a coordinated national network. The installation
of such sites has several benefits:
Significantly reducing the spillage of slippery, smelly animal waste onto roadways
– making them safer and more attractive (particularly to motorists, motorcyclists
and cyclists) – thus improving the image of the area and increasing its tourism
potential.
Reducing the likelihood of run-off from roads and the dumping of animal waste
into streams and watercourses, thus improving the quality of water in these
natural waterways.
RCAs should ensure that sufficient stock effluent dump sites are provided in their
area at convenient locations. The entry point to such dump sites should be
indicated with the IG – 19 ‘Stock Effluent Disposal – Direction’ sign. This sign
should be preceded by an IG – 18 ‘Stock Effluent Disposal – Advisory’ sign.
RCAs should also ensure that sufficient campervan dump sites are provided.
These need to be separate from stock effluent dump sites as human wastes are
disposed of differently to animal wastes. Such sites should be indicated with a
motorist’ service sign displaying the S14 ‘Waste disposal point’ symbol.
Other legislation controls the spillage of dangerous material on a roadway:
a. The Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004, (in clause 7.16 Dangerous
substances on roads) requires the driver of a vehicle to remove from the road
any dangerous substance or glass from the road if it falls or escapes from his
or her vehicle. Dangerous substances include those that are slippery, piercing
or of a size and nature that could constitute a danger to road users. If the
substance cannot be quickly and safely removed, the driver must warn the
public or report what has happened to the police.
b. The Transit New Zealand Act 1989, (in section 51(2)(f)) prohibits any person
from allowing any material to fall on a State Highway from any vehicle to the
danger of lawful road users.
c. The Local Government Act 1974, (in section 357(1)(f)) prohibits any person
from allowing oil or any liquid likely to cause a danger to vehicles on sealed or
paved roads to escape onto any sealed or paved (local authority) road.
22
5.6 There are two effects which should be considered when designing roads for heavy
Wind effect of vehicles and two-wheeled vehicles and/or pedestrians.
heavy vehicles
on other road Large vehicles tend to have an effect on the air surrounding them as they move
users through it. This effect is greater than for smaller vehicles because a high vehicle
needs to push its way through more air than a low vehicle does. At higher vehicle
speeds, a suction effect can develop along the sides of a large vehicle as the air
close to the vehicle tends to move forward with the vehicle. This effect can be
dangerous for motorcyclists, moped riders, cyclists and pedestrians who are
passed closely by a heavy vehicle moving at high speed as the moving air may
cause them to lose balance and be sucked towards the vehicle.
When a strong wind is blowing, motorists, motorcyclists, moped riders and cyclists
may need to adjust their steering and balance. If they are passed by a large
vehicle, the wind flow around them can be temporarily disrupted, meaning they
may have to adjust their steering and balance both as the large vehicle begins to
pass them and also after it has passed by them.
5.7 Sufficient lateral clearance should be provided from signs, power and streetlight
Lateral poles, trees, shrubs, verandas and other structures so that heavy vehicles are not
clearances
likely to collide with these fixed objects. MOTSAM, part 1, section 1.7.3 sets out
recommended clearances for traffic signs. The lateral clearance is measured from
the edge of the sign (nearest to the road) to:
• the kerb face
• the outer edge of the road shoulder
• the nearest edge line of the traffic lane
• the face of the guardrail.
Clearance should be as follows:
− in urban areas – kerbed roads (non-mountable kerbs) 300 mm minimum
− in urban areas – kerbed roads (mountable kerbs) 500 mm minimum.
Where these clearances cannot be achieved, the mounting height for signs should
be increased to at least 4.6 m. This is the minimum height for a sign located over
a road shoulder or parking lane and will ensure adequate clearance to all vehicles
that are within standard height limits. The recommended height clearance for
signs mounted above traffic lanes is at least 5.3 metres.
− in urban areas – unkerbed roads and expressways – same as for rural roads
− in rural areas – kerbed roads 500 mm minimum.
− in rural areas – unkerbed roads, a minimum of 600 mm from the outer edge
of the road shoulder, line of edge marker posts or face of guardrail and a
maximum of 5 m from the nearest edgeline of the traffic lane.
5.8 Most road controlling authorities have either developed, or are in the process of
Safety developing, a Safety Management System (SMS). An SMS provides a framework
Management
where safety risks can be assessed in a consistent, documented way. This Guide
Systems
document can provide a heavy vehicle safety component to an SMS. Where a
feature of a road network has been assessed as needing improvement to safely
accommodate both heavy vehicles and other road users, the SMS will provide a
method for setting priorities for improvement projects. The timetabling of
improvement works depends on the cost of the work and the funding available.
23
6 Geometric design
The safe design of roads for heavy vehicles will depend on many factors including
several that have been introduced above.
Issues that should be considered are:
• likely heavy vehicle traffic flows
• likely traffic flows of light vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians
• likely numbers of heavy trailer combinations
• heavy vehicle performance (speed and stopping ability) on gradients
• heavy vehicle braking capacity
• driver's sight distance.

A document which discusses possible technical approaches to geometric design
has recently been published by Austroads (the association of Australian and New
Zealand road transport authorities – including Transit NZ). It is entitled Geometric
design for trucks – Where, why and how? 2002 (AP – R221) and is available for
downloading from the website at:
http://203.42.45.20/mall/austroads_v2/pdfs/456_AP-R211-02.pdf
The design of state highways should be done in accordance with the State
highway geometric design manual, Transit NZ, available at:
http://www.transit.govt.nz/technical_information/index.jsp
24
7 Bridges, tunnels, level crossings and

roads with restricted dimensions
The MOTSAM recommends a range of warning signs for bridges, tunnels, railway
level crossings and other structures or roads with limited clearances.
In addition to erecting signs on the immediate approach to, and at the place of,
restricted height or width, RCAs should erect information signs (as set out in
Traffic Note 18) warning large vehicle drivers of such restrictions before they
enter that section of road. These signs should be placed so that drivers can then
take an alternative route or safely turn a large combination vehicle around and
return back the way he or she has come from and thus avoid taking their vehicle
onto the section of road where it will not fit past the restriction. These signs can
include one of the symbols in the PW–44 ‘Narrow Bridge’, PW–45 ‘Low Overhead
Clearance – Advanced Warning’ or PW–52 ‘Tunnel’ signs and a supplementary
plate showing the words ‘Next Right’, ‘Next Left’; or ‘Ahead’ (with borders and
text in black).
7.1 For bridges, tunnels and other rigid structures of low height, permanent warning
Height signs are strongly recommended where the minimum clearance from the soffit
(underside of the structure) to the roadway is less than 4.4 m:
• A sign to warn of the height restriction ahead (‘Low Overhead Clearance –

Advanced Warning’: PW–45 – diamond shape, yellow background, with the
minimum height clearance (in metres) shown between opposing vertical
arrows).
• The ‘Tunnel’ sign can also be erected to warn of low bridges or tunnels (PW–
52: diamond shape, yellow background, tunnel symbol). Its use is
recommended if the portal or low structure is not visible for at least 120
metres. In 100 km/h areas, this sign should be erected at least 160 m in
advance of the tunnel portal or low overhead structure.
• A sign on the low structure or tunnel showing the actual clearance (PW–46:
rectangular, yellow background, with the minimum height clearance (in
metres) shown above a downward arrow). If the soffit varies in height (such
as an arch bridge or a tunnel roof), additional reflectorised white arrows
should indicate the points where the clearance is a minimum. See MOTSAM
part 1, figure 6.3 or part 2, figure 5.8.
• The shape of the soffit of the structure or tunnel should also be highlighted
with a 200 mm wide reflectorised yellow band.
25
For railway level crossings with electrified overhead traction wires, where the
clearance under the wires is restricted, two signs are required:
• A warning sign ‘Overhead Power Cable’ (PW 47 diamond shape, yellow

background, with symbol of lightning bolt coming from an insulator) which is
to be erected immediately above.
• A regulatory sign: ‘Low Overhead Clearance At Electrified Railway Crossing’

(RG–21: circular, red border, vertical distance between two triangular arrow
heads).
This combination of signs should be located between the PW–57 ‘Railway Level
Crossing Ahead’ (symbolic steam train) sign and the level crossing.
If the road has been signed as recommended, drivers of large vehicles should
have sufficient warning about low bridges and tunnels with vertical clearances
which are less than 4.4 m above the road surface.
As overdimension vehicles carrying loads up to 5 m high can be moved without a
permit (see section 8 below), RCAs should also consider locating appropriate
warning signs on the approach, and attached to, bridges and tunnels with height
clearances from 4.4 to 5.3 m if:
• there are no height restrictions below 4.4 m on that route
• they consider vehicle operators are likely to move overdimension loads over
4.25 m in height on that route.
Note: NZ Heavy Haulage Association recommends a minimum clearance 6 m
above the roadway for overdimension load routes.
7.2 For a short section of narrow width on two-lane, two-way roads (such as a
Width bridge), MOTSAM recommends these permanent warning signs:
• ‘Narrow Bridge’ (symbolic PW–44 ) where the trafficable width is 6.1 m or
less, or where the bridge width is less than the sealed width of the approach
road including shoulders
• the one-way bridge combination of signs:

RG–19 ‘Single Lane Give Way’ (red circle enclosing red (upward) and black
(downward) vertical arrows in opposite directions on white background) and
RG–20 ‘Single Lane Priority’ (rectangular white border enclosing white
(upward) and red (downward) vertical arrows in opposite directions on blue
background)
The RG 19.1 ‘Single Lane Supplementary Give Way’ (rectangular red border
enclosing the words ‘GIVE WAY’ on white background) sign can also be used
with RG–19.
26
Note: Where the trafficable width of the bridge is between 5.0 m and 6.1 m,
MOTSAM allows the use of the ‘Caution Wide Vehicles’ sign (PW–44.1:
supplementary, rectangular) instead of the one-way bridge combination signs RG–
19 and RG–20. This sign should be used with caution as its meaning may not be
clear to some drivers. If the bridge or section of roadway is a long one or if
conflicts between heavy vehicles travelling in opposing directions are likely, it
would be safer to sign the bridge for one way operation with RG–19 and RG–20
signs as above. The use of PW–44.1 may be reviewed.)
If the one-lane section of road is not straight or visibility is restricted by banks,
walls, or structures or trees, or if traffic delays are becoming significant then
consideration should be given to installing traffic signals to provide more equal
opportunities for drivers or to widening the narrow section.
27
8 Overdimension vehicles
Overdimension vehicles (including a load they may be carrying) have one or more
dimensions larger than the maximum dimensions allowed for standard vehicles.
Some vehicles (such as large mobile cranes and some agricultural machinery) need
to be larger than the limits set for standard vehicles so they can perform their
specialist function.
Large indivisible loads (such as houses, bridge beams, long run roofing, etc.) may
be carried on either standard size vehicles or special oversize trailers.
Drivers who wish to move overdimension vehicles (and their loads) must comply
with the conditions set out in sections 6 and 7 of the VDM Rule 2002, which include
ensuring that the overdimension vehicle will fit within the size limits of the
proposed route.
Vehicles that are within all the following dimension limits may be able to operate
without getting a permit from Land Transport NZ provided they comply with some
travel time restrictions and piloting requirements:
Width: up to 4.5 m
Height: up to 5 m
Length of vehicle combination: up to 25 m.
Vehicles that exceed these dimensions must obtain a permit from Land Transport
NZ’s Overdimension Permit Issuing Agency (OPIA) and comply with the more
restricted travel times and specific piloting requirements that apply to these larger
vehicles.
Note:
(1) A vehicle must display approved warning devices (yellow flags or hazard
panels) if its width (including any load) exceeds 2.5 m.
(2) An oversized vehicle (including any load) that exceeds 3.1 m in width must
display an ‘OVERSIZE’ sign, a revolving amber light and be accompanied by at
least one load pilot vehicle (usually preceding the oversize vehicle and displaying a
sign reading ‘WIDE LOAD FOLLOWS’), unless:
• its width does not exceed 3.7 m
• it travels only in daylight
• its speed does not exceed 40 km/h.

Two pilot vehicles are required for loads from 4.5 to 5.0 m wide.
Three pilot vehicles (usually two in front of and one behind the oversize vehicle)
are required if the load is greater than 5 m wide.
(3) Vehicle combinations which exceed 25 m in length must be accompanied by at
least one load pilot vehicle.
(4) Vehicles which are overdimension or carry overdimension loads may need
additional rear-view mirrors to reduce the driver’s ‘blind spots’ as much as possible.
These additional mirrors may need to be fitted on a temporary or
28
retracting basis on vehicles carrying wide or long loads. If the size or shape of the
vehicle, or its equipment or its load means that the driver still has significant blind
spots, then it is recommended that sufficient load pilots accompany the
overdimension vehicle to ensure its safety and the safety of other road users.
The maximum dimensions for which permits are normally issued are:
Width: up to 11 m
Height: up to 6.5 m
Length of vehicle combination: up to 35 m.
Very large loads which exceed these limits need special approval from Land
Transport NZ– it is usually only granted after the vehicle operator has first
obtained a report from a surveyor or civil engineer on the suitability of the route
for such a load and also obtained approvals from the New Zealand Police and the
road controlling authorities (RCAs) for that route.
RCAs, their consultants, overhead lines companies and the Police can apply to
OPIA (Ph 0800 OVERSIZE (0800 683 774) or fax 06 350 2393) to receive emailed
notification of permits that have been issued as set out in Traffic note 39
Overdimension permit notifications to road controlling authorities – information.
For more information on the conditions of operation of overdimension vehicles, see
Land Transport NZ’s Factsheet 53: Overdimension vehicles and loads.
If an RCA objects (on reasonable grounds – usually because of the limitations of a
particular route or special heavy traffic flows) to permits for overdimension
vehicles or loads being issued for that route (possibly for a limited period of time
while the road is reconstructed), then it can notify the OPIA in writing, who will
refuse to issue permits for that route.
If the RCA wishes to temporarily restrict the movement of overdimension vehicles
(that can normally move without a permit) on a particular road, it may need to
use the procedure set out in section 14.2 below. The RCA should also take
reasonable steps to notify heavy vehicle operators who may be affected by such a
restriction.
Transit NZ has published a set of Overdimension vehicle route maps (version 2,
November 2004) which identify routes commonly used by overdimension vehicles.
The maps indicate the presence of special restrictions (at bridges etc) on state
highways. They do not specify the dimension clearances which are available on
those routes.
The NZ Heavy Haulage Association (NZHHA) recommends that for large
overdimension loads, a path 11 m wide and 6.0 m high be kept clear of
permanently fixed poles, wires, trees, shrubs and other street furniture. Kerbs
should be mountable and roundabouts designed so that large overdimension loads
can traverse them.
See NZHHA’s Roading design specifications for overdimension loads for more
details.
There is no requirement for RCAs to provide routes to comply with the dimensions
in this NZHHA document. It is for each RCA to decide if and how it can meet the
needs of the different road users who may want to use its network. However RCAs
should consider the needs of overdimension vehicle operators in their road
planning and traffic management.
29
9 Overweight vehicles
Some loads are so heavy that they need to be carried on vehicles where the axle
weights exceed the mass limits set out in schedule 2 of the VDM Rule.
Only RCAs have the ability to issue permits for these vehicles to operate. The law
relating to these vehicles is set out section 5 Permits for overweight vehicles of
the VDM Rule.
One roading authority may issue an overweight permit for travel on another
roading authority's roads if the second roading authority has agreed to this.
Generally, the movement of overweight vehicles is controlled by Transit NZ on
both state highways and on behalf of other road controlling authorities. Transit NZ
has published an Overweight permit manual which explains its requirements in
detail.
Contact the appropriate Transit NZ regional office for details of their procedures
for issuing overweight permits.
Transit NZ's Overweight permit manual is available at:
http://www.transit.govt.nz/technical_information/
10 Vehicles without pneumatic tyres

Motor vehicles fitted with non-pneumatic or metal tyres or self-laying tracks or a
tyre with studs, cleats, lugs or other gripping devices may not be operated on a
road unless:
• the tyre is fitted with temporary gripping devices (such as chains) used in
appropriate conditions
• permission has been obtained from the RCA.
See Land Transport Rule: Tyres and Wheels 2001, section 2.3(18).
11 Vehicle crossing points

These are places on roads where an RCA can allow special non-standard vehicles
to cross over a road from private land on one side to private land on the other
side. The road pavement may need to be especially strengthened to carry these
vehicles and the surface could be different from the rest of the road.
The non-standard vehicles may be able to operate over these crossing points
under the following legal approvals:
a. An overweight permit is issued under section 5 of the VDM Rule.
b. Permission is gained from the RCA in accordance with section 2.3(18) of the
Tyres and Wheels Rule 2001 as set out above.
c. A deed of grant for motor vehicles crossing state highways – which Transit NZ
may be able to approve in accordance with the State highway control manual
SM012, chapter 1, Appendix 1D.
30
12 Road works zones

RCAs have a responsibility to ensure the general safety of: the public, traffic, and
people employed on or near any road. They must take all reasonable precautions
to prevent accidents during the construction or repair of any road. When any
opening is made in the road for the repair of drains or gas pipes or for any other
purpose (by the RCA or by other persons doing such work) they must erect
barriers, devices to cause traffic to slow down, or fences across the road or
around any dangerous place and shall require any such dangerous place to be
sufficiently lighted by night. This is set out in the Local Government Act 1974,
section 353 (which is referred to in section 61(2) of the Transit New Zealand Act
1974).
Contractors and other persons undertaking work on or near a road need to
comply with the HSE Act. They need to ensure that their personnel receive
appropriate safety training and that road users are not endangered by the work
they carry out.
Transit New Zealand has published a Code of practice for temporary traffic
management which sets out detailed procedures for the safety of workers and
road users where construction or maintenance work is carried out on or near
roadways. Generally, the approval of the RCA should be obtained for works or
activities within the legal boundaries of the road. If required by the RCA, the
person or organisation undertaking the work should do so in accordance with a
traffic management plan approved by the RCA. These works should be planned,
supervised and carried out by persons with the appropriate training and
qualifications.
RCAs may set temporary speed limits in accordance with a traffic management
plan they have approved for a particular road. Such speed limits must apply to all
vehicles and must be at least 20 km/h lower than the permanent or holiday speed
limit for that road. See section 5 of the Land Transport Rule: Setting of speed
limits 2003.
The RCA may allow special vehicles (such as those with tracks or without
pneumatic rubber tyres) to operate in roadworks zones. Overdimension vehicles
may also operate in roadworks zones up to the size limits set out in the traffic
management plan. See subclause 6.3(3) of the Land Transport Rule: Vehicle
Dimensions and Mass 2002.
12.1 Construction machinery which is wider or heavier than standard vehicles or does
Road not have pneumatic tyres may need to operate on a road for construction
construction
purposes. To allow for this, the RCA may declare (by notice) all or part of that
zones
road to be a road construction zone as set out in Regulation 12 of the Heavy
Motor Vehicle Regulations 1974. The boundaries of the zone, the classes of heavy
motor vehicle that are permitted to operate in the zone, any limitation on vehicle
size, speed, weight, tyres or tyre pressure and the period for which the zone will
remain in force need to be specified in the notice. The ‘Construction zone’ sign
numbered IG 11 in MOTSAM must be erected at the boundaries of the zone and a
copy of the notice forwarded to the nearest office of Land Transport NZ.
31
The relevant officer in New Zealand Police CVIU should also be advised of the
details of the construction zone and the OPIA advised if the zone causes
restrictions on the movement of overdimension vehicles through that zone. Transit
NZ’s regional overweight permit officer should be advised if the movement of
overweight vehicles will be affected by the zone. The local Police, Ambulance and
Fire Services should be advised if the zone will affect the movement of emergency
vehicles.
12.2 Vehicles which are only used in construction zones still need to comply with the
Requirements following legal requirements:
for vehicles
used only in a. In the Heavy Motor Vehicle Regulations 1974:
road
construction Construction zones are declared by an RCA in accordance with Regulation 12.
zones The notice which is issued by the RCA must set out the type of heavy vehicles
which are permitted to operate in a construction zone – see subclause
(2)(c)(ii).
The RCA can also limit the vehicle size, speed, weight, tyres and tyre
pressure of such vehicles – subclause (2)(c)(iii).
The notice must state the period for which the notice will remain in force –
subclause (2)(c)(iv).
The extent to which the normal size and weight limits (in the Vehicle
Dimensions and Mass Rule 2002) do have to be complied with depends on
exactly what is contained in the notice that the RCA has issued – see clause
(4). Vehicle operators need to make sure they operate in compliance with the
notice that the RCA has issued.
b. The Transport (Vehicle Registration and Licensing) Regulations 1994 set out
various exemptions from the Transport (Vehicle and Driver Registration and
Licensing) Act 1986.
Part 2 of the First schedule to these regulations states that the following
vehicles must be registered and licensed, but are exempted from registration
and licensing fees:
• Clause 4 – any motor vehicle propelled and supported solely by self-laying

tracks;
• Clause 5 – any motor vehicle used on roads only in road construction

zones in accordance with notices declaring such zones.
32
c. Land Transport Rule: Vehicle Standards Compliance 2002 (VSC Rule

Some vehicles are exempted from the need for inspection and certification
under the VSC Rule.
Those exempted from entry or re-entry inspections under section 6.1 include:
6.1(d) a mechanically propelled roller
6.1(e) a tractor or machine, including a trailer, for use solely in roading
operations
6.1(f) a vehicle in schedule 3 (h) to (mm)
6.1(g) a vehicle that is not in schedule 3, that is similar in design, construction
and purpose to a vehicle in 6.1(f).
Vehicles in schedule 3 in the range (h) to (mm) include:
(h) Pedestrian –controlled goods service vehicles;
(i) Vehicles supported and propelled solely by self laying tracks;
(j) Vehicles used on roads only in construction zones in accordance with
notices
declaring those zones;
(k) Vehicles used on a road only under special authorisation of the RCA
according
the conditions set out in paragraph (k) of Schedule 3;
(l) All-terrain vehicles that are used on a public highway;
(n) Tractors owned by a local authority and used exclusively on work relating
to
the banks of watercourses;
(o) Mobile or movable huts or similar vehicles that are used solely in
connection
with the construction or maintenance of roads;
(q) Traction engines;
(r) Forklifts;
(t) Trailers while being drawn by motor vehicles described paragraphs (n) to
(r)
above;
(w) Cable jinkers;
(x) Front end loaders;
(z) Tractor cranes;
(aa) Rough-terrain cranes;
(bb) Mobile crushing and screening machines, mounted on trailers;
(cc) Motor graders;
(dd) Motor scrapers;
(ee) Trailer scrapers;
(ff) Plant for servicing oil-filled cables;
(hh) Saw bench apparatus;
(ii) Forestry chippers;
33
(kk) Trench diggers and excavators;

(ll) Vehicles always used unladen on a road and designed exclusively for
carrying earth or other bulk materials;
(mm) Mobile concrete mixers mounted on tractors.
Most of the above vehicles however will require regular in-service inspection
for a warrant or certificate of fitness.
A few vehicles from the above list are exempt from in-service inspection
(under section 7.1), namely:
7.1(c) traction engines;
7.1(d) mechanically propelled rollers;
7.1(e) cranes fitted with self-laying tracks;
7.1(f) excavators fitted with self-laying tracks;
7.1(g) tractors or machines that are used solely for roading operations, that
are not operated at a speed exceeding 30 km/h, together with any trailer
operated only while being towed by that tractor or machine.
Generally, specialist construction vehicles which can be operated at speeds
exceeding 30 km/h do need an in-service inspection and a warrant of fitness
(WoF).
Note: A heavy motor vehicle capable of traction (towing) at speeds exceeding
50 km/h is not defined as a tractor. It requires a certificate of fitness (CoF) as
do heavy trailers designed for speeds in excess of 50 km/h.
See the Land Transport NZ website at:

http://www.landtransport.govt.nz/publications/vir-manual/specialist-
vehicles/sv-tractors-v2-4.pdf
d. Land Transport Act 1998: The provisions of this Act continue apply as follows:
i. Section 2 Interpretation, subsection (1).
A ‘Motor vehicle’
(a) Means a vehicle drawn or propelled by mechanical power; and
(b) Includes a trailer…..’.
A ‘Vehicle’
(a) Means a contrivance equipped with wheels, tracks or revolving runners
on which it moves or is moved……….
A road construction zone confers a temporary right to use certain specified
vehicles within a specified area of roadway. It does not legally stop that
area of road and the public continue to have right of access to that road.
Therefore, that area continues to be a road under the Land Transport Act
1998 and the general requirements of the Act and its rules and regulations
continue to apply.
ii. Section 5 Drivers to be licensed
Drivers who operate vehicles within a construction zone must have a current
driver licence of the appropriate class (and endorsement if required) for the
particular vehicle they are driving or operating.
iii. Section 6 Vehicles to be safe and operated in compliance with the rules.
Section 6(1) of this Act states: ‘A person may not operate an unsafe motor
34
vehicle on a road’.
This means that any motor vehicle used in a road construction zone must be
safe.
iv. Section 8 Drivers not to be careless or inconsiderate and section 9 Loads
transported by vehicles to be secured.
These requirements also apply to all drivers and vehicles operating in
construction zones.
This does not prevent drivers spraying water, tar or similar liquids, or
discharging and spreading gravel, sealing chips or similar materials as part
of road construction activity. However, he or she must do so with due
consideration for other road users.
12.3 RCAs are able to temporarily close a road to all traffic or any specified type of
Temporary traffic (including pedestrian traffic) for several reasons including:
closure of
roads a. construction or repair of pipes, drains or apparatus under, upon, or over the
road
b. when, in order to resolve problems associated with traffic operations on a
road network, experimental diversions of traffic are required
c. during a period when public disorder exists or is anticipated
d. when, for any reason, it is considered desirable that traffic should be
temporarily diverted to other roads, or
e. for a period or periods not exceeding in aggregate 31 days in any year for any
exhibition, fair, show, market, concert, film-making, race or other sporting
event, or public function.
The RCA may impose such conditions as it thinks fit (including the imposition of a
reasonable bond), and must consult with the Police and the Ministry of Transport.
See clause 11 in schedule 10 of the Local Government Act 1974.
35
13 Special routes for heavy vehicles

RCAs can recommend that heavy vehicles use particular routes for safety and
environmental reasons. The recommended routes can be for:
• overdimension vehicles and loads
• vehicles carrying livestock
• vehicles carrying dangerous goods
• heavy vehicles generally.

Heavy vehicle bypasses can be indicated by MOTSAM signs IG4 and IG5.
Other signs showing recommended heavy vehicle routes should be rectangular in
shape and have black characters on a white background with a black border as set
out in Traffic Note 18.
14 Restrictions on use of roads by heavy

motor vehicles
There are several legislative provisions that an RCA may use to limit the use of
heavy vehicles on a road. They are set out below.
Land Transport NZ recommends that the following signs, which are described in the
TCD Rule, be used for all restrictions on the movement of heavy motor vehicles:
• R5–3 No heavy motor vehicles sign (red circle; white background; a black
truck symbol with superimposed red diagonal bar): If only buses are to be
prohibited, then the sign should incorporate the bus symbol instead of a
truck.
Figure 2. Suggested generic heavy motor vehicle restriction sign
36
A supplementary plate should be installed identifying the particular restrictions

that apply to heavy vehicles (immediately below or combined with R5–3 into one
large sign).
The supplementary plate should be the format as set out for:
R5–8 Heavy vehicles – maximum length
R5–9 Heavy vehicle – bridge limits
R5–10 Heavy vehicle – axle limits
R7–10 General regulatory.
The sign should be rectangular in shape with a red border, a white background and
black text.
• The sign shown below (R5–10 Heavy vehicle – axle limits) is an example of
the appropriate type of supplementary sign.
Figure 3. Typical supplementary sign specifying restrictions on the movement of

some heavy vehicles
37
Note: The wording depends on the particular restriction(s) which are imposed.
This combination of signs should be used on the entry to the restricted road. It
should be placed in line with the property boundary of the connecting road, or as
close as possible to that point. Similar sign(s) should make clear to drivers
approaching from side roads that the restriction is in place. However, to reinforce
that a driver is approaching a road with restrictions, an information sign showing
the same symbol as the heavy vehicle restriction sign can be combined with a
supplementary plate showing the words ‘NEXT
RIGHT’, ‘NEXT LEFT’; or ‘AHEAD’ (with borders
and text in black ) as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Advance warning sign of a heavy vehicle

restriction
14.1 A number of older bridges lack sufficient structural strength to carry heavy axles
Protection of loaded to the maximum mass limits set out in schedule 2 of the VDM Rule 2002.
bridges by
temporary The RCA may impose special temporary weight and/or speed limits on these
weight or bridges in accordance with Regulation 11 of the Heavy Motor Vehicle Regulations
speed limits 1974.
These restrictions can only be imposed after a certificate of inspection is obtained
from a chartered professional engineer, stating that in his opinion such
restrictions are necessary to prevent the bridge being overstrained and ultimately
failing. The restrictions can only be imposed for a maximum period of 12 months
but may be renewed if a new inspection certificate is obtained.
Such bridge restrictions need to be indicated near each end of the bridge on
rectangular R5–9 ‘Heavy vehicle – bridge limits’ signs as set out in schedule 1 of
the TCD Rule (note that the RH–4 sign shown in the September 1998 version of
MOTSAM has been replaced with a similar sign with black text on a white
background). A notice of these restrictions must also be published in a newspaper
circulated in that district. A copy of the newspaper containing the notice must be
forwarded to Land Transport NZ together with the engineer's advice. The Police
Commercial Vehicle Investigation Unit (CVIU), the overweight permits officer at
the relevant Transit NZ regional office and the NZ Fire service should also be
advised of the notice.
It is recommended that signs warning heavy vehicle drivers of the bridge
restrictions are erected on appropriate connecting roads so drivers can take
alternative routes to avoid the restricted bridge.
Permanent weight restrictions on bridges can be imposed by means of a bylaw
made in accordance with section 72(1)(b) of the Transport Act 1962. See section
14.6 below.
38
14.2 An RCA has the power to temporarily control the movement of heavy vehicles on
Temporary
prohibition or its roads. It may restrict (with conditions) or prohibit all heavy vehicles or any
restriction of specified class of heavy motor vehicle – during any specified period or series of
heavy motor periods – from using any road provided it has reasonable grounds for imposing
vehicle traffic
such a restriction. This is set out in Regulation 10 of the Heavy Motor Vehicle
Regulations 1974. It should specify the affected roads, the class of heavy motor
vehicle affected and the period of the restriction.
Such restrictions can be made for up to 12 months but can be renewed for an extra
12 months if necessary. A notice of the restriction must appear in a newspaper
circulated in the district and adequate signs advising drivers of the restriction must
be erected at all entrances to the road affected by the restriction.
A copy of such notice should be forwarded to:
• the Manager Programmes at Land Transport NZ’s regional office
• Police CVIU senior officer for that district
• the overweight permits officer at the relevant Transit NZ regional office
• OPIA at Land Transport NZ
• the NZ Fire service.
14.3 Under the Transport Act 1962 RCAs may direct, by public notice, that heavy traffic
Restriction of (or any specified kind of heavy traffic) must not use a particular route for travel
heavy traffic
between any two places (see section 70AA).
on roads
A copy of this notice must be displayed in a prominent position on every road to
which the notice applies.
Appropriate signs must be erected to warn drivers of such a restriction (TCD Rule
clause 4.2(3)) and a copy of the notice should be forwarded to:
• the Manager Programmes at Land Transport NZ’s regional office
• Police CVIU senior officer for that district
• OPIA at Land Transport NZ
• the NZ Fire service.
39
14.4 In New Zealand, all roads are class 1 roads unless they are likely to suffer
Classification excessive damage from heavy motor vehicles, in which case they can be given a
of class C roads
class C rating by Land Transport NZ. Heavy motor vehicles can only be operated
(not suitable
for heavy on class C roads to deliver or collect goods or passengers to, or from, locations
vehicles) along that road.
Road controlling authorities, who propose to classify a road as class C, must do so
by public notice (in a prescribed format) and then consider any objections to the
proposal. Local authorities can then send the proposal (with any objections) to the
Regional Manager Programmes at Land Transport NZ for consideration. The local
authority should provide appropriate evidence for the proposal including the likely
impact on heavy vehicle operators and the cost of upgrading the route for full
heavy vehicle traffic. (Transit NZ can determine the re-classification of state
highways and request that Land Transport NZ declare that classification.) See
Regulations 3 and 5 of the Heavy Motor Vehicle Regulations 1974 and Traffic note
47 Class C road classification December 2004.
If a class C road is approved or declared by Land Transport NZ, the RCA must
advertise the classification in a newspaper and the following signs (as specified in
part 1 of MOTSAM) must be erected:
• RH–1 ‘Road classification – Heavy motor vehicles’ - class C at the entrance to
the class C road (showing the letter ‘C’)
• R5–7.1 ‘Road classification – Heavy motor vehicles’ - class 1 on adjoining

class 1 roads (showing the numeral ‘1’).
A copy of the classification notice should be forwarded to:

• the Police CVIU senior officer for that district
• OPIA at Land Transport NZ.
14.5 RCAs may mark lanes for the exclusive use of special vehicles (buses, heavy
Special vehicle motor vehicles and/or other specified vehicles) in accordance with section 11.2 of
lanes
the TCD Rule, using specified signs (schedule 1 of the TCD Rule) and by making a
bylaw defining such lanes. See section 72(1)(kb) of the Transport Act 1962 as set
out below.
14.6 In the Local Government Act 2002, sections 145 and 151 set out the general
Bylaws bylaw-making powers of local authorities. Sections 155, 156 and 157 set out the
procedure for making bylaws.
Parts of the Local Government Act 1974 are still in effect, including subsection
684 (1)(13) which allows a council to make a bylaw that concerns the use of
roads. Transit NZ also has the power to make bylaws under the Local Government
Act 1974 in relation to state highways as set out in section 61(3) of the Transit
New Zealand Act 1989.
RCAs may make bylaws to restrict the movement of heavy vehicles over roads
under their control as set out in section 72 of the Transport Act 1962.
These can include:
• providing for the weighing and measurement of loads of vehicles (clause
72(1)(a))
• regulating the weights of vehicles that pass over bridges (clause 72(1)(b))
40
• prescribing the routes and times that specified classes of vehicles may
pass over such roads (clause 72(1)(d))
• providing for the taking of security to insure roads and bridges against
damage by heavy traffic (clause 72(1)(e))
• prohibiting any specified class of heavy traffic that may cause serious
damage to any road unless the cost of reinstating or strengthening the
road is previously paid (clause 72(1)(f))
• providing for the collection of payment for compensation for damage to
roads and bridges by heavy traffic (clause 72(1)(g))
• providing for the collection of tolls from any class of heavy traffic in
accordance with section 361 of the Local Government Act 1974 (clause
72(1)(h))
• prohibiting or restricting any specified class of traffic or motor vehicle,
which by reason of its size or the nature of the goods carried, is unsuitable
for use on a particular road (clause 72(1)(i))
• limiting the stopping, standing or parking of vehicles on any road to
vehicles of any specified class or description and limiting the period of time
that such class of vehicle may park (clause 72(1)(k))
• limiting left or right turns to a particular class of vehicle (clause 72(1)(ka))
• limiting particular lanes marked on a roadway or a particular turning
movement to the use by omnibuses, taxis, or other specified classes of
vehicle or vehicles carrying specified classes of loads or not less than a
specified number of occupants (clause 72(1)(kb))
• prohibiting or restricting the parking of heavy motor vehicles or a specified
class or description of such vehicles on a road during the hours or for the
period specified (clause 72(1)(kc)).
A copy of a bylaw made under section 72 must be sent to the Minister of

Transport who may disallow the bylaw or any part thereof if, in their opinion, it is
unreasonable or undesirable (see section 74 of Transport Act 1962).
Copies of a bylaw (made under section 72) which has special reference to a bridge
or a statement of the effect of the bylaw (that is, a suitable sign) must be
displayed in a clearly legible condition at each end of that bridge.
Printed copies of bylaws made under section 72 must be available for sale at
reasonable charge to every person applying for them (see section 73 of Transport
Act 1962).
Under other legislation RCAs are also required to give public notice of a new
bylaw, make such a bylaw available for public inspection free of charge and make
copies of the bylaw available for purchase for a reasonable charge. See section
157 of the Local Government Act 2002 and section 105 of the Transit New
Zealand Act 1989.
41
15 Engine braking noise controls

Guidelines for the control of noise from engine braking of heavy vehicles are set
out in Traffic note 19 Engine braking controls – Guidelines
16 Road user charges

The cost of using New Zealand’s roads is recovered from road users via levies in
the price of some fuels or through road user charges (RUC). Road user charges
are administered by Land Transport NZ and enforced by the NZ Police. Most
vehicles with a manufacturer’s gross laden weight of more than 3.5 tonnes (3500
kg) must pay RUC and display a current RUC licence. RUC licences are available
from many Land Transport NZ agencies or they can be purchased by telephone or
fax. The RUC helpdesk is at: 0800 655 644.
The price of RUC licence depends on the vehicle type, the maximum gross weight
of vehicle applied for, and the distance applied for.
See the booklet Road user charges at
http://www.landtransport.govt.nz/publications/docs/road-user-charges.pdf
17 Driver licences
People who wish to drive or operate a heavy vehicle on a road or in an area
accessible to the public must hold a valid drivers licence for the type and weight
of that vehicle (including appropriate endorsements if required).
For example:
Persons holding a class 1 licence (suitable for cars, utes and other similar light
vehicles) may drive a motor vehicle (including a tractor or a combination vehicle,
but not a motorcycle) that has a laden weight of up to 4,500 kg, or a forklift
vehicle that has a laden weight of up to 18,000 kg .
Note: To drive a forklift, an F (forklift) endorsement is also required.
For more information see:

http://www.landtransport.govt.nz/licensing/heavy/index.html or Factsheet 70 –
Heavy vehicle driver licences.
The law relating to driver licences is set out in the Land Transport (Driver
Licensing) Rule 1999.
42
18 Certificate of fitness
Most heavy vehicles (which can exceed 50 km/h)need to be inspected every six
months to check they are in a safe condition to use on a road. If they pass
inspection at a testing station which inspects heavy vehicles and they have a
certificate of loading, a road user charges licence and a hubodometer, they will be
issued with a certificate of fitness.
See: http://www.landtransport.govt.nz/vehicle-ownership/cof.html
Most other heavy vehicles (which can exceed 30 km/h) need a warrant of fitness.
See: http://www.landtransport.govt.nz/publications/vir-manual/specialist-
vehicles/sv-tractors-v2-4.pdf
The law relating to vehicle inspection and certification is in the Land Transport
Rule: Vehicle Standards Compliance 2002.
Operators of vehicles requiring a certificate of fitness or warrant of fitness must
keep the condition of that vehicle up to the appropriate certificate of fitness or
warrant of fitness standard if it is being operated on a road. See RU Rule clause
8.9(1).
Heavy vehicles need to comply with the relevant requirements of the Land
Transport Rule: Heavy vehicles 2004 and other Rules relating to vehicles.
19 Transport service licences

People who wish to operate a transport service on a road, or provide a tow service
for disabled vehicles or provide vehicles for hire to others must first obtain
transport service licence. There are four types of licence:
• Good Service Licence.
• Passenger Service Licence.
• Vehicle Recovery Service Licence.
• Rental Service Licence.
See: http://www.landtransport.govt.nz/commercial/service.html
The law relating to transport licences is set out in the Transport Services Licensing
Act 1989.
20 Heavy vehicle selection guide

Land Transport NZ has produced a guide to issues managers should consider
when buying or leasing a heavy vehicle.
See http://www.landtransport.govt.nz/commercial/hvy-veh-selection/index.html
43
21 Traction engines
Traction engines are vehicles which are propelled by steam power but are not
designed for use on a railway or for the carriage of goods or passengers. A
traction engine is a motor vehicle – so it must be registered as a road vehicle, and
the driver must have both a road vehicle driver licence appropriate to the weight
of the vehicle and an appropriate qualification for driving a steam powered
vehicle.
The general requirements for traction engine operation are now set out in sections
22B and 22C of the Land Transport Act 1998 (as inserted by the Land Transport
Amendment Act 2005). Detailed interim regulations applying to traction engines
are being prepared by the Ministry of Transport. It is expected that these
regulations will be replaced by a Land Transport Rule at a later date.
At present, drivers of traction engines must hold a steam engine drivers certificate
or a traction engine drivers certificate which have been issued in accordance with
the Engine Drivers' Examination Regulations 1952
Note: Section 95 of the Land Transport Amendment Act 2005 repealed the
Boilers, Lifts, and Cranes Act 1950.
But despite the repeal of the Boilers, Lifts, and Cranes Act 1950, the Engine
Drivers' Examination Regulations 1952:
a. continue in force as if that Act had not been repealed
b. may be amended or revoked as if that Act were still in force.
Traction engine drivers need to comply with the relevant Land Transport Rules
which apply to road vehicles.
If the traction engine:
a. exceeds the maximum standard size or weight limits (in section 2 above)
and is therefore:
i. overdimension, see section 8 Overdimension vehicles, and/or
ii. overweight, see section 9 Overweight vehicles;
b. is not fitted with pneumatic rubber tyres, see section 10 ‘Vehicles without
pneumatic tyres;
c. is not fitted with an adequate suspension system then the driver must
comply with a maximum speed limit of 45 km/h (see RU Rule clause
5.5(2)) (unless a lower speed limit applies).
44
Appendix 1: Reference documents

Legislation
Note: Many Acts, Rules and Regulations have been amended since their date of
first publication. The current version of the legislation should be referred to (if
available), which includes all amendments since first publication.
Acts Boilers, Lifts, and Cranes Act 1950

Note: this Act has been repealed but regulations made under it, such as the
Engine Drivers' Examination Regulations 1952 remain in force until specifically
revoked.
Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996.
Health And Safety In Employment Act 1992 (as amended to 2004).
Land Transport Act 1998 (as amended to 2005).
Local Government Act 1974 (as amended to 2005).
Local Government Act 2002.
Radiation Protection Act 1965.
Road User Charges Act 1977.
Transit New Zealand Act 1989 (as amended to 2005).
Transport Act 1962 (as amended to 2005).
Transport (Vehicle and Driver Registration and Licensing) Act 1986.
Transport Services Licensing Act 1989 (as amended to 2005).
Rules Land Transport (Driver Licensing) Rule 1999 (SR 1999/100) (as amended to
2006)
Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004 (SR 2004/427 or No. 61001) (as
amended to 2005)
Land Transport Rule: Dangerous Goods 2005 (No. 45001/1).
Land Transport Rule: Glazing, Windscreen Wipe and Wash, and Mirrors 1999
(No. 32012/1) (as amended to 2005).
Land Transport Rule: Heavy Vehicles 2004 (No. 31002) (as amended to 2005).
Land Transport Rule: Passenger Service Vehicles 1999 (No. 31001) (as amended
to 2005).
Land Transport Rule: Setting of Speed Limits 2003 (No. 54001) (as amended to
2005).
Land Transport Rule: Traffic Control Devices 2004 (No. 54002) (as amended to
2005).
Land Transport Rule: Tyres and Wheels 2001 (No. 32013) (as amended to
2005).
Land Transport Rule: Vehicle Dimensions and Mass 2002 (No. 41001) (as
amended to 2005).
Land Transport Rule: Vehicle Standards Compliance 2002 (No. 35001/1) (as
amended to 2005).
45
Regulations Engine Drivers' Examination Regulations 1952

Hazardous Substances (Tank Wagons and Transportable Containers) Regulations
2004 (as amended in 2004).
Heavy Motor Vehicle Regulations 1974 (as amended to 2005).
Transport (Vehicle Registration and Licensing) Regulations 1994.
Other reference documents

Published by Available at www.landtrandsport.govt.nz unless otherwise stated:
Land Transport
New Zealand on-road tracking curves (expected to be on the Land Transport NZ
New Zealand
website during 2006).
Factsheets:
No. 13 Vehicle dimensions and mass
No. 13a Heavy rigid vehicles
No. 13c Towing and trailers (full, semi, simple, pole, A-train and B-train)
No. 13e Static roll thresholds
No. 34 Sharing the road safely with trucks
No. 53 Overdimension vehicles and loads.
No. 64 Transporting dangerous goods
No. 70 Heavy vehicle driver licences.
Guidelines for the safe siting of school bus stops.
Programme and funding manual.
Project evaluation manual.
Road and traffic standards series:
RTS 6 Guidelines for visibility at driveways (1993)
RTS 10 Road signs and markings for railway level crossings
RTS 14 Guidelines for facilities for blind and vision-impaired pedestrians
(2003).
Road user charges booklet.
Traffic Note 18 Traffic information signs: Black on white background –
Information.
Traffic Note 19 Engine braking controls – Guidelines.
Traffic Note 20 Advisory speed signs and heavy vehicles.
Traffic Note 39 Overdimension permit notifications to road controlling authorities –
information.
Traffic Note 47 Class C road classification.
Truck loading code (last published by Land Transport Safety Authority in 1999,
available in bookshops).
46
Published by Available at http://www.transport.govt.nz/publications/dangerous-goods/:

Ministry of
Multi-modal transport of dangerous goods
Transport
Published by Available at: http://www.transit.govt.nz/technical_information/index.jsp

Transit New
Bridge manual.
Zealand
Code of practice for temporary traffic management.
Manual of traffic signs and markings (MOTSAM).
Overdimension vehicle route maps (Version 2 November 2004).
Overweight permit manual.
State highway geometric design manual.
State highway control manual.
Published by Note: the maximum dimension and weight limits and permitted axle
Standards arrangements for standard heavy vehicles in New Zealand differ in some details
Australia from those used in Australia. Also note that Australian States and Territories may
have differing maximum limits for different regions. The documents below should
be referred to in conjunction with the relevant New Zealand document.
Australian standard: AS 2890.2–2002 Parking facilities part 2: Off-street

commercial vehicle facilities.
Published by Geometric design for trucks – Where, why and how? 2002 (AP–R211/02)
Austroads Austroads – available at:
http://www.onlinepublications.austroads.com.au/script/Details.asp?DocN=AR0000
067_0904
Rural road design – A guide to the geometric design of rural roads, AP–G1/03;
available at:
http://www.onlinepublications.austroads.com.au/script/details.asp?DocN=AR0000
032_1004
Urban road design – Guide to the geometric design of major urban roads, AP–
G69/02; available at:
http://www.onlinepublications.austroads.com.au/script/details.asp?DocN=AR0000
047_1004
Published by Roading design specifications for overdimension loads, available at:

the NZ Heavy
http://www.transit.govt.nz/rca_forum/content_files/RcaNewsItem13_Attachment.
Haulage
Association pdf
47
48
Appendix 2: Acknowledgements
This guideline was drafted by Land Transport NZ, reviewed by technical staff of
Transit New Zealand and the Ministry of Transport and then placed on the Land
Transport NZ website for a period of public consultation in September /October
2005.
Five submissions were received, including those from:
• Manukau City Council
• Waimakariri District Council
• NZ Automobile Association
• Transportation Group of the Institution of Professional Engineers NZ.
Staff who contributed to the project include Bob Gibson, Don Hutchinson and
Michael Doole along with several others.
49
50
Appendix 3: Traffic sign references

The traffic signs recommended in this document are denoted by their reference
characters in the Manual of Traffic Signs and Markings (MOTSAM).
This table sets out the equivalent reference characters of each sign in the Land
Transport Rule: Traffic Control Devices 2004 (TCD Rule).
Section reference MOTSAM reference in Part 1: Traffic Signs TCD Rule reference in
in this document
Schedule 1 Signs
5.3(1) Motorist service symbol S16 ‘Parking for heavy A20–S16
Heavy vehicle stops
motor vehicles’
5.3(1) Motorist service symbol S17 ‘Parking for heavy A20–S17
Heavy vehicle stops
trailers’
5.3(1) Regulatory sign – parking RP 5 ‘Bus stop’ R6-71
Heavy vehicle stops
5.3(1) Regulatory sign – parking RP 5.1 ‘Bus stop – with R6-71.1
Heavy vehicle stops
arrow’
5.3(1) General information sign IG–18 ‘Stock effluent A45-3
Heavy vehicle stops
disposal – advisory’
5.3(1) General information sign IG–19 ‘Stock effluent A45-4
Heavy vehicle stops
disposal – direction’
5.3(1) Motorists’ service sign displaying the S14 ‘Waste A20-S14
Heavy vehicle stops
disposal point’ symbol
7 Bridges, tunnels Permanent warning sign PW–44 ‘Narrow Bridge’ W13-2
etc
7 Bridges, tunnels Permanent warning sign PW–45 ‘Low Overhead W13-3
etc
Clearance – Advanced Warning’
7 Bridges, tunnels Permanent warning sign PW–52 ‘Tunnel’ W13-6
etc
7.1 Permanent warning sign PW–46 ‘Low Overhead W13–4
Height
Clearance – Indication on Structure or Tunnel’
7.1 Permanent warning sign PW 47 ‘Overhead Power W13–5
Height
Cable’
51
7.1 Regulatory sign RG–21: ‘Low Overhead Clearance R5–4

Height
At Electrified Railway Crossing’
7.1 Permanent warning sign PW–57 ‘Railway Level W15-5
Height
Crossing Ahead’ (symbolic steam engine)
7.2 Regulatory sign RG–19 ‘Single Lane Give Way’ R2–7
Width
7.2 Regulatory sign RG–20 ‘Single Lane Priority’ R2–8
Width
7.2 Regulatory sign RG 19.1 ‘Single Lane R2–7.1
Width
Supplementary Give Way’
12.1 General information sign IG 11‘Construction zone’ A41–3
Road construction
zones
13 General information sign IG4 ‘Heavy traffic bypass A45–1
Special routes for
[distance] m’
heavy vehicles
13 General information sign IG5‘Heavy traffic bypass’ A45–2
Special routes for
heavy vehicles
14.4 RH–1 Road classification – Heavy motor vehicles - R5-7
Classification of
class C’
class C roads
14.4 RH–1 ‘Road classification – Heavy motor vehicles - R5–7.1
Classification of
class 1’
class C roads
52
Road and traffic guideline publications

The following Road and Traffic Guidelines are available:
RTS 1 Guidelines for the implementation of traffic controls at crossroads (1990)
RTS 2 Guidelines for street name signs (1990)
RTS 3 Guidelines for establishing rural selling places (1992)
RTS 4 Guidelines for flush medians (1991)
RTS 5 Guidelines for rural road marking and delineation (1992)
RTS 6 Guidelines for visibility at driveways (1993)
RTS 7 Advertising signs and road safety: design and location guidelines (1993)
RTS 8 Guidelines for safe kerbline protection (1993)
RTS 9 Guidelines for the signing and layout of slip lanes (1993)
RTS 10 Road signs and markings for railway level crossings (2000)
RTS 11 Urban roadside barriers and alternative treatments (1995)
RTS 13 Guidelines for service stations (1995)
RTS 14 Guidelines for facilities for blind and vision-impaired pedestrians (2003)
RTS 15 Guidelines for urban-rural speed thresholds (2002)
RTS 16 Guide to heavy vehicle management (2006).
For copies of the road and traffic guideline series forward your request with a
payment of $10.00 per copy to:
Publications, Land Transport New Zealand, PO Box 2840, Wellington.
53

Guide To Safety Heavy Vehicle Management

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Road and traffic guidelines

Guide to heavy vehicle

2 Size and weight limits 6

5 Heavy vehicle safety 10

5.1 Braking distance 10

5.2 What heavy vehicle drivers cannot see 11

5.3 Recommended safety features of roads and facilities 13

5.4 Heavy vehicle speed limit 19

5.5 Vehicle and load safety 20

5.6 Wind effect of heavy vehicles on other road users 23

5.7 Lateral clearances 23

5.8 Safety Management Systems 23

7 Bridges, tunnels, level crossings and roads with restricted dimensions 25

10 Vehicles without pneumatic tyres 30

11 Vehicle crossing points 30

12 Road works zones 31

12.1 Road construction zones 31

12.2 Requirements for vehicles used only in road construction zones 32

12.3 Temporary closure of roads 35

13 Special routes for heavy vehicles 36

14 Restrictions on use of roads by heavy motor vehicles 36

14.1 Protection of bridges by temporary weight or speed limits 38

14.2 Temporary prohibition or restriction of heavy motor vehicle traffic 39

14.3 Restriction of heavy traffic on roads 39

14.4 Classification of class C roads 40

14.5 Special vehicle lanes 40

15 Engine braking noise controls 42

16 Road user charges 42

19 Transport service licences 43

20 Heavy vehicle selection guide 43

Appendix 1: Reference documents 44

Appendix 3: Traffic sign references 51

Road and traffic guideline publications 53

2 Size and weight limits

Height (all vehicles) 4.25 m (excluding ropes, chains and

These limits are set out in Schedule 2 of the VDM Rule.

Maximum mass limits applying to heavy vehicles:

Single axle set with single standard width tyres 6,000 kg

Single axle set with single large (wide) tyres 7,200 kg

Single axle set with dual standard width tyres 8,200 kg

Tandem axle set with dual standard width tyres* 15,000 kg

Tri axle set with dual standard width tyres 18,000 kg

Quad axle set with dual standard width tyres 20,000 kg

Some heavy rigid vehicles are permitted to tow two trailers:

• No. 13a Heavy rigid vehicles

or section 4 of the VDM Rule.

Land Transport NZ is in the process of updating these tracking curves. A revised

5 Heavy vehicle safety

An increased braking distance will be needed on a downward sloping road.

• railway level crossings

• curves with low advisory speeds

• one lane bridges or places with restricted size limits

Figure 1. Heavy vehicle driver’s blind spots

Mirrors: Land Transport NZ recommends that, whenever it is reasonably possible,

• the motor vehicle is towing a trailer or trailers or other unpowered motor

Retro-reflective delineators: These devices mark centrelines and edgelines and

c. A wire rope barrier on a three-lane highway (forming a ‘2+1’ type of road

g. Provision of passing lanes on two-lane highways and other major roads so

Transit NZ has developed a strategy for doing this on State Highways as