COLEGIO DOLORES OLMEDO PATIÑO

SECOND GRADE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

EXERCISES AND PRACTICE BOOKLET

STUDENT NAME: _______________________________________________

TEACHER: JAVIER ALONSO

 SIMPLE PRESENT

The simple present tense in English is used to describe an action that is regular, true or
normal.
We use the present tense:
1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time.
 I take the train to the office.
 The train to Berlin leaves every hour.
 John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.
2. For facts.
 The President of The USA lives in The White House.
 A dog has four legs.
 We come from Switzerland.
3. For habits.
 I get up early every day.
 Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.
 They travel to their country house every weekend.
4. For things that are always / generally true.
 It rains a lot in winter.
 The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.
 They speak English at work.

Verb Conjugation & Spelling

We form the present tense using the base form of the infinitive (without the TO).
In general, in the third person we add 'S' in the third person.

Subject Verb The Rest of the sentence

I / you / we / they speak / learn English at home

he / she / it speaks / learns English at home

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 The spelling for the verb in the third person differs depending on the ending of that verb:
1. For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third person.
 go – goes  kiss – kisses
 catch – catches  fix – fixes
 wash – washes  buzz – buzzes
2. For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -IES.
 marry – marries  carry – carries
 study – studies  worry – worries
3. The verb have changes to has we don´t add s or es.

BEWARE
The previous rules only apply with the third person of singular, when we have in a sentence
two or more animals, people or things, the rules don´t apply.

a) Simple Present Tense, change to the third person these verbs use the correct rule.

hurry _________ go__________ fix_________ write _________

do ___________ study _______ say _______ cry __________
know _________ work _______ watch _____ tidy __________
die ___________ have _______ fly ________ buy __________
call ___________ dress ______ take ______ think _________

b) PRESENT TENSE Write correctly the verbs.

1.- Robert ________ three cats and two dogs. (have)
2.- Betty and Carol ________________ hot dogs, they eat pizza. (eat)
3.- Charles ___________ at eight in the morning. (arrive)
4.- David ____________ at nine every day to the office. (go)
5.- Daniele _________________ to Liverpool, she __________ in Hamburg. (travel/stay)
6.- The plane _______________ from Mexico at 6-.30 PM. (depart)
7.- Ernestina __________________ to her job, she ___________ a taxi. (walk/take)
8.- Ernest and Mike ________________ at school. (run)
9.- Fernando _____________ in Monterrey. (live)
10.- Fanny _________________ Maria’s present. (buy)

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c) Simple Present. Complete with the correct verb.
LISTEN - PLAY - GO - DO – RUN - GET UP - READ - RIDE - WASH - WATCH
1. Camila______________ the homework at home.
2. I ________________ my bike every day.
3. John________________ to music.
4. Tom_________________ football at the club on Tuesdays.
5. My father ______________ his new car.
6. You _________________ the newspaper on Sundays,
7. My sister _________________ T.V. in the evening.
8. Lucy and I _____________ at 9 o´clock every day.
9. Danielle__________________ home at 6:30.
10. We ___________________ in the park every day.

d) Complete the sentences in Simple Present with the verb in brackets.

1. Sarah and Pam often ______________ to parties. (go)
2. Jenny sometimes _______________ Monica at the coffee shop. (meet)
3. In summer the children usually ______________in the garden. (play)
4. Sally often ______________ the board. (clean)
5. My sister ______________ blue eyes. (have)
6. Bill ______________ the window. (open)
7. Barbara ______________ school uniforms look great. (think)
8. They all ______________ dark blue pullovers. (wear)
9. He often ______________ the housework. (do)
10. My mum ______________ shopping every Friday. (go)
11. I never ______________ TV in the morning. (watch)
12. She ______________ her new notebook. (like)
13. Fred ______________ football every Saturday. (play)
14. Andy's brother ______________ in an office. (work)

e) Chose the correct form of the verb to be - am/is/are.

a) It ______ cold today. f) We ______ from Ukraine.
b) I ______ at home now. g) That ______ right.
c) They ______ Korean. h) I ______ OK, thanks.
d) There ______ a pen on the desk. i) Clara and Steve ______ married.
e) My name ______ Nikita. j) She ______ an English teacher.

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 Negative Sentences in the Simple Present Tense
To make a negative sentence in English we normally use Don't or Doesn't with all verbs EXCEPT
To Be and Modal verbs (can, might, should etc.). Notice that in both cases we use a simple form
verb when we use the auxiliars.
 Affirmative: You speak French.
Negative: You don't speak French.
You will see that we add don't between the subject and the verb. We use Don't when the subject is
I, you, we or they.
 Affirmative: He speaks German.
Negative: He doesn't speak German.
When the subject is he, she or it, we add doesn't between the subject and the verb to make a
negative sentence. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence
(because it is in third person) disappears in the negative sentence.

Negative Contractions
Don't = Do not
Doesn't = Does not
I don't like meat = I do not like meat.
There is no difference in meaning though we normally use contractions in spoken English.

a) Change in simple present negative the following sentences.

1. She has a bath every day. i.e. "She doesn't have a bath every day."
2. Lara plays the piano very well. ________________________________
3. We work very hard. _______________________________________
4. He does the same thing every day. ____________________________________
5. They know my phone number. _________________________________
6. You read the newspaper every day. _______________________________________
7. My brother likes the cinema. ________________________________
8. Brian wears a wedding ring. _______________________________
9. John lives near us. ______________________________
10. I drive to university. _____________________________

b) Complete the sentences in simple present negative use the given verbs
1. Tom ________________ chocolate ice cream. (like)

2. We _________________ classical music very much.(listen)

3. Sally said about her flat, that she _______________ it anymore. (want)

4. Mr. Hill ________________ in New York. He lives in Boston.(live)

5. Rice ________________ in cold climates. (grow)

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6. They like coffee, they ______________ tea. (like)

7. We are new here. We ______________ him. (know)

8. Harry has bad breath because he _______________ his teeth very often. (brush)

9. We are rich so we ______________ to work. (have)

10. Dave speaks English, French, and German, but he _______________ Italian. (speak)

11. They _______________ that brand anymore. (sell)

12. It is really a cheap restaurant, it _____________ much to eat there. (cost)

13. I have a television, but I _______________ it often. (watch)

14. That kind of earthquake _________________ often. (happen)

c) Change each affirmative statement to a negative statement.

1. My brother has a job. ___________________________________________
2. I drive to work. _______________________________________

3. Pilots fix planes. _________________________________________

4. Our teacher does homework. ____________________________________________

5. I go to the gym in the morning. ___________________________________________

6. We have class on Sunday. ________________________________________

7. You teach biology. _______________________________________

8. We have an exam on Saturday night. ______________________________________

d) Change the verb into the correct form:

1. Daniel __________ (fly) to Paris once a 8. He ____________ (not bring) gifts.
year. 9. She ____________ (not take) pictures.
2. She never __________ (do) her 10. It _____________ (not cost) so much.
homework. 11. _____________ (you rest) enough?
3. Lisa __________ (try) to help her sister. 12. _______________ (William work) too
4. Mark __________ (go) home at seven. hard?
5. The babies __________ (cry) every night. 13. _____________ (they travel) often?
6. I _____________ (not ride) horses. 14. ______________ (Anthony go) to sleep
7. You ____________ (not sell) cars. too late?
15. ____________ (you bake) cakes?
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d)

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 Present Simple Questions
That's the way how to form Questions. The question word (what, when ...) always comes first!

Questions with am - is -are - can - must - have got

Are they happy? Where are the children?

Is she a nice girl? What is the time?
Can you swim? What can you draw?
Have you got a dog? How many stickers have you got?

Questions with verbs - do, does

Do the boys play football? Where do the boys play?

Do you like ice cream? What do you like?
Do they like coffee? What do they like for breakfast?

With he, she, it - does

Does she like hamburgers? What does she like?

Does Carol play the guitar? Where does Carol live?
Does an elephant eat nuts? What does an elephant eat?

a) Choose the correct word to complete the questions in simple present

1. ____ children play? 6. Do ____ want a pet?

Do Does he it she they

2. ____ a cow like grass? 7. Does ____ drive?

Do Does I she they we

3. ____ a dog bark? 8. Do ____ know the dentist?

Do Does he it she you

4. ____ I know you? 9. Do ____ buy beans?

Do Does he I it she

5. ____ we need water? 10. Does ____ make cookies?

Do Does he I they we

b) Complete the questions in simple present use the verbs in brackets.

1.- _______ you _________ mineral water? (to 5.- _______ the cat __________ on the wall in
drink) the mornings? (to sit)
2.- _______ Sarah and Linda __________ their 6.- _______ Nina __________ computer games?
pets? (to feed) (to play)
3.- _______ your teacher __________ your 7.- _______ your parents __________ TV in the
homework? (to check) afternoon? (to watch)
4.- _______ they __________ in the old house? 8.- _______ your grandmother __________ the
(to live) phone? (to answer)
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c) Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb to be - am, is, are.
_______ Jane and Alice sisters?
_______ this car yours?
_______ I in your way?
_______ Maria John's sister?
_______ you twenty-five years old?
_______ the Smiths divorced?
_______ this your new bicycle?
_______ we traveling by car?

d) The verb “to be”

Put the verb’ to be’ into positive, negative and question forms
 She ………. in my class
 They ………… in my office
 I …………. from Spain
 He ………… a good teacher
 ………. the books here?
 ………. the class big?
 The books ………… on my desk
 It ………… my pen
 Tony ………… a student
 I ………… a girl
 You ……….. from England
 He ………….. my friend, my friend is Norman.
 Sally ………….my sister
 We…………. Spanish
 ………..they students?
 The dog ………….. black, is brown.
 ……… I English?
 John and Joanna ………….. teachers they are students.
 You ………. from London
 It ………… an orange
 They ……….. funny
 ………your dog black?
 You ……….. nice
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We usually form questions by putting an auxiliary verb, or a modal verb, before
the subject.
Does it suit me?
Has Mum called?
Can you get the tea?
Shall I pass you to Oliver?
When the verb 'to be' is the main verb, we don’t use auxiliary verbs.
Is Oliver there?
Was it good?
We can add question words to get more or different information.
Where did you go swimming? > In the swimming pool in town.
Why did you go there? > Because it’s a nice, big pool.
Who did you go swimming with? > With Amy.
What time did you meet Amy? > At 10 o’clock.
Which pool did you go in? > The serious one, without the slides!
How did you get there? > On the bus.

a) Put in What, Where, Why, When, How into the gaps and form
meaningful questions.
Example: __________ often do you play volleyball?
Answer: How often do you play volleyball?
Question words in English
1. __________ is the weather like today?
2. __________ don't you like apple juice?
3. __________ about a walk through the forest?
4. __________ do you play volleyball?
5. __________ is my red sweatshirt, Mum?
6. __________ do Anne and Betty get to school every day?
7. __________ does your father go to work?
8. __________ is the dog's bone?
9. __________ are we going for a holiday by the sea again?
10.__________ do you like your coffee?

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b)

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 PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the verb be and the gerund (-ing
form) of a verb:

 Use
1. We use the present continuous tense to talk about the present:
 for something that is happening at the moment of speaking:
I’m just leaving work. I’ll be home in an hour.
Please be quiet. The children are sleeping.
 for something which is happening before and after a given time:
At eight o’clock we are usually having breakfast.
When I get home the children are doing their homework.
 for something which we think is temporary:
Michael is at university. He’s studying history.
I’m working in London for the next two weeks.
 for something which is new and contrasts with a previous state:
These days most people are using email instead of writing letters.
What sort of clothes are teenagers wearing nowadays? What sort of music are they listening to?
 to show that something is changing, growing or developing:
The children are growing quickly.
The climate is changing rapidly.
Your English is improving.

 Main Rules with the ing

 Verbs that end in -e (make / write etc.) Do Not add e and only add ing.
 make making write writing drive driving
 Sometimes a word ends in a vowel + a consonant. For example: get, run, swim. Before adding –
ing, the consonant at the end is ‘doubled’.
 get getting run running swim swimming Do NOT double the letter if the word
ends in two consonants.
 help helping talk talking work working Do NOT double the letter if the word
ends in two vowels + a consonant.
 look looking read reading speak speaking Do NOT double the letter if the
word ends in -w or -x or -y
 snow snowing fix fixing buy buying

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a) Answer with the present continuous

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b) Complete the sentences with the present progressive.
Write the number of the sentences next to the pictures.
1. Ted and Lucy (kiss) _are kissing_____.
2. Tom and Ana (watch) _____________ TV together.
3. Bob and Debbie (make) ____________ bubbles. They (have) ____________ fun.
4. George and Tania (sit) ____________ on a bench and (smile) ____________.
5. David (kneel) ____________ and (propose) ____________ to Suzan.
6. Paul (read) ____________ a love poem to Maria.
7. Sean (give) ____________ his heart to Jill.
8. Mr. & Mrs. Jones (dance) ____________ at a party.
9. Don (give) ____________ Rona a present.
10. Harry and Helen (exchange) _______________ gifts.
11. Ron (give) ____________ Sarah a special dish he made for her.
12. Bart and Penny (get married) __________________.

_____ _____ _____ _____

_____ _____ _____ _____

__1__ _____ _____ _____

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c) Change in question the same sentences as exercise b
1. ____________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________

5. ____________________________________________________

6. ____________________________________________________

7. ____________________________________________________

8. ____________________________________________________

9. ____________________________________________________

10. ____________________________________________________

11. ____________________________________________________

12. ____________________________________________________

d) Write negative form in present continuous with the words below.

Ex Robert / to read / the new book- Robert isn’t reading the new book

1. Peter / to go / to the cinema - _________________________________________

2. they / to play / a game - _________________________________________

3. she / to listen /to the radio - _________________________________________

4. I / to dream - _________________________________________

5. they / to pack / their bags - _________________________________________

6. you / to do / the washing-up - _________________________________________

7. we / to talk / too fast - _________________________________________

8. they / to clean / the windows - _________________________________________

9. she / to watch / the news - _________________________________________

10. you / to pull / my leg - _________________________________________

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POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Possessive adjectives are used to show possession or ownership of something. While we use them
when we refer to people, it is more in the sense of relationship than ownership.
The possessive adjectives in English are as follows:

a) Choose the right possessive adjective

1. Where is (I) ______ book? 9. Leila likes (she) ______ dog !
2. Here is (we) ______ teacher. 10. (It) ______ dog´s name is Bobby.
3. She goes to school with (she) ______ 11. Two students didn't do _______
brother. mathematics homework.
4. (They) ______ father works in a car 12. Nancy is from England. _______ husband
factory. is from Australia.
5. (You) ______ laptop is very expensive. 13. Alan has a van. _______ van is very old.
6. (He) ______ favorite hobby is tennis. 14. We go to a high school. _______ high
7. (I) ______ husband and I want to go to school is fantastic.
Paris. 15. I like singing. _______ mother sings with
8. We want to see (it) ______ historical me.
monuments.

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………………..
b) Answer with the correct possessive adjective (my, your, his, etc).

1. I’m helping _____ friends.

2. They’re writing _____addresses.
3. She’s washing _____hands.
4. We’re studying _____ lessons.
5. He is doing _____ homework.
6. Are you washing _____ car?
7. My brother and I are tidying _____ things.
8. The dog has ______ house clean.
9. Sandy’s painting ______ room.
10. Carol and I are buying ______ furniture.
11. Tyron’s playing ______ guitar beautifully.
12. I’m walking _____ dog every day.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

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a) Complete with the correct Possessive Pronoun (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs)

b) Fill in the blanks with possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives.

1. Shirley and _____ brothers, 9. We’ve got _____ books in the bag.
Richard and John, are good have you got _____?
students.
10. They are doing _____ homework
2. Mrs. Smith, how old is _____ and he is doing _____.
daughter? _____ daughter is 12.
11. I have got a brother. John is _____
3. Martin and _____ sister are brother and I am _____ sister.
studying _____ lessons.
12. This is a wonderful doll. _____
4. I‘ve got two sisters. _____ names eyes are big and blue.
are Cindy and Sue.
13. We are very late. _____ classes
5. Ted and Phil, is Kelly _____ sister? begin at 8.30 a.m..
Yes, Kelly is _____ sister.
14. Haven’t you got a lot of Japanese
6. Robert and _____ brother Pete are friends? Write _____ names.
here.
15. My school is modern. _____ rooms
7. She hasn’t got a book. So this book are large and well equipped.
is not _____.
16. There are Mr and Mrs Moran and
8. My friend Alice is very happy. _____ children.
Today is _____ birthday.

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COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
 Comparatives and superlatives
We can use comparatives to compare things and superlatives to say which thing is top in a group.
Cats are faster than mice.
Science is more difficult than maths.
The cheetah is the fastest animal on land.
I think art is the most difficult subject.
 How to use them
 For adjectives with one syllable, add er and est. Sometimes the spelling changes. Don't
forget the for the superlative and than for the comparatives.
tall - taller - the tallest
I'm taller than my brother. My father is the tallest in my family.
big - bigger - the biggest
My room is bigger than my sister's room. Our parents' room is the biggest room in the house.
 For adjectives with two syllables which end in y, take away the y and add ier and iest. Don't
forget the for the superlative.
easy - easier - the easiest
Maths is easier than science. English is the easiest subject.
 For other adjectives with two or more syllables, use more and most. Don't forget the for the
superlative.
interesting - more interesting - the most interesting
That book is more interesting than my homework. This TV programme is the most interesting!
 The adjectives good, bad and far have special forms.
good - better - the best
bad - worse - the worst
far - further - the furthest
little – less – the least

a) Use the correct comparative adjective

1 My sister is two years ___________ than me.(old)

2 Cars are ___________________ than bicycles.(expensive)
3 Cats are ___________ than mice.(big)
4 China is much ____________ than Britain.(large)
5 Norway is ____________ than Spain in winter.(cold)
6 Old films are usually ____________ than modern films.(short)
7 Edinburgh is ____________ from London than it is from Manchester.(far)
8 Strawberries are ____________ than kiwis.(sweet)
9 My brother is 30 and I am 35. I am older __________ he.
10 My brother weighs 85 kilos. I weigh 80. He is ________________ me.(heavy)
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b) Complete with the correct comparative adjective.
1. Mount Teide is ………………………. (high) Mount Aneto.
2. Mexico is ………..…………... (hot) Canada.
3. Today my room is ………………..….... (tidy) yesterday.
4. Berlin is ……………………... (far) Paris.
5. My room is ……………………….... (dark) this room.
6. Joan is …………………………...……... (intelligent) Peter.
7. My house is ……………….…………... (small) your house.
8. English is …………………….… (easy) Chinese.
9. Trainers are ………………………………….. (comfortable) shoes.
10. Vegetables are ………………………. (cheap) meat.
11. Apples are ……………………….... (good) sweets.
12. An elephant is................................... (big) a rhinoceros.
13. My computer is ………………………... (bad) your computer.
14. Chris is ........................................... (thin) Kate.
15. Sharks are ................................................... (dangerous) whales.

c) Write the comparative form of the adjectives

1) Ann is ___________ (happy) than her sister.

2) My hair is ______________ (long) than my sister’s hair.
3) These exams are getting ___________ (bad) and ___________ (bad) every year.
4) John is ____________ (thin) than Bob.
5) Steve is _____________ (happy) today than he was yesterday.
6) Mary’s car is ____________ (large) than Mark’s car.
7) The __________ (soon), the ___________ (good).
8) Today’s weather is ____________ (bad) than yesterday’s.
9) My brother is ___________ (young) than me.
10) I think John is _____________ (happy) now than he was last year.

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SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
d) Form the sentence with the superlative adjective

Cedric is (young). Cedric is the youngest of all.

Maria is (old). Fiona is (beautiful).
_________________________________ _________________________________
Fiona is (tall). Emily is (cleaver).
_________________________________ _________________________________
Cedric is (small). Eliot is (strong).
_________________________________ _________________________________
Emily is (short) of the girls. Linda is (happy).
_________________________________ _________________________________
Vicky is (slim). Dan is (intelligent).
_________________________________ _________________________________
e) Complete with the correct superlative of the adjective.
1. Summer is the ________ season of the year. 7. Jupiter is the ____________ planet in our
(hot) solar system. (large)
2. Elephants are the ________ land animals. 8. The cheetah is the ___________ land animal
(heavy) in the world. (fast)
3. Don’t watch that! It is the __________ movie 9. The Burj Khalifa is the __________ building in
in the world! (bad) the world. (tall)
4. Who is the _______________ person in the 10. I think science is the _________________
world? (famous) subject. (interesting)
5. Steve is the ____________ person I know. 11. Alison is the ______________ person in our
(funny) family. (young)
6. Asia is the ___________ continent in the 12. I am the ________ student in my class!
world. (big) (good)
….
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 SIMPLE PAST
The simple past tense shows that you are talking about something that has already
happened. Emphasizes that the action is finished.
Use
We use the past tense to talk about:
 something that happened once in the past:
I met my wife in 1983.
We went to Spain for our holidays.
They got home very late last night.
 something that happened again and again in the past:
When I was a boy I walked a mile to school every day.
We swam a lot while we were on holiday.
They always enjoyed visiting their friends.
 something that was true for some time in the past:
I lived abroad for ten years.
He enjoyed being a student.
She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.
 we often use phrases with ago with the past tense:
I met my wife a long time ago.
Regular past simple forms are formed by adding -ed to the infinitive of the verb.
start → started
kill → killed
jump → jumped
There are some spelling rules. If a verb ends in -e, you add -d.
agree → agreed
like → liked
escape → escaped
If a verb ends in a vowel and a consonant, the consonant is usually doubled before -ed.
stop → stopped
plan → planned
If a verb ends in consonant and -y, you take off the y and add -ied.
try → tried
carry → carried
But if the word ends in a vowel and -y, you add -ed.
play → played
enjoy → enjoyed

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Some verbs are irregular. Their past forms do not end in -ed.
You have to learn them!
It's not so bad. There aren't really so many verbs to learn and remember that English is much easier
than many languages. The past forms don't change.
I took a taxi to the airport. (take → took)
That was when we spoke. (speak → spoke)
One person gave me his last bar of chocolate. (give → gave)
The past tense is the same for all the pronouns. I made, you made, he made, she made, it
made, we made, they made!
There are three kinds of pronunciation: /d/, /t/ and /ɪd/. Look at the table below.

/d/ /t/ /ɪd/

arrived asked wanted

failed crossed decided

agreed stopped started

a) Complete the exercise with simple past regular verbs.

I ____________ my mum in the kitchen. (help)

My sister___________ in her room. (study)

My mum ___________ the green car. (wash)

My granny ___________ to the shop. (walk)

My brother ____________ to music. (listen)

My uncle ____________ a pretty woman. (marry)

My aunt ____________ her new laptop. (use)

My cousins ____________ very late. (arrive)

The baby ____________ a lot. (cry)

My dad ____________ his old bike. (fix)

The dogs ____________ in the garden. (play)

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b) Simple Past irregular verbs use the verbs in brackets to complete the sentences.

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Questions and negatives
We use did to make questions with the past tense:
When did you meet your wife?
Where did you go for your holidays?
Did she play tennis when she was younger?
Did you live abroad?
However, look at these questions:
Who discovered penicillin?
Who wrote Don Quixote?
We use didn’t (did not) to make negatives with the past tense:
They didn’t go to Spain this year.
We didn’t get home until very late last night.
I didn’t see you yesterday.
c) Notice that in both cases question and negative form, we use the simple form of the verb.
1. I _______ yesterday.
work didn't work did work
2. He ______ to work by car yesterday.
Goes didn't go was go
3. What ______ last week?
do you do you did did you do
4. Three days ago I ____ an accident
Had didn't had has have
5. We _____ our homework.
didn't do didn't don't do didn't did
6. Why _____ to İstanbul?
she went did she went she did go did she go
7. My mother ____ a cake this morning
making made make maked
8. ___________ a new car last year?
did you buy did you bought do you buy
9. She _____ three emails to me yesterday
did write wrote writes writed
10. Where ______ last night?
you stayed did you stay do you stay does he stay

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SIMPLE PAST TO BE
Used to talk about past action with the form of to be in past.
The rules are as follows:
I, he, she, it – was
You, we, they – were
For first person singular and third person singular, use the word was. In all other
cases, use were.
For example:
 She was a student.
 They were doctors.
In order to ask a question, was/were needs to be at the beginning of the sentence:
 Was she a student?
 Were they doctors?
In negative sentences, add the adverb not and put it before the word was/were.
Remember that most of the time the contraction (shortened form) is used in negative
sentences: wasn’t = was not / weren’t = were not.
 He wasn’t at the cinema with us.
 We weren’t at home on Sunday.
 I wasn’t hungry.

Check the following chart.

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a) Complete the sentences with was or were.
1. I ________ happy.
2. You ________ angry.
3. She ________ in London last week.
4. He ________ on holiday.
5. It ________ cold.
6. We ________ at school.
7. You ________ at the cinema.
8. They ________ at home.
9. The cat ________ on the roof.
10. The children ________ in the garden.

b) Use the correct form was or were.

1. I ______ in Canberra last spring. 6. You ______ very busy on Friday.
2. We ______ at school last Saturday. 7. They ______ in front of the supermarket.
3. Tina ______ at home yesterday. 8. I ______ in the museum.
4. He ______ happy last night. 9. She ______ in South Africa last month.
5. Robert and Stan ______ Garry's friends. 10. Jessica and Kimberly ______ late for
school.

c) Fill the gaps with was /were

1) The party ______ fun last weekend.
2) They ______ watching a movie when Ernesto called.
3) Jessie ______ tired. So, he went to sleep.
4) When she was a little girl, Margo ______ very good at tennis. She practiced a lot.
5) My friends and I ______ playing at the beach last weekend.
6) Kendra ______ a girl with dark hair and brown eyes.
7) The movie ______ really boring. So, I decided to read a book.
8) After playing outside, my dog ______ very dirty. She came into the house and ran into my room.
It ______ such a mess!
9) The car _______ (not) new. In fact, it ______ very old. Therefore, it didn't cost very much.
10) I ________ (not) ready to go. Please wait up for me!!!

27
d) Answer in affirmative, negative, questions with was / were.
1. Rebecca _______ not in my class.
2. Daniel and Andre _______ so glad to see me.
3. My car_______ very fast.
4. I _______ a doctor in the movie.
5. Your teacher _______ from Italy.
6. _______ this her iPad?
7. Our neighbor's kids _______ really naughty.
8. Not all my friends _______ at my birthday party.
9. Our doctor _______ very kind.
10. The waiter _______ so rude.
11. His uncle _______ very rich.
12. _______ the exams hard?
13. Jessica and Andy _______ not here yesterday.
14. The children _______ so tired after the festival.
15. The news _______ very upsetting.

e) Complete correctly the sentences with was / were forms.

1. My daughter _______ in kindergarten last year.
2. Lucas _______ my best friend last year.
3. My school _______ not so far from us.
4. That girl _______ so scared.
5. My grandmother _______ a nurse.
6. _______ you at the movie theater yesterday?
7. My books _______ under my bed.
8. The weather _______ rainy the whole week.
9. Michael Jordan _______ my favorite basketball player.
10. My uncle _______ a writer.
11. There _______ a little cat under my chair.
12. _______ Adam and Jane absent?

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BE GOING TO
The structure BE GOING TO is normally used to indicate the future in English.

We use this structure:

subject + be + going + to-infinitive

The verb be is conjugated. Look at these examples:

subject be not going to-infinitive

I am going to buy a new car.

I 'm going to go swimming.

He is not going to take the exam.

It is n't going to rain.

Are you going to paint the house?

1. When we have already decided or we INTEND to do something in the future. (Prior Plan)
The decision has been made before the moment of speaking.
 I'm going to India next year.
 We talked about it yesterday and I'm going to quit my job tomorrow.
 Jo has won the lottery. He says he's going to buy a Porsche.

 We're not going to paint our bedroom tomorrow.

 When are you going to go on holiday?

2. When there are definite signs that something is going to happen. (Evidence)
Something is likely to happen based on the evidence or experience you have.
 It's so cold! I think it is going to snow

3. When something is about to happen:

 Get back! The bomb is going to explode.

Be going to can also express a conviction or a certainty:

 It's going to rain. For sure, it will rain.
 I'm not going to fail. I definitely will not fail
 I crashed the company car. My boss isn't going to be very happy!

Note that we can also use going to with be in other tenses, for example:
 I was going to tell him but I forgot.
 I had been going to fix the car for ages.
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 a) Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets and to be going to.

1. Helen ............... (change) her hairstyle.

o is going to changing
o is going to change
o is going changing
o are going to change
2. Fred and Paul ................. (not visit) their grandma.
o aren’t going to visitting
o aren’t going to visit
o isn’t going to visit
o isn’t go to visiting
3. ....... you ............ (cheat) during your exams?
o Are, going to cheat
o Are, going to cheating
o Is, going to cheat
o Are, cheating
4. His father ................. (not help) him with the cooking.
o ’s not go to help
o isn’t helping
o is not going to help
o is not going to helping
5. ......... Clara’s little sister .............. (eat) a biscuit?
o ’s, going to eat
o Is, going to eating
o Are, going to eat
o Is, going to eat
6. My best friends .................. (not go) to the cinema tomorrow.
o not going
o isn’t going to go
o are going
o are not going to go
7. Matthew’s parents .................. (buy) a new car.
o are going to buy
o ’re buying
o is going to buy
o ’s going to buy

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 8. ......... Evelyn ............... (fly) to Greece this week?
o Is, flying
o Are, going to fly
o Is, go to flying
o Is, going to fly
9. They ................. (not come) back home before midnight.
o ’re not coming
o ’ren’t going to come
o isn’t going to come
o ’re not going to come
10. I .................. (watch) TV tonight.
o ’s going to watch
o ’m going to watch
o ’m going to watching
o am go to watching

b) Put the verbs into the correct form. Use going to.

1. It (rain) ____________________ .
2. They (eat) __________________ stew.
3. I (wear) ___________________ blue shoes tonight.
4. We (not / help) ____________________ you.
5. Jack (not / walk) _____________________ home.
6. (cook / you) ____________________ dinner?
7. Sue (share / not) _____________________ her biscuits.
8. (leave / they) ______________________ the house?
9. (take part / she)_______________________ in the contest?
10. I (not / spend) ________________________ my holiday abroad this year.
11. Ian (play) ____________________ the piano next month, he practices a lot.
12. Karol (not / paint) ___________________ the portrait, she broke her arm.
13. John (buy) ______________________ a new car, he worked hard.
14. (clean / your) _______________________ bedroom tomorrow?

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c) Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps and form sentences. Use going to-future.
1. She ___________________ her friend. (to email)

2. We ___________________ to the cinema tonight. (to go)

3. My brother ____________________ football. (to play)

4. They _____________________ a party next Saturday. (to have)

5. John ____________________ a tennis match. (to watch)

6. You ____________________ to school tomorrow morning. (to walk)

7. My brother ___________________ flowers to his girlfriend. (to send)

8. Susan ____________________ to her teacher. (to talk)

9. Our class ___________________ a project at school. (to do)

10. Sean and Jake ____________________ their friends. (to meet)

d) Change the first five sentences of the previous exercise in negative and the next five in

question.

1. _____________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________________

5. _____________________________________________________

6. _____________________________________________________

7. _____________________________________________________

8. _____________________________________________________

9. _____________________________________________________

10. _____________________________________________________

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 WHY…..BECAUSE

 Why is a wh-word. We use why to talk about reasons and explanations.

Why as a question word

We can use why to ask about reasons and explanations:

Why did he leave home when he was 16?

Why didn’t you tell Gemma?

Why is the Earth round?

We can use why in indirect questions:

He asked me why I wanted to leave the job.

I wonder why he told nobody he was getting married.

We can use why on its own as a response:

A: I’m going home now.

B: Why?

When we reply to a negative statement, we usually say why not?:

A: I don’t like it here.

B: Why not?

 Because is used in answering the questions asked by why.

Here, it’s a conjunction, followed by a subject and verb:

I’m here because you asked me to be.

It’s blue because air scatters blue light better than red.

Also, when combined with “of”, it becomes a preposition followed by a noun with no verb,
with a meaning similar to “due to”:

I’m here because of Bill.

It’s blue because of the scattering of blue light.

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a)

34
b) Complete the exercise with each reason A to J

VERB + GERUND
Verbs followed by a gerund
admit delay forgive permit resent
advise deny hate postpone resist
allow despise imagine practice risk
anticipate discuss involve prefer save
appreciate dislike justify prevent start
avoid don't mind keep propose stop
begin dread like quit suggest
can't bear encourage love recall tolerate
can't help enjoy mean recollect try
can't stand escape mention recommend understand
cease excuse mind regret urge
consider fancy miss remember
continue finish need report
defend forget neglect require
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The gerund always serves as a noun. It can be used on its own or with an object or
adverbial:
He denied stealing the car.
I like getting up early.
a) Choose the correct option gerund or infinitive
1. Do you wish _______ a look at the car? 6. I refuse _______ in the meeting.
to have having to participate participating
2. Can you visualize him _______ a tie? 7. Remind me _______ the email.
to wear wearing sending to send
3. I vow ______ only the truth. 8. I can’t stand _______ horror films.
to speak speaking watching to watch
4. I promise _______ the book soon. 9. Who will venture _______ with the boss?
to return returning to disagree disagreeing
5. Tom yearned _______ to London. 10. Will you risk _______ there?
returning to return to go going
………………..
b) Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets in the appropriate form gerund or infinitive.
1 I can't stand ________________ in queues. ( to wait )
2 I wouldn't like ________________ in his shoes. ( to be )
3 Jim loves ________________ in Thailand. ( to work )
4 I hate ________________ the shopping on Saturday. ( to do )
5 Blast! I forgot ________________ milk. ( to buy )
6 In the end we decided ________________ in. ( to stay )
7 I need ________________ some information about Portugal. ( to find )
8 My parents like ________________ for long walks at the weekend. ( to go )
9 Tony gave up ________________ years ago. ( to smoke )
10 I wanted ________________ and see Troy but no one else was interested. ( to go )
11 Mrs Leith offered ________________ us to the airport. ( to take )
12 Clare refused ________________ clean up after the party. ( to help )
13 I tried ________________ him to come but it was no use. ( to persuade )
14 Do you mind not ________________ ? ( to smoke )
15 Everybody really enjoyed ________________ the cha-cha-cha. ( to dance )
16 Lionel admitted ________________ my chocolate mousse. ( to eat )
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Some/any
The words some and any are used when the speaker cannot specify or does not need/want to
specify a number or an exact amount. Check the following sentences:
- I saw seven deer when riding my bike in the forest yesterday. (It is important that you know
how many deer I saw.)
- I saw some deer when riding my bike in the forest yesterday. (I don't know exactly how many
deer I saw. Or: It is not important that you know exactly how many deer I saw.)
The "rules" that follow apply also to words containing some and any: somebody/anybody,
something/anything, etc.
In general, some is used in positive sentences:
 I got some nice presents for Christmas this year.
 This job is going to take some time.
 Look! There are some large black birds on the roof of the church.
 You have some butter on your chin.
 If you are hungry, there are some biscuits in the cupboard.
 I'm sure I'll return to Japan some day.
 There is somebody on the phone for you.
 I'd like to go somewhere hot this summer.
In general, any is used in negative sentences and questions:
 I didn't get any nice presents for Christmas this year.
 I looked in the cupboard but I couldn't find any biscuits.
 I don't need any help.
 She's so rude. No wonder she doesn't have any friends.
 I don't have anything to wear to the dance.
 I'm not hungry. I don't want anything to eat.
 Do you have any brothers or sisters?
 Did you catch any fish?
 Have you seen any good films recently?
 Does anyone know the answer?
 Are you going anywhere this Christmas?
In fact, the use of some/any is a little more complicated. Following are two common
occasions when the above "rules" are "broken":
1. We can use some in questions when offering/requesting:
 Would you like some more tea?
 Could I have some milk, please?
 Do you want something to eat? 37
2. We use any in positive sentences when we mean it doesn't matter which ..:
 You can come and ask for my help any time.
 Which book shall I read? - Any one. It's up to you.
 You can sit anywhere but here. This is my seat!

a) Choose the correct answer

1. I'm sure I made ___ mistakes on the exam.
Some any
2. My friend didn't make ___ mistakes on the exam.
Some any
3. I should have studied ___ more last night.
Some any
4. I have ___ money so I will treat you to a movie.
Some any
5. That is very kind of you because I don't have ___ money.
Some any
6. No, I don't have ___, but I wish I did.
Some any
7. Don't you know ___ good restaurants in Vancouver?
Some any
8. "Would you like to have ___ coffee with your meal, Sir" asked the waiter?
Some any
9. Yes, I'd like ___ please," I replied.
Some any
10. "Do you have ___ newspapers left," I asked?
Some any
11. "No, I don't have ___ " he replied.
Some any
12. "But I will have ___ more this evening," he added.
Some any
13. I went to the butcher, but I didn't buy ___ meat. It was so expensive!
Some any
14. Please come to see me __ time you are free.
Some any
15. Thank you. Maybe I will come ___ time on Saturday?
Some any
16. I have no cigarettes left so I will go to the store to buy ___.
Some any
17. If they have ___ Cuban cigars, please buy one for me.
Some any
18. Then you must give me ___ more money.
Some any

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COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable Noun Examples

Anything that can be counted, whether singular – a dog, a house, a friend, etc. or plural – a few
books, lots of oranges, etc. is a countable noun. The following countable noun examples will help
you to see the difference between countable and uncountable nouns. Notice that singular verbs are
used with singular countable nouns, while plural verbs are used with plural countable nouns. With the
countable we use the form How many are there?
1. There are at least twenty Italian restaurants in Little Italy.
2. Megan took many photographs when she went to the Grand Canyon.
3. Your book is on the kitchen table.
4. How many candles are on that birthday cake?
5. You have several paintings to study in art appreciation class.
6. There’s a big brown dog running around the neighborhood.
Uncountable Noun Examples
Anything that cannot be counted is an uncountable noun. Even though uncountable nouns are
not individual objects, they are always singular and one must always use singular verbs in
conjunction with uncountable nouns. The following uncountable noun examples will help you to
gain even more understanding of how countable and uncountable nouns differ from one another.
Notice that singular verbs are always used with uncountable nouns. With the uncountable we use the
question form How much is there?
1. There is no more water in the pond.
2. Please help yourself to some cheese.
3. I need to find information about Pulitzer Prize winners.
4. You seem to have a high level of intelligence.
5. Please take good care of your equipment.
6. Let’s get rid of the garbage.

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a) - Say whether the following are countable (C) or uncountable (U) or both (B).

1. Euros _______________ 12. animal ______________

2. water _______________ 13. noise _______________
3. bottle of water ________ 14. bread _______________
4. pollution _____________ 15. a loaf of bread ________
5. food ________________ 16. music _______________
6. tea _________________ 17. song ________________
7. coffee _______________ 18. baggage _____________
8. ice-cream ____________ 19. bag _________________
9. time ________________ 20. clothes ______________
10. box _________________ 21. furniture _____________
11. light ________________

b) Fill in the gaps with some or any.

1. have you got _________ brothers or sisters?

2. We don’t need _________ milk.
3. There are _________ pens on the table.
4. I want _________eggs because I’m going to make a cake.
5. Is there __________ water in the fridge?
6. Are there __________ problems?

c) Fill in the blanks with much or many.

1. How ___________ money do you have there?

2. I don’t have ___________ close friends.
3. There isn’t ___________ petrol left in the car.
4. How ___________ information have you got?
5. There are ___________ glasses of water on the table.
6. Don’t give him ___________ money – just a few euros.

d) Decide if the sentences are correct or incorrect.

1. There are some chairs and tables in the kitchen. correct / incorrect
2. We need some new furnitures for our kitchen. correct / incorrect
3. Two breads, please. correct / incorrect
4. That’s an important information. correct / incorrect
5. He saw three rare birds on his last birdwatching trip. correct / incorrect
40
e)

41
Tag Questions
Tag Questions are more like statements that are turned into questions. They begin with a
declarative statement:
“She is German.”
Then, we add a “tag” to make this statement a question:
“She is German, isn’t she?”
We use Tag Questions when we think something is true (which is why we use a declarative
statement) and want someone to agree with us. We are asking them, “Right?” or “Do you
agree?”

Tag Question Form: “be” verb

Tag questions with the “be” verb in the statement follow the same formats:
Format 1: Positive, Negative?
She is German, isn’t she?
Format 2: Negative, Positive?
She isn’t French, is she?
Note that the tense of the “be” verb can change. For example:
 He is tall, isn’t he? (Simple Present)
 You aren’t Italian, are you? (Simple Present)
 She is taking a long time, isn’t she? (Present Continuous)
 You were living in San Francisco, weren’t you? (Past Continuous)
 We will be working on Tag Questions this month, won’t we? (Future Continuous)

a) Complete the tag question with the correct letter

_____ 1. He's waiting for you, a. weren't they?
_____ 2. There are seven days in a week, b. is it?
_____ 3. I'm not late, c. am I?
_____ 4. These colors are pretty, d. weren't there?
_____ 5. Her reasons weren't very good, e. isn't he?
_____ 6. The doctor wasn't in his office, f. were they?
_____ 7. The lights were very bright, g. isn't it?
_____ 8. The idea is interesting, h. aren't there?
_____ 9. There were a lot of books on the table, i. aren't they?
_____ 10. The hole isn't deep, j. was he?

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b) Complete the question tag correctly

1. He works in a bank, __________ he?

2. You are Irish, ________ you?

3. They had a lovely wedding, __________ they?

4. Susan didn't phone, ________ she?

5. My daughter has answered your question, ________ she?

6. The man is from Brazil, ________ he?

7. Petra wasn't paying attention, ________ she?

8. John isn't working, ________ he?

9. Sean and Jake will arrive tomorrow, ________ they?

10. She has a brother, __________ she?

HAVE

Have and Has are essential to express ownership, possession and relationships.

We use have for I, we, you, they pronouns and has for he, she, it in the affirmative forms. The use

of the auxiliars don´t have (I, we, you, they) and doesn´t have (he, she, it) for the negative form.

The same with the question form Do…have (I, we, you, they) and Does…have (he, she, it).

a) Fill in the blanks below to complete the sentences. Use the words in the above boxes.

1. I’m very busy today. I ____________ lots of work to do.

2. A: ____________ your classmate ____________ a car? B: No, he ____________.

3. My sister ____________ a new job in an office.

4. Can I borrow your pen? I ___________ ____________ a pen.(no)

5. Why ____________ you ____________ an umbrella?

6. They are very busy today. They ____________ many things to do.

7. A: ____________ you ____________ a bicycle? B: Yes, I ____________.

8. Tom and Carlos ____________ lots of math homework.

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 9. How many cookies do you ____________?

10. Maria ____________ a pet cat, but she ____________ ____________ a pet dog.(no)

11. ____________ we ____________ enough time to eat lunch?

12. Steven ____________ a pen, but I ____________.

b) Complete with have or has underline your answer.

44
Lessons review
1.- The children ______ at home. a) are b) is c) am
2.- I ___________ brothers. a) hasn`t b) don´t have c) doesn`t have
3.- Paco works in ____ house. a) him b) his c) he
4.- ____ doesn`t know anything a) he b) his c) him
5.- There is ___ room. a) isn`t b) aren`t c) no
6.- _________ wallets are these ? a) what b) whose c) who
7.- _________ do you live ? a) what b) where c) why
8.- Henry _____French in the afternoon. a) always study b) always studies c) studies always
9.- She __________ play the flute. a) doesn`t b) don`t c) can`t
10.- Look _____ many brown bears. a) there is b) there are c) any
11.- Listen ! somebody ________ the guitar. a) is playing b) are playing c) plays
12.- He______ in the morning. a) run b) loves running c) love running
13.- Is your sister ___ her favorite cartoon? a) watches b) watching c) watch
14.- Robert __________ many friends. a) have got b) has c) have
15.- These people ______ in the office. a) are b) is c) am
16.- Peter ____________ last year. a) came b) come c) coming
17.- Helen __________ born in 1999. a) was b) did c) were
18.- How many letters ____ you _____ last week? a) do/ send b) did/sent c) did/send
19.- The twins _______ sleeping on the sofa. a) were b) was c) is
20.- __________ sugar do you need? a) how much b) how many c) how
21.- __________ cans of soda did you buy? a) how much b) how many c) how
22.- Henry bought ____ lot of sweets. a) an b) a c) some
23.- Would you like _______ coffee? a) any b) some c) a
24.- Would you like _______ apples ? a) any b) some c) a
25.- I have ________. a) none b) no c) some
26.- _____ you ______ a car? a) does/have b) have/got c) do/have
27.- _____ can`t you come ? a) what b) whose c) why
28.- How often do you study English ? a) once a week b) on Tuesday c) at one o`clock
29.- My birthday is ____ June. a) on b) at c) in
30.- Mother`s day is ____ 10 May. a) on b) at c) in
31.- Where is she _____? a) from b) at c) in

45