Solution to Problem 204 Stress-strain

Diagram
Problem 204
The following data were obtained during a tension test of an aluminum alloy. The initial
diameter of the test specimen was 0.505 in. and the gage length was 2.0 in.

Load (lb) Elongation (in.) Load (lb) Elongation (in.)

0 0 14 000 0.020
2 310 0.00220 14 400 0.025
4 640 0.00440 14 500 0.060
6 950 0.00660 14 600 0.080
9 290 0.00880 14 800 0.100
11 600 0.0110 14 600 0.120
12 600 0.0150 13 600 Fracture

Plot the stress-strain diagram and determine the following mechanical properties: (a)
proportional limit; (b) modulus of elasticity; (c) yield point; (d) yield strength at 0.2% offset;
(e) ultimate strength; and (f) rupture strength.

Solution 204

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Area, A = 0.25π(0.5052) = 0.0638π in2
Length, L = 2 in
Strain = Elongation/Length
Stress = Load/Area

Load (lb) Elongation (in.) Strain (in/in) Stress (psi)

0 0 0 0
2 310 0.0022 0.0011 11 532.92
4 640 0.0044 0.0022 23 165.70
6 950 0.0066 0.0033 34 698.62
9 290 0.0088 0.0044 46 381.32
11 600 0.011 0.0055 57 914.24
12 600 0.015 0.0075 62 906.85
14 000 0.02 0.01 69 896.49
14 400 0.025 0.0125 71 893.54
14 500 0.06 0.03 72 392.80
 14 600 0.08 0.04 72 892.06
14 800 0.1 0.05 73 890.58
14 600 0.12 0.06 72 892.06
13 600 Fracture 67 899.45

From stress-strain diagram:

a. Proportional Limit = 57,914.24 psi

b. Modulus of Elasticity:
E = 57914.24/0.0055 = 10,529,861.82 psi
E = 10,529.86 ksi
c. Yield Point = 69,896.49 psi
d. Yield Strength at 0.2% Offset:
Strain of Elastic Limit = ε at PL + 0.002
Strain of Elastic Limit = 0.0055 + 0.002
Strain of Elastic Limit = 0.0075 in/in

The offset line will pass through Q (See figure below):

 Slope of 0.2% offset = E = 10,529,861.82 psi

Test for location:

slope = rise / run
10,529,861.82 = (6989.64 + 4992.61) / run
run = 0.00113793

Slope of EL to YP
ζ1 / ε1 = 6989.64/0.0025
ζ1 / ε1 = 2 795 856
ε1 = ζ1 / 2 795 856

For the required point:

E = (4992.61 + ζ1) / ε1

10 529 861.82 = (4992.61 + ζ1) / (ζ1 / 2 795 856)

3.7662 ζ1 = 4992.61 + ζ1
ζ1 = 1804.84 psi

Yield Strength at 0.2% Offset

= EL + ζ1
= 62906.85 + 1804.84
= 64 711.69 psi

e. Ultimate Strength = 73 890.58 psi

f. Rupture Strength = 67 899.45 psi

Problem 205
A uniform bar of length L, cross-sectional area A, and unit mass ρ is suspended vertically
from one end. Show that its total elongation is δ = ρgL2/2E. If the total mass of the bar is M,
show also that δ = MgL/2AE.

Solution 205
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δ=PL/AE
From the figure:
δ=dδ

P=Wy=(ρAy)g

L=dy

Thus,
dδ=(ρAy)gdy/AE

δ=ρgE∫L0ydy=ρgE[y2/2]L0

δ=(ρg/2E)[L2−02]

δ=ρgL2/2E

(okay!)

Given the total mass M

ρ=M/V=M/AL

δ=ρgL22E=MAL⋅gL22E

δ=MgL/2AE

(okay!)

Another Solution:
δ=PLAE

Where:
P=W=(ρAL)g

L=12L
Thus,
δ=[(ρAL)g](12L)AE

δ=ρgL2/2E

(okay!)

For you to feel the situation, position yourself in pull-up

exercise with your hands on the bar and your body hang freely
above the ground. Notice that your arms suffer all your weight
and your lower body fells no stress (center of weight is
approximately just below the chest). If your body is the bar, the
elongation will occur at the upper half of it.

Solution to Problem 206 Axial

Deformation
Problem 206
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended
vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass
of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2, find the total elongation of the rod.

Solution 206

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Elongation due to its own weight:

δ1=PLAE

Where:
P = W = 7850(1/1000)3(9.81)[300(150)(1000)]
P = 3465.3825 N
L = 75(1000) = 75 000 mm
A = 300 mm2
E = 200 000 MPa

Thus,
δ1=3465.3825(75000)300(200000)

δ1=4.33 mm
Elongation due to applied load:
δ2=PL/AE

Where:
P = 20 kN = 20 000 N
L = 150 m = 150 000 mm
A = 300 mm2
E = 200 000 MPa

Thus,
δ2=20000(150000)300(200000)

δ2=50 mm

Total elongation:
δ=δ1+δ2

δ=4.33+50=54.33 mm

Problem 207
A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the weight of
the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi and the total
elongation is not to exceed 0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 106 psi.

Solution 207

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Based on maximum allowable stress:
σ=PA

20000=50014πd2

d=0.1784in
Based on maximum allowable deformation:
δ=PLAE

0.20=500(30×12)14πd2(29×106)

d=0.1988in

Use the bigger diameter, d = 0.1988 inch. answer

Solution to Problem 208 Axial Deformation

Problem 208
A steel tire, 10 mm thick, 80 mm wide, and 1500.0 mm inside diameter, is heated and shrunk
onto a steel wheel 1500.5 mm in diameter. If the coefficient of static friction is 0.30, what
torque is required to twist the tire relative to the wheel? Neglect the deformation of the wheel.
Use E = 200 GPa.

Solution 208

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δ=PLAE
Where:
δ = π (1500.5 - 1500) = 0.5π mm
P=T
L = 1500π mm
A = 10(80) = 800 mm2
E = 200 000 MPa

Thus,
0.5π=T(1500π)800(200000)

T=53333.33N

F=2T

p(1500)(80)=2(53333.33)

p=0.8889MPa

→ internal pressure

Total normal force, N:

N = p × contact area between tire and wheel
N = 0.8889 × π(1500.5)(80)
N = 335 214.92 N

Friction resistance, f:
f = μN = 0.30(335 214.92)
f = 100 564.48 N = 100.56 kN
Torque = f × ½(diameter of wheel)
Torque = 100.56 × 0.75025
Torque = 75.44 kN · m
Solution to Problem 209 Axial Deformation
Problem 209
An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial loads applied at the
positions shown in Fig. P-209. Compute the total change in length of the bar if E = 10 × 106
psi. Assume the bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling.

Solution 209

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P1 = 6000 lb tension
P2 = 1000 lb compression
P3 = 4000 lb tension

δ=PLAE

δ=δ1−δ2+δ3

δ=6000(3×12)0.5(10×106)−1000(5×12)0.5(10×106)+4000(4×12)0.5(10×106)

δ=0.0696 in. (lengthening)

 answerSolution to Problem 210 Axial
Deformation
Problem 210
Solve Prob. 209 if the points of application of the 6000-lb and the 4000-lb forces are
interchanged.

Solution 210

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P1 = 4000 lb compression
P2 = 11000 lb compression
P3 = 6000 lb compression

δ=PLAE

δ=−δ1−δ2−δ3

δ=−4000(3×12)0.5(10×106)−11000(5×12)0.5(10×106)−6000(4×12)0.5(10×106)

δ=−0.2184 in=0.2184 in (shortening)

answerSolution to Problem 211 Axial

Deformation
Problem 211
A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown in Fig. p-211.
Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not
exceed an overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120
MPa in the bronze, and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably
braced to prevent buckling. Use Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa.

Solution 211

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Based on allowable stresses:

Steel:

Pst=σstAst

P=140(480)=67200N

P=67.2kN

Bronze:

Pbr=σbrAbr

2P=120(650)=78000N
P=39000N=39kN

Aluminum:

Pal=σalAal

2P=80(320)=25600N

P=12800N=12.8kN

Based on allowable deformation:

(steel and aluminum lengthens, bronze shortens)
δ=δst−δbr+δal

3=P(1000)480(200000)−2P(2000)650(83000)+2P(1500)320(70000)

3=(196000−226975+322400)P

P=42733.52N=42.73kN

Use the smallest value of P, P = 12.8 kN

Solution to Problem 212 Axial Deformation

Problem 212
The rigid bar ABC shown in Fig. P-212 is hinged at A and supported by a steel rod at B.
Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is limited to
30 ksi and the vertical movement of end C must not exceed 0.10 in.
Solution 212

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Based on maximum stress of steel rod:

ΣMA=0

5P=2Pst

P=0.4Pst

P=0.4σatAst

P=0.4[30(0.50)]

P=6kips
Based on movement at C:
δst2=0.15

δst=0.04in

PstLAE=0.04

Pst(4×12)0.50(29×106)=0.04

Pst=12083.33lb

ΣMA=0

5P=2Pst

P=0.4Pst

P=0.4(12083.33)

P=4833.33lb=4.83kips

Use the smaller value, P = 4.83 kips

Solution to Problem 213 Axial Deformation

Problem 213
The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown in Fig. P-213, is horizontal before
the load P is applied. Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 50 kN.
Solution 213

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Free body diagram:

For aluminum:
ΣMB=0

6Pal=2.5(50)

Pal=20.83kN

δ=PLAE

δal=20.83(3)10002500(70000)

δal=1.78mm
For steel:
ΣMA=0

6Pst=3.5(50)

Pst=29.17kN

δ=PLAE

δst=29.17(4)10002300(200000)

δst=1.94mm

Movement diagram:

y3.5=1.94−1.786

y=0.09mm

δB=vertical movement of P

δB=1.78+y=1.78+0.09

δB=1.87mm

answerSolution to Problem 214 Axial

Deformation
Problem 214
The rigid bars AB and CD shown in Fig. P-214 are supported by pins at A and C and the two
rods. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement
is limited to 5 mm. Neglect the weights of all members.

Solution 41

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Member AB:

ΣMA=0

3Pal=6Pst

Pal=2Pst
By ratio and proportion:
δB6=δal3

δB=2δal=2[PLAE]al

δB=2[Pal(2000)500(70000)]

δB=18750Pal=18750(2Pst)

δB=14375Pst

→ movement of B

Member CD:

Movement of D:
δD=δst+δB=[PLAE]st+14375Pst

δD=Pst(2000)300(200000)+14375Pst

δD=1142000Pst

ΣMC=0

6Pst=3P

Pst=12P
By ratio and proportion:
δP3=δD6

δP=12δD=12(1142000Pst)

δP=1184000Pst

5=1184000(12P)

P=76363.64N=76.4kN

answerSolution to Problem 215 Axial

Deformation
Problem 215
A uniform concrete slab of total weight W is to be attached, as shown in Fig. P-215, to two
rods whose lower ends are on the same level. Determine the ratio of the areas of the rods so
that the slab will remain level.

Solution 215

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ΣMal=0

6Pst=2W

Pst=13W
ΣMst=0

6Pal=4W

Pal=23W

δst=δal

[PLAE]st=[PLAE]al

13W(6×12)Ast(29×106)=23W(4×12)Aal(10×106)

AalAst=23W(4×12)(29×106)13W(6×12)(10×106)

AalAst=3.867

answerSolution to Problem 216 Axial

Deformation
Problem 216
As shown in Fig. P-216, two aluminum rods AB and BC, hinged to rigid supports, are pinned
together at B to carry a vertical load P = 6000 lb. If each rod has a cross-sectional area of 0.60
in.2 and E = 10 × 106 psi, compute the elongation of each rod and the horizontal and vertical
displacements of point B. Assume α = 30° and θ = 30°.

Solution 216
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From FBD of Joint B

ΣFH=0

PABcos30∘=PBCcos30∘

PAB=PBC

ΣFV=0

PABsin30∘+PBCsin30∘=6000

PAB(0.5)+PAB(0.5)=6000

PAB=6000lb

tension

PBC=6000lb

compression

δ=PLAE

δAB=6000(10×12)0.6(10×106)=0.12inch lengthening

answer

δBC=6000(6×12)0.6(10×106)=0.072inch shortening

answer

From 'Movement of B' diagram:

DB = δAB = 0.12 inch
BE = δBE = 0.072 inch
δB = BB' = displacement of B
B' = final position of B

after elongation
Triangle BDB':
cosβ=0.12δB

δB=0.12cosβ

Triangle BEB':
cos(120∘−β)=0.072δB

δB=0.072cos(120∘−β)

δB=δB

0.12cosβ=0.072cos(120∘−β)

cos120∘cosβ+sin120∘sinβcosβ=0.6

−0.5+sin120∘tanβ=0.6

tanβ=1.1sin120∘

β=51.79∘

ϕ=90−(30∘+β)=90∘−(30∘+51.79∘)

ϕ=8.21∘

δB=0.12cos51.79∘

δB=0.194inch

Triangle BFB':
δh=B′F=δBsinϕ=0.194sin8.21∘

δh=0.0277inch
δh=0.0023ft

→ horizontal displacement of B answer

δv=BF=δBcosϕ=0.194cos8.21∘

δv=0.192inch

δv=0.016ft

→ vertical displacement of B answerProblem 217

Solve Prob. 216 if rod AB is of steel, with E = 29 × 106 psi. Assume α = 45° and θ = 30°; all
other data remain unchanged.

Solution 217

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By Sine Law
PABsin60∘=6000sin75∘

PAB=5379.45lb

(Tension)

PBCsin45∘=6000sin75∘

PBC=4392.30 lb

(Compression)

δ=PLAE
δAB=5379.45(10×12)0.6(29×106)=0.0371 inch

(lengthening)

δBC=4392.30(6×12)0.6(10×106)=0.0527 inch

(shortening)

From "Movement of B" diagram

DB = δAB = 0.0371 inch
BE = δBE = 0.0527 inch
δB = BB' = displacement of B
B' = final position of B after deformation

Triangle BDB':
cosβ=0.0371δB

δB=0.0371cosβ

Triangle BEB':
cos(105∘−β)=0.0527δB

δB=0.0527cos(105∘−β)

δB=δB

0.0371cosβ=0.0527cos(105∘−β)

cos105∘cosβ+sin105∘sinβcosβ=1.4205

−0.2588+0.9659tanβ=1.4205

tanβ=1.4205+0.25880.9659

tanβ=1.7386

β=60.1∘
δB=0.0371cos60.1∘

δB=0.0744inch

ϕ=(45∘+β)−90∘

ϕ=(45∘+60.1∘)−90∘

ϕ=15.1∘

Triangle BFB':
δh=FB′=δBsinϕ=0.0744sin15.1∘

δh=0.0194inch

δh=0.00162 ft

→ horizontal displacement of B answer

δv=BF=δBcosϕ=0.0744cos15.1∘

δv=0.07183inch

δv=0.00598ft

Solution to Problem
→ vertical displacement of B answer

218 Axial Deformation

Problem 218
A uniform slender rod of length L and cross sectional area A is rotating in a horizontal plane
about a vertical axis through one end. If the unit mass of the rod is ρ, and it is rotating at a
constant angular velocity of ω rad/sec, show that the total elongation of the rod is ρω2 L3/3E.

Solution 218

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δ=PLAE
from the frigure:
dδ=dPxAE

Where:
dP = centrifugal force of differential mass
dP = dM ω2 x = (ρA dx)ω2 x
dP = ρAω2 x dx

dδ=(ρAω2xdx)xAE

δ=ρω2E∫L0x2dx=ρω2E[x33]L0

δ=ρω2E[L3−03]

δ=ρω2L3/3E

okay! Solution to Problem 219 Axial

Deformation
Problem 219
A round bar of length L, which tapers uniformly from a diameter D at one end to a smaller
diameter d at the other, is suspended vertically from the large end. If w is the weight per unit
volume, find the elongation of ω the rod caused by its own weight. Use this result to
determine the elongation of a cone suspended from its base.

Solution 219
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δ=PLAE

For the differential strip shown:

δ = dδ
P = weight of segment y carried by the strip
L = dy
A = area of the strip

For weight of segment y (Frustum of a cone):

P=wVy

From section along the axis:

xy=D−dL

x=D−dLy
Volume for frustum of cone
V=13πh(R2+r2+Rr)

Vy=13πh[14(x+d)2+14d2+12(x+d)(12d)]

Vy=112πy[(x+d)2+d2+(x+d)d]

P=112πw[(x+d)2+d2+(x+d)d]y

P=112πw[x2+2xd+d2+d2+xd+d2]y

P=112πw[x2+3xd+3d2]y

P=πw12[(D−d)2L2y2+3d(D−d)Ly+3d3]y

Area of the strip:

A=14π(x+d)2=π4(D−dLy+d)2
Thus,
δ=PLAE

dδ=πw12[(D−d)2L2y2+3d(D−d)Ly+3d3]ydyπ4(D−dLy+d)2E

dδ=4w12E⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢(D−d)2L2y2+3d(D−d)Ly+3d2(D−d)2L2y2+2d(D−d)Ly+d2⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥ydy

dδ=w3E⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢(D−d)2y2+3Ld(D−d)y+3L2d2L2(D−d)2y2+2Ld(D−d)y+L2d2L2⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥yd
y

dδ=w3E[(D−d)2y2+3Ld(D−d)y+3L2d2(D−d)2y2+2Ld(D−d)y+L2d2]ydy

Let:
a=D−d
and
b=Ld

dδ=w3E[a2y2+3aby+3b2a2y2+2aby+b2]ydy

dδ=w3E[a2y2+3aby+3b2(ay)2+2(ay)b+b2×aa]ydy

dδ=w3aE[a3y3+3(a2y2)b+3(ay)b2(ay+b)2]dy

dδ=w3aE{[(ay)3+3(ay)2b+3(ay)b2+b3]−b3(ay+b)2}dy

The quantity
(ay)3+3(ay)2b+3(ay)b2+b3=(ay+b)3

dδ=w3aE[(ay+b)3−b3(ay+b)2]dy

dδ=w3aE[(ay+b)3(ay+b)2−b3(ay+b)2]dy

dδ=w3aE[(ay+b)−b3(ay+b)−2]dy
δ=w3aE∫L0[(ay+b)−b3(ay+b)−2]dy

δ=w3aE[(ay+b)22a−b3(ay+b)−1−a]L0

δ=w3a2E[(ay+b)22+b3ay+b]L0

δ=w3a2E{[12(aL+b)2+b3aL+b]−[12b2+b3b]}

δ=w3a2E{12(aL+b)2+b3aL+b−32b2}

δ=w3a2E[(aL+b)3+2b3−3b2(aL+b)2(aL+b)]

δ=w6a2E[(aL)3+3(aL)2b+3(aL)b2+b3+2b3−3ab2L−3b3aL+b]

δ=w6a2E[a3L3+3a2bL2aL+b]

Note that we let

a=D−d
and
b=Ld

δ=w6(D−d)2E[(D−d)3L3+3(D−d)2(Ld)L2(D−d)L+Ld]

δ=w6(D−d)2E{(D−d)L3[(D−d)2+3d(D−d)]LD−Ld+Ld}

δ=wL36(D−d)E[(D−d)2+3d(D−d)LD]

δ=wL36(D−d)E[D2−2Dd+d2+3Dd−3d2LD]

δ=wL36(D−d)E[D2+Dd−2d2LD]

δ=wL36(D−d)E[D(D+d)−2d2LD]

δ=wL36(D−d)E[D(D+d)LD]−wL36(D−d)E[2d2LD]

δ=wL2(D+d)6E(D−d)−wL2d23ED(D−d)
 answer

For a cone:
D=D
and
d=0

δ=wL2(D+0)6E(D−0)−wL2(02)3ED(D−0)

δ=wL26E
answer