Petroleum Refining

Fourth year

Chemical Engineering Department /College of Engineering/Al-Qadissiya

University
Husham Al.Tameemi 2015-2016
Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

REFERENCES

TEXT BOOK:
 Nelson, W. L. "Petroleum Refinery Engineering", Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, Fourth
Edition, 1958.

HAND BOOK:
 James H. Gary & Glenn E. Handwerk "Petroleum
Refining, Technology & Economics", 4th ed., Marcel
Dekker, Inc., 2001.
 B.K. Bhaskara Rao, “Modern Petroleum Refining
Processes” Edn. 3, Oxford & IBH Publishing Company
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
 Antos, G.J. "Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining"1st
edition, 2010 The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington,
Oxford OX5 1GB, UK.
 James G. Speight, "The Chemistry and Technologyof
Petroleum",5th Eddition,2014CRC press.
 Fundamentals_of_Petroleum_Refining, First
Edition,2010.
 Internet Sites.

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Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

PETROLEUM REFINING SYLLABUS

Curriculum:
1. Introdution 23. Properties and needs
2. Crude oils and their 24. Production techniques
chemical composition 25. Removal of asphalt by
3. Physical and chemical solvents
characteristics of crude oil and 26. Extraction by furfural
its products 27. Dewaxing
4. Evaluation of crude oil 28. Production of different
5. Preparation of crude oil types of fuels and oil products
for refining 29. Gas oil
6. Crude oil refining 30. Solvents
7. Thermal processes 31. Car and aero plane gasoline
8. Cracking 32. Jet fuel
9. Coking 33. Kerosene
10. Steam cracking 34. Diesel
11. Catalytic processes in oil 35. Asphalt
refineries 36. Wax
12. Catalytic cracking 34. Environmental Aspects in
13. Hydro cracking Refining Process.
14. Desulphurization by
hydrogen Practical:
15. Reforming 37. Density
16. Isomerization 38. Flash point
17. Polymerization 39. Viscosity
18. Steam reforming 40. Aniline point
19. Conventional chemical 41. Sulfur content
treatment of refinery products 42. Water content
20. Treatment with sulfuric 43. Carbon content
acid 44. Salt content
21. Treatment with earth
22. Lubricating oils

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Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

Introduction

Crude oil or (petroleum) is becoming increasingly important in the world, day after
day and exceed uses and derive strategic importance of crude oil from two facts:
1. It is being a source of energy.
2. It is being the basic raw material for the chemical industry and the branches of
various petrochemical. Exhorts crude oil good position between the different energy
sources for the following reasons:
1. Contain many products can be separated from each other by refining and represent
a variety of sources in fuel use and production assistant lubrication oils products and
asphalt and petroleum solvents, as some of its derivatives important materials in
Petrochemical industries.
2. The presence of natural gas with crude oil under the surface of the earth.
3. It can be transferred to long distances easily.
4. Low cost of production, transportation and refining.

َ‫خ إٌفظ اٌخب‬١ّ٘‫ رٕجغ أ‬ٚ ٗ‫رزؼذ اسزؼّبالر‬ٚ َٛ٠ ‫ِب ثؼذ‬ٛ٠ ٌُ‫ اٌؼب‬ٟ‫خ إٌفظ اٌخبَ ف‬١ّ٘‫رضداد أ‬
:ٓ١‫مز‬١‫خ ِٓ زم‬١‫د‬١‫االسزشار‬
.‫ٔٗ ِصذس ٌٍطبلخ‬ٛ‫ و‬.1
‫سط إٌفظ‬٠ .‫خ اٌّخزٍفخ‬٠ٚ‫ب‬١ّ١‫و‬ٚ‫اٌجزش‬ٚ ‫خ‬٠ٚ‫ّب‬١‫ع اٌصٕبػبد اٌى‬ٚ‫ٗ ٌفش‬١‫ٔٗ ِبدح خبَ أسبس‬ٛ‫ و‬.2
: ‫خ‬١ٌ‫ٓ ِصبدس اٌطبلخ اٌّخزٍفخ ٌألسجبة اٌزب‬١‫ضح ث‬١ّ‫اٌخبَ ثّىبٔٗ ِز‬
‫رّثً ِصبدس‬ٚ ‫ش‬٠‫ك اٌزىش‬٠‫ب ػٓ طش‬ٙ‫ب ػٓ ثؼض‬ٍٙ‫ّىٓ فص‬٠ ‫ذح‬٠‫ ِٕزدبد ػذ‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫سز‬٠ .1
‫جبد‬٠‫اٌّز‬ٚ ‫اإلسفٍذ‬ٚ ‫ذ‬١٠‫د اٌزض‬ٛ٠‫إٔزبج ِٕزدبد ِسبػذٖ وض‬ٚ ‫د‬ٛ‫ل‬ٌٛ‫ اسزؼّبي ا‬ٟ‫ػخ ف‬ٕٛ‫ِز‬
. ‫خ‬٠ٚ‫ب‬١ّ١‫و‬ٚ‫ اٌصٕبػبد اٌجزش‬ٟ‫ّخ ف‬ِٙ ‫اد‬ِٛ ٗ‫ رشىً ثؼط ِشزمبر‬ٚ , ‫خ‬١ٌٚ‫اٌجزش‬
.‫ ِغ إٌفظ اٌخبَ رسذ سطر األسض‬ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫د اٌغبص اٌطج‬ٛ‫خ‬ٚ .2
.‫ذح‬١‫ ِسبفبد ثؼ‬ٌٝ‫ٌٗ ٔمٍٗ إ‬ٛٙ‫س‬.3
. ٖ‫ش‬٠‫رىش‬ٚ ٍٗ‫ٔم‬ٚ ٗ‫ أخفبض وٍفخ أٔزبخ‬.3

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Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

Petroleum (Crude Oil) ‫النفط الخام‬

Introduction:
Petroleum is perhaps the most important substance consumed in modern society. It
provides not only raw materials for the ubiquitous plastics and other products but also
fuel for energy, industry, heating, and transportation.

Fig.(1) Crude Oil Uses

Fig.(2) Different Types of Sources Energy

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Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

Fig. (3) Global Crude Oil consumption

Origin of Petroleum (Crude Oil) َ‫أصً إٌفظ اٌخب‬

The word petroleum, derived from the Latin petra and oleum, literally means rock

oil and refers to hydrocarbons that occur widely in the sedimentary rocks in the form

of gases, liquids, semisolids, or solids. From a chemical standpoint, petroleum is an

extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon compounds, usually with minor amounts

of nitrogen-, oxygen-, and sulfur-containing compounds, as well as trace amounts of

metal-containing compounds

There are two theories on the origin of carbon fuels: the abiogenic theory and the

biogenic theory (Kenney et al., 2001, 2002). The two theories have been intensely

debated since the 1860s, shortly after the discovery of widespread occurrence of

petroleum.

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Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

Abiogenic Origin ‫النظرٌة الغٌر عضوٌة‬

There have been several attempts at formulating theories that describe the detail of the
origin of petroleum, of which the early postulates started with inorganic substances as
source material. For example, in 1866, Berthelot considered acetylene the basic
material and crude oil constituents were produced from acetylene. Initially, inorganic
carbides were formed by the action of alkali metals on carbonates after which
acetylene was produced by the reaction of the carbides with water.

ً‫ٍخ ِث‬١‫ذاد اٌثم‬١‫ ِٓ اٌىشث‬ٚ‫اد اٌّشؼخ أ‬ٌّٛ‫ثبْ ثفؼً ا‬١ٌّ‫ ا‬ٌٝ‫شخغ إ‬٠ ‫ي‬ٚ‫ؼزمذ أْ أصً اٌجزش‬٠
‫خ‬١ٌ‫ش اٌسشاسح اٌؼب‬١‫ رٕزح ثزأث‬ٟ‫ اٌز‬، ٗ١ٕ١ٍ‫اد اسز‬ِٛ ْٛ‫ رى‬ٚ ‫ض ِغ اٌّبء‬١‫ إٌّغ‬ٚ‫ذ ا‬٠‫ذ اٌسذ‬١‫وبسث‬
.‫اص‬ٛ‫ اٌخ‬ٚ ‫ت‬١‫ٕخ اٌزشو‬٠‫ٔبد ِزجب‬ٛ‫وشث‬ٚ‫ذس‬١٘ ِٓ ‫ظ‬١ٍ‫ خ‬ٚ‫ح أ‬٠‫ِض‬

Biogenic Origin )‫خ‬٠ٛ‫خ (اٌؼض‬١‫بئ‬١‫خ األز‬٠‫إٌظش‬

Petroleum is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon mixture but hydrocarbons that are

synthesized by living organisms usually account for less than 20% of the petroleum
(Hunt, 1996). The remainder of the hydrocarbons in petroleum is produced by a
variety of processes that converts other organic material to hydrocarbons as part of the
maturation processes generally referred to as diagenesis, catagenesis, and
metagenesis. These three processes are a combination of bacteriological action and
low-temperature reactions that convert the source material into petroleum. During
these processes, migration of the liquid products from the source sediment to the
reservoir rock may also occur.
Most geologists view crude oil and natural gas as the products of compression and
heating of ancient vegetation over geologic timescales. According to this theory, it is
formed from the decayed remains of prehistoric marine animals and terrestrial plants.
Over many centuries this organic matter, mixed with mud, was buried under thick
sedimentary layers of material. The resulting high levels of heat and pressure cause
the remains to metamorphose, first into a waxy material known as kerogen and then
into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process known as catagenesis. These then
migrate through adjacent rock layers until they become trapped underground in

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Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

porous rocks called reservoirs, forming an oilfield, from which the liquid can be
extracted by drilling and pumping.

ً‫خ ثفؼ‬١‫ إٌجبر‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ا‬ٛ١‫اد اٌس‬ٌّٛ‫دخ رسًٍ ا‬١‫ْ ٔز‬ٛ‫ي لذ رى‬ٚ‫ؼزمذ اٌجؼط أْ اٌجزش‬٠ ‫اٌجؼط األخش‬
ْٛ‫خ رى‬٠‫ش‬ٙ‫خ اٌّد‬٠‫أبد اٌجش‬ٛ١‫خ ِٓ اٌس‬١ٕ٘‫ب اٌذ‬٠‫ ٌٍجمب‬ٟ‫ش االئزالف‬١‫ اٌزمط‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ائ‬ٛ٘‫ب اٌال‬٠‫اٌجىزش‬
.‫اص‬ٛ‫ اٌخ‬ٚ ‫ت‬١‫ٕخ اٌزشو‬٠‫ٔبد ِزجب‬ٛ‫وشث‬ٚ‫ذس‬١٘ ِٓ ْٛ‫ رزى‬ٟ‫ائً اٌز‬ٛ‫ظ ِٓ اٌس‬١ٍ‫خ‬

Fig.(4) Biogenic Origin of crude oil

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Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

Fig. (5)Method of exploration and production of crude oil

Petroleum Refining (Petroleum Purification):

Petroleum refining plays an important role in our lives. Most transportation

vehicles are powered by refined products such as gasoline, diesel, aviation turbine

kerosene (ATK) and fuel oil. The recent price rise of crude oil from $50 to $150 per

bbl over the last 2 years has affected the refining industry in three ways: First is an

increased search for fuel products from non-fossil sources such as biodiesel and

alcohols from vegetable sources, Second is the development of better methods to

process tar sand, coal gasification and synthesis of fuels by Fischer–Tropsch (FT)

technology and Third is the initiation of long-term plans to look for renewable energy

sources. However, crude oil prices are still a cheap source for transportation

fuels and petrochemicals.

petroleum refining is the separation of petroleum into fractions and the

subsequent treating of these fractions to yield marketable products. In fact, a refinery

is essentially a group of manufacturing plants that vary in number with the variety of

products produced (Figure7). Refinery processes must be selected and products

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Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

manufactured to give a balanced operation in which petroleum is converted into a

variety of products in amounts that are in accord with the demand for each. For

example, the manufacture of products from the lower-boiling portion of petroleum

automatically produces a certain amount of higher-boiling components. If the latter

cannot be sold as, say, heavy fuel oil, these products will accumulate until refinery

storage facilities are full. To prevent the occurrence of such a situation, the refinery

must be flexible and be able to change operations as needed. This usually means more

processes: thermal processes to change an excess of heavy fuel oil into more gasoline

with coke as the residual product, or a vacuum distillation process to separate the

heavy oil into lubricating oil stocks and asphalt.

Fig.(6)Simplified form illustrates the process of converting crude oil into

products

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Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

Fig.(7) the process of converting crude oil into petroleum

Products in details

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Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

History of World Refineries:

-Old human was used of oil to prehistoric times, where used by the Sumerians and
Babylonians in Mesopotamia and raised the oil has been found in other places in the
world and in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Dead sea was known asphalt lake,
which dates back to the term asphalt.

-The discovery of oil due to the presence of petroleum reservoirs close to the surface
of the earth, which was liberated them vapors and erupt into flames, which was called
(fire timeless) and serve them were some of the doctrines of Zoroastrianism.

-In 1859, Drake was drilled in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States the first
well in search of oil at a depth of 21.11 meters, and petrol is found in general at
different depths ranging between 20-20 thousand meters.

-The first refinery was built in 1860 in the United States a cost of $ 15000.

- historically the first distillation of Petroleum took place in Russia in 1735 AD.

ٚ ْٛ٠‫ِش‬ٛ‫ث اسزؼٍّٗ اٌس‬١‫خ ز‬٠‫س ِب لجً اٌزبس‬ٛ‫ ػص‬ٌٝ‫ي إ‬ٚ‫شخغ اسزخذاَ اإلٔسبْ ٌٍجزش‬٠ 
ٟ‫ ف‬ٚ ٌُ‫ اٌؼب‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٜ‫ أِبوٓ أخش‬ٟ‫ي ف‬ٚ‫خذ أثبس اٌجزش‬ٚ ‫ لذ‬ٚ ٓ٠‫ اٌشافذ‬ٞ‫اد‬ٚ ٟ‫ْ ف‬ٛ١ٍ‫اٌجبث‬
‫د‬ٛ‫ؼ‬٠ ٞ‫ اٌز‬ٚ ‫شح اإلسفٍذ‬١‫ؼشف ثجس‬٠ ْ‫ وب‬ٚ ‫ذ‬١ٌّ‫سظ وبٌجسش ا‬ٛ‫ط اٌّز‬١‫ششق اٌجسش األث‬
. ‫ب‬١ٌ‫ب ِصطٍر اإلسفٍذ اٌشبئغ زب‬ٙ١ٌ‫إ‬
ٟ‫اٌز‬ٚ ‫جٗ ِٓ سطر األسض‬٠‫خ لش‬١ٌٚ‫دػبد ثزش‬ٛ‫د ِسز‬ٛ‫خ‬ٚ ٌٝ‫ي إ‬ٚ‫شخغ اوزشبف اٌجزش‬٠ 
) ٗ١ٌ‫شاْ االص‬١ٌٕ‫ ( ا‬ٝ‫ وبٔذ رذػ‬ٟ‫شاْ اٌز‬١ٌٕ‫ب ا‬ٙ١‫ رٕذٌغ ف‬ٚ ‫ثخشح‬٢‫ب ا‬ِٕٙ ‫وبٔذ رزسشس‬
. ‫خ‬١‫وبٔذ رؼجذ٘ب ثؼط اٌّزا٘ت اٌضسادشز‬ٚ
‫بد اٌّزسذح‬٠‫ال‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ب ف‬١ٔ‫خ ثٕسٍفب‬٠‫ال‬ٚ ٟ‫ ) ف‬Drake (‫ه‬٠‫ َ زفش دس‬1581 َ‫ ػب‬ٟ‫ ف‬
ٖ‫س‬ٛ‫ي– ثص‬ٚ‫خذ اٌجزش‬ٛ٠ٚ ، ‫ ِزش‬21.11 ‫ ػّك‬ٍٝ‫ي ػ‬ٚ‫ي ثئش ثسثب ػٓ اٌجزش‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١‫ى‬٠‫األِش‬
. ‫ أٌف ِزش‬22 - 22 ٓ١‫ذ ث‬ٚ‫ أػّبق ِخزٍفخ رزشا‬ٍٝ‫ػبِٗ ػ‬
18222$ ٗ‫خ ثىٍف‬١‫ى‬٠‫بد اٌّزسذح األِش‬٠‫ال‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ َ ف‬1582 َ‫ رُ ثٕبءٖ ػب‬ٝ‫ي ِصف‬ٚ‫ أ‬
.َ 1338 َ‫ب ػب‬١‫س‬ٚ‫ س‬ٟ‫ي خشد ف‬ٚ‫ش ٌٍجزش‬١‫ٗ رمط‬١ٍّ‫ي ػ‬ٚ‫ب أ‬١‫خ‬٠‫ اٌّسدً ربس‬

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‫‪Chapter one: Introduction‬‬ ‫‪Petroleum Refining‬‬

‫‪ ‬التقطٌر المستمر (‪)Batch Distillation‬‬

‫‪ -‬المصافً األولٌة كانت تستخدم نظام التقطٌر ( على شكل وجبات)‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬فً بداٌات عام ‪ 0681‬م تم استخدام نظام التقطٌر المستمر‪ ،‬و قد استمر تطوٌر طرق‬
‫اإلنتاج المستمر وقد سجل بصوره واسعة استخدام وحدات اإلنتاج المستمر عام ‪ 0101‬م‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬حالٌا و حدات اإلنتاج المستخدمة جمٌعها تعمل بطرٌقه التقطٌر المستمر ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬التكسٌر الحراري ( ‪) Thermal Cracking‬‬

‫‪ٌ -‬قصد بالتكسٌر الحراري فً مجال تكنولوجٌه البترول استخدام الحرارة وحدها أو مع وجود‬
‫عوامل مساعده معٌنه لتغٌر مكونات البترول و آسر األواصر للحصول على مكونات جدٌدة‬
‫لهل أوزان جزٌئٌه أوطأ من الخامات‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬أول تسجٌل لعملٌه التكسٌر الحراري عام ‪ 0680‬م‬

‫‪ ‬التقطٌر التجزٌئً (‪) Fractionation‬‬

‫‪ٌ -‬قصد بها عملٌه فصل المزٌج السائل إلى عدد من النواتج لها مدى غلٌان ضٌق‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬فً المصافً األولٌة كانت عملٌه الفصل تتم بعدد من عملٌات التقطٌر المتعاقبة ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬الحقا حدث تطوٌر فً طرٌقه اإلنتاج حٌث استخدمت أبراج تقطٌر تعمل وفٌها ٌتم استخدام‬
‫عملٌه التكثٌف الجزئً (‪ ) Partial Condensation‬باستخدام المكثفات لتكثٌف خلٌط‬
‫البخار بدرجات حرارة مختلفة‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬العملٌات الكٌمٌاوٌة ( ‪)Chemical Processing‬‬

‫‪ -‬عام ‪ 0111‬م تم تطوٌر طرٌقه الهدرجة وهً عبارة عن عملٌه تكسٌر حراري فً ضغوط‬
‫عالٌة بوجود الهٌدروجٌن ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬عام ‪ 0121‬هودري استخدم العامل المساعد فً هذه الطرٌقة ( سٌلٌكات األلمنٌوم ‪.) 1‬‬

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Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

Petroleum Refineries in Iraq (General View)

Current Companies of Refining:

1. North Refineries company: it represent largest company for petroleum refining

in Iraq:
A. Establishing Date: 1976
B. Current Capacity:402000 Bbl./day
C. No. of Refineries and other units:
Large Refineries: (Baggy Refinery)
 North Refinery with capacity:170000 Bbl./day
 Salahaldeen1 Refinery with capacity: 70000 Bbl./day
 Salahaldeen2 Refinery with capacity:170000 Bbl./day
 Oils Refinery with capacity:125000 ton/year for different types of
oils.
 Factory production and mobilization of metal drums
1100Drum/h(200 lit.)
 Factory production and mobilization of plastic cans
1250Can/h (5 lit.), 1000 Can/h(1 lit.)
Small Refineries
 Kirkuk Refinery with capacity: 30000 Bbl./day
 Asseeniay Refinery with capacity: 20000 Bbl./day
 Alkisk Refinery with capacity: 10000 Bbl./day
 Hadeethah Refinery with capacity:16000 Bbl./day
 Algiarah Refinery with capacity: 16000 Bbl./day

D. The company produces various types of products such as unleaded gasoline,

jet fuel, kerosene, gas oil and black oil for export and various types of oils,
such as motor oil, gasoline and motor oil for diesel and oils Sewing
Machines and Transformers products, asphalt, sulfur, fuel gas and liquid
gas ... etc..

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Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

2. Midland Refineries Company: it represent oldest company for petroleum

refining in Iraq:
E. Establishing Date: 1953
F. Current Capacity:210000 Bbl./day
G. No. of Refineries and other units:
Large Refineries:
 Adora Refinery with capacity:130000 Bbl./day
 Adora Oils Refineries with capacity:121000 ton/year for different
types of oils.
 Other units for nitrogen production (liquid and gas)
Small Refineries:
 Asimawa Refinery with capacity: 30000 Bbl./day
 Adiwania Refinery with capacity:20000 Bbl./day
 Annajaf Refinery with capacity: 30000 Bbl./day

H. The company produces various types of products such as gasoline, jet fuel,
kerosene, gas oil and black oil for export and various types of oils, such as
motor oil, gasoline and motor oil for diesel and oils Machines and
Transformers products, asphalt, fuel gas and liquid gas ... etc..

3. South Refineries Company: it represent smallest company for petroleum

refining in Iraq:
I. Establishing Date: 1998
J. Current Capacity:100000 Bbl./day
K. No. of Refineries and other units:
Large Refineries:
 Bassra Refinery with capacity: 70000 Bbl./day
 Oils Refinery with capacity:125000 ton/year for different types of oils.
Small Refineries:
 Thi Qar Refinery with capacity: 10000 Bbl./day
 Misan Refinery with capacity:10000 Bbl./day

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Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

L. The company produces various types of products such as unleaded gasoline,

jet fuel, kerosene, gas oil and black oil for export and various types of oils,
such as motor oil, gasoline and motor oil for diesel.

Future Refineries:

Fig.(8) Future refineries in Iraq

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

"OPEC" )‫ثه‬ٚ‫ي (أ‬ٚ‫ي اٌّصذسح ٌٍجزش‬ٚ‫ِٕظّخ اٌذ‬

An organization consisting of the world's major oil-exporting nations. The

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was founded in 1960 to
coordinate the petroleum policies of its members, and to provide member states with
technical and economic aid. OPEC is a cartel that aims to manage the supply of oil in
an effort to set the price of oil on the world market, in order to avoid fluctuations that
might affect the economies of both producing and purchasing countries.
OPEC membership is open to any country that is a substantial exporter of oil and that
shares the ideals of the organization. As of 2011, OPEC had 12 member countries,
including founder members Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and Venezuela.

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Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

‫بسبد‬١‫ك اٌس‬١‫ ٌزٕس‬1182 َ‫ اٌؼشاق ػب‬ٟ‫ثه) ف‬ٚ‫ي (أ‬ٚ‫ي اٌّصذسح ٌٍجزش‬ٚ‫رأسسذ ِٕظّخ اٌذ‬
‫ إٌّظّخ‬ٛ٘ ‫ثه‬ٚ‫ أ‬.‫خ‬٠‫الزصبد‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٕ‫ي األػضبء ثّسبػذاد ف‬ٚ‫ذ اٌذ‬٠ٚ‫رض‬ٚ ،‫ب‬ٙ‫خ ألػضبئ‬١ٌٚ‫اٌجزش‬
،‫خ‬١ٌّ‫ق اٌؼب‬ٛ‫ اٌس‬ٟ‫ٌخ ٌضجظ أسؼبس إٌفظ ف‬ٚ‫ ِسب‬ٟ‫ض ِٓ إٌفظ ف‬ٚ‫ إداسح اٌّؼش‬ٌٝ‫ذف إ‬ٙ‫ ر‬ٟ‫اٌز‬
.‫خ‬١‫اٌششائ‬ٚ ‫ي إٌّزدخ‬ٚ‫ الزصبداد وً ِٓ اٌذ‬ٍٝ‫ لذ رؤثش ػ‬ٟ‫رٌه ٌزدٕت اٌزمٍجبد اٌز‬ٚ

.‫ب ٌٍّٕظّخ‬١ٍ‫ رشزشن ثبٌّثً اٌؼ‬ٟ‫اٌز‬ٚ ‫ش ٌٍٕفظ‬١‫ ِصذس وج‬ٟ٘ ‫ٌخ‬ٚ‫ د‬ٞ‫زخ أِبَ أ‬ٛ‫ثه ِفز‬ٚ‫خ أ‬٠ٛ‫ػض‬
‫اٌؼشاق‬ٚ ْ‫شا‬٠‫ُ أػضبء ِؤسس إ‬ٙ١‫ ثّٓ ف‬،‫ا‬ٛ‫ٌخ ػض‬ٚ‫ د‬12 ‫ثه‬ٚ‫ وبْ أ‬،2211 َ‫اػزجبسا ِٓ ػب‬
.‫ال‬٠ٚ‫فٕض‬ٚ ‫ذ‬٠ٛ‫اٌى‬ٚ

Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

"OAPEC"

)‫اثه‬ٚ‫ي(ا‬ٚ‫خ اٌّصذسح ٌٍجزش‬١‫ي اٌؼشث‬ٚ‫ِٕظّخ اٌذ‬

OAPEC was established in 1968 by Kuwait, Libya and Saudi Arabia. Its other
members include: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Qatar, Syria, Tunisia and the United
Arab Emirates. Although they have several members in common, OAPEC is a
separate and distinct entity from OPEC (the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries), the 12-nation cartel that plays a pivotal part in determining global
petroleum prices.

An inter-governmental organization based in Kuwait that seeks to foster cooperation

among the 11 Arab oil-exporting nations that are its members, and develop their
petroleum industry.

‫ب‬١‫ج‬١ٌٚ ‫ذ‬٠ٛ‫ ِٓ لجً اٌى‬1185 َ‫ ػب‬ٟ‫اثه) ف‬ٚ‫ي(ا‬ٚ‫خ اٌّصذسح ٌٍجزش‬١‫ي اٌؼشث‬ٚ‫رأسسذ ِٕظّخ اٌذ‬
‫ٔس‬ٛ‫ ر‬،‫ب‬٠‫س‬ٛ‫ س‬،‫ لطش‬،‫ اٌؼشاق‬،‫ ِصش‬،ٓ٠‫ اٌجسش‬،‫ اٌدضائش‬:ٓ٠‫رشًّ أػضبء آخش‬ٚ .‫خ‬٠‫د‬ٛ‫اٌسؼ‬ٚ
‫اثه‬ٚ‫ أ‬،‫اسُ اٌّشزشوخ‬ٛ‫ُ ػذح أػضبء ِٓ اٌم‬ٙ٠‫ اٌشغُ ِٓ أْ ٌذ‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬.‫خ اٌّزسذح‬١‫اإلِبساد اٌؼشث‬ٚ
ٟ‫اٌز‬ٚ ‫ٌخ‬ٚ‫ د‬12 ‫إٌّظّخ‬ٚ ،)‫ي اٌّصذسح ٌٍٕفظ‬ٚ‫ثه (ِٕظّخ اٌذ‬ٚ‫ض ػٓ أ‬١ّ‫ِز‬ٚ ً‫بْ ِسزم‬١‫ و‬ٛ٘
.َ‫ق إٌفظ اٌخب‬ٛ‫ س‬ٟ‫ب ف‬٠‫س‬ٛ‫سا ِس‬ٚ‫رٍؼت د‬

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Chapter one: Introduction Petroleum Refining

World's Largest Refineries

Name of Refinery Location Barrels per Day

Jamnagar Refinery Jamnagar, India 1,240,000

SK Energy Ulsan, South Korea 1,120,000

Paraguana Refinery Paraguana, Falcon,

940,000
(PDVSA)Complex Venezuela

GS Caltex Yeosu Refinery (GS

Yeos, South Korea 730,000
Caltex)

S-Oil Onsan Refinery (S-Oil) Ulsan, South Korea 670,000

ExxonMobil Singapore 605,000

(Motiva Port Arthur Refinery Port Arthur ,Texas,

600,250
Enterprises) USA

Baytown
Baytown, TX, USA 560,500
(ExxonMobil)Refinery

(Saudi Ras Tanura Refinery

Saudi Arabia 550,000
Aramco)

(Marathon Garyville Refinery

Garyville, LA, USA 522,000
Petroleum)

Baton Rouge Baton Rouge, LA,

502,500
(ExxonMobil)Refinery USA

Husham Al.Tameemi
17