The effective design of each brake on this railtoad wheel requires that it resist the fictional forces developed between it and the wheel. In this chapter we ‘ill study dry friction, and show how to analyze friction forces for various engineering applicationsFriction 8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction Friction is a force that resists the movement of two contacting surfaces that slide relative to one another. This force always acts tangent to the surface at the points of contact and is directed so as to oppose the possible or existing motion between the surfaces. In this chapter, we will study the effects of dry friction, which is sometimes called Coulomb friction since its characteristics were studied extensively by C. A. Coulomb in 1781. Dry friction occurs between the contacting surfaces of bodies when there is no lubricating fluid.* “The heat generated by the action of Irietion ean be noticed ‘when using this grinder to sharpen a metal bade, ‘udied in fad mechanics, ‘Another type offction, called fad retion,390 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION © and Frictional Foress @ Fig 1 Theory of Dry Friction. The theory of dry friction can be explained by considering the effects caused by pulling horizontally on a block of uniform weight W which is resting on a rough horizontal surface that is nonrigid or deformable, Fig. §-1a.‘The upper portion of the block, however, can be considered rigid. As shown on the free-body diagram of the block, Fig. 8-1, the floor exerts an uneven distribution of both normal force AN, and frictional force SF, along the contacting surface, For equilibrium, the normal forces must act upward to balance the block's weight W, and the frictional forces act to the left to prevent the applied force P from moving the block to the right. Close examination of the contacting surfaces between the floor and block reveals how these frictional and normal forces develop, Fig, Le. It can be seen that many microscopic irregularities exist between the two surfaces and, as a result, reactive forces AR, are developed at each point of contact." As shown, each reactive force contributes both a frictional component AF, and a normal component AN,, Equilibrium. The effect of the distributed normal and frictional loadings is indicated by theit resultants N and F on the free-body diagram, Fig. $-1d, Notice that N acts a distance x to the right of the line of action of W, Fig. $-Ld. This location, which coincides with the centroid or Regatdes of the weight ofthe rake or shovel thats suspended, the deviee has teen designed sn that tye small eller geometric center of the normal force distribution in Fig, §-1b, is necessary holds the handle in equiibriam due to in order to balance the “tipping effect” caused by P. For example, if P is frictional forces that develop at the applied ata height from the surface, Fig, 8-1d, then moment equilibrium Points of contact, A,B,C: about point O is satisfied if We = Ph or x = Ph/W. Besides mechanical interactions as explained here, whichis refersed to ax classical approach, « detailed teatment of the nature of fictional forces must also include the lft of temperature density cleanliness, and atomic or molecular attraction between the contacting suraces See J Krim, Scientific American, October, 196,3.1 Canzactestsics oF Day FRICTION 391 w Impending Y D a Equiitnium i) Fig. 8-4 (cont), Impending Motion. _Incases where the surfaces of contact are rather slippery,” the frictional force F may not be great enough to balance P, and consequently the block will tend to slip. In other words, as Pis slowly increased, F correspondingly increases until it attains a certain maximum value F., called the limiting static frictional force, Fig. 8-Le. When this value is reached, the block is in unstable equilibrium since any farther increase in P will cause the block to move, Experimentally, it has been determined that this limiting static frictional force F, is directly proportional to the resultant normal force N. Expressed mathematically, = aN (8-1) where the constant of proportionality, 1, (mu “sub” s), is called the coefficient of static friction Thus, when the block is on the verge of sliding, the normal force N and frictional force F, combine to create a resultant R,, Fig. §-Le. The angle 4, (phi “sub” s) that R, makes with Nis called the angle of static friction. tH ‘Typical values for 1, are given in Table 8-1, Note that these values can vary since experimental testing was done under variable conditions of roughness and cleanliness of the contacting surfaces, For applications, therefore, it is important that both caution and judgment be exercised when selecting a coefficient of friction for a given set of conditions ‘When a more accurate calculation of F, is required, the coefficient of friction should be determined directly by an experiment that involves the two materials to be used. % tan LM eed Contact Materials Metal on ice ‘Wood on wood Leather on wood Leather on metal ‘Aluminum on aluminum Coefficient of Static Friction (1) 0.03-005 030-070 0:20-0:50 030-0.60 110-170392 CharrER 8 Friction Motion poe cr Fig. 82 Motion. Ifthe magnitude of P acting on the block is increased so that it becomes slightly greater than F,, the frictional force at the contacting surface will drop to a smaller value F,, called the kinetic frictional force. ‘The block will begin to slide with increasing speed, Fig. $2a, As this ‘occurs, the block will “ride” on top of these peaks at the points of contact as shown in Fig. 8-26. The continued breakdown of the surface is the dominant mechanism creating kinetic friction, Experiments with sliding blocks indicate that the magnitude of the kinetic friction force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the resultant normal force, expressed mathematically as Fam 62) Here the constant of proportionality, u, is called the coefficient of kinetic friction. Typical values for py are approximately 25 percent smaller than. ‘those listed in Table 8-1 for 4, ‘As shown in Fig. $-2a, in this case, the resultant force at the surface of contact, R,, has a line of action defined by ¢y. This angle is referred to as the angle of kinetic friction, where am) mr sn By comparison, 6, =3.1 Canzactestsics oF Day FRICTION The above effects regarding friction can be summarized by referring to the graph in Fig. 8-3, which shows the variation of the frictional force F versus the applied load P. Here the frictional force is categorized in three different ways: © Pisa static frictional force if equilibrium is maintained, © Fisa limiting static frictional force F when it reaches a maximum value needed to maintain equilibrium. © Fis a kinetic frictional force F, when sliding occurs at the contacting surface. Notice also from the graph that for very large values of P or for high speeds, acrodynamic effects will cause Fy and likewise 4, to begin to decrease, Characteristics of Dry Friction. As aresult of experiments that pertain to the foregoing discussion, we can state the following rules which apply to bodies subjected to dry friction © The frictional force acts tangent to the contacting surfaces in a direction opposed to the motion or tendency for motion of one surface relative to another. © The maximum static frictional force F, that can be developed is independent of the area of contact, provided the normal pressure is not very low nor great enough to severely deform or crush the contacting surfaces of the bodies. © The maximum static frictional force is generally greater than the kinetic trictional force for any two surfaces of contact. However, if one of the bodies is moving with a very low velocity over the surface of another, F, becomes approximately equal to F,, Lc. 4, ~ Me © When slipping at the surface of contact is about fo occur, the ‘maximum static frictional force is proportional to the normal force, such that F, = y4,N. © When slipping at the surface of contact is occurring, the kinetic frictional force is proportional to the normal force, such that Fa aN, 5 A Nomotton Motion Fig. 83 393394 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION 8.2. Problems Involving Dry Friction Ifa rigid body is in equilibrium when it is subjected to a system of forces that includes the effect of friction, the force system must satisfy not only the equations of equilibrium but also the laws that govern the {frictional forces, Types of Friction Problems. In general, there are three types of mechanics problems involving dry fiction. They can easily be classified ‘once free-body diagrams are drawn and the total number of unknowns are identified and compared with the total number of available ‘equilibrium equations. No Apparent Impending Motion. Problems in this category are strietly equilibrium problems, which require the number of unknowns to Fig 8-4 bbe equal to the number of available equilibrium equations. Once the frictional forces are determined from the solution, however, their numerical values must be checked to be sure they satisfy the inequality F = j,N; otherwise, slipping will occur and the body will not remain in ‘equilibrium. A problem of this type is shown in Fig, 84a. Here we must determine the frictional forces at A and C to check if the equilibrium position of the two-member frame can be maintained, If the bars are uniform and have known weights of 100 N each, then the free-body diagrams are as shown in Fig 846, There are six unknown force components which can be determined strictly from the six equilibrium equations (three for cach member), Once Fa, Na Fo, and No are ‘determined, then the bars will remain in equilibrium provided Fy = 0.3 and Fe = 0.SNc are satisfied © x, Impending Motion at All Points of Contact. In this case the total number of unknowns will eal the total numberof available equilibrium equations plus the total number of available frictional equations. F = pN. When motion is impending at the points of contact, then F, = 1: a whereas ifthe body is slipping, then Fy = j4.N. For example, consider the | ee problem of finding the smallest angle 0 at which the 100-N bar in Fig. Sa can be placed against the wall without slipping, The free-body diagram is shown in Fig. 8-Sb, Here the five unknowns are determined from the three cquilibrium equations and fvo static frictional equations which apply at Fig 85 both points of contact so that Fy = O.3Ng and Fy = O:ANp,8.2. PRoauews INVOLVING Diy FaIctION, 395 Impending Motion at Some Points of Contact. Here the number B ‘of unknowns will be less than the number of available equilibrium ‘equations plus the number of available frictional equations or conditional equations for tipping. As a result, several possibilities for motion or i impending motion will exist and the problem will involve a determination of the kind of motion which actually occurs. For example, consider the . ‘two-member frame in Fig. $-6a. In this problem we wish to determine the man0d nee Os horizontal force P needed to cause movement. If each member has a ‘weight of 100 N, then the free-body diagrams are as shown in Fig. 8-6b. ® ‘There are seven unknowns. For a unique solution we must satisfy the six equilibrium equations (three for each member) and only one of two possible static frictional equations. This means that as P increases it will either cause slipping at A and no slipping at C, so that F, = 0.3N, and Fe 5 0.5N¢: or slipping occurs at C and no slipping at A, in which case Fe = 0.5Ne and F, = 0.3Ny, The actual situation can be determined by calculating P for each case and then choosing the case for which P is smaller. fin both cases the same value for P is calculated, which would be highly improbable, then slipping at both points occurs simultaneously; i.e. the seven unknowns would satisty eight equations. Consider pushing on the uniform erate that has @ weight W and sits on the rough surface. As shown on the frst free-body diagram, if the magnitude of P is small, the rate will remain in equilibrium. As P increases the crate will ether be om the verge of sipping ‘onthe surface (F = 4,N), oF ifthe surface is very rough (laege 4,) then the resultant normal force will shift tothe corner, x ~ b/2, ‘as shown on the second (ree-body diagram. At this point the crate will begin to tip over. The crate also has a greater chance of ‘upping if P is applied ata greater height h above the susface, a i is width bis smaller.396 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION Equilibrium Versus Frictional Equations. Whenever we solve a problem such as the one in Fig. 8-4, where the friction force F is to be an “equilibrium force” and satisfies the inequality F < j,.N, then we can assume the sense of direction of F on the free-body diagram, The correct sense is made known after solving the equations of equilibrium for F.1L F is a negative scalar the sense of F is the reverse of that which was assumed. This convenience of assuming the sense of Fis possible because the equilibrium equations equate to zero the components of vectors acting in the same direction. However, in cases where the frictional equation F = yn is used in the solution of a problem, as in the case shown in Fig. 6-5, then the convenience of assuming the sense of Fis lost, since the fictional equation relates only the magnitudes of two perpendicular vectors. Consequently, F must always be shown acting with its correct sense on the free-body diagram, whenever the frictional equation is used for the solution of a problem. The applied vertical foree Pon this oll j ‘must be large enough to overcome the ee CUED fesistanee of freton atthe contacting surfaces A and B in order to cause Equilibrium problems involving dry friction can be solved using the rotation, following procedure, Free-Body Diagrams. * Draw the necessary free-body diagrams, and unless itis stated in the problem that impending motion or slipping occurs, always show the frictional forces as unknowns (ie., do not assume F = WN). Determine the number of unknowns and compare this with the number of available equilibrium equations. If there are more unknowns than equations of equilibrium, it will be necessary to apply the frictional equation at some, if not al, points of contact to obtain the extra equations needed for a complete solution, I the equation F = 4 isto be used, it will be necessary to show F acting in the correct sense of direction on the free-body diagram, Equations of Equilibrium and Friction. ‘© Apply the equations of equilibrium and the necessary frictional equations (or conditional equations if tipping is possible) and solve for the unknowns, If the problem involves a three-dimensional force system such that it becomes difficult to obtain the force components or the necessary moment arms, apply the equations of equilibrium using Cartesian vectors8.2. PRoauews INVOLVING Diy FaIctION, 397 Baia ‘The uniform crate shown in Fig, 87a has a mass of 20 kg. Ifa force P = 80 Nis applied to the crate, determine if it remains in equilibrium. ‘The coefficient of static friction is 4, = 0.3. SOLUTION Free-Body Diagram. As shown in Fig. 7b, the resultant normal force Ne must act a distance x from the crate’s center line in order to counteract the tipping effect caused by P. There are three unknowns F,Ne, and x, which can be determined strictly from the three equations of equilibrium. Equations of Equilibrium. BSF, = 0; 80cos 30°N- F = 0 +1RR, = 0; -80sin30°N + No ~ 1962N= 0 G+EMo = 0; 80 sin 30° N(O.A m) ~ 80 cos 30° N02 m) + Nex) = 0 Solving, x = =0.00908 m = —9.08 mm ‘Since x is negative it indicates the resultant normal force acts (slightly) to the left of the crate’s center line. No tipping will occur since x < 0.4m. Also, the maximum frictional force which can be developed. at the surface of contact is Fux = HN ~ 0.32362 N) = 70.9, Since F = 69.3N < 70.9N, the crate will not slip, although it is very close to doing so. 19628 PLON 0dm—f osm] )398 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION It is observed that when the bed of the dump truck is raised to an angle of @ = 25° the vending machines will begin to slide off the bed, Fig. &-8a, Determine the static coetficient of friction between a vending machine and the surface of the truckbed. SOLUTION An idealized model of a vending machine resting on the truckbed is shown in Fig, 8-86. The dimensions have been measured and the center of gravity has been located, We will assume that the vending machine weighs W. Free-Body Diagram. As shown in Fig, 8, the dimension x is used. to locate the position of the resultant normal force N, There are four unknowns, N; F, 4, and x Equations of Equilibrium. NSE, = 0; Wsin25"- F =0 @ +7ER, = 0; NV ~ Weos 25° = 0 ® G+3Mo = 0; —Wsin 25°@.5 f) + Weos 25°) = 0 @ Since slipping impends at 0 = 25°, using Eqs 1 and 2, we have BN: Wsin 25° = pW cos 25°) 4, = tan 25° = 0.466 Ans. The angle of # = 25° is referred to as the angle of repose, and by comparison, it is equal to the angle of static friction, @ = 4,. Notice from the calculation that # is independent of the weight of the vending machine, and so knowing @ provides a convenient method for determining the coctficient of static friction, NOTE: From Eq. 3, we find x = 1.17 ft Since 1.17 < 15, indeed the vending machine will slip before it can tip as observed in Fig. 8 8a. Fig. 888.2. PRoauews INVOLVING Diy FaIctION, 399 EXAMPLE |/@13 ‘The uniform 10-kg ladder in Fig. §-9a rests against the smooth wall at B, and the end A rests on the rough horizontal plane for which the coefficient of static frietion is 4, = 0:3. Determine the angle of inclination @ of the ladder and the normal reaction at B if the ladder is, ‘on the verge of slipping, Ns 10081) 8 ‘s am 4m sine 4 A Ns @m) coe? Om core ® © Fig 89 SOLUTION Free-Body Diagram. As shown on the free-body diagram, Fig, 8-9, the frictional force F, must act to the right since impending motion at A is to the left Equations of Equilibrium and Friction. Since the ladder is on the verge of slipping, then F, = #.N = 0.3Ng. By inspection, N can be ‘obtained directly. 4128, = 0: = 1008)N = 0 Ny = 98.1 Using this result, F, = 0.3(98.1 N) = 29.43 N, Now Ng can be found, ASF, = 0; 29.43N — Ny = 0 Ny = 29.38 = 29.4 ‘Ans. Finally, the angle # can be determined by summing moments about point A GEM, = 0; (29.43. NYA my) sin ~ [10(9.81) NJ m) cos 6 = 0 siné SRE = land = 1.6667 @ = 59.04 = 59.0" Ans,400 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION Beam AB is subjected to a uniform load of 200 N/m and is supported at B by post BC, Fig, 810d, If the coefficients of static friction at B 200N/m and C are #y = 0.2 and pc = 0.5, determine the force P needed to pull the post out from under the beam, Neglect the weight of the (8 members and the thickness of the beam, Jos leas SOLUTION Free-Body Diagrams. ‘The free-body diagram of the beam is shown in Fig. 8-106, Applying 2M, = 0, we obtain Ng = 400N. This result is shown on the free-body diagram of the post, Fig, 8-10c, Referring to this member, the four unknowns Fy, P, Fo, and Ne ate determined from the three equations of equilibrium and one frictional equation applied either at B or C, Equations of Equilibrium and Friction. SBF, = 0; P- Fe Fi a +13F, = 0, Nc 400N = 0 @) 42M = 0; =P(0.25 m) + Fy(lm) = 0 @ (Post Slips at Band Rotates about C) This requires Fe = uoNcand Fa = Hees Fs = 0.2(400N) = 80N ‘Using this result and solving Eqs. 1 through 3, we obtain. P= 0N Fo = 240N Ne = 400N Since Fe = 240N > poNe = 0.5(400N) = 200N, slipping at C ‘occurs. Thus the other case of movement must be investigated. (Post Slips at C and Rotates about B) Here Fy = paNp and ad nat, Fem Hele Fe = 05Ne ® ae Solving Eqs 1 through 4 yeas ree P Ans. fe re Fe © Fy = 66.7 Fig. 8410 Obviously, this case occurs first since it requires a smaller value for P.8.2. PRoauews INVOLVING Diy FaIctION, 401 Sia BS Blocks A and B have a mass of 3 kg and 9 kg, respectively, and are connected to the weightless links shown in Fig, 8-114, Determine the largest vertical force P that can be applied at the pin C without causing any movement. The coefficient of static friction between the blocks and the contacting surfaces is 4, = 03 SOLUTION Free-Body Diagram. The links are two-force members and so the {ree-body diagrams of pin Cand blocks A and B are shown in Fig. 8-11b, Since the horizontal component of Fyc tends to move block A to the left, Fy must act tothe right. Similarly, Fp must act tothe left to oppose the tendency of motion of block B to the right, caused by Fyc. There are seven unknowns and six available force equilibrium equations, two for the pin and two for each block, so that only one frictional ‘equation is needed, Equations of Equilibrium and Friction. The force in links AC and ‘BC can be related to P by considering the equilibrium of pin C: Fycoos 30° P= 0; Bye = LASSE. L.1SSP sin 30° — Fyc = 0; Fyc = 0.ST14P Using the result for Fye, for block A, AXF,=0; Fy—1155Psin30° = 0; Fy = 0.S774P w s0a)N +13F, N,— LISSP e0s 30° ~ 30.81 N) = 0; 07 Fge~ L155P Ny = P+ 2943 @ Using the result for Fyc, for block B, > AYE, = 0; (OS774P) — Fy = 0; Fp = OSTT4P (3) | “ 41K, Ng - 99.81)N = 0; Ng = 88.29N Na Movement of the system may be caused by the initial slipping of either 9.81) N OSTI4P = 0.3(P + 29.43) P= 318N Ans, Ne Substituting this result into Eq, 3, we obtain Fy = 18,4N, Since oy the maximum static frictional force at B is FFa)ax = HNe 0.3(8829N) = 265N > Fp, block B will not slip. Thus, the above Fig SL assumption is correct, Notice that if the inequality were not satisfied, ‘we would have to assume slipping of block B and then solve for P. block A or block B. If we assume that block A slips first, then Fa = WNg = 0.3Nq (Fac 057A Substituting Eqs. 1 and 2 into Eq. 4, op402 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION Bowes lll problem solutions must include FRDs. FSA, If P= 200N, determine the friction developed between the 50-kg erate and the ground, The coefficient of slatic friction between the erate and the ground is u, = 03. Ae rea F82, Determine the minimum force P to prevent the 30-kg tod AB from sliding. The contact sustace at B is smooth, whereas the coefficient of static friction between the rod and the wall at A is u, = 0.2, fo wa 8-8, Determine the maximum force P that can be applied without causing the two S0-Kg crates to move.The coefficient of static friction between each crate and the ground is by = 028 0" FS-4, Il the coelficient of static friction at contact points A and Bis, = 03, determine the maximum force P that can be applied without causing the 100-Kg spool to move, 8-5. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied without causing movement of the 250-Ib crate that ‘has a center of gravity at G. The coeUficient of stati friction atthe Mlooris u, = 04, pr8.2. PRoauews INVOLVING Diy FaIctION, 403 8-6. Determine the minimum coefficient ofstaticfriction —_F8-8 between the uniform S0-kg spool and the wall so that the spool does not slip, If the coefficient of static friction at all contacting surfaces is p,, determine the inclination @ at which the identical blocks, each of weight W, begin to slide. FST. Blocks A,B, and C have weights of S0N,25N,and RL. Blocks A and & have a mass of 7 kg and 10 ke, 15 N, respectively. Determine the smallest horizontal force __tespectively.Using the coetficents of static friction indicated, P that will cause impending motion. The coctficient of determine the latgest force P which can be applied to the Stalic fiction between A and Bis u, = 0.3, between # and cord without causing motion, There are pulleys at C and D. C. w= 04, and between block C and the ground, 035,404 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION P rrosems All problem solutions must include FBDs. S41, The mine car and its contents have a total mass of 6 Mg and a center of gravity at G, I the coellicient of static friction between the wheels and the tracks is 4, = 0.4 when the wheels are locked, find the normal force acting on the front wheels at B and the rear wheels at A when the brakes at both A and B ate locked. Does the ear move? 82, Determine the maximum force P the connection can support so that no slipping occurs between the plates. There are four bolts used for the connection and each is tightened s0 that it is subjected to a tension of 4 KN, The coefficient of static friction between the plates is ,= 04. tip ly = Prob. 8-2 18-3. ‘The winch on the truck is used to hoist the garbage ‘bin onto the bed of the truck, Ifthe loaded bin has a weight ‘of $500 Ib and center of gravity at G, determine the force in ‘the cable needed to begin the lift. The coetficients of static fiction at A and B are py = 0.3 and pp = 0.2, respectively. [Neglect the height of the support at A. “BA, The tractor has a weight of 4500 Ib with center of| ravity at G."The driving traction is developed at the rear ‘wheels B, while the front wheels at A are free toro. Ifthe ‘coetfcient of static fiction between the wheels at B and the ground is 4, = 05, determine if itis possible to pull at P = 1200 Ib without causing the wheels at B to slip or the front wheels at A to liftoff the ground.8-5. ‘The ladder bas a uniform weight of 80 Ib and rests against the mooth wall at BI the cocilicient of static friction at A is zq = 04, determine if the ladder will sip. Take @ = 60° 8-6, The ladder bas uniform weight of 80 Ib and rests ‘against the wall at B. Ifthe coefficient of static friction at A. and Bis w = 04, determine the smallest angle @ at which the ladder will not slip. 8.2. PRoauews INVOLVING Diy FaIctION, 405 87. The block brake consists ofa pin-connected lever and {iction block at B. The coelfcient of sate friction between, the wheel and the lever is , = 03,and a torque of SN-m is applied to the wheel. Determine ifthe brake can hold the wheel stationary when the force applied to the lever is (a) P=30N,(b) P=T0N. 3x0 som: 200m 400 mm Prob. 8-7 “848. The block brake consists of a pin-connected lever land friction block at B, The coclficient of static fiction between the wheel and the leveris 4, = 0.3,and a torque of ‘5 N-mis applied to the wheel, Determine if the brake can hold the wheel stationary when the force applied to the lever is (a) P=30N, (6) P= 70N. 2 somm: 200mm 400 mm Prob. #8406 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION 88. The block brake is used to stop the wicel from rotating when the wheel is subjected to a couple moment Mo, Ifthe coelficient of static friction between the wheel and the block 1s Hn dotermine the smallest force P that should be applied 8410. Show that the brake in Prob. 8-9 is self-locking, ie, P 0, provided Ble = u, Probs. 89/10 BAL The block brake is used to stop the wheel from rolating when the wheels subjected to a couple moment My, I the coetfcient of static friction between the wheel and the block is j,, determine the smallest force P that should be applied. Prob. 11 "BAZ If a torque of M = 300 Nom is applied to the flywheel, determine the force that must be developed in the hydraulic eylinder CD to prevent the flywheel fzom rotating. “The coefficient of static fiction between the fiction pad at B and the flywheel is 4, = 04 8-18. The cam is subjected to a couple moment of 5 N-m_ Determine the minimum force P that should be applied to the follower in order to hold the cam in the position shown, the ‘ent of static friction between the eam and the follower (0.4, The guide at A is smooth. 10mm a Prob. $138-14 Determine the maximum weight W the man can lift with constant velocity using the pulley system, without and ‘then withthe “leading block” or pulley at A. The man has a Weight of 200 Ib and the coelticient of static friction between his feet and the ground is 4, ~ 0.6 ® © Prob. $14 8-15. The car has a mass of 16 Mg and center of mass at G. If the coelficient of static frietion between the shoulder of the road and the tires is 4, = 0.4, determine the greatest slope 0 the shoulder can have without causing the car to slip or tip over if the car travels along the shoulder at constant velocity Prob. $15 *816, The uniform dresser has a weight of 90 Ib and rests ‘ona tile floor for which u, = 0.25. If the man pushes on it in the horizontal direction # = 0”, determine the smallest magnitude of force F needed to move the dester. Also, if the man has a weight of 150 Ib, determine the smallest coetficient of static friction between his shoes and the floor so that he does not slip. 8.2. Proaews INvoLNe Dry Friction 407 8.17. The uniform dresser has a weight of 90 Ib and rests cna tile floor for which 4, = 0.25. I the man pushes on it in the direction 9 = 30°, determine the smallest magnitude of force F needed to move the dresser. Als, ifthe man bas ‘a weight of 150 Ib, determine the smallest coefficient of static friction between his shoes and the floor so that he does not sip. Probs. 816117 BAB. The S-kg cylinder is suspended from two equal- length cords. The end of each cord is attached to a ring of negligible mass that pastes along a horizontal shaft If the rings can be separated by the greatest distance d = 400 mm and still support the cylinder, determine the coefficient of satic friction between each ring and the shall 8-49, The S-kg cylinder is suspended from two equal length cords. The end of each cord is attached to a ring of negligible mass that pastes along a horizontal shalt. I the coetlicient of static friction between each ring and the shaft is, = 05, determine the greatest distance d by which the rings can be separated and still support the cylinder. 600 me Zoos Probs, 8-18/19408 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION "8-20. ‘The board can be adjusted vertically by tiling it up and sliding the smooth pin A along the vertical guide G. When placed horizontally, the bottom C then bears along, the edge of the guide, where 4, = 04. Determine the largest dimension d which will support any applied force F without causing the board to sip downward. 8-22. If the clamping force is F’= 200 N and each board has a mass of 2 kg, determine the maximum number of boards the clamp can support. The coefficient of static friction between the boards is #, = 0.3, and the coeflicient| of static friction between the boards and the clamp is wy = 045, 8-21. The vniform pole has a weight W and length L. Its end B is tied to a supporting cord, and end A is placed ‘against the wall, for which the coelficient of staie rietion is w,, Determine the largest angle 9 at which the pole can be placed without sipping, Prob. 8-21 rab, 8-22 8-23. A 35-ke disk rests on an inclined surface for which 4, = 02. Determine the maximum vertical force P that may be applied to bar AB without causing the disk to slip at C. Neglect the mass of the bar.*$-24, The man has a weight of 200 Ib, and the coefficient ‘of sialic fiction between his shoes and the floor is u, = 0: Determine where he should position his center of gravity G ‘at din order to exert the maximum horizontal force on the door, What is this force? a4 Prob, $-24 8.28. The crate has a weight of W = 150 Ib, and the coellicients of static and kinetic friction are s4, = 0.3 and 4c = 0.2, respectively: Determine the friction force on the floor if @ = 30° and P=200 Ib, 8-26, The crate has a weight of W = 350 Ib, and the coetficients of static and kinetic friction are j4, = 0.3 and be = 02, respectively, Determine the friction force on the floor if = 45° and P= 100 Ib. 8.27, The crate has a weight Wand the coefficient of static friction at the surface is, = 03. Determine the frientation of the cord and the smallest possible force P ‘that has to be applied to the cord so that the erate ison the verge of moving. 8.2. PRoauews INVOLVING Diy FaIctION, 409 +828. Ifthe coefficient of static friction between the man’s shoes and the pole is 4, = 0.6, determine the minimum coellicient of static friction requited between the belt and the pole at A in order to support the man.‘The man has a ‘weight of 180 Ib and a center of gravity at G. oink Oo Prob. 8-28 £29, The friction paws pinned at A and rests against the Wheel at BItallows freedom of movement when the whe is rotating counterclockwise about C. Clockwise rotation is prevented dv to friction of the pawl which tends to bind the whecl It (1,)p = 06, determine the design angle # which will prevent clockwise motion for any value of $pplied moment M. Hine Neglect the weight ofthe pawl 0 that ithecomes a twovorce member410 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION 8-80, If @ = 30°, determine the minimum coefficient of slatic friction at A and B so that equilibrium of the supporting fame is maintained regardless of the mast of the cylinder C, Neglect the mass of the rods. B31 It the coellicient of static friction at A and B ie bu, = 09, determine the maximum angle ¢ so that the frame remains in equilibrium. regardless of the mass of the cylinder. Neglect the mass of the rods. Probs. 830/31 8.32, The semicylinder of mass m and radius 7 ies on. the rough inclined plane for which 6 = 10° and the coefficient of static friction is 4, = 0.3. Determine ifthe semicylinder slides down the plane, and if not, find the angle of tip 9 ofits base AB. 8.83, The semicylinder of mass m and radius r lies on the rough inclined plane, Ifthe inclination ¢ = 15°, determine the smallest coefficient of static friction which will prevent the semicylinder from slipping. By © Probs. 832/33 8-44. ‘The coefficient of static friction between the 150-kg, ‘rate and the ground is jz, = 0.3, while the coctficient of static friction between the 80-kg man’s shoes and the ground is) = 04, Determine if the man can move the erate $35. Ifthe coctlicient of stati friction between the crate and the ground in Prob. 8-34 is #, = 03, determine the ‘minimum coefficient of static friction between the man's shoes and the ground s0 that the man can move the crate, Probs. 83435 "8-36, The rod has a weight W and rests against the floor and wall for which the coetlicients of static friction are ia and yp, respectively: Determine the smallest value of 0 for which the rod will not move, Prob. 8-368.37. The 80-1 boy stands on the beam and pulls on the ccord with a force large enough to just eause him to sip. If (uy)o = 0-4 between his shoes and the beam, determine the reaetions at A and B., The beam is uniform and has a weight ‘of 100, Neglect the size ofthe pulleys and the thickness of the beam. $88. The 80:1b boy stands on the beam and pulls with a force of 40 Ib. If (4) = 0.4, determine the frictional force ‘between his shoes and the beam and the reactions at A and B. “The beam is uniform and has a weight of 100 Ib, Neglect the size ofthe pulleys and the thickness of the beam. Lise Lh se Ta Probs, 8-87138 8-39. Determine the smallest force the man must exert on| the rope in order to move the 80-kg crate, Also, what ie the angle # at this moment? The coelficient of static friction between the erate and the floor is 4, = 03. Prob. $39 8.2. Proaews INvoLNe Dry Friction ant *8-40, Two blocks A and B have a weight of 10h and 6b respectively. They are resting on the incline for which the coefficients of static friction are jzq = 0.15 and yp = 0.25. Determine the incline angle 0 for which both blocks begin to slide, Also find the required stretch oF compression in. the connecting spring for this to occur. The spring has a stilfness of k = 21h/ SAL Two blocks A and B have a weight of 10Ib and 6 I, respectively. They are resting on the incline for which the coetficients of static friction are yzq = 0.15 and 4p = 0.25. Determine the angle which will cause motion of one of the blocks. What is the frition force under each of the blocks when this occurs? The spring has a stiliness of k= 2 lb/ft and is originally unstretched Probs. 840/81 842. The friction hook is made from a fixed frame and & cylinder of negligible weight. A piece of paper i placed between the wall and the cylinder, I'0 = 20°, determine the smallest coefficient of stati fiction at all points of eontact so that any weight W of paper pcan be hed,412 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION 8-43. The uniform rod has a mass of 10 kg and rests on the inside of the smooth ring at F and on the ground at A. [the rod is on the verge of sipping, determine the coefficient of static friction between the rod and the ground, "844, The rings A and C each weigh W and rest on the rod, which has a coefficient of static friction of If the suspended ring at B has a weight of 2W, determine the largest distance d between A and C so that no motion ‘occurs. Neglect the weight of the wite. The wire is smooth and has a total length of 8-48. The three bars have a weight of Wy = 201b, Ws = 40 lb, and We = 60 Ib, respectively. Ifthe coefficients of static friction at the surfaces of contact are as shown, determine the smallest horizontal force P needed to move block A. Prob, 845 8-46. ‘The beam AB has a negligible mass and thickness and is subjected to a triangular distributed loading, It is “supported at one end by a pin and at the other end by a post having a mass of 50 kg and negligible thickness. Determine the minimum force P needed to move the post. The coefficients of static friction at B and C are py = 0.4 and be = 02, respectively. 8-47. The beam AB has a negligible mass and thickness and is subjected to a triangular distributed loading. It is supported at one end by a pin and at the other end by a post having a mass of 50 kg and negligible thickness. Determine the two coefficients of static friction at B and at C so that when the magnitude of the applied force is increased to P= 1SON, the post sips at both B and C simultaneously Prob. #44 Probs. 846/47°$-48. The beam AB has a negligible mass and thickness and is subjected to a force of 200 N. It is supported at one ‘end by a pin and at the other end by a spool having a mass ‘of 40 kg. If eable is wrapped around the inner core of the spool, determine the minimum cable force P needed to ‘move the spool. The coefficients of static friction at B and D are jg = O4 and wy = 02, respectively 200 Prob. 8-48, 8-49. If each box weight 150 Ib, determine the least horizontal force P that the man must exest on the top boxin ‘order to cause motion, The coefficient of static friction between the boxes is u, = 055, and the coeificient of static Isiction between the box and the floor is 4) = 0.2. 8-50. If each box weight 150 Ib, determine the least horizontal force P that the man must exert on the top box in ‘order to cause motion. The cocificient of static friction between the boxes is 4, ~ 0.65, and the coefficient of static Iiction between the box and the floor is w= 0.35. i 8.2. PRoauews INVOLVING Diy FaIctION, 413 S51. The block of weight W is being pulled up the inclined plane of slope a using a force P. If P acts at the angle gas shown, show that for slipping to occur, P= Wein(a ~ 0)/eos(# — 0), where 0 is the angle of friction: 8 = an" $52 Determine the angle ¢ at which P shotld act on the block so that the magnitude of Pis as small as possible to begin pulling the block up the incline. What is the corresponding value of The block weighs W and the slope ais known, Probs. 8-SUS2 853, The wheel weighs 20 Ib and rests on a surface for Which zg ~ 0.2. A cord wrapped around it is attached to the top of the 30-b homogeneous block. If the coefficient of static friction at D is up = 03, determine the smallest vertical fozce that can be applied tangentially to the wheel Which will cause motion to impend. Prob. 8-53a4 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION 8-54, The uniform beam has a weight W and length 4a. It rests on the fixed rails at A and B. If the coetfcient of static fiction at the rails isu, determine the horizontal force P, applied perpendicular to the face of the beam, which will cause the beam to move. Prob. $54 8-85, Determine the greatest angle # so that the ladder ,). 1 the screw is not selt-locking, itis necessary to apply a moment M’ to prevent the screw from winding downward. Here, a horizontal force M’/r is required to push against the thread to prevent it from sliding down the plane, Fig. 8-16c, Using the same procedure as before, the magnitude of the moment M’ required to prevent this unwinding is M’ = Wan ~ 4) (4) Downward Impending Motion, (, > 0). If a screw is sell locking, a couple moment M" must be applied tothe serew in the opposite direction to wind the screw downward (g, > 6). This causes a reverse horizontal force M"/r that pushes the thread down as indicated in Fig. 8-16d. In this case, we obtain M" = Wun, ~ 9) (8-5) If motion of the screw occuts, Eqs. $3, 84, and 8-5 can be applied by simply replacing ¢, with oy, w vr Mir \ & Ps ‘ bo Upwand screw motion Selelocking screw (6 = #4) (on the vege of rotating dowaward) O) © Rho Downward screw motion (8 <4) @ Fig. 8.16420 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION its ‘The turnbuckle shown in Fig. 8-17 has a square thread with a mean radius of S mm and a lead of 2 mm. Ifthe coefficient of static friction between the screw and the turnbuckle is , = 0.25, determine the moment M that must be applied to draw the end screws closer together, SOLUTION The moment can be obtained by applying Eq. 8-3. Since friction at two screws must be overcome, this requires 2k Fig. 817 M = 2rWian@ + 41 a Here W = 2000, ¢, = tan“, = tan1(0.25) = 1408", r = 5mm, and 9 = tan™"(1/2mrr) = tan'(2 mm/[2m(5 mm)]) = 3.64". Substi- tuting these values into Eq. 1 and solving gives ‘M = 2{(2000 N)(S mam) tan(14.04" + 3.64°)] 6374.7 N-mm = 6.37N-m Ans. NOTE: When the moment is removed, the tumbuckle will be self-locking; ic. it will not unscrew since 4, > 6.8.4 Frictional Foaces oN Screws 421 P rrosems 8-58 Determine the largest angle @ that will cause the ‘wedge to be self-locking regardless of the magnitude of horizontal force P applied to the blocks. The coetlcient of static friction between the wedge and the blocks is #, = 0.3. Neglect the weight of the wedge. Prob. $58, 8-59. Ifthe beam AD is loaded as shown, determine the horizontal force P which must be applied to the wedge in ‘order to remove it from under the bear. The coellicieats of sate friction at the wedge’s top and bottom surfaces are Hes = 0125 and pcy = 0.35, respectively If P = 0, is the ‘wedge selClocking? Neglect the weight and size of the ‘wedge and the thickness of the bear, iam +8460, The wedge has a negligible weight and a coefficient of static friction z, = 0.35 with all contacting surfaces Determine the largest angle 0 so that itis “self-locking” “This requires no slipping for any magnitude of the force P| applied to the joint. Prob. 8-60 8-461. Ifthe spring is compressed 60 mm and the coefficient of static frition between the tapered stub Sand the slider A. is wz, = 0.5, determine the horizontal force P needed to ‘move the slider forward. The stub is free to move without friction within the fixed collar C. The coefficient of static friction between A and surface B is ay = 0.4, Neglect the ‘weights of the slider and stub. k= 300 jm # Prob. 8-61 8462. If P = 250 N, determine the required minimum ‘compression inthe spring zo that the wedge will not move to the tight. Neglect the weight of A and B. The coefficient of stati friction forall contacting surfaces is, = 0.35, Neglect friction atthe rollers. 8-63. Determine the minimum applied force P requited to move wedge A to the right. The spring is compressed a distance of 175 mam, Neglect the weight of A and B. The coelficient of static friction for all contacting surfaces is (035, Neglect friction atthe rollers. k= 15k jn — Probs. 8-62/63,422 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION +8464. Determine the largest weight ofthe wedge that can be placed between the &Ib eylinder and the wall without ‘upsetting equilibrium. The coellicient of static friction at A. and Cis 4, * Prob. 8-64 868. The coeiticient of static friction between wedges B and Cis u, = 0.6 and between the surfaces of contact B and Aand Cand Dp; = 0.4 Ithe spring is compressed 200 mm ‘when in the positon shown, determine the smallest force P| needed to move wedge C to the left, Neglect the weight of the wedges, 866, The coefficient of static friction between the wedges Band Cis u, = 06 and between the surfaces of contact B and A and C and D, w= 0.4. If P = SON, determine the mallest allowable compression of the spring without causing wedge C to move to the left, Neglect the weight of the wedges, 500m 1 Alp e D robs. 8-65166 867. Ifcouple forces of F= 101b are applied perpendicular tothe lever of the clamp at A and B, determine the clamping. force on the boards. The single square-threaded screw of the clamp has a mean diameter of 1 in, and a lead of 0.25 ia, ‘The coefficient of static friction is w, = 03. "8-68. If the clamping force on the boards is 600 Ib, determine the required magnitude of the couple forces that must be applied perpendicular to the lever AB of the clamp at A and B in order to loosen the screw. The single square threaded screw has a mean diameter of 1 in. and a lead of| (05 in, The coellicient of static friction is 4, = 0.3. sina p i Probs. 861168 8469. The column is used to support the upper floor. Ifa force F = 80 N is applied perpendicular to the handle to tighten the screw, determine the compressive force in the ‘column. The squate-threaded screw on the jack bat a coeificient of stati friction of yz, = 0.4, mean diameter of 25 mm, and a lead of 3 mm, 8-70, the force Fis removed fom the handle of the jack in Prob. 8-69, determine ifthe screw is sel-locking. Probe. 8-69/70 STL If the clamping force at G is 900 N, determine the horizontal force F that must be applied perpendicular tothe handle of the lever at £. The mean diameter and lead of both single square-threaded screws at C and D are 25 mm and 5 mm, respectively: The coelficient of static friction is a, = 08.*8-72. If a horizontal force of F = $0 N is applied perpendicular to the handle of the lever at E, determine the ‘clamping force developed at G. Tae mean diameter and lead ‘of the single square-threaded screw at Cand D are 25 mm and 5mm, respectively The coeticent of stati friction is, = 0.3, a "Sam Probs. 871/72 8-73. A tumbuckle, similar to that shown in Fig. $17, is ‘used to tension member AB of the truss. The coetfcient of the static friction between the square threaded serews and the turnbuckle is z, = 0.5. The screws have a mean radius ‘of 6 min and a lead of 3 mun, Ifa torque of M = 10N-mis applied to the turnbuckle, to draw the screws closer together, determine the force in each member of the truss. [No external forces act on the truss, 8-74. A tumbuckle, similar to that shown in Fig. $17, is, used to tension member AB of the truss. The coefficient of the static friction between the square-threaded serews and the turnbuckle is 4, = 0.5. The screws have a mean radius ‘o{6mm and a lead of 3 mm. Determine the torque M which ‘must be applied to the turnbuckle to draw the screws closer together so thal the compressive force of SOON is developed in member BC. 8.4 Frictional Foaces oN Screws 423 8-75. The shaft has a square-threaded screw with alead of mm and a mean radius of 15 mm, If iis in contact with a plate gear having a mean radius of 30 mm, determine the resisting torque M on the plate gear which can be overcome if a torque of 7 N-m is applied to the shalt The coefficient of static fiction atthe screw is ws = 02. Neglect friction of the bearings located at A and B. sam Prob. 8-75 *8-16, The square-threaded screw has a mean diameter ‘£20: mm and a lead of 4 mm. If the weight of the plate A. is 5 Ib, determine the smallest coefficient of static friction between the screw and the plate so that the plate does not travel down the screw when the plate is suspended as shown, Prob. 8-76424 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION 8-77. The fixture clamp consist of a square-threaded screw having a coellicient of static fiction of 1, = 03 mean diameter of 3 mi, and a lead of 1 mm. The five points indicated axe pin connections. Determine the clamping force at the smooth blocks D and E when a torque of -M = 0.08 N-mis applied to the handle of the screw. 4omm, Prob. $77 8-78, The braking mechanism consists of two pinned arms and a squaresthreaded screw with left- and right-hand threads. Thus when turned, the screw draws the two arms together. ICthe lead ofthe screw is 4 mm, the mean diameter 12mm, and the coefficient of static friction is 4, = 0.35 determine the tension in the screw when a torque of SN-mt is applied to tighten the screw. Ifthe coefficient of static fiction between the brake pads A and B and the circular shaft is w) = 0.5, determine the maximum toxque M the brake can resist 8479. If a horizontal force of P = 100 N is applied perpendicular to the handle of the lever at A, determine the compressive force F exerted on the material. Each single square-threaded screw has a mean diameter of 5 mm and a| lead of 75 mm, The coefficient of static friction at all contacting surfaces of the wedges is 4, = 0.2, and the coelficient of stale friction at the screw is = 0.15 "880. Determine the horizontal force P that must be applied perpendicular tothe handle ofthe lever at A in order to develop a compressive force of 12 KN on the material, Each single square-threaded screw has a mean diameter of 25 mm and a lead of 75 mm, The coefficient of static friction at all contacting surfaces of the wedges is z, = 0.2, and the coelficient of static fiction atthe terew is = 0.15 robs. 879/80 8-81. Determine the clamping force on the board A if the screw of the “C” clamp is lightened with a vwist of (M = §Nem, The single squate-threaded screw has a mean radius of 10 mm, a lead of 3 mm, and the coefficient of static friction is u, = 0.35 8-82, IE the required clamping force at the board A is to be SON, determine the torque M that must be applied to the handle of the “C" clamp to tighten it down. The single square-threaded serew has a mean radius of 10 mm, a lead fof 3 mm, and the coefcient of satie friction is u, = 0.35. Probs. 8-882BS Faicrional Forces on FLar BEL's 425 8.5 Frictional Forces on Flat Belts Whenever belt drives or band brakes are designed, it is necessary to determine the frictional forces developed between the belt and its contacting surface. In this section we will analyze the frictional forces, acting on a flat belt, although the analysis of other types of belts, such as he V-belt, is based on similar principles. Consider the flat belt shown in Fig. 8-184, which passes over a fixed curved surface. The total angle of belt to surface contact in radians is B, and the coefficient of friction between the two surfaces is 4. We wish to determine the tension 7; in the belt, which is needed to pull the belt counterclockwise over the surface, and thereby overcome both the frictional forces at the surface of contact and the tension 7; in the other ‘end of the belt, Obviously, 7, > Ty, Frictional Analysis. A free-body diagram of the belt segment in contact with the surface is shown in Fig. 8-18.As shown, the normal and fictional forces, acting at different points along the belt, will vary both in magnitude and direction. Due to this unknown distribution, the analysis of the problem will first requite a study of the forces acting on a differential element of the belt. A free-body diagram of an element having a length ds is shown in Fig. §-18c. Assuming cither impending motion or motion of the belt, the magnitude ofthe frictional force dF = dN. This force opposes the sliding motion of the belt, and so it will increase the magnitude of the tensile force acting in the belt by 47. Applying the two force equations of equilibrium, we have reo) ban (04 an) co( 4) = av = (T+ ar) so(2) - rn 2) Since dé is of infinitesimal size, sin(d0/2) = d0/2 and cos(de/2) = 1 Also, the product of the two infinitesimal dT and d0/2 may be neglected. when compared to infinitesimals of the first order. AS a result, these two ‘equations become NIK = 47RK, aN = dT and aN =Td0 Eliminating dv yields ar aed “Motion or impending ‘tion of belt relate osurace © Fig. 818426 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION Flat or V-belt are often used to transmit the torque developed by a motor to @ ‘wheel attached to pump, fan or blower ‘Motion or impending motion of belt relative tosurface © Fig. $18 (Repeated) Integrating this equation between all the points of contact that the belt, makes with the drum, and noting that 7 = T, at 0 = 0 and T= T, at 0 = B yields nln Ing = HB Solving for 7, we obtain 1 TeF 66) where Ty, T, = belt tensions; 7; opposes the direction of motion (or impending motion) of the belt measured relative to the surface, while 7) acts in the direction of the relative belt motion (or impending motion); because of friction, T>T, i = coefficient of static or kinetic friction between the belt and the surface of contact B = angle of belt to surface contact, measured in radians ¢ = 2.718... , base of the natural logarithm Note that 7) is independent of the radius of the drum, and instead it is a function of the angle of belt to surface contact, B. As a result, this ‘equation is valid for flat belts passing over any curved contacting surface.85. FRICTIONAL Forces ON Fla Betis 427 Sits Ee) ‘The maximum tension that can be developed in the cord shown in Fig.8-19a is SOON. Ifthe pulley at A is free to rotate and the coefficient of static friction at the fixed drums B and C is 4, = 0.25, determine the largest mass of the cylinder that can be lifted by the cord. > a a, ure © SOLUTION Lifting the cylinder, which has a weight W = mg, causes the cord to move counterclockwise over the drums at B and C; hence, the maximum tension 7; in the cord occurs at D. Thus, F = T, = S00N.A section of the cord passing over the drum at B is shown in Fig. 8-196. Since 180° = 7 rad the angle of contact between the drum and the cord is = (135°/180")r = 3/4 rad, Using Eq, 8-6, we have T= Te; 500 N = Te02510/1 Hence, S00N__ SOON PaweM ~ 180 a 2714N Since the pulley at A is free to rotate, equilibrium requires that the tension in the cord remains the same on both sides of the pulley. ‘The section of the cord passing over the drum at C is shown in Fig. 8-19¢, The weight W < 277.4 N. Why? Applying Eq. 8-6, we obtain T= Tye TAN = WeosIO/ W= 1539N so that W_ 193.9N g 981 m/s? = 15.7kg Ans Impending motion y us FS 1 500 8 w Impending 4 ae . aman Wome o Fig. 8.19428 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION P rrosems $83. A cylinder having a mass of250 kis to be supported by the cord that wraps over the pipe. Determine the smallest vertical force F needed to support the load ifthe cord passes (a) once over the pipe, # = 180", and (b) two times over the Pipe, 8 = S40" Take p, = 0.2. “884. A cylinder having a mass of 250 kg is to be supported by the cord that wraps over the pipe. Determine the largest vertical force F that can be applied to the cord without moving the cylinder. The cord passes (a) once over the pipe, 6 = 180°, and (b) two times over the pipe, B = S40", Take, = 02. Probs. 8-8/4 8-85, A “hawser" is wrapped around a fixed “capstan” to secure a ship for docking. Ifthe tension in the rope, caused, by the ship, is 1500 Tb, determine the least number of complete turns the rope must be rapped around the capstan in order to prevent slipping of the rope. The greatest horizontal force that a longshoreman can exert on the rope 1s 50 Ib, The coefficient of static friction is 4, = 03. = sow 150015 Prob. $85 8.86. A force of P 25 Nis just suicient to prevent the 20-kg eylinder from descending, Determine the required force P to begin lifting the cylinder. The rope passes over a rough peg with two and half turns Prob. 8-86 S87. The 20-kg cylinder A and S0ckg cylinder B are ‘connected together using a rope that passes around a rough ‘peg two and a half turns IC the cylinders are on the verge of ‘moving, determine the coelficient of static fiction between the rope and the pes. Prob. $87*888, Determine the maximum and the minimum values ‘of weight W which may be applied without causing the 50-15 block to slip. The coedficient of static friction between the ‘block and the plane is , = 0.2, and between the rope and Prob. 8-88, 8-89. The truck, which has a mass of 3.4 Mg, is to be lowered down the slope by a rope that is wrapped around a tree, Ifthe wheels are free to roll and the man at A can resist a pull of 300 N, determine the miniasum number of turns the rope shotld be wrapped around the tree to lower the truck at a constant speed. The coefficient of kinetic Iiction between the tzee and rope is 4, ~ 0.3. Prob, 8-89 BS Faicrional Forces on FLar BEL's 429 890. The smooth beam is being hoisted using a rope that is wrapped around the beam and pastes through a ring at A, as shown, Ifthe end of the rope is subjected to a tension T ‘and the coefficient of stati friction between the rope and ring is #, = 0.3, determine the smallest angle of 9 for equilibrium. ra Prob, 8-90 891, The uniform concrete pipe has a weight of 800 Ib fand is unloaded slowly from the truck bed using the rope and skids shown, If the coefficient of kinetic friction bbetween the rope and pipe is 4; = 0.3, determine the force the worker must exert on the rope to lower the pipe at constant speed. There isa pulley at B, and the pipe does not slip on the skids. The lower portion of the rope is parallel to the skids Prob. 8-91430 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION “892, The simple band brake is constructed so that the tends of the Siction strap are connected to the pin at A and the lever arm at B. Ifthe wheel is subjected to a torque of Mf S0Tb ft, and the minimum force P = 20 Ibis needed to apply tothe lever to hold the whee! stationary, determine the coellicient of stati fiction between the wheel and the band, 8-93. The simple band brake is constructed so that the ends fof the friction strap are connected tothe pin at A and the lever arm at Ifthe wheel is subjected to.a torque of Mf = 80 Ib ft, determine the smallest force P applied to the lever that is required to hold the wheel stationary The coefficient of static friction between the strap and wheel is , = 0.5, Probs. 892/93 $94. A minimum force of P = 50 Ib is required to hold the cylinder from slipping against the belt and the wall, Determine the weight of the cylinder if the coefficient of fiction between the belt and cylinder isp, = 03 and slipping does not occur at the wall. 8-95, The cylindes weighs 10 Ib and is held in equilibrium, by the belt and wall. If slipping does not oecur at the wall, determine the minimum vertical force P which must be applied to the belt for equilibrium. The coefficient of static fiction between the belt and the cylinder is u, = 0.25. Probs. 894/95 "8-96. A cord having a weight of 0.5 Ib/ft and a total length of 10 fis suspended over a peg P ax shown. If the ‘coefficient of stati friction between the peg and cord is , = 05, determine the longest length h which one side of the suspended cord can have without causing motion. [Neglect the size of the peg and the length of cord draped over it Prob. 8-96 8.97. Determine the smallest force P required to lift the 40-kg crate. The coetficient of static friction between the ‘cable and each peg is, = 0.1, bp Prob. 8-978-98. Show that the frictional relationship between the belt tensions, the cvelficient of friction w, and the angular contacts a and 6 for the V-belt is 7; = Tyersime, np n Prob. 8-98, 8.99. Ifa force of P = 200N is applied to the handle of the bell crank, determine the maximum torque M that ‘ean be resisted so that the flywheel does not rotate clockwise. The coefficient of static friction between the brake band and the rim of the wheel is p, = 033 300 men Prob. 8-99) 85. FRICTIONAL Forces ON Fla Betis 431 *8-100. A 10-kg cylinder D, which is attached to a small pulley B, is placed on the cord as shown. Determine the largest angle 0 so that the cord does not slip over the peg at C. The cylinder at E also has a mass of 10 kg, and the coerficient of static friction between the cord and the peg, isu, = 0.1 S401 A V-belt is used to connect the hub A of the motor to wheel B. Ifthe belt can withstand a maximum tension of 1200 N, determine the largest mass of eylinder C that can be lifted and the corresponding torque M that must be supplied to A, The coefficient of static friction between the hulb and the belt is, = 0.3, and between the wheel and the belt is 1) = 0.20. Hint See Prob. 8-98,432 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION 8-102. The 20-kg motor has a center of gravity at G and is pin-connected at C to maintain a tension in the drive belt, Determine the smallest counterclockwise twist or torque M. that must be supplied by the motor to turn the disk # if wheel A locks and causes the belt to sip over the disk. No slipping occurs at A. The coefficient of static friction bbotween the belt and the disk is, 100 mm Prob. 8-102 $4103, Blocks A and B have a mass of 100 kg and 150 ke, respectively If the coefficient of static friction between A and Band between B and Cis 4, = 0.25 and between the ropes and the pegs D and E p', = 0.5 determine the smallest force F neoded to cause motion of block B if P ~ 30. Prob. 8-103 "$104, Determine the minimum coelficient of static friction by, between the cable and the peg and the placement d of the 3-KN force forthe uniform 100-kg beam to maintain equibrium, 84405. A conveyer belt is used to transfer granular material fand the frictional resistance on the top of the bell ie F = SOON. Determine the smallest stretch of the spring attached tothe moveable axle of the idle pulley B so thatthe belt does not slip at the drive pulley A when the torque M_ is applied. Whal minimum torque Mis required to keep the ‘belt moving? The coefficient of static friction between the belt and the wheel at A is 4, = 0.2 84106. The belt on the portable dryer wraps around the drum D, idler pulley A, and motor pulley B. If the motor can develop a maximum torque of Mf = 080N-m, determine the smallest spring tension required to hold the ‘belt from slipping. The coefficient of static fiction between the belt and the drum and motor pulley is , — 03 Prob. 8-1068.6 FRICTIONAL Foaces ON COLLAs BEARINGS, POT BEARINGS, AND DISKS *8.6 Frictional Forces on Collar Bearings, Pivot Bearings, and Disks Pivot and collar bearings are commonly used in machines to support an axial load on a rotating shatt. Typical examples are shown in Fig. 8-20. Provided these bearings are not lubricated, or are only partially lubricated, the laws of dry friction may be applied to determine the moment needed to turn the shaft when it supports an axial force. Pr clw Pivot bearing & @ & Collar bearing 0 Fig. $20 Frictional Analysis. The collar bearing on the shaft shown in Fig, 8-21. is subjected to an axial force P and has a total bearing or contact area (R} ~ R)) Provided the beating is new and evenly supported, then the normal pressure p on the bearing will be uniformly disiibuted over this axea. Since ZF, = 0, then p, measured as a force per unit area, is P= P/m(Ri ~ Ri). ‘The moment needed to cause impending rotation of the shaft can be determined from moment equilibrium about the z axis A differential area element dA = (7 d0)(dr, shown in Fig. 8-21 is subjected to both a normal force dN = p dA and an associated frictional force, ae. (Ri ~ Ri) GF = y,dN = yp dA = on Fig. 8:21 433434 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION The moter that turns the disk of thie sanding machine develope a torque that ust overcome the acting on the disk sional forces Fig. 8-21 (Repeated) The normal force does not create a moment about the z axis of the shaft; however, the frictional force does; namely, dM = r dF. Integration is needed to compute the applied moment M needed to overcome all the fictional forces. Therefore, for impending rotational motion, Substituting for dF and dA and integrating over the entire bearing area vyields whl EM, (8-7) ‘The moment developed at the end of the shaft, when it is rotating at constant speed, can be found by substituting 1, for 4, in Eq. 8-7. In the case of a pivot bearing, Fig, 8-20a, then R; = Rand R; = 0, and Eq, 8-7 reduces to wa2upe os Remember that Eqs. $7 and 8-8 apply only for bearing surfaces subjected to constant pressure. If the pressure is not uniform, a variation of the pressure as a function of the bearing area must be determined before integrating to obtain the moment. The following example illustrates this concept.8.6 FRICTIONAL Foaces ON COLLAs BEARINGS, POT BEARINGS, AND DISKS 435 Sia ‘The uniform bar shown in Fig. 8-220 has a weight of 4 Ib. If itis z Beers Reiter pesca neta een keto eta | varies linearly along the length of the bar as shown, determine the couple moment M required to rotate the bar. Assume that the bar's db ‘width is negligible in comparison to its length. The coefficient of static friction is equal to , = 03. SOLUTION A Iree-body diagram of the bar is shown in Fig. 8-226, The intensity vw of the distributed Toad at the center (x = 0) is determined from 755 > vertical force equilibrium, Fig. 8-222. xp w=) +12 ws+2]2(28)no]=0 so = 20/1 Since w = 0 at x = 2ff, the distributed load expressed as a function of xis w emjn(t -4) aox ‘The magnitude of the normal force acting on a differential segment of area having a length xis therefore aN = wde = 2 — a)dx ‘The magnitude of the frictional force acting on the same element of dF = y, dN = 0.3(2 ~ x)dv Hence, the moment created by this force about the z axis is dM = xdF = 030 — yds ‘The summation of moments about the z axis of the bar is determined, by integration, which yields f 0s12-24=0 m= o0(2 -2) M = 08 1b-ft Ans436 CharrER 8 Friction Unwinding the cable from this spool equites overcoming (iction from the supporting shalt. Rotation Fig. 823 8.7 Frictional Forces on Journal Bearings When a shaft or axle is subjected to lateral loads, a journal bearing is commonly used for support, Provided the bearing is not lubricated, or is only partially lubricated, a reasonable analysis of the frictional resistance on the bearing can be based on the laws of dry friction. Frictional Analysis. A typical journal-bearing support is shown in Fig. $-234.As the shaft rotates, the contact point moves up the wall of the bearing to some point A where slipping occurs. Ifthe vertical load acting at the end of the shaft is P, then the bearing reactive force R acting at A will be equal and opposite to P, Fig. 8-235. The moment needed to maintain constant rotation of the shaft can be found by summing moments about the z axis of the shattie., M ~ (Rsin br M= Rrsingy (9) where i is the angle of kinetic friction defined by tands= FIN = piN/N = my In Fig, 8-28.08 seen that rsin &y = rp The dashed circle with radius ris called te friction circle, and asthe shaft rotates the reaction R will always be tangent toit I the bearing is partially lubricated, ‘Me is small, and therefore sin, = tan @ = 4. Under these conditions, a reasonable approximation to the moment needed to overcome the frictional resistance becomes M = Rew ($10) Notice that to minimize friction the bearing radius r should be as small as possible. In practice, however, this type of journal bearing is not suitable {for long service since friction between the shaft and bearing will eventually wear down the surfaces. Instead, designers will incorporate “ball bearings” or “rollers” in journal bearings to minimize frictional losses8.7 FricTioNAL Forces ON JOURNAL BEARINGS 437 EXAMPLE |/8140) ‘The 100-mm-diameter pulley shown in Fig. 8-24a fits loosely on a 10-mm-diameter shaft for which the coefficient of static friction is 4, = 04. Determine the minimum tension T in the belt needed to (a) raise the 100-kg block and (b) lower the block. Assume that no slipping ‘occurs between the belt and pulley and neglect the weight of the pulley. 50am woke @ SOLUTION Part (a). A free-body diagram of the pulley is shown in Fig, 8-246. ‘When the pulley is subjected to belt tensions of 981 N cach, it makes contact with the shaft at point P). As the tension T is increased, the contact point will move around the shaft to point P, before motion, impends, From the figure, the friction circle has a radius r= rsin ¢, ‘Using the simplification that sind, = tan, ~ y4, then p= rip = (5 mm)(0.4) = 2mm, so that summing moments about P; gives C+5Mp, 981 N(S2 mia) ~ 1148 mm) = 0 T— 1063 — LO6KN Ans. Tea more exact analysis is used, then ¢, = tan“! 0.4 = 21.8°. Thus, the radius of the friction circle would be r= rsiné, = S sin 218° = 1.86 mm. Therefore, +My, = 981 N(60 mm + 1.86 mm) ~ 1(S0 mm — 1.86 mm) = 0 T= 105 N — Lo6kN Ans. Part (b). When the block is lowered, the resultant force R acting on the shaft passes through point as shown in Fig, §-24c. Summing ‘moments about this point yields G+EMp, 981 N48 mm) — 7152 mm T= 906N Ans. NOTE: Using the approximate analysis, the difference between raising and lowering the block is thus 157 N. Hs, TSHR /s. tmpending CIA: NY | Impending * \ Vos x Yr "eam" SP438 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION Rigid surface of contact, @ Soll surace of contact © © Fig. 8-25 *8.8 Rolling Resistance When a rigid cylinder rolls at constant velocity along a rigid surface, the normal force exerted by the surface on the cylinder acts perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact, as shown in Fig. &-25a. Actually, however, no materials are perfectly rigid, and therefore the reaction of the surface on the cylinder consists of a distribution of normal pressure. For ‘example, consider the cylinder to be made of a very hard material, and the surface on which it rolls to be relatively soit. Due to its weight, the cylinder compresses the surface underneath it, Fig. &-25b. As the cylinder rolls, the surface material in front of the cylinder retards the motion since itis being deformed, whereas the material in the rear is restored from the deformed state and therefore tends to push the cylinder forward. The normal pressures acting on the cylinder in this manner are represented in Fig. &-25b by their resultant forces N, and N,. The magnitude of the force of deformation, Nj, and its horizontal component is always greater than that of restoration,N,, and consequently a horizontal driving force P must bbe applied to the cylinder to maintain the motion, Fig. $-25b.* Rolling resistance is caused primarily by this effect, although it is also, to a lesser degree, the result of surface adhesion and relative micro- sliding between the surfaces of contact. Because the actual force P needed to overcome these effects is difficult to determine, a simplified method will be developed here to explain one way engineers have analyzed this phenomenon. To do this, we will consider the resultant of the entire normal pressure, N=N, +N, acting on the cylinder, Fig. 8-25e. As shown in Fig. 8-25d, this force acts at an angle @ with the vertical. To keep the cylinder in equilibrium, ic, rolling at a constant rate, it is necessary that N be concurrent with the driving force P and the weight W. Summing moments about point A gives Wa — P(rcos 8) Since the deformations are generally very small in relation to the oylinder's radius, cos 8 = 1; hence, Wa = Pr P= (s-) The distance a is termed the coefficient of rolling resistance, which has the dimension of length, For instance, ~ 0.5 mm for a wheel rolling on a rail, both of which are made of mild steel. For hardened steel ball Actually, the deformation force Ny causcs energy to be stored in tho material as its magne isincreazed, whereas the restoration force N, ait magnitude is decreased allows some ofthis energy toe released. The remaining encrgy i lot since sis used to heat up the surface, and ifthe elder’ weight is very are. it accounts for permanent deformation ‘of the surface, Work must be done by the horizontal force P to make up fr ths loss8.8 Rounc RESISTANCE 439 =. bearings on steel, @ ~ 0.1 mm, Experimentally, though, this factor is difficult to measure, since it depends on such parameters as the rate of rotation of the cylinder. the elastic properties of the contacting surfaces, and the surface finish, For this reason, little reliance is placed on the data, for determining a. The analysis presented here does, however, indicate why a heavy load (W) offers greater resistance to motion (P) than a light load under the same conditions. Furthermore, since Wa/r is generally very small compared to 44,W. the force needed to roll a cylinder over the surface will be much less than that needed to slide it across the surface. It is for this reason that a roller or ball bearings are often used to minimize the frictional resistance between moving parts. ‘Rolling resistance ofrizoad wheels on the rails is small since steel is very stil By comparison, the rolling resistance of the ‘heels of atrator ina wet fields very large A 10-kg steel wheel shown in Fig, 8-26a has a radius of 100 mm and. rests on an inclined plane made of soft wood. If is increased so that the wheel begins to roll down the incline with constant velocity when @ = 1.2%, determine the coefficient of rolling resistance. 98.1 cos 12°N 1k 681 in 12°N. ( X SB © SOLUTION * As shown on the free-body diagram, Fig, 8-266, when the wheel has oT impending motion, the normal reaction N acts at point A defined by the Fig. #26 dimension a. Resolving the weight into components parallel and perpendicular to the incline, and summing moments about point A, yields G+EM, = 0; (98.1 cos 12° NY(a) + (98.1 sin 12° NY(100 cos 1.2" mm) = 0 Solving, we obtain 09 mm Ans.440 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION Biota 8-107. ‘The annular ring bearing is subjected to a thrust of 80 Ib. Determine the smallest required coefficient of static fiction if a torque of M = 15 lb-ft must be resisted to prevent the shaft from rotating 8.108. The annular ring bearing is subjected to a thrust of $00 Ib. If, = 0.35, determine the torque M that must be applied to overcome friction sz |t- Probs, 8-107/108 8-109, The floor-polishing machine rotates at a constant angular velocity. If it has a weight of 80 Ib. determine the couple forces F the operator must apply to the handles to hhold the machine slationary. The cocllicient of kinetic fiction between the floor and brush is 4, = 0.3, Assume the brush exerts a uniform pressure on the Moor isa 8-110, The shaft is supported by a thrust bearing A and a joumal bearing B. Determine the torque M required to rolate the shall at constant angular velocity. The coetlicient ‘of kinetic friction at the thrust bearing is , = 02. Neglect Iriction at B. 150mm Section ma Prob, 8-110 S-LLL, The thrust bearing supports an axial load of P= 6KN, If torque of M = 150 N-m is requited to rotate the shaft, determine the coefficient of static friction at the constant surface. ae I, Prob, $111+8112, Assuming that the variation of pressure at the bottom of the pivot bearing is defined as p = py(Ry/r), determine the torque M needed to overcome frietion ifthe shaft is subjected to an axial force P. The coefficient of static friction is 4, For the solution, it is necessary to determine py in terms of P and the bearing dimensions Ry ‘and Ry re Prob. §-112 S-113, The plate clutch consists of a flat plate A that slides ‘over the rotating shaft 5, The shaft is fixed to the driving plate gear B. If the gear C, which is in mesh with B, is subjected to a torque of M = 08N-m, determine the smallest force P, that must be applied via the control arm, to stop the rotation, The coefficient of static ‘tition between the plates A and Dis, = 0.4, Assume the bearing pressure between A and D to be uniform. Prob, $113 8.8 Rounc RESISTANCE 441 B-114. The conical bearing is subjected to a constant presiure distribution at its surface of contact. If the coefficient of static friction is y,, determine the torque M requited to overcome friction ifthe shaft supports an axial force P. Prob. 8-114 B-LIS. The pivot bearing is subjected to a pressure distri- ‘bution at its surface of contact which varies as shown. Ifthe coefficient of static friction is 4, determine the torque M required to overcome friction if the shaft supports an axial fotce P. Po p= po cone Prob, 8-115442 CHAPTER 8 FRICTION +8116. A 200-mm-diameter post is driven 3 m into sand for which u, = 0.3. If the normal pressure acting completely around the post varies linearly with depth as shown, {determine the frictional torque M that must be overcome to rotate the post. S417. A beam having a uniform weight W rests on the rough horizontal surface having a cocllicient of static Lition a If the horizontal force P is applied perpendicular to the beams length, determine the location d of the point bout which the beam begins to rotate. Prob. 8-117 SAAI8. The collar fits oosely around a fixed shaft that has a radius of 2 in, Ifthe coefficient of kinetic friction between the shaft and the collar is wy = 0.3, determine the force P| foa the horizontal segment of the belt so that the collar rotates counterclockwise with a constant angular velocity. Assume that the belt does not slip on the collar; rather, the ‘collar slips on the shaft. Neglect the weight and thickness of the belt and collar. The radius, measured from the venter of the collar to the mean thickness of the belt, is 2.25 in. S419, The collar fits foosely around a fixed shaft that has radius of 2 in, I the coefficient of kinetic fiction between, the shaft and the collar is wy = 0.3, determine the force P| fon the horizontal segment of the belt so that the collar rolates clockwise with a constant angular velocity. Assume that the belt does not slip on the collar; rather, the collar sips on the shaft, Neglect the weight and thickness of the belt and collar. The radius, measured from the center ofthe collar to the mean thickness of the belt, 2.25 in r 20 Probs. $-118/119 “8-120, The pulley has a radius of 3 in. and fits loosely onthe (0S-in-diameter shalt Ifthe loadings acing on the belt cause the pulley to rotate with constant angular velocity, determine the fictional force between the shaft and the pulley and compute the coctficient of kinetic fiction, The pulley weighs 18 Ib 8-121, The pulley has a radius of 3 in. and Bits loosely on. the 0.5-in-diameter shaft, Ifthe loadings acting on the belt ‘cause the pulley to rotate with constant angular velocity, determine the frictional force between the shaft and the pulley and compute the coelficient of kinetic fiction. Neglect the weight of the pulley a 551 probs. $-120/1218-122, Determine the tension T in the belt needed to ‘overcome the tension of 200 Ib created on the other side ‘Also, what are the normal and frictional components of force developed on the collar bushing? The coefficient of static friction is, = 0.21 $-123, Ifa tension force T = 215 this requited to pull the 200-15 force around the collar bushing, determine the coefficient of static friction at the contacting surface ‘The belt does not slip on the collar. 20016 7 Probs. 122/123, *8124. A pulley having a diameter of 80 mm and mass of| 125 kg is supported loosely on a shalt having a diameter of| 20 mm. Determine the torque M that must be applied to the pulley to cause it {0 rotate with constant motion. The ‘coefficient of kinetic friction between the shaft and pulley is, 4 = 04. Also caleulate the angle 0 which the normal force ‘at the point of contact makes with the horizontal The shaft itself cannot rotate Prob, 8-124 8.8 Rounc RESISTANCE 443 8-125. The S-kg skateboard rolls down the 5° slope at constant speed. Ifthe coelficient of kinetic friction between the 125 mm diameter axles and the wheels is 4, = 0.3, determine the radius of the wheels, Neglect rolling resistance of the wheels on the surface. The center of mass {or the skateboard i at G. ‘Las mart}~ 300 mm Prob. 8-125 8-126, The cart together with the load weighs 150 Ib and hhas a center of gravity at G. Ifthe wheels fit loosely on the 1S-in. diameter axles, determine the horizontal force P required to pull the cart with constant velocity. The coetficient of kinetic friction between the axles and the wheels is 4, = 0.2. Neglect rolling resistance of the wheels fon the ground re Prob, 8-126 8-127, The trailer has a total weight of 850 Ib and center ‘of gravity at G which is ditectly over its axle. Ifthe axle bas 1 diameter of 1 in, the radius of the wheel is ¢ = 1.5 ft, and the coefficient of kinetic friction at the bearing is 4; = 008, determine the horizontal force P needed to pull the aller, Prob, 8-127