Valves
Valves
Valves
3.0 Introduction:
Valves are very important part of piping system, as they provide facility to
regulate the quantity of fluid passing through the pipe.
3.1 Classification
Valves are classified according to their action performed.
Isolation
Regulation.
Checking
Switching
Discharging
Disc:- The moving part that directly effect the flow is called as disc.
Seat:- The non-moving part on which the disc bears is called as seat.
Port:- The maximum internal opening of the valve in fully open position.
Stem:- There are two types of screwed stem. The rising & non rising stem.
The rising stem can either be inside screw or outside screw .The outside screw
type has a yoke on bonnet & referred to as ‘outside screw & yoke’ ( OS&Y). the
hand wheel can either rise with the stem or stem can rise through the hand
wheel.
In Non- rising stem hand wheel & stem are in the same position whether the
valve is open or closed. The screw is inside the bonnet.
Bonnet :-The bonnet is connected to the body . The type of connection can be
flanged bolted, bellow sealed, screwed –on, welded, union, pressure sealed etc.
Body :-The valves are connected to pipe, fittings or vessel by their body ends,
which may be flanged, screwed, butt or socket welding.
Class:- The valve is specified by the pressure rating of the body of the valves.
The American standard specifies the following class.
Class 150 #
Class 300 #
Class 400 #
Class 600 #
Class 900 #
Class 1500 #
Class 2500#
Class 800#
Class 4500#
Trim:- The trim mainly comprises of stem, seat surface, bushing & other internal
parts, which are in contact with the fluid.
API 600 specifies trim No: & the material that can be used for parts with its typical
specification & grade.
It is an isolation valve.
It can be used for regulation but not for extended period.
Advantage is the low weight, compact design hence preferred over gate
valve in large bore.
Like ball valve it operates with a 1/4th turn.
It is designed for handling large flow of gases or fluid including slurries.
Size range 2”- 12”
Mainly an isolation valve but cat can be used for regulation also.
Mainly used for low pressure corrosive fluid or where high degree of purity
is requires e.g.. Pharmaceutical & food processing industries.
Diaphragm moves ups & down to operate the valve.
Body & bonnet is made of casting. Body is lined with corrosive resistant
materials. Diaphragm is generally made of rubber or PTFE.
There is no API or ANSI standard available for this valve. these are
covered by British standards & MSS-SP standards.
Check valves are directional control valve, which prevent the back flow in
lines.
The common types of check valves used are lift type, swing type & wafer
type.
These are operated by lifting action of the disk / elements. The different type of
lift check valve available are
It comes in both horizontal & vertical pattern hence can be used in both the
position.
Fig. 3.8 Lift check valve
3.3.8.2 Swing check valve
Swinging action of disk operates these valves. The pressure of the fluid lifts
the hinged disk & allows the flow. The disk return to seat by its own weight. It can
be used in both horizontal & vertical position.
These are the flangeless swing check valves. There are two type of wafer
check valve
1. Single plate wafer check valve
2. Dual plate wafer check valve
6.0 Options
Consider options on shutoff, stem packing, etc.
The quick-opening flow characteristic provides for maximum change in flow rate
at low valve travels with a nearly linear relationship. Additional increases in valve
travel give sharply reduced changes in flow rate, and when the valve plug nears
the wide open position, the change in flow rate approaches zero.
In a control valve, the quick opening valve plug is used primarily for on-off
service; but it is also suitable for many applications where a linear valve plug
would normally be specified.
The linear flow characteristic curve shows that the flow rate is directly
proportional to the valve travel. This proportional relationship produces a
characteristic with a constant slope so that with constant pressure drop, the valve
gain will be the same at all flows. (Valve gain is the ratio of an incremental
change in valve plug position. Gain is a function of valve size and configuration,
system operating conditions and valve plug characteristic.)
The linear valve plug is commonly specified for liquid level control and for certain
flow control applications requiring constant gain.
In the equal-percentage flow characteristic, equal increments of valve travel
produce equal percentage changes in the existing flow. The change in flow rate is
always proportional to the flow rate just before the change in valve plug, disk, or
ball position is made.
When the valve plug, disk, or ball is near its seat, the flow is small; with a large
flow, the change in flow rate will be large. Valves with an equal percentage flow
characteristic are generally used on pressure control applications and on other
applications where a large percentage of the pressure drop is normally absorbed
by the system itself, with only a relatively small percentage available at the
control valve.
Over sizing the valve hurts process variability in two ways. First, the oversized
valve puts too much gain in the valve, leaving less flexibility in adjusting the
controller. Best performance results when most loop gain comes from the
controller.
The second way oversized valves hurt process variability is that an oversized
valve is likely to operate more frequently at lower valve openings where seal
friction can be greater, particularly in rotary valves. Because an oversized valve
produces a disproportionately large flow change for a given increment of valve
travel, this phenomenon can greatly exaggerate the process variability associated
with dead band due to friction.
Standardization activities for control valve sizing can be traced back to the early
1960’s when a trade association, the Fluids Control Institute, published sizing
equations for use with both compressible and incompressible fluids. The range of
service conditions that could be accommodated accurately by these equations
was quite narrow, and the standard did not achieve a high degree of acceptance.
ANSI/ISA Standard S75.01 is harmonized with IEC Standards 534-2-1 and 534-
2-2. (IEC Publications 534-2, Sections One and Two for incompressible and
compressible fluids, respectively.)
In the following sections, the nomenclature and procedures are explained, and
sample problems are solved to illustrate their use.
Use N1, if sizing the valve for a flow rate in volumetric units (gpm or m3/h).
Use N6 if sizing the valve for a flow rate in mass units (lb/h or kg/h).
4. Determine qmax (the maximum flow rate at given upstream conditions) or ∆Pmax
(the allowable sizing pressure drop).
The maximum or limiting flow rate (qmax), commonly called choked flow, is
manifested by no additional increase in flow rate with increasing pressure
differential with fixed upstream conditions. In liquids, choking occurs as a result of
vaporization of the liquid when the static pressure within the valve drops below
the vapor pressure of the liquid.
The IEC standard requires the calculation of an allowable sizing pressure drop
(∆Pmax), to account for the possibility of choked flow conditions within the valve.
The calculated ∆Pmax value is compared with the actual pressure drop specified in
the service conditions, and the lesser of these two values is used in the sizing
equation.
If it is desired to use ∆Pmax to account for the possibility of choked flow conditions,
it can be calculated using the procedure for determining qmax, the Maximum Flow
Rate, or ∆Pmax, the Allowable Sizing Pressure Drop. If it can be recognized that
choked flow conditions will not develop within the valve, APmax need not be
calculated.
(3.1)
(3.2)
In addition to Cv, two other flow coefficients, Kv and Av, are used, particularly
outside of North America. The following relationships exist:
Kv = (0.865)(Cv)
Av = (2.40 X 10-5)(Cv)
6. Select the valve size using the appropriate flow coefficient table and the
calculated Cv value.
(3.3)
The Bernoulli coefficients, KB1 and KB2, are used only when the diameter of the
piping approaching the valve is different from the diameter of the piping leaving
the valve, whereby:
(3.4)
Where,
d = Nominal valve size
D = Internal diameter of piping
If the inlet and outlet piping are of equal size, then the Bernoulli coefficients are
also equal, KB1 = KB2, and therefore they are dropped from the equation.
The most commonly used fitting in control valve installations is the short-length
concentric reducer. The equations for this fitting are as follows:
• For an inlet reducer—
(3.5)
(3.6)
(3.7)
(3.8)
Values for FF, the liquid critical pressure ratio factor, can be obtained from the
following equation:
(3.9)
Values of FL, the recovery factor for valves installed without fittings attached,
can be found in the flow coefficient tables. If the given valve is to be installed with
fittings such as reducer attached to it, FL in the equation must be replaced by the
quotient FLP/Fp, where:
(3.10)
And
K1 = K1 + KB1
Where,
K1 = Resistance coefficient of upstream fittings
KB1 = Inlet Bernoulli coefficient
Pmax (the allowable sizing pressure drop) can be determined from the
following relationships:
For valves installed without fittings-
(3.11)
For valves installed with fittings attached-
(3.12)
Where,
P1 = Upstream absolute static pressure
P2= Downstream absolute static pressure
Pv = Absolute vapor pressure at inlet temperature
Values of FF, the liquid critical pressure ratio factor, can be obtained from
Figure 5-2 or from the following equation:
(3.13)
Values of FL, the recovery factor for valves installed without fittings attached, can
be found in the flow coefficient tables. An explanation of how to calculate values
of FLP, the recovery factor for valves installed with fittings attached, is presented
in the procedure for determining qmax (the Maximum Flow Rate).
Once the Pmax value has been obtained from the appropriate equation, it should
be compared with the actual service pressure differential (P = P1 - P2).
If Pmax is less than P, this is an indication that choked flow conditions will exist
under the service conditions specified.
If choked flow conditions do exist (Pmax < P1 - P2), then step 5 of the procedure
for Sizing Valves for Liquids must be modified by replacing the actual service
pressure differential (P1 - P2) in the appropriate valve sizing equation with the
calculated Pmax value.
Use either N7 or N9 if sizing the valve for a flow rate in volumetric units (scfh or
m3/h). N7 can be used only if the specific gravity, Gg, of the following gas has
been specified along with the other required service conditions. N 9 can be used
only if the molecular weight, M, of the gas has been specified.
Use either N6 or N8 if sizing the valve for a flow rate in mass units (lb/h or kg/h).
Which of the two constants to use depends upon the specified service conditions.
N6 can be used only if the specific weight, 1, of the flowing gas has been
specified along with the other required service conditions. N 8 can be used only if
the molecular weight, M, of the gas has been specified.
(3.14)
Where,
Fk = k/1.4, the ratio of specific heats factor
k = Ratio of specific heats
x = P/P1, the pressure drop ratio
xT = The pressure drop ratio factor for valves installed without attached fittings.
More definitively, xT is the pressure drop ratio required to produce critical, or
maximum, flow through the valve when Fk = 1.0
If the control valve to be installed has fittings such as reducers or elbows
attached to it, then their effect is accounted for in the expansion factor equation
by replacing the xT term with a new factor xTP. A procedure for determining the
xTP factor is described in the section for Determining xTP, the Pressure Drop Ratio
Factor.
Note
Conditions of critical pressure drop are realized when the value of x
becomes equal to or exceeds the appropriate value of the product of either
Fk xT or Fk xTP at which point:
(3.15)
(3.16)
(3.17)
(3.18)
(3.19)
In addition to Cv, two other flow coefficients, Kv and Av, are used, particularly
outside of North America. The following relationships exist:
Kv = (0.865)(Cv)
Av =2.40 X 10 -5(Cv)
6. Select the valve size using the appropriate flow coefficient table and the
calculated Cv value.
Note
Once the valve sizing procedure is completed, consideration can be
made for aerodynamic noise prediction. To determine the gas flow sizing
coefficient (Cg) for use in the aerodynamic noise prediction tech-
nique, use the following equation:
(3.20)
(3.21)
Where,
N5 = Numerical constant found in the Equation Constants table
d = Assumed nominal valve size
Cv = Valve sizing coefficient from flow coefficient table at 100 percent travel for
the assumed valve size
Fp = Piping geometry factor
xT = Pressure drop ratio for valves installed without fittings attached. xT values
are included in the flow coefficient tables
In the above equation, Ki, is the inlet head loss coefficient, which is defined as:
Ki = K1+KB1
(3.22)
Where,
K1 = Resistance coefficient of upstream fittings (see the procedure for
Determining Fp, the Piping Geometry Factor, which is contained in the section for
Sizing Valves for Liquids).
KB1 = Inlet Bernoulli coefficient (see the procedure for Determining Fp, the piping
Geometry factor, which is contained in the section for Sizing Valves for Liquids.)