Unidad 1: What Is Formal Grammar?
Unidad 1: What Is Formal Grammar?
Unidad 1: What Is Formal Grammar?
Even though a group and a phrase operate at the same rank, they are
different.
The phrase is a prepositional phrase made up of a preposition and a
prepositional object (completive or complement of the preposition; it is
an obligatory element) that is why the phrase is considered like a
miniclause and differs from the group, which is considered as an
expanded word. In other words, the words following a preposition in a
prepositional phrase are not an expansion of the preposition, but its
object.
What is ‘Embedding’?
Nonfinite clauses are clauses which lack the function of the Finite.
Verb forms „ing‟ and „To inf‟ are always non finite.
Verb forms „V‟ (base form) and „V-ed‟ may be finite or nonfinite.
Verbs w/ irregular Finite „-ed‟ forms have separate non finite forms.
What is a Predicator?
What are the three semantic categories in the system of Transitivity which
explain how phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic
structures?
What meanings do circumstances realize and what are the probes for
each of these meanings? Mention them all and give examples.
They answer such questions as when, where, why, how many and what.
UNIDAD 2
What is embedding?
A clause that has been shifted in rank, that has been brought lower in
rank to function within another clause as an elements of that clause or
within a group as a qualifier. They are marked by [[…]] Embedding is a
mechanism whereby an element comes to function within the structure
of a group, which itself is a constituent of a clause. They can neither be
supressed nor moved around.
What is expansion?
The kind of relationship whereby the second clause says basically the
same as the first one only in more specific terms, using different words.
That is to say “parataxis (mainly) or hypotaxis (non-restrictive clauses)” In
includes four types: specification, restatement, exemplification, and
comment. Its notation symbol is an equal (=).
What is extension?
The second clause adds new info to the first one. “And, but, or”
relationships. Mainly paratactic. It is notated by a + (plus) symbol.
What is enhancement?
What is projection?
Non-extended Vgps are those consisting of one element only (a lexical verb, as
in runs, asked), and extended VGps those consisting of one or more auxiliaries +
a lexical verb (as in “may have been running, has been running, was run over
by a car”, etc.)
On the one hand, simple VGps are made up of only one lexical verb and
they can be non-extended or extended: “he fought in the war”; “he has
fought in the war”; “he has been fighting in Afghanistan for two years”.
On the other hand, complex VGps are made up of two lexical verbs, the
first of which can be finite or non-finite and the second of which is always
non-finite. Again they can be non-extended or extended: “he managed
to convince her” (non-extended), “he has managed to convince her”,
“He has been trying to convince her for some time now” (extended)
What is the function of a prepositional phrase?