ACG2071 Managerial Accounting

MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
WORKING CAPITAL POLICY Cash $ 50 $ 30

. Which of the following statements is incorrect about working capital policy? (M) Marketable securities 0 20
a. A company may hold a relatively large amount of cash if it anticipates uncertain sales Accounts receivable 40 20
levels in the coming year. Inventories 100 50
b. Credit policy has an impact on working capital since it has the potential to influence sales Net fixed assets 500 500
levels and the speed with which cash is collected. Total assets $690 $620
c. The cash budget is useful in determining future financing needs.
d. Holding minimal levels of inventory can reduce inventory carrying costs and cannot lead to Spontaneous liabilities $ 30 $ 10
any adverse effects on profitability.
Short-term debt 50 0
e. Managing working capital levels is important to the financial staff since it influences
Long-term debt 300 300
financing decisions and overall profitability of the firm. Brigham
Common equity 310 310
Total claims $690 $620
Conservative Working Capital Policy
*. Compared to other firms in the industry, a company that maintains a conservative working From this data we may conclude that (M)
capital policy will tend to have a (D) a. Ski Lifts has a working capital financing policy of exactly matching asset and liability
a. Greater percentage of short-term financing. maturities.
b. Greater risk of needing to sell current assets to repay debt. b. Ski Lifts’ working capital financing policy is relatively aggressive; that is, the company
c. Higher ratio of current assets to fixed assets. finances some of its permanent assets with short-term discretionary debt.
d. Higher total asset turnover. RPCPA 0595 c. Ski Lifts follows a relatively conservative approach to working capital financing; that is,
some of its short-term needs are met by permanent capital.
1
. As a company becomes more conservative with respect to working capital policy, it would tend d. Without income statement data, we cannot determine the aggressiveness or conservatism
to have a(n) of the company’s working capital financing policy. Brigham
a. Increase in the ratio of current liabilities to noncurrent liabilities.
b. Decrease in the operating cycle. Aggressive Working Capital Policy
c. Decrease in the quick ratio. *. A firm following an aggressive working capital strategy would (M)
d. Increase in the ratio of current assets to noncurrent assets. CMA 1290 1-23 a. Hold substantial amount of fixed assets.
b. Minimize the amount of short-term borrowing.
2
. As a company becomes more conservative in its working capital policy, it would tend to have c. Finance fluctuating assets with long-term financing.
a(n) d. Minimize the amount of funds held in very liquid assets. RPCPA 1091
A. Decrease in its acid-test ratio. 3
B. Increase in the ratio of current liabilities to noncurrent liabilities. . The working capital financing policy that subjects the firm to the greatest risk of being unable to
C. Increase in the ratio of current assets to units of output. meet the firm’s maturing obligations is the policy that finances (E)
D. Increase in funds invested in common stock and a decrease in funds invested in a. Fluctuating current assets with long-term debt.
marketable securities. CMA 1296 1-8 b. Permanent current assets with long-term debt.
c. Permanent current assets with short-term debt.
. Ski Lifts Inc. is a highly seasonal business. The following summary balance sheet d. Fluctuating current assets with short-term debt. CMA 1295 1-2
provides data for peak and off-peak seasons (in thousands of dollars):
Peak Off-peak
RPCPA, AICPA, CMA & CIA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Page 1 of 40

4
. Since Marsh, Inc. is experiencing a sharp increase in sales activity and a steady increase in
production, the management of Marsh has adopted an aggressive working capital policy.
Therefore, the company's current level of net working capital
A. Would most likely be the same as in any other type of business condition as business
cycles tend to balance out over time.
B. Would most likely be lower than under other business conditions in order that the
company can maximize profits while minimizing working capital investment.
C. Would most likely be higher than under other business conditions so that there will be
sufficient funds to replenish assets.
D. Would most likely be higher than under other business conditions as the company's profits
are increasing. CMA 0689 1-11
Aggressive vs. Conservative Working Capital Policy

5
. Clay Corporation follows an aggressive financing policy in its working capital management
while Lott Corporation follows a conservative financing policy. Which one of the following
statements is correct?
A. Clay has a low ratio of short-term debt to total debt while Lott has a high ratio of short-
term debt to total debt.
B. Clay has a low current ratio while Lott has a high current ratio.
C. Clay has less liquidity risk while Lott has more liquidity risk.
D. Clay's interest charges are lower than Lott's interest charges. CMA 1284 1-22

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT Effect of Transactions on Working Capital

9
Appropriate Level of Working Capital . Starrs Company has current assets of $300,000 and current liabilities of $200,000. Starrs
6
. Determining the appropriate level of working capital for a firm requires (E) could increase its working capital by the (E)
a. Evaluating the risks associated with various levels of fixed assets and the types of debt A. Prepayment of $50,000 of next year's rent.
used to finance these assets. B. Refinancing of $50,000 of short-term debt with long-term debt.
b. Changing the capital structure and dividend policy for the firm. C. Purchase of $50,000 of temporary investments for cash.
c. Maintaining short-term debt at the lowest possible level because it is ordinarily more D. Collection of $50,000 of accounts receivable. CMA 1293 1-19
expensive than long term debt.
10
d. Offsetting the profitability of current assets and current liabilities against the probability of . Starrs has current assets of 300,000 and current liabilities of 200,000. Starrs could increase its
technical insolvency. working capital by the
e. Maintaining a high proportion of liquid assets to total assets in order to maximize the A. Prepayment of 50,000 of next year's rent.
return on total investments. CMA 0689 1-10, 0696 1-16, RPCPA 0596 B. Refinancing of 50,000 of short-term debt with long-term debt.
C. Acquisition of land valued at 50,000 through the issuance of common shares.
7
. Which of the following statements about current asset management is most correct? (E) D. Purchase of 50,000 of financial assets held for trading for cash. CMA 1293 1-19
a. A positive net float means that a company has more cash available for its use than the
amount shown in the company’s books. *. Which of the following transactions causes an increase in working capital?
b. Use of a lockbox reduces the possibility that petty cash will be lost. a. Sale of merchandise on credit at a price above cost.
c. Depreciation has an impact on the cash budget. b. Sale of marketable securities at a price below cost.
d. Statements a and c are correct. Brigham c. Collection of an account receivable.
d. Return to supplier of defective merchandise purchased on credit. Full credit allowed by
Working Capital supplier. RPCPA 1075
Working Capital Defined
*. The amount of long-term capital that is made to revolve in conducting operations and serves . Other things held constant, which of the following will cause an increase in working capital?
as the lifeblood of the company (E) (M)
a. Paid-up capital c. Working capital a. Cash is used to buy marketable securities.
b. Net worth d. None of these RPCPA 0588 b. A cash dividend is declared and paid.
c. Merchandise is sold at a profit, but the sale is on credit.
8
. The working capital is the difference between d. Long-term bonds are retired with the proceeds of a preferred stock issue.
A. Current assets and current liabilities. C. Total assets and total liabilities. e. Missing inventory is written off against retained earnings. Brigham
B. Fixed assets and fixed liabilities. D. Equity and cash. CMA 0692 1-25
11
. Which one of the following would increase the working capital of a firm?
3. Net Working Capital is the: A. Cash payment of payroll taxes payable.
A. Difference between short-term assets and short term liabilities B. Purchase of a new plant financed by a 20-year mortgage.
B. Difference between long-term assets and long term liabilities C. Cash collection of accounts receivable.
C. Difference between long-term assets and short term liabilities D. Refinancing a short-term note payable with a two-year note payable. CMA 1294 1-15
D. None of the above B&M
12
. If a firm increases its cash balance by issuing additional shares of common stock, working
capital (E)
a. Remains unchanged and the current ratio remains unchanged.
b. Increases and the current ratio remains unchanged. a. Cash flow control c. Maximizing sales
c. Increases and the current ratio decreases. b. Cash surplus investment d. Obtaining financing services RPCPA 0590
d. Increases and the current ratio increases. CMA 1294 1-30
2. Firms would need to hold zero cash when:
13
. The following transactions occurred during a company's first year of operations: A. Transaction-related needs are greater than cash inflows
I. Purchased a delivery van for cash B. Transaction-related needs are less than cash inflows
I. Borrowed money by issuance of short-term debt C. Transaction-related needs are not perfectly synchronized with cash inflows
III. Purchased treasury stock D. Transaction-related needs are perfectly synchronized with cash inflows B&M
Which of the items above caused a change in the amount of working capital?
16
A. I only. C. II and III only. . Which of the following statements is most correct? (E)
B. I and II only. D. I and III only. CIA 0593 IV-28 a. A good cash management system would minimize disbursement float and maximize
collections float.
Comprehensive b. If a firm begins to use a well-designed lockbox system, this will reduce its customers’ net
14
. All of the following statements in regard to working capital are correct except (M) float.
a. Current liabilities are an important source of financing for many small firms. c. In the early 1980s, the prime interest rate hit a high of 21 percent. In 2000 the prime rate
b. Profitability varies inversely wit liquidity. was considerably lower. That sharp interest rate decline has increased firms’ concerns
c. The hedging approach to financing involves matching maturities of debt with specific about the efficiency of their cash management programs.
d. If a firm can get its customers to permit it to pay by wire transfers rather than having to
financing needs.
write checks, this will increase its net float and thus reduce its required cash balances.
d. Financing permanent inventory buildup with long-term debt is an example of an
e. A firm that has such an efficient cash management system that it has positive net float can
aggressive working capital policy. CMA 0696 1-29
have a negative checkbook balance at most times and still not have its checks bounce.
Brigham
CASH MANAGEMENT
Function
15 Motives for Holding Cash
. When managing cash and short-term investments, a corporate treasurer is primarily 17
. According to John Maynard Keynes, the three major motives for holding cash are for
concerned with (E) A. Transactional, psychological, and social purposes.
a. Maximizing rate of return. B. Speculative, fiduciary, and transactional purposes.
b. Minimizing taxes. C. Speculative, social, and precautionary purposes.
c. Investing in Treasury bonds since they have no default risk. D. Transactional, precautionary, and speculative purposes. CMA 1286 1-32
d. Investing in common stock due to the dividend exclusion for federal income tax purposes.
e. Liquidity and safety. CMA 1295 I-12 *. A precautionary motive for holding excess cash is (E)
a. To enable a company to meet the cash demands from the normal flow of business activity.
1. Determining the appropriate target cash balance involves assessing the trade-off between: b. To enable a company to avail itself of a special inventory purchase before prices rise to
A. Income and diversification higher levels.
B. The benefit and cost of liquidity c. To enable a company to have cash to meet emergencies that may arise periodically.
C. Balance sheet strength and transaction needs d. To avoid having to use the various types of lending arrangements available to cover
D. All of the above B&M projected cash deficits. RPCPA 0595
*. Which of the following is not a major function in cash management? (E)
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. The amount of cash that a firm keeps on hand in order to take advantage of any bargain
purchases that may arise is referred to as its 13. Most large firms hold a cash balance greater than most models imply because:
A. Transactions balance. C. Precautionary balance. A. It is too difficult to estimate the costs of security transactions
B. Compensating balance. D. Speculative balance. CIA 1194 IV-15 B. Banks are compensated by account balances for payment of services
C. Corporations have few bank accounts and it is difficult to manage their cash
25. Which of the following statements concerning zero balance accounts is not correct? D. Cash is costless and need not be managed closely B&M
A. They are set up to handle disbursement activity
B. The account has a minimum amount at all times 14. We should expect cash balances to increase when:
C. Checks are automatically transferred into the account as checks presented for payment A. The transaction costs of buying or selling interest-bearing securities increase
D. The transfer is automatic and involves an accounting entry only B. Interest rates increase
E. The master and the zero balance account locate at the same bank B&M C. Sales volume falls
D. Uncertainty about day-to-day or week-to-week cash flows decreases B&M
26. Which of the following is used to control disbursements?
A. Concentration banking C. Lock-box system Methods of Accelerating Cash Collections
B. Zero-balance account D. Fedwire B&M 32. Banks generally offer the following cash management services:
A. Processing checks C. Running lock-boxes
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. All of the following are valid reasons for a business to hold cash and marketable securities B. Transferring funds D. All of the above B&M
except to
A. Satisfy compensating balance requirements. 33. Banks generally offer the following services:
B. Maintain adequate cash needed for transactions. A. Processing checks C. Providing advice and references
C. Meet future needs. B. Running lock-boxes D. All of the above B&M
D. Earn maximum returns on investment assets. CMA 0694 1-22
Disbursement Float
. Which of the following statements is most correct? (M) 15. Checks written by the firm are said to generate:
a. The cash balances of most firms consist of transactions, compensating, precautionary, A. Availability float C. Disbursement float
and speculative balances. The total desired cash balance can be determined by B. Ledger float D. Book float B&M
calculating the amount needed for each purpose and then summing them together.
b. The easier a firm’s access to borrowed funds the higher its precautionary balances will be, 16. The difference between bank cash and book cash is called:
in order to protect against sudden increases in interest rates. A. Disbursement float C. Availability float
c. For some firms, holding highly liquid marketable securities is a substitute for holding cash B. Net float D. None of the above B&M
because the marketable securities accomplish the same objective as cash. Brigham
d. Firms today are more likely to rely on cash than on reserve borrowing power or
Maximizing Net Float
marketable securities for speculative purposes because of the need to move quickly. 20
. Which of the following statements is most correct? (E)
a. A cash management system that minimizes collections float and maximizes disbursement
12. A large firm may hold substantial cash balances because: float is better than one with higher collections float and lower disbursement float.
A. These balances are required by the bank b. A cash management system that maximizes collections float and minimizes disbursement
B. The company may have accounts in many different banks float is better than one with lower collections float and higher disbursement float.
C. The company may have a very decentralized organization c. The use of a lockbox is designed to minimize cash theft losses. If the cost of the lockbox
D. All of the above B&M is less than theft losses saved, then the lockbox should be installed. Brigham
d. Other things held constant, a firm will need a smaller line of credit if it can arrange to pay Draft
its bills by the 5th of each month than if its bills come due uniformly during the month. 22
. A working capital technique that delays the outflow of cash is (E)
A. Factoring. C. A lock-box system.
. Which of the following statements is most correct? (M) B. A draft. D. Electronic funds transfer. CMA 1293 1-21
a. Poor synchronization of cash flows that results in high cash management costs can be
partially offset by increasing disbursement float and decreasing collections float. 23
. A working capital technique that increases the payable float and therefore delays the outflow of
b. The size of a firm’s net float is primarily a function of its natural cash flow synchronization cash is (E)
and how it clears its checks. A. Concentration banking. C. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI).
c. Lockbox systems are used mainly for security purposes as well as to decrease the firm’s
B. A draft. D. A lockbox system. CMA 1296 1-5
net float.
d. If a firm can speed up its collections and slow down its disbursements, it will be able to
reduce its net float. Automated Clearing House (ACH) Electronic Transfer
e. A firm practicing good cash management and making use of positive net float will bring its 27. Electronic cash transfers offer several advantages, including:
check book balance as close to zero as possible, but must never generate a negative A. A low marginal transactions cost C. Easy automation of record-keeping
book balance. Brigham B. A reduced float D. All of the above B&M
Lock-Box System 31. A check processed through ACH (Automated Clearing House):
21. The most common cash management technique used to speed up collections is: A. Will clear immediately C. Will take two or three days to clear
A. Concentration banking C. Lock-boxes B. Will clear the same day D. None of the above B&M
B. Wire transfers D. In-house processing B&M 24
. An automated clearing house (ACH) electronic transfer is a(n)
23. By getting closer to the source of payment, lock-boxes can be used to reduce: a. Electronic payment to a company’s account at a concentration bank.
A. Availability or clearing float C. In-house processing float b. Check that must be immediately cleared by the Federal Reserve Bank.
B. Mail float D. Disbursement float B&M c. Computer-generated deposit ticket verifying deposit of funds. CMA 0694 1-23)
d. Check-like instrument drawn against the payor and not against the bank.
21
. A lock-box system
A. Reduces the need for compensating balances.
B. Provides security for late night deposits.
C. Reduces the risk of having checks lost in the mail.
D. Accelerates the inflow of funds. CMA 1293 1-20
. A lockbox plan is most beneficial to firms that (M)

a. Send payables over a wide geographic area.
b. Have widely disbursed manufacturing facilities.
c. Have a large marketable securities account to protect.
d. Hold inventories at many different sites.
e. Make collections over a wide geographic area. Brigham

*. The following practices will impact the cash flow of the company: (E)
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a. Sales personnel are unequivocally responsible for collecting their credit sales. . A typical firm doing business nationally cannot expect to accelerate its cash inflow by
b. Sales commissions are based on collected invoices. A. Establishing multiple collection centers throughout the country.
c. Statement of accounts receivable are reconciled with customers and regularly sent for B. Employing a lockbox arrangement.
confirmation. RPCPA 0594 C. Initiating controls to accelerate the deposit and collection of large checks. CMA 1283 1-23
d. Automatic transfer of funds is arranged with banks regarding deposits of branches. D. Maintaining compensating balances rather than paying cash for bank services.
Wire Transfer Baumol’s Model of Cash Balances

28. The fastest but most expensive way to transfer surplus funds from the local deposit bank to the 3. Baumol's model of cash balances states that: Q = [(2 x T x C./ i]^0.5 where T = annual cash
concentration bank is: disbursement, C = cost per sale of T-bills, i = interest rate. What is Q?
A. A lock-box system D. An in-house processing float system A. The number of times per annum bill should be sold
B. A mail float system E. An availability float system B. The average holding of bills
C. A wire transfer B&M C. The amount of T-bills that should be sold at any one time
D. The minimum holding of cash B&M
Concentration Banking
22. Which of the following is a way for companies to speed up collections? 9. The Baumol model determines the optimal cash balance by:
A. Remote disbursing C. Baumol model A. Balancing total costs against opportunity costs
B. Concentration banking D. All of the above B&M B. Minimizing total costs of holding cash against trading securities costs
C. Balancing trading securities costs against total costs
Comprehensive D. Minimizing total costs less trading costs B&M
*. Which of the following actions would not be consistent with good management? (M)
a. Increased synchronization of cash flows. 10. Concerning the Baumol model, which of the following is not correct (all other things equal)?
b. Minimize the use of float. A. The optimum cash balance is higher at higher interest rates
c. Maintaining an average cash balance equal to that required as a compensating balance or B. The optimum cash balance is higher at higher fixed order costs
that which minimizes total cost. C. The optimum cash balance is higher at higher total cash requirement
d. Use of checks and drafts in disbursing funds. RPCPA 0595 D. All of the above are correct B&M
*. A company’s management is concerned about the large bank overdraft, which it wishes to 11. The Baumol cash balance model is limited by:
reduce over the budget period of one year. Which one of the four items below will not A. Assuming the cash flows are variable across the period
necessarily result in a lower bank overdraft? (E) B. A smooth disbursement rate and now cash inflows over the period
a. Reducing bad debts. C. Having a safety stock set to zero
b. Taking longer credit from suppliers without any loss of discounts. D. Both B and C B&M
c. Reducing wastage and loss through damage of regularly-used stock items.
d. Reducing unit costs of production. RPCPA 0592 Cash Conversion Cycle
27
. An enterprise plans to produce a new product, which will typically be sold to other firms on
25
. Methods of accelerating cash collections include all of the following except (E) credit. The cash conversion cycle resulting from this new product can be measured as the
A. Decentralized collections. C. Compensating balances. length of time from
B. Electronic funds transfers. D. Lockbox systems. CMA 0689 1-12 A. Cash purchases of raw materials to the collection of accounts receivable.
B. Cash purchases of raw materials to the time the final product is completed. C. Risk-profitability trade-off considerations.
C. Cash purchases of raw materials to the sale of the product. D. Flotation cost considerations. CMA 0684 1-5
D. When the product is completed to the sale of the product. CIA 1193 IV-52
32
. Some managers express the opinion that “cash management problems are nothing more than
28
. Helena Furnishings wants to sharply reduce its cash conversion cycle. Which of the following inventory problems.” They then proceed to use cash management module, such as the EOQ
steps would reduce its cash conversion cycle? (E) model to determine the
a. The company increases its average inventory without increasing its sales. a. Credit and collection policies.
b. The company reduces its DSO. b. Marketable securities level.
c. The company starts paying its bills sooner, which reduces its average accounts payable c. Proper relationship between current assets and current liabilities.
without reducing its sales. d. Proper blend of marketable securities and cash. CMA 1286 1-33
d. Statements a and b are correct. Brigham
33
. Determining the amount and timing of conversions of marketable securities to cash is a critical
. Ignoring cost and other effects on the firm, which of the following measures would tend to
element of a financial manager's performance. In terms of the rate of return forgone on
reduce the cash conversion cycle? (M)
a. Maintain the level of receivables as sales decrease. converted securities and the cost of such transactions, the optimal amount of cash to be raised
b. Buy more raw materials to take advantage of price breaks. by selling securities is
c. Take discounts when offered. A. Inversely related to the rate of return forgone and directly related to the cost of the
d. Forgo discounts that are currently being taken. transaction.
e. Offer a longer deferral period to customers. Brigham B. Directly related to the rate of return forgone and directly related to the cost of the
transaction.
29
. Which of the following actions are likely to reduce the length of a company’s cash conversion C. Directly related to the rate of return forgone and inversely related to the cost of the
cycle? (M) transaction.
a. Adopting a just-in-time inventory system that reduces the inventory conversion period. D. Inversely related to the rate of return forgone and inversely related to the cost of the
b. Reducing the average days sales outstanding (DSO) on its accounts receivable. transaction. CIA 0593 IV-52
c. Reducing the amount of time the company takes to pay its suppliers.
34
d. Statements a and b are correct. Brigham . The economic order quantity (EOQ) formula can be adapted in order for a firm to determine
the optimal mix between cash and marketable securities. The EOQ model assumes all of the
Optimal Mix Between Cash and Short-term Investments following except
30
. When managing cash and short-term investments, a corporate treasurer is primarily a. The cost of a transaction is independent of the dollar amount of the transaction and
concerned with (E) interest rates are constant over the short run.
A. Maximizing rate of return. b. An opportunity cost is associated with holding cash, beginning with the first dollar.
B. Minimizing taxes. c. The total demand for cash is known with certainty.
C. Investing in Treasury bonds since they have no default risk. d. Cash flow requirements are random. CMA 0689 1-15
D. Liquidity and safety. CMA 1295 1-12
Comprehensive
31
. When a company is evaluating whether the ratio of cash and marketable securities to total *. The following are desirable in cash management except: (E)
assets should be high or low, its decision will be based upon a. Cash is collected at the earliest time possible.
A. Financial leverage considerations. b. Most sales are on cash basis and receivables are aged “current”
B. Operating leverage considerations. c. Post-dated checks are not deposited on time upon maturity.
35
d. All sales are properly receipted and promptly deposited intact. RPCPA 0593 . Which of the following are criteria for selection among securities available for a marketable
securities portfolio? (M)
*. In cash management, which of the following statements is false? (M) A. Default risk, taxability, and relative yields.
a. Capital costs, delinquency costs, and default costs are costs associated with cash B. Planning, major investment decisions, and interaction with capital markets.
management. C. The operating, payment, and cash conversion cycles. CIA 0589 IV-52
b. Short costs, long costs, and procurement costs are costs associated with optimal cash D. Inventory conversion, receivables conversion, and payable deferral periods.
balance model approach
c. Obtaining financing services and controlling cash flow are some of the major functions of . Which of the following is not a situation that might lead a firm to hold marketable securities?
cash management. (M)
d. Funds sourcing and custodianship must be done at the lowest possible cost, where a. The firm has purchased a fixed asset that will require a large write-off of depreciable
excess funds must be invested for a return that is best in the market. RPCPA 1090 expense.
b. The firm must meet a known financial commitment, such as financing an ongoing
MARKETABLE SECURITIES construction project.
Criteria c. The firm must finance seasonal operations.
*. The criteria that should be considered in investing surplus cash (E) d. The firm has just sold long-term securities and has not yet invested the proceeds in
a. Safety of the company’s funds c. Yield on the principal earning assets. Brigham
b. Liquidity of the principal d. All of the above RPCPA 0588
Money Market Instruments
7. The following are money market instruments except:
A. T-bills C. Commercial paper
B. Federal agency discount notes D. Preferred stocks B&M
8. The three money market securities with the greatest volume of business are:
A. Treasury bills, commercial paper, repurchase agreements
B. Negotiable CDs, federal agency discount notes, T-bills
C. Commercial paper, bankers' acceptances, tax-exempt municipal notes
D. Federal agency discount notes, repurchase agreements, medium-term notes B&M
Marketable Securities Portfolio

. Which of the following statement completions is most correct? If the yield curve is upward
sloping, then a firm’s marketable securities portfolio, assumed to be held for liquidity purposes,
should be (M)
a. Weighted toward long-term securities because they pay higher rates.
b. Weighted toward short-term securities because they pay higher rates.
c. Weighted toward U. S. Treasury securities to avoid interest rate risk.
d. Weighted toward short-term securities to avoid interest rate risk.
e. Balanced between long- and short-term securities to minimize the effects of either an
upward or a downward trend in interest rates. Brigham

Treasury Bills
36
. Which security is most often held as a substitute for cash? (E) 10. Negotiable CDs are issued by:
A. Treasury bills. C. Gold. A. US Government C. Banks
B. Common stock. D. Aaa corporate bonds. CMA 1289 1-14 B. Federal agencies D. Corporations B&M
9. For which of the following investments is there a very active secondary market? Commercial Paper
41
A. Medium-term notes C. US Treasury bills . The best example of a marketable security with minimal risk would be (D)
B. Commercial paper D. Repurchase agreements B&M A. Municipal bonds.
B. The common stock of a Aaa rated company.
37
. The marketable securities with the least amount of default risk are C. The commercial paper of a Aaa rated company.
A. Federal government agency securities. C. Repurchase agreements. D. Stock options of a Aaa rated company. CMA 0688 1-15
B. U.S. Treasury securities. D. Commercial paper. CMA 0691 1-11
EuroCommercial Paper
38
Of the following four investments, is considered to be the safest. (E) 14. Commercial papers sold in the international markets are called:
a. commercial paper d. Treasury bonds A. Negotiable commercial papers C. MTNs
b. corporate bonds e. U. S. Agency issues B. EuroCommercial papers D. None of the above B&M
c. Treasury bills
Floating Rate Preferred Stock
39
. Which of the following financial instruments can be traded in international money markets? 16. Floating-rate preferred stock offers competitive rates of return with traditional money-market
A. Mortgages. C. U.S. Treasury bills. instruments but:
B. Preferred shares. D. U.S. Treasury bonds. CIA 1195 IV-65 A. Is not rated by Moody's or Standard & Poor's
B. Still provides the corporate investor with the tax exclusion on dividend income
Repurchase Agreement C. Has a fixed rate of dividend income
15. A repurchase agreement occurs when: D. Offers a highly competitive trading market B&M
A. A company agrees to buy back its commercial paper before maturity
B. A bank depositor agrees, in advance, to re-invest money in a negotiable certificate of 17. A tax-paying corporation would prefer to invest short-term money in:
deposit A. Preferred stock C. Common stock
C. An investor buys part of a government security dealer's inventory and simultaneously B. Floating-rate preferred stock D. Long-term bonds B&M
agrees to sell it back
D. The federal government agrees to buy T-bills B&M 21. Even though the dividend rate on a floating-rate preferred stock is floating to keep in line with
interest rates, the instrument still suffers from risk such as:
Negotiable Certificates of Deposit A. A thin market causing potential principal risk and liquidity concerns
40
. Which one of the following is not a characteristic of a negotiable certificate of deposit? B. The risk of downgrades from the narrow range of issuers
Negotiable certificates of deposit (D) C. The impact of tax law changes, which may reduce the after-tax value of the instrument
A. Have a secondary market for investors. D. All of the above B&M
B. Are regulated by the Federal Reserve System.
C. Are usually sold in denominations of a minimum of $100,000. CMA 0691 1-12
D. Have yields considerably greater than bankers' acceptances and commercial paper.
Money Market Mutual Funds D. The Eurodollar market is outside the direct control of the U.S. monetary authorities and
42
. In smaller businesses in which the management of cash is but one of numerous functions has lower costs. CIA 0595 IV-59
performed by the treasurer, various cost incentives and diversification arguments suggest that
surplus cash should be invested in 3. There is a difference between "Eurodollar" or "international dollar" rate and short-term interest
A. Commercial paper. C. Money market mutual funds. rate in the US because:
B. Bankers' acceptances. D. Corporate bonds. CMA 1280 1-1 A. Banks are not subject to reserve requirements on international dollars
B. Banks need not insure international dollar deposits with the FDIC
Eurodollar Deposit C. Both A and B
2. "Eurodollars" or "international dollars" are: D. None of the above B&M
A. Dollar deposits in banks outside the US
B. Dollars deposited in the US by foreigners Variable Rate Demand Bond
C. Dollars held by foreign governments 11. A variable rate demand bond (VRDB):
D. None of the above B&M A. Is a long-term security
B. Has interest payments linked to the level of short-term interest rates
44. US dollars deposited in a German bank are called: C. May periodically be sold back to the issuer at face value
A. Deutsche dollars C. Eurodollars D. Is tax-exempt
B. American depositing receipts D. None of the above B&M E. All of the above B&M
43
. Of the following, a characteristic of Eurobonds is that they are Not a Proper Investment for Idle Cash
46
A. Always denominated in Eurodollars. . All of the following are alternative marketable securities suitable for investment except
B. Always sold in some country other than the one in whose currency the bond is A. U.S. Treasury bills. C. Commercial paper.
denominated. B. Eurodollars. D. Convertible bonds. CMA 0694 1-25
C. Sold outside the country of the borrower but are denominated in the currency of the
country in which the issue is sold. *. Which of the following investments is not likely to be a proper investment for temporary idle
D. Generally issued as registered bonds. CIA 1195 IV-66 cash? (E)
a. Initial public offering of an established profitable conglomerate.
44
. Which of the following statements does not properly describe a Eurodollar deposit? b. Commercial paper.
A. Eurodollar deposits are U.S. dollar deposits in banks outside of the U.S. c. Treasury bills.
B. Eurodollar deposits are outside the direct control of the U.S. monetary authorities. d. Treasury bonds due within one year. RPCPA 0595
C. Eurodollar deposit rates tend to be lower than domestic U.S. rates on equivalent
instruments. CIA 0594 IV-58 Short Selling
47
D. Interest rates on Eurodollar deposits are tied to the London Interbank Offer Rate (LIBOR). . The term “short selling” is the
a. Selling of a security that was purchased by borrowing money from a broker.
45
. Interest rates received by depositors on Eurodollar deposits tend to be higher than domestic b. Selling of a security that is not owned by the seller.
U.S. rates on equivalent instruments because c. Selling of all the shares you own in a company in anticipation that the price will decline
A. Borrowers pay higher rates than domestic U.S. rates on equivalent instruments. dramatically. CMA 1294 1-16
B. The deposits involve different currencies. d. Betting that a stock will increase by a certain amount within a given period of time.
C. Eurodollar deposits are for smaller amounts.
49
Riding the Yield Curve . The average collection period for a firm measures the number of days (E)
*. In the process of investing of surplus cash, the term “riding the yield curve” refers to (E) a. After a typical credit sale is made until the firm receives the payment.
a. Diversifying securities portfolio so that the firm has an equal balance of long-term versus b. It takes a typical check to “clear” through the banking system.
short-term securities. c. Beyond the end of the credit period before a typical customer payment is received.
b. Swapping different maturities of similar quality debt securities in order to obtain higher d. Before a typical account becomes delinquent. CMA 1295 1-4
yield.
c. Purchasing only the longest maturities for given rates of return. . Which of the following statements is most correct? (M)
d. Adherence to the liquidity preference theory of securities investment. RPCPA 0596 a. If a firm’s volume of credit sales declines then its DSO will also decline.
b. If a firm changes its credit terms from 1/20, net 40 days, to 2/10, net 60 days, the impact
RECEIVABLES MANAGEMENT on sales can’t be determined because the increase in the discount is offset by the longer
. Which of the following statements is most correct? (M) net terms, which tends to reduce sales.
a. A firm that makes 90 percent of its sales on credit and 10 percent for cash is growing at a c. The DSO of a firm with seasonal sales can vary. While the sales per day figure is usually
rate of 10 percent annually. If the firm maintains stable growth it will also be able to based on the total annual sales, the accounts receivable balance will be high or low
maintain its accounts receivable at its current level, since the 10 percent cash sales can depending on the season.
be used to manage the 10 percent growth rate. d. An aging schedule is used to determine what portion of customers pay cash and what
b. In managing a firm’s accounts receivable it is possible to increase credit sales per day yet portion buy on credit.
still keep accounts receivable fairly steady if the firm can shorten the length of its e. Aging schedules can be constructed from the summary data provided in the firm’s
collection period. financial statements. Brigham
c. If a firm has a large percentage of accounts over 30 days old, it is a sign that the firm’s
receivables management needs to be reviewed and improved. Aging of Accounts Receivable
d. Since receivables and payables both result from sales transactions, a firm with a high 50
. An aging of accounts receivable measures the
receivables-to-sales ratio should also have a high payables-to-sales ratio. Brigham a. Ability of the firm to meet short-term obligations.
b. Average length of time that receivables have been outstanding. CMA 1290 1-22
Monitoring Receivables c. Percentage of sales that have been collected after a given period of time.
. Analyzing days sales outstanding (DSO) and the aging schedule are two common methods for d. Amount of receivables that have been outstanding for given lengths of time.
monitoring receivables. However, they can provide erroneous signals to credit managers when
(E) . Which of the following statements is most correct? (M)
a. Customers’ payments patterns are changing. a. Other things held constant, the higher a firm’s days sales outstanding (DSO), the better its
b. Sales fluctuate seasonally. credit department.
c. Some customers take the discount and others do not. b. If a firm that sells on terms of net 30 changes its policy and begins offering all customers
d. Sales are relatively constant, either seasonally or cyclically. Brigham terms of 2/10, net 30, and if no change in sales volume occurs, then the firm’s DSO will
probably increase.
Days Sales Outstanding c. If a firm sells on terms of 2/10, net 30, and its DSO is 30 days, then its aging schedule
48
. An enterprise's receivables collection period is equal to would probably show some past due accounts.
A. The inventory conversion period. d. Statements a and c are correct. Brigham
B. The cash conversion cycle.
C. The day's sales outstanding. Credit & Collection Policy
D. The inventory divided by average daily sales. CIA 0597 IV-27 *. The goal of credit policy is to (E)
a. Extend credit to the point where marginal profits equal marginal costs.
b. Minimize bad debt losses. e. Seasonal dating with terms 2/15, net 30 days, with April 1 dating, means that if the original
c. Minimize collection expenses. sale took place on February 1st, the customer can take the discount up until March 15th,
d. Maximize sales. RPCPA 0597 but must pay the net invoice amount by April 1st. Brigham
*. It is held that the level of accounts receivable that the firm has or holds reflects both the Average Gross Receivables Balance
53
volume of a firm’s sales on account and a firm’s credit policies. Which one of the following . Which of the following represents a firm’s average gross receivables balances?
items is not considered as part of the firm’s credit policies? (M) I. Days’ sales in receivables x accounts receivable turnover.
a. The minimum risk group to which credit should be extended. II. Average daily sales x average collection period.
b. The extent (in terms of money) to which a firm will go to collect an account. III. Net sales ÷average gross receivables. (E)
c. The length of time for which credit is extended. a. I only. c. II only.
d. The size of the discount that will be offered. RPCPA 1095 b. I and II only. d. II and III only. CMA 1296 1-18
51
. The one item listed below that would warrant the least amount of consideration in credit and Receivable Turnover
54
collection policy decisions is the . A high turnover of accounts receivable, which implies a very short days-sales outstanding,
A. Quality of accounts accepted. C. Cash discount given. CMA 0684 1-3 could indicate that the firm
B. Quantity discount given. D. Level of collection expenditures. A. Has a relaxed (lenient) credit policy.
B. Offers small discounts.
52
. When a company analyzes credit applicants and increases the quality of the accounts C. Uses a lockbox system, synchronizes cash flows, and has short credit terms.
rejected, the company is attempting to (M) D. Has an inefficient credit and collection department. Gleim
A. Maximize sales. C. Increase the average collection period.
55
B. Increase bad-debt losses. D. Maximize profits. CMA 1286 1-34 . A decrease in the firm's receivable turnover ratio means that (D)
A. It is collecting credit sales more quickly than before.
. If easing a firm’s credit policy lengthens the collection period and results in a worsening of the B. It is collecting credit sales more slowly than before.
aging schedule, then why do firms take such actions? (E) C. Sales have gone up.
a. It normally stimulates sales. D. Inventories have gone up. Gleim
b. To meet competitive pressures.
c. To increase the firm’s deferral period for payables. 56
. Accounts receivable turnover will normally decrease as a result of (E)
d. Statements a and b are correct. Brigham a. The write-off of an uncollectible account (assume the use of the allowance for doubtful
accounts method).
. Which of the following statements is most correct? (M) b. A significant sales volume decrease near the end of the accounting period.
a. If credit sales as a percentage of a firm’s total sales increases, and the volume of credit c. An increase in cash sales in proportion to credit sales.
sales also increases, then the firm’s accounts receivable will automatically increase. d. A change in credit policy to lengthen the period for cash discounts. CMA 0690 4-14
b. It is possible for a firm to overstate profits by offering very lenient credit terms that
encourage additional sales to financially “weak” firms. A major disadvantage of such a Credit Terms
policy is that it is likely to increase uncollectible accounts. 57
. An organization would usually offer credit terms of 2/10, net 30 when
c. A firm with excess production capacity and relatively low variable costs would not be
inclined to extend more liberal credit terms to its customers than a firm with similar costs a. The organization can borrow funds at a rate exceeding the annual interest cost.
that is operating close to capacity. b. The orgnization can borrow funds at a rate less than the annual interest cost.
d. Firms use seasonal dating primarily to decrease their DSO. c. The cost of capital approaches the prime rate.

d. Most competitors are offering the same terms and the organization has a shortage of *. The level of accounts receivable will most likely increase as (M)
cash. CMA 0691 1-7 a. Cash sales increase and number of says sales.
b. Credit limits are expanded, credit sales increase, and credit terms remain the same.
58
. Which one of the following statements is most correct if a seller extends credit to a purchaser c. Credit limits are expanded, cash sales increase, and aging of the receivables is improving.
for a period of time longer than the purchaser’s operating cycle? The seller (E) d. Cash sales increase, current receivables ratio to past due increases, credit limits remain
a. Will have a lower level of accounts receivable than those companies whose credit period the same. RPCPA 0594
is shorter than the purchaser’s operating cycle.
60
b. Is, in effect, financing more than just the purchaser’s inventory needs. . A change in credit policy has caused an increase in sales, an increase in discounts taken, a
c. Can be certain that the purchaser will be able to convert the inventory into cash before decrease in the amount of bad debts, and a decrease in the investment in accounts
payment is due. receivable. Based upon this information, the company’s (E)
d. Has no need for a stated discount rate or credit period. CMA 1296 1-13 A. Average collection period has decreased.
B. Percentage discount offered has decreased.
Change in Credit Policy C. Accounts receivable turnover has decreased.
59
. An increase in sales resulting from an increased cash discount for prompt payment would be D. Working capital has increased. CMA 1296 1-6
expected to cause (M)
61
A. An increase in the operating cycle. . A change in credit policy has caused an increase in sales, an increase in discounts taken, a
B. An increase in the average collection period. reduction of the investment in accounts receivable, and a reduction in the number of doubtful
C. A decrease in the cash conversion cycle. accounts. Based on this information, we know that: (E)
D. A decrease in purchase discounts taken. CMA 1285 1-6 a. Net profit has increased.
b. The average collection period has decreased.
*. If a firm had been extending trade credit on a 2/10, net/30 basis, what change would be c. Gross profit has declined.
expected on the balance sheet of its customer if the firm went to a net cash 30 policy? (M) d. The size of the discount offered has decreased.
a. Increased payables and increased bank loan. e. The bad debt loss percentage has increased. RPCPA 1095, CMA 1289 1-15
b. Increased receivables.
c. Decreased receivables. *. The credit and collection policy of Amargo Co. provides for the imposition of credit block when
d. Decrease in cash. RPCPA 0596 the credit line is exceeded and/or the account is past due. During the month, because of the
campaign to achieve volume targets, the general manager has waived the credit block policy
in a number of instances involving big volume accounts. The likely effect of this move is (M)
a. Deterioration of aging of receivables only.
b. Increase in the level of receivables only.
c. Deterioration of aging and increase in the level of receivables.
d. Decrease in collections during the month the move was done. RPCPA 1094
62
. The sales manager at Ryan Company feels confident that, if the credit policy at Ryan’s were
changed, sales would increase and, consequently, the company would utilize excess capacity.
The two credit proposals being considered are as follows:
Proposal A Proposal B
Increase in sales $500,000 $600,000
Contribution margin 20% 20%

Bad debt percentage 5% 5% Factoring
64
Increase in operating profits $75,000 $90,000 . Factoring is the (E)
Desired return on sales 15% 15% A. Selling of accounts receivable by one company to another.
Currently, payments terms are net 30. The proposed payment terms for Proposal A and B. Selling of inventory by one company to another.
Proposal B are net 45 and net 90, respectively. An analysis to compare these two proposals C. Conversion of accounts receivable to bad debt on financial statements for accounts that
for the change in credit policy would include all of the following factors except the are long overdue. CIA 0590 IV-50
a. Cost of funds for Ryan. D. Adjustment of inventories on financial statements for supplies that have become obsolete.
b. Current bad debt experience.
c. Impact on the current customer base of extending terms to only certain customers. Pledging
65
d. Bank loan covenants on days’ sales outstanding. CMA 0697 1-14 . Short-term borrowing using accounts receivable and characterized by the fact that the lender
not only has a claim against the receivables but also has recourse against the borrower is
*. A strict credit and collection policy is in place in Star Co. As Finance Director you are asked to A. Factoring. C. Selling.
advise on the propriety of relaxing the credit standards in view of stiff competition in the B. Pledging. D. Hedging. CIA 0589 IV-53
market. Your advise will be favorable if (E)
a. The competitor will do the same thing to prevent lost sales. SHORT-TERM FINANCING
b. there is a decrease in the distribution level of your product, and a more aggressive stance Short-term & Long-term Financing
in necessary to retain market share. *. Debt capital be it long-term or short-term in nature, can be raised from a number of different
c. The projected margin from increased sales will exceed the cost of carrying the sources including
incremental receivables. a. Trade credit c. All of the above
d. The account receivable level is improving, so the company can afford the carrying cost of b. Bank loan d. None of the above RPCPA 1091
receivables. RPCPA 0594
66
. In general, as a company increases the amount of short-term financing relative to long-term
63
. A company serves as a distributor of products by ordering finished products once a quarter financing, the
and using that inventory to accommodate the demand over the quarter. If it plans to ease its A. Greater the risk that it will be unable to meet principal and interest payments.
credit policy for customers, the amount of products ordered for its inventory every quarter will B. Leverage of the firm increases.
be C. Likelihood of having idle liquid assets increases.
A. Increased to accommodate higher sales levels. D. Current ratio increases. CMA 0688 1-17
B. Reduced to offset the increased cost of carrying accounts receivable.
C. Unaffected if safety stock is part of the current quarterly order. . Firms generally choose to finance temporary assets with short-term debt because (M)
D. Unaffected if the JIT inventory control system is used. CIA 0593 IV-53 a. Matching the maturities of assets and liabilities reduces risk.
b. Short-term interest rates have traditionally been more stable than long-term interest rates.
Assignment c. A firm that borrows heavily long-term is more apt to be unable to repay the debt than a
35. In a loan arranged through the assignment of accounts receivable the lender: firm that borrows heavily short-term.
A. Accepts the actual receivable to be collected d. The yield curve has traditionally been downward sloping. Brigham
B. Has a lien on the receivables and recourse to the borrower e. Sales remain constant over the year, and financing requirements also remain constant.
C. Assumes full risk of default
67
D. All of the above B&M . Which of the following statements is most correct? (M)
a. Under normal conditions, a firm’s expected ROE would probably be higher if it financed A. Installment loans. C. Trade credit.
with short-term rather than with long-term debt, but the use of short-term debt would B. Commercial paper. D. Mortgage bonds. CMA 1295 1-9
probably increase the firm’s risk.
71
b. Conservative firms generally use no short-term debt and thus have zero current liabilities. . Which one of the following statements about trade credit is correct?
c. A short-term loan can usually be obtained more quickly than a long-term loan, but the cost a. Not an important source of financing for small firms.
of short-term debt is likely to be higher than that of long-term debt. b. A source of long-term financing to the seller.
d. If a firm that can borrow from its bank buys on terms of 2/10, net 30, and if it must pay by c. Subject to risk of buyer default.
Day 30 or else be cut off, then we would expect to see zero accounts payable on its d. Usually an inexpensive source of external financing. CMA 1296 1-12
balance sheet.
72
e. If one of your firm’s customers is “stretching” its accounts payable, this may be a nuisance . The correct equation for calculating the approximate percentage cost, on an annual basis, of
but does not represent a real financial cost to your firm as long as the firm periodically not taking trade discounts is CIA 1195 IV-53
pays off its entire balance. Brigham A. Discount % 360
x
100 - Discount % Days credit is outstanding - Discount period
. Which of the following statements is most correct? (M) B. Discount % 360
a. Under normal conditions the shape of the yield curve implies that the interest cost of x
100 Days credit is outstanding - Discount period
short-term debt is greater than that of long-term debt, although short-term debt has other
C. 100  Discount % 360
advantages that make it desirable as a financing source. x
Discount % Days credit is outstanding - Discount period
b. Flexibility is an advantage of short-term credit but this is somewhat offset by the higher
flotation costs associated with the need to repeatedly renew short-term credit. D. Discount % Days credit is outstanding - Discount period
x
c. A short-term loan can usually be obtained more quickly than a long-term loan but the 100 - Discount % 360
penalty for early repayment of a short-term loan is significantly higher than for a long-term
73
loan. . A company obtaining short-term financing with trade credit will pay a higher percentage
d. Statements about the flexibility, cost, and riskiness of short-term versus long-term credit financing cost, everything else being equal, when (D)
are dependent on the type of credit that is actually used. Brigham A. The discount percentage is lower.
e. Short-term debt is often less costly than long-term debt and the major reason for this is B. The items purchased have a higher price.
that short-term debt exposes the borrowing firm to much less risk than long-term debt. C. The items purchased have a lower price.
D. The supplier offers a longer discount period. CIA 0597 IV-51
Trade Credit
74
68
. Which one of the following provides a spontaneous source of financing. (E) . Which one of the following statements concerning cash discount is correct? (E)
a. Accounts payable. c. Accounts receivable. A. The cost of not taking a 2/10, net 30 cash discount is usually less than the prime rate.
b. Mortgage bonds. d. Debentures. CMA 1295 1-15 B. With trade terms of 2/15, net 60, if the discount is not taken, the buyer receives 45 days of
free credit. CMA 1295 1-7
69
. Which one of the following is a spontaneous source of financing? C. The cost of not taking the discount is higher for terms of 2/10, net 60 than for 2/10, net 30.
A. Notes payable. C. Prepaid interest. D. The cost of not taking a cash discount is generally higher than the cost of a bank loan.
B. Long-term debt. D. Trade credit. CMA 1289 1-20
75
. A small retail business would most likely finance its merchandise inventory with
70
. Which one of the following financial instruments generally provides the largest source of short- A. Commercial paper. C. A line of credit.
term credit for small firms? B. A terminal warehouse receipt loan. D. A chattel mortgage. CMA 0689 1-17

B. Often secured by commercial paper

76
. Which of the following statements is most correct? (M) C. Almost never secured by accounts receivable
a. Accruals are an expensive way to finance working capital. D. Cannot be from an international bank because Federal Reserve System regulations
b. A conservative financing policy is one in which the firm finances all of its fixed assets with prohibit Eurodollar borrowing
long-term capital and part of its permanent current assets with short-term, E. None of the above B&M
nonspontaneous credit.
c. If a company receives trade credit under the terms 2/10 net 30, this implies the company Term Loan
has 10 days of free trade credit. 24. Which of the following statements describes bank term loans?
d. Statements a and b are correct. Brigham A. Typical maturity is between 2 and 4 years
B. Usually repaid in level amounts over the term of the loan
77
. Merkle, Inc. has a temporary need for funds. Management is trying to decide between not C. Interest rate is usually fixed
taking discounts from one of their three biggest suppliers, or a 14.75% per annum renewable D. Borrower is often obliged to have the bank mange its corporate cash accounts B&M
discount loan from its bank for 3 months. The suppliers' terms are as follows:
Fort Co. 1/10, net 30 25. Which of the following statements describe bank term loans?
Riley Manufacturing Co. 2/15, net 60 A. Typical maturity is between 1 and 2 years
Shad, Inc. 3/15, net 90 B. Usually repaid in increasing amounts over the term of the loan
Using a 360-day year, the cheapest source of short-term financing in this situation is (D) C. Interest rate is usually fixed
A. The bank. C. Riley Manufacturing Co. D. Borrower is often obliged to maintain compensating balance B&M
B. Fort Co. D. Shad, Inc. CMA 1283 1-25
Interest rates
78
Bank Loans . Short-term interest rates are
. Which one of the following aspects of banks is considered most relevant to businesses when a. Usually lower than long-term rates.
choosing a bank? (M) b. Usually higher than long-term rates.
a. Convenience of location. c. Lower than long-term rates during periods of high inflation only.
b. Competitive cost of services provided. d. Not significantly related to long-term rates. CMA 0691 1-5
c. Size of the bank’s deposits. 79
d. Experience of personnel. . The prime rate is the (D)
e. Loyalty and willingness to assume lending risks. Brigham A. Size of the commitment fee on a commercial bank loan.
B. Effective cost of a commercial bank loan.
22. Which of the following describes short-term bank loans? C. Effective cost of commercial paper.
A. Often secured by a factoring agent D. Rate charged on business loans to borrowers with high credit ratings. CMA 0688 1-18
B. Almost never secured by inventory 80
C. Often prearranged as a line of credit . The prime lending rate of commercial banks is an announced rate and is often understated
D. Cannot be from an international bank because of Federal Reserve System regulations from the viewpoint of even the most credit-worthy firms. Which one of the following
E. None of the above B&M requirements always results in a higher effective interest rate?
A. A floating rate for the loan period.
23. Which of the following describes short-term bank loans? B. A covenant that restricts the issuance of any new unsecured bonds during the existence
A. If unsecured, banks often require borrower to "clean up" the loan for 1 month in the year of the loan.
C. The imposition of a compensating balance with an absolute minimum that cannot be met Effective Rate
84
by current transaction balances. . Discounted interest is based on the borrowed amount but is paid in advance. The formula for
D. The absence of a charge for any unused portion in the line of credit. CMA 1280 1-3 calculating the discounted interest rate for a 1-year loan is (E) Gleim
Interest Interest
Nominal Interest Rate A. C.
81
Borrowed amount Borrowed amount - Interest
. A one year, $20,000 loan with a 10% nominal interest rate provides the borrower with the use Interest
of <List A> if interest is charged on a <List B> basis. (E) B. D. None of the answers are correct.
Average borrowed amount
CIA 0595 IV-50 A. B. C. D.
List A $18,000 $20,000 $20,000 $22,000 Collateral
List B Simple Simple Discount Discount *. In assessing the loan value of inventory, a banker will normally be concerned about the portion
of inventory that is work-in-process because (E)
Compensating Balance a. WIP inventory is relatively easy to sell because it does not represent a raw material or a
82
. A minimum checking account balance that a firm must maintain with a commercial bank is a finished product.
A. Transactions balance. C. Precautionary balance. b. WIP inventory usually has the highest loan value of the different inventory types.
B. Compensating balance. D. Speculative balance. CIA 1190 IV-49 c. WIP generally has the lowest marketability of the various types of inventories.
83
d. WIP represents a lower investment by a corporation as opposed to other types of
. A compensating balance inventories. RPCPA 0596
A. Compensates a financial institution for services rendered by providing it with deposits of
funds. CMA 0688 1-13 34. Firms provide the following as security for short-term loans:
B. Is used to compensate for possible losses on a marketable securities portfolio. A. Accounts receivables C. Securities
C. Is a level of inventory held to compensate for variations in usage rate and lead time. B. Inventories D. All of the above B&M
D. Is an amount paid by financial institutions to compensate large depositors.
Syndicated Loan
. Which of the following statements is most correct? (M) 30. When banks have to make large loans, they form a group of banks for the purpose of making
a. Compensating balance requirements apply only to businesses, not to individuals. the loan. The group is called a:
b. Compensating balances are essentially costless to most firms, because those firms would A. Bank holding company C. Golden umbrella
normally have such funds on hand to meet transactions needs anyway.
B. Syndicate D. Conglomerate B&M
c. If the required compensating balance is larger than the transactions balance the firm
would ordinarily hold, then the effective cost of any loan requiring such a balance is
increased. Loan Sales by Commercial Banks
d. Banks are prohibited from earning interest on the funds they force businesses to keep as 32. Loan sales by commercial banks may take the form of:
compensating balances. Brigham A. Loan assignments D. All of the above
B. Loan participations E. A and B
C. Loan syndications B&M
33. Loan participations are different from syndicated loans in that:

A. The lead bank provides a "certificate of participation" to each bank
B. Each participating bank has a separate loan agreement with the borrower
C. The loans are transferred to new lenders
89
D. None of the above B&M . The principal advantage of using commercial paper as a short-term financing instrument is that
it (E)
Banker’s Acceptance A. Is usually cheaper than a commercial bank loan.
85
. The credit instrument known as a banker's acceptance B. Is readily available to almost all companies.
A. Calls for immediate payment upon delivery of the shipping documents to the bank's C. Offers security, i.e., collateral, to the lender.
customer and acceptance of goods by the bank. D. Can be purchased without commission costs. CMA 1289 1-22
B. Involves an invoice being signed by the banker upon receipt of goods, after which both the
90
banker and the seller record the transaction on their respective books. . Which one of the following responses is not an advantage to a corporation that uses the
C. Is a time draft payable on a specified date and guaranteed by the bank. commercial paper market for short-term financing?
D. Is a method of sales financing in which the bank retains title to the goods until the buyer a. This market provides more funds at lower rates than other methods provides.
has completed payment. CIA 0596 IV-41 b. The borrower avoids the expense of maintaining a compensating balance with a
commercial bank.
Unsecured Credit c. There are no restrictions as to the type of corporation that can enter into this market.
86
. The following forms of short-term borrowing are available to a firm: d. This market provides a broad distribution for borrowing. CMA 0696 1-14
 Floating lien
 Factoring 37. Large companies often raise short-term debt by selling:
 Revolving credit A. Bonds C. Medium term notes
 Chattel mortgages B. Debentures D. Commercial paper B&M
 Bankers' acceptances
 Lines of credit . Which of the following statements concerning commercial paper is incorrect? (E)
 Commercial paper a. Commercial paper is generally written for terms less than 270 days.
The forms of short-term borrowing that are unsecured credit are b. Commercial paper generally carries an interest rate below the prime rate.
A. Floating lien, revolving credit, chattel mortgage, and commercial paper. c. Commercial paper is sold to money market mutual funds, as well as to other financial
B. Factoring, chattel mortgage, bankers' acceptances, and line of credit. institutions and nonfinancial corporations.
C. Floating lien, chattel mortgage, bankers' acceptances, and line of credit. CMA 1286 1-35 d. Commercial paper can be issued by virtually any firm so long as it is willing to pay the
D. Revolving credit, bankers' acceptances, line of credit, and commercial paper. going interest rate. Brigham
e. Commercial paper is a type of unsecured promissory note issued by large, strong firms.
Commercial Paper
87
. Short-term, unsecured promissory notes issued by large firms are known as 91
. Which of the following statements is incorrect? (E)
A. Agency securities. C. Commercial paper. CMA 0689 1-13 a. Commercial paper can be issued by virtually any firm so long as it is willing to pay the
B. Bankers' acceptances. D. Repurchase agreements. going interest rate.
b. Accruals represent a source of “free” financing in the sense that no explicit interest is paid
88
. Commercial paper on these funds.
A. Has a maturity date greater than 1 year. c. A conservative approach to working capital will result in all permanent assets being
B. Is usually sold only through investment banking dealers. financed using long-term securities.
C. Ordinarily does not have an active secondary market. d. The risk to the firm of borrowing with short-term credit is usually greater than with long-
D. Has an interest rate lower than Treasury bills. CMA 0691 1-10 term debt. Added risk can stem from greater variability of interest costs on short-term
debt.
e. Trade credit is often the largest source of short-term credit. Brigham

95
. A short-term bank loan will have a higher effective financing cost if it has which combination of
Commercial Paper Rating characteristics?
12. Which of the following is a commercial paper rating by Moody's? A. A 10% compensating balance and regular interest.
A. Aaa C. P-1 B. A 10% compensating balance and discount interest.
B. Baa D. All of the above B&M C. A 20% compensating balance and regular interest.
D. A 20% compensating balance and discount interest. CIA 1196 IV-52
13. Which of the following is a commercial paper rating by Moody's?
96
A. P-2 C. Aaa . A manufacturing firm wants to obtain a short-term loan and has approached several lending
B. Aa D. None of the above B&M institutions. All of the potential lenders are offering the same nominal interest rate, but the
terms of the loans vary. Which of the following combinations of loan terms will be most
Agency Securities attractive for the borrowing firm?
92
. Short-term securities issued by the Federal Housing Administration are known as A. Simple interest, no compensating balance.
A. Agency securities. C. Commercial paper. B. Discount interest, no compensating balance.
B. Bankers' acceptances. D. Repurchase agreements. CMA 0689 1-14 C. Simple interest, 20% compensating balance required.
D. Discount interest, 20% compensating balance required. CIA 0594 IV-51
Secured Short-term Financing
93 97
. An example of secured short-term financing is . A company is arranging debt financing for the purchase of a new piece of equipment that has a
A. Commercial paper. C. A revolving credit agreement. 5-year expected useful life. Which of the following alternative financing arrangements has the
B. A warehouse receipt. D. Line of credit. CIA 1191 IV-56 lowest effective annual percentage rate if each has a quoted nominal rate of 9.5%?
A. A 5-year term loan with interest compounded annually.
Inventory Loans B. A 10-year term loan with interest compounded semiannually.
36. The three basic forms of inventory loans include: C. A 5-year term loan with interest compounded quarterly.
A. Blanket inventory lien, field warehouse financing, and line of credit D. A 10-year term loan with interest compounded monthly. CIA 1196 IV-45
B. Blanket inventory lien, line of credit, and trust receipt
98
C. Blanket inventory lien, field warehouse financing, and trust receipt . A company will receive cash from sales in 1 year that can be used to pay for materials. The
D. Field warehouse financing, line of credit, and trust receipt B&M supplier will allow payment in 1 year. If the company pays the supplier immediately, it will
receive a 20% discount off the $100,000 purchase price, but it must borrow the full amount. A
Alternative Financing Arrangements bank has offered the company three alternatives:
94
. A corporation is currently experiencing cash-flow problems and has determined that it is in 1. A 1-year loan at 18% with no other fees,
need of short-term credit. It can either use its trade credit on $100,000 of accounts payable 2. A 1-year loan at 15% with the provision that it maintains 20% of whatever amount it
with terms of 1/10, net 30 or a 30-day note with a 20% annual simple interest rate. Which is borrows as noninterest-bearing compensating balances over the life of the loan, or
the best alternative, and what is its effective rate of interest (rounded to a whole percentage 3. A guaranteed line of credit of $100,000 at 17% with the provision that the bank will collect
and using a 360-day year)? (M) a 1% fee on the average amount of unused funds. The company expects to borrow no
A. The trade credit. Its effective rate is 10%. other funds.The company would achieve the lowest cost of financing by (M)
B. The trade credit. Its effective rate is 20%. A. Allowing the supplier to finance the materials and making payment at the end of 1 year.
C. The note. Its effective rate is 17%. B. Accepting the 1-year loan at 18% with no other provisions.
D. The note. Its effective rate is 20%. CIA 1188 IV-54 C. Accepting the 1-year loan at 15% with the compensating balance provisions.
D. Accepting the guaranteed line of credit at 17% with the fee required on the average
amount of unused funds. CIA 1186 IV-43

ANSWER EXPALANATIONS

1
. REQUIRED: The true statement about a more conservative working capital policy.
DISCUSSION: (D) A conservative working capital policy results in an increase in working capital (current assets –
current liabilities). It is typified by a reduction in liquidity risk, increasing the current ratio, whether by decreasing current
liabilities or increasing current assets, minimizes the risk that the company will not be able to meet its obligations as they
fall due. Thus, an increasing ratio of current to noncurrent higher returns on long-term assets in order to guard against
short-term cash flow problems.
Answer (A) is incorrect because an increase in current liabilities relative to noncurrent liabilities would increase liquidity
risk. Answer (B) is incorrect because a decrease in the normal operating cycle permits a lower level of working capital.
If assets can be converted to cash more quickly, current assets can be reduced. Answer (C) is incorrect because a
decrease in the quick ratio signifies that quick assets ( cash, receivables, and marketable securities) are decreasing
relative to current liabilities.
2
. Answer (C) is correct. A conservative working capital policy minimizes liquidity risk by increasing working capital
(current assets - current liabilities). The result is that the company forgoes the potentially higher returns available from
using the additional working capital to acquire long-term assets. A conservative working capital policy is characterized by
a higher current ratio (current assets/current liabilities) and acid-test ratio (quick assets/current liabilities). Thus, the
company will increase current assets or decrease current liabilities. A conservative policy finances assets using long-
term or permanent funds rather than short-term sources.
Answer (A) is incorrect because a decrease in the acid-test ratio suggests an aggressive policy. A conservative company
wants a higher acid-test ratio, that is, more liquid assets relative to liabilities. Answer (B) is incorrect because a
conservative company wants working capital to be financed from long-term sources. Answer (D) is incorrect because a
conservative company seeks more liquid (marketable) investments.
3
. REQUIRED: The working capital financing policy that subects a firm to the greatest risk of being unable to meet
maturing obligations.
DISCUSSION: (C) Fluctuating curent assets can often be financed with short-term debt because the periodic liquidition
of the assets provides funds to pay off the debt. However, financing permanent current assets with short-term debt is a
risky strategy because the assets may not be liquidated in time to pay off the debt at maturity.
Answers (A), and (B) are incorrect because it is not particularly risky to finance working captial needs from long-term
debt sources. Answer (D) is incorrect because financing fluctuating current assets with short-term debt is not as risky as
financing permanent current assets with short-term debt.
4
. Answer (B) is correct. When a firm has an aggressive working capital policy, management keeps the investment in
working capital at a minimum. Thus, a growing company would want to invest its funds in capital goods and not in idle
assets. This policy maximizes return on investment at the price of the risk of minimal liquidity.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the growing firm is more apt to emphasize production rather than protecting against
technical insolvency by maintaining a high level of working capital. Answer (C) is incorrect because the company will
prefer to expend funds on capital goods. Answer (D) is incorrect because the company needs its profits to invest in new
production equipment in order to grow.
5
. Answer (B) is correct. A conservative working capital management financing policy uses permanent capital to
finance permanent asset requirements and also some or all of the firm's seasonal demands. Thus, Lott's current ratio
(current assets/current liabilities) will be high since its current liabilities will be relatively low. An aggressive policy entails
financing some fixed assets and all the current assets with short-term capital. This policy results in a lower current ratio.
Answer (A) is incorrect because Clay's aggressive policy would result in more short-term debt, with attendant renewal
problems and high risk. Lott's conservative policy would produce more long-term debt or equity financing. Answer (C) is
incorrect because Clay is subject to greater liquidity risk than Lott since it has greater short-term debt. Hence, it is at
greater risk of being unable to meet its maturing obligations. Answer (D) is incorrect because a more conservative
company would tend to finance by means of equity rather than debt capital. Thus, the more conservative company
would have less interest expense.
6
. REQUIRED: The true statement about the determination of the appropriate level of working capital.
DISCUSSION: (C) A company must maintain a level of working capital sufficient to pay bills as they come due. Failure
to do so is a technical insolvency and can result in involuntary bankruptcy. Unfortunately, holding current assets for
purposes of paying bills is not profitable for a company because they usually offer a low return compared with longer-
term investments. Thus, the skillful management of working capital requires a balancing of a firm’s desire for profit with
its need for adequate liquidity.
Answer (A) is incorrect because management of fixed assets is not a factor in working capital management. Answer (B)
is incorrect because capital structure and dividend policy are factors involved in capital structure finance, not in working
capital financial management. Answer (C) is incorrect because short-term debt is usually less expensive than long-term
debt. Answer (E) is incorrect because maintaining a high level of liquid assets is usually not profitable.
7
. Statements a and c are correct; therefore, statement d is the appropriate choice. A lockbox speeds collections of
receivables; it doesn’t ensure that petty cash will be safe. Although depreciation is a noncash expense, it does affect
taxes, which are a cash expense.
8
. REQUIRED: The definition of net working capital.
DISCUSSION: (A) Net working capital is defined as the difference between current assets and current liabilities.
Working capital is a measure of short-term solvency.
Answer (B) is incorrect because working capital refers to the difference between current assets and current liabilities;
fixed assets are not a component. Answer (C) is incorrect because total assets and total liabilities are not components
of working capital; only current items are included. Answer (D) is incorrect because shareholders’ equity is not a
component of working capital; only current items are included in the concept of working capital.
9
. Answer (B) is correct. Working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities. Refinancing a short-
term debt with a long-term debt decreases current liabilities, and the result is an increase in working capital.
Answer (A) is incorrect because a prepayment of expenses does not change current assets or current liabilities. Cash
decreases by the same amount that prepaid rent increases. Answer (C) is incorrect because the purchase of temporary
investments does not affect total current assets; cash is replaced by temporary investments, another current asset.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the collection of a receivable has no effect on total current assets. The receivable is
replaced by an equal amount of cash.
10
. Answer (B) is correct. Working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities. Refinancing a short-
term debt with a long-term debt decreases current liabilities, and the result is an increase in working capital.
Answer (A) is incorrect because a prepayment of expenses does not change current assets or current liabilities. Cash
decreases by the same amount that prepaid rent increases. Answer (C) is incorrect because the acquisition of land for
common shares does not affect either current assets or current liabilities. Answer (D) is incorrect because the purchase
of financial assets held for trading does not affect total current assets; cash is replaced by the financial assets held for
trading, another current asset.
11
. Answer (D) is correct. Working capital equals current assets minus current liabilities. Refinancing a short-term note
with a two-year note payable decreases current liabilities, thus increasing working capital.
Answer (A) is incorrect because a cash payment of payroll taxes decreases current assets and current liabilities by
equal amounts. Answer (B) is incorrect because buying a new plant with a 20-year mortgage has no effect on current
assets or current liabilities. Answer (C) is incorrect because cash collection of an account receivable increases one
current asset and decrease another by the same amount.
12
. REQUIRED: The effect on working capital and the current ratio of issuing common stock for cash.
DISCUSSION: (D) Working capital equals current assets minus current liabilities. The current ratio equals current
assets divided by current liabilities. Selling stock for cash increases current assets and stockholders’ equity, with no
effect on current liabilities. The result is an increase in working capital and the current ratio.
Answers (A), (B) and (C) are incorrect because both working capital and the current ratio increase.
13
. Answer (D) is correct. Working capital is computed by deducting total current liabilities from total current assets. The
purchase of a delivery van for cash reduces current assets and has no effect on current liabilities. The borrowing of cash
by incurring short-term debt increases current assets by the same amount as it increases current liabilities; hence, it will
have no effect on working capital. The purchase of treasury stock decreases current assets but has no effect on current
liabilities. Thus, the purchases of the van and treasury stock affect working capital.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the purchases of the van and treasury stock affect working capital. Answer (B) is
incorrect because the purchases of the van and treasury stock but not the issuance of short-term debt affect working
capital. Answer (C) is incorrect because the purchases of the van and treasury stock but not the issuance of short-term
debt affect working capital.
14
. REQUIRED: The false statement about working capital.
DISCUSSION: (D) Financing permanent inventory build-up which is essentially a long-term investment, with long-term
debt is a moderate or conservative working capital policy. An aggressive policy uses short-term relatively low-cost debt
to finance the inventory buildup. It focuses on high profitability potential, despite high risk and low liquidity. An
aggressive policy reduces the current ratio and accepts a higher risk of short-term lack of liquidity. Financing inventory
with long-term debt increases the current ratio and accepts higher borrowing costs in exchange for greater liquidity and
lower risk.
Answer (A) is incorrect because current liabilities, e.g., trade credit is a major source of funds for small firms. Answer
(B) is incorrect because liquid investments tend to have lower returns. Answer (C) is incorrect because matching of
asset and liability maturities is a moderate policy that minimizes risk. The expectation is that cash flows from the assets
will be available to meet obligations for the liabilities.
15
. REQUIRED: The primary concern when managing cash and short-term investments.
DISCUSSION: (E) Cash and short-term investments are crucial for a firm’s continuing success. Sufficient liquidity must
be available to meet payments as they come due. At the same time, liquid assets are subject to significant control risk.
Therefore, liquidity and safety are the primary concerns of the treasurer when dealing with a highly liquid assets. Cash
and short-term investments are held because of their ability to facilitate routine operations of the company. These
assets are not held for purposes of achieving investment returns.
Answer (A) is incorrect because most companies are not in business to earn high returns on liquid assets (i.e., they are
held to facilitate operations). Answer (B) is incorrect because the holding of cash and cash-like assets is not a major
factor in controlling taxes. Answer (C) is incorrect because investments in Treasury bonds do not have sufficient liquidity
to serve as short-term assets. Answer (D) is incorrect because common stocks do not have sufficient liquidity to serve
as short-term cash resources.
16
. A very efficient cash management system could allow a firm to operate with positive net float where the firm has a
negative checkbook balance at most times but still does not bounce its checks. The other statements are false. A good
cash management system maximizes disbursement float and minimizes collections float. A well-designed lockbox
system minimizes collections float which would increase a firm’s net float. Increases in interest rates raise the
opportunity cost of idle cash. A firm prefers to write checks, maximizing its disbursement float and increasing its net float.
17
. Answer (D) is correct. John Maynard Keynes, founder of Keynesian economics, concluded that there were three
major motives for holding cash: for transactional purposes as a medium of exchange, precautionary purposes, and
speculative purposes (but only during deflationary periods).
Answer (A) is incorrect because the three major motives for holding cash, according to Keynesian economics, are for
transactional, precautionary, and speculative purposes. Answer (B) is incorrect because the three major motives for
holding cash, according to Keynesian economics, are for transactional, precautionary, and speculative purposes.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the three major motives for holding cash, according to Keynesian economics, are for
transactional, precautionary, and speculative purposes.
18
. Answer (D) is correct. Companies hold cash to facilitate routine transactions, to compensate banks for providing
loans and services, to guard against unforeseen fluctuations in cash flows, and to take advantage of opportunities for
bargain purchases. However, firms are more likely to hold trading securities or rely on easy access to credit to take
advantage of bargains or to guard against unforeseen fluctuations in cash flows.
Answer (A) is incorrect because a transactions balance is associated with routine payments and collections. Answer (B)
is incorrect because a compensating balance is the minimum amount on deposit at a bank to compensate the bank for
providing loans and other services. Answer (C) is incorrect because a precautionary balance consists of reserves for
unforeseen fluctuations in cash flows.
19
. Answer (D) is correct. A company will hold cash and marketable securities to facilitate business transactions
because cash is a primary medium of exchange. Cash and near-cash items are also held to meet future needs, to
satisfy compensating balance requirements imposed by lenders, and to provide a precautionary balance for security
purposes. Cash is usually not held in an attempt to earn maximum returns on investment because cash and marketable
securities are not usually the highest-paying investments.
Answer (A) is incorrect because cash is held to satisfy compensating balance requirements. Answer (B) is incorrect
because cash is held to facilitate transactions. Answer (C) is incorrect because cash is held to meet future needs.
20
. Net float = Disbursements float - Collections float; therefore the larger the disbursements float and the lower the
collections float the better the cash management system. A lockbox is used to speed cash collections. If a firm’s outflows
come due early in the month rather than uniformly this will necessitate a large line of credit.
21
. Answer (D) is correct. A lock-box system accelerates the inflow of funds. A company maintains mail boxes, often in
numerous locations around the country, to which customers send payments. A bank checks these mailboxes several
times a day, and funds received are immediately deposited to the company's account without first being processed by
the company's accounting system, thereby hastening availability of the funds.
Answer (A) is incorrect because a lock-box system is not related to compensating balances; a compensating balance
may be required by a covenant in a loan agreement that requires a company to maintain a specified balance during the
term of the loan. Answer (B) is incorrect because a lock-box system is a process by which payments are sent to a
bank's mailbox, which is checked during normal post office hours. Answer (C) is incorrect because the use of a lock-box
system entails sending checks through the mail to a post office box. Thus, it does not reduce the risk of losing checks in
the mail.
22
. REQUIRED: The working capital technique that delays the outflow of cash.
DISCUSSION: A draft is a three-party instrument in which one person (the drawer) orders a second person (the
drawee) to pay money to a third person (the payee). A check is the most common form of draft. It is an instrument
payable on demand in which the drawee is a bank. Consequently, a draft can be used to delay the outflow of cash. A
draft can be dated on the due date of an invoice and will not be processed by the drawee until that date, thereby
eliminating the necessity of writing a check earlier than the due date or using an EFT. Thus, the outflow is delayed until
the check clears the drawee bank.
Answer (A) is incorrect because factoring is the sale of receivables and therefore concerns cash inflows, not outflows.
Answer (B) is incorrect because a lockbox system is a means of accelerating cash inflows. Answer (D) is incorrect
because an electronic funds transfer results in an immediate deduction from the payor’s bank account, thereby
eliminating float.
23
. Answer (B) is correct. Payment by draft, a three-party instrument in which the drawer orders the drawee to pay
money to the payee, is a means of slowing cash outflows. A check is the most common type of draft. Check float arises
from the delay between an expenditure and the clearing of the check through the banking system.
Answer (A) is incorrect because concentration banking, a lockbox system, and the use of a local post office box are
techniques used to accelerate cash receipts. Answer (C) is incorrect because EDI is the communication of electronic
documents directly from a computer in one entity to a computer in another entity. Thus, EDI expedites cash payments.
The payee receives the money almost instantaneously. Answer (D) is incorrect because concentration banking, a
lockbox system, and the use of a local post office box are techniques used to accelerate cash receipts.
24
. REQUIRED: The definition of an automated clearing house (ACH) electronic transfer.
DISCUSSION: (A) An ACH electronic funds transfer (EFT) is an electronic payment to a company’s account of a
concentration bank. A concentration bank is a large bank to which a company transfers funds from local depository
banks. These local banks operate the company’s lockboxes and thus serve as collection points. The transfer of funds
to the concentration bank allows the company to take advantage of economies of scale in cash management. The use
of an ACH facilitates concentration banking. ACHs are electronic networks operated by the Federal Reserve (except for
the New York regional ACH association) that guarantee 1-day clearing.
Answer (B) is incorrect because a check is not involved in an EFT. Answer (C) is incorrect because an ACH transfer
involves the actual transfer of funds electronically; it is not just a computer generated document. Answer (D) is incorrect
because an EFT is not a check-like instrument.
25
. Answer (C) is correct. Various methods of accelerating cash collections include decentralized collection outposts
(normally one in each Federal Reserve District), electronic funds transfers, centralized banking for all company branches
to avoid having to maintain minimum balances in several locations, and lockbox systems. A compensating balance is a
minimum average or absolute amount that must be maintained in a bank account. Hence, it is not a means of
accelerating cash collections. This requirement means that less cash is available to the depositor.
Answer (A) is incorrect because it is a common method of accelerating cash collections. Answer (B) is incorrect
because it is a common method of accelerating cash collections. Answer (D) is incorrect because it is a common
method of accelerating cash collections.
26
. Answer (D) is correct. Compensating balances are either (1) an absolute minimum balance or (2) a minimum
average balance that bank customers must keep at the bank. These are generally required by the bank to compensate
for the cost of services rendered. Maintaining compensating balances will not accelerate a company's cash inflows
because less cash will be available even though the amount of cash coming in remains unchanged.
Answer (A) is incorrect because multiple collection centers throughout the country will reduce the time required to
receive cash in the mail. For example, California customers of a New York firm would make payment to a West Coast
center. Thus, the company would receive the cash two or three days sooner. Answer (B) is incorrect because direct
deposit by customers into a lock-box also speeds cash into company accounts. Answer (C) is incorrect because special
handling of large checks is a cost-effective way to deposit large amounts.
27
. Answer (A) is correct. Cash conversion is the process of converting cash to products and back to cash. The length
of the cycle is from the cash outflow to the cash inflow. Thus, the cash conversion cycle, in the case of production,
begins with the cash purchase of raw materials and ends with the collection of accounts receivable.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the cash inflows have not been received. Answer (C) is incorrect because the cash
inflows have not been received. Answer (D) is incorrect because the cash inflows have not been received.
28
.Statement a is false. If inventory increases, and sales do not, more cash is being “tied up” in inventory so the cash
conversion cycle is increased, not reduced. Statement b is true. If the company reduces its DSO, it is collecting its
accounts receivables more efficiently, so it reduces the cash conversion cycle. Statement c is false. If the company pays
its bills sooner, it uses its cash to pay off accounts payable, which increase its cash conversion cycle.
29
.Statements a and b are correct; therefore, statement d is the appropriate choice. Delaying payments to suppliers
increases the length of the cash conversion cycle.
30
. Answer (D) is correct. Cash and short-term investments are crucial to a firm's continuing success. Sufficient liquidity
must be available to meet payments as they come due. At the same time, liquid assets are subject to significant control
risk. Therefore, liquidity and safety are the primary concerns of the treasurer when dealing with highly liquid assets.
Cash and short-term investments are held because of their ability to facilitate routine operations of the company. These
assets are not held for purposes of achieving investment returns.
Answer (A) is incorrect because most companies are not in business to earn high returns on liquid assets (i.e., they are
held to facilitate operations). Answer (B) is incorrect because the holding of cash and cash-like assets is not a major
factor in controlling taxes. Answer (C) is incorrect because investments in Treasury bonds do not have sufficient liquidity
to serve as short-term assets.
31
. Answer (C) is correct. The trade-off between risk and return must be considered because liquid assets are usually
less profitable than less-liquid alternatives. However, a greater liquidity means less risk of being unable to meet
obligations when they are due.
Answer (A) is incorrect because financial leverage concerns the extent to which debt financing is used. Answer (B) is
incorrect because operating leverage concerns the proportion of fixed operating costs. Answer (D) is incorrect because
the costs of issuing securities relate to capital structure finance.
32
. REQUIRED: The true statement about cash management models.
DISCUSSION: (D) Because cash and inventory are both non-earning assets, in principle they may be treated similarly.
The alternative to holding cash, however, is to hold marketable securities that do earn interest or dividends. Thus, a
cash management model determine how much of a firm’s liquidity should be held as cash and how much in the form of
marketable securities.
Answer (A) is incorrect because credit and collection policies concern receivables and are not influenced by an EOQ
model for inventory management. Answer (B) is incorrect because the level of marketable securities is in part
determined by cash needs, so (D) is a better answer. Answer (C) is incorrect because the relationship between current
assets and current liabilities concerns many factors other than cash management.
33
. Answer (A) is correct. The optimal amount of cash to be raised by selling securities is calculated by a formula
similar to that used to determine the economic order quantity for inventory.
2(F)(T)
C+ =
k
If: C+ = Cash to be raised
T = Total cash needed for the period
F = Cost of making a securities trade
k = Opportunity cost of holding cash
The optimal amount of cash to be raised by selling securities is inversely related to the rate of return forgone
(opportunity cost) and directly related to the cost of the transaction.
Answer (B) is incorrect because a high (low) opportunity cost results in a lower (higher) optimal cash balance, whereas
high (low) transaction costs result in a higher (lower) optimal cash balance. Answer (C) is incorrect because a high (low)
opportunity cost results in a lower (higher) optimal cash balance, whereas high (low) transaction costs result in a higher
(lower) optimal cash balance. Answer (D) is incorrect because a high (low) opportunity cost results in a lower (higher)
optimal cash balance, whereas high (low) transaction costs result in a higher (lower) optimal cash balance.
34
. REQUIRED: The assumption not made in the EOQ model.
DISCUSSION: (D) The EOQ formula is a deterministic model that requires a known demand for inventory, or in this
case, the amount of cash needed. Thus, the cash flow requirements cannot be random. The model also assumes a
given carrying (interest) cost and a flat transaction cost for converting marketable securities to cash, regardless of the
amount withdrawn.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the EOQ model assumes that the cost of a transaction is independent of the dollar
amount of the transaction and interest rates are constant over the short-run. Answer (B) is incorrect because the EOQ
model assumes an opportunity cost is associated with holding cash, beginning with the first dollar. Answer (C) is
incorrect because the EOQ model assumes that the total demand for cash is known with certainty.
35
. Answer (A) is correct. Risk and yield are fundamental concerns, and taxation is a pervasive issue that affects yield.
Default risk is the risk that a borrower will be unable to make interest payments or principal repayments on debt (e.g.,
bonds purchased from a financially troubled company have high default risk). Taxability refers to the tax treatment of any
income or loss from a security. Relative yields are the rates of return of each security in comparison with other potential
investments.
Answer (B) is incorrect because these matters are a financial manager's overall responsibility, not securities selection
criteria. Answer (C) is incorrect because these cycles are important in working capital management. The operating and
payment cycles are components of the cash conversion cycle. This cycle lasts from the time cash is paid for resources
to the time cash is received in payment for goods sold. Answer (D) is incorrect because these are factors in the
determination of cash flow. The inventory conversion cycle is the time between acquisition of resources and sale of
finished goods. The receivables conversion cycle lasts from the date of sale of finished goods to the date of cash
collection. A payable deferral period is the lapse of time between purchase of resources and the date they are paid for.
Thus, the cash conversion cycle does not begin until the end of the payable deferral period.
36
. Answer (A) is correct. A Treasury bill is a short-term U.S. government obligation that is sold at a discount from its
face value. A Treasury bill is highly liquid and nearly risk-free, and it is often held as a substitute for cash.
Answer (B) is incorrect because common stock lacks the liquidity necessary to be a cash substitute. Common stock can
also be a risky investment. Answer (C) is incorrect because gold lacks the liquidity necessary to be a cash substitute.
Gold can also be a risky investment. Answer (D) is incorrect because Aaa corporate bonds lack the liquidity necessary to
be a cash substitute. Aaa corporate bonds can also be risky investments.
37
. Answer (B) is correct. The marketable securities with the lowest default risk are those issued by the federal
government because they are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Agency securities are issued by agencies
and corporations created by the federal government, such as the Federal Housing Administration. They are backed by a
secondary promise from the government.
Answer (A) is incorrect because securities issued by a federal agency are first backed by that agency and secondarily
by the U.S. government. Answer (C) is incorrect because repurchase agreements could become worthless if the
organization agreeing to make the repurchase goes bankrupt. Answer (D) is incorrect because commercial paper is
unsecured.
38
. Only Treasury issues are insured by the U. S. government; the shorter-term the instrument, the safer the instrument.
39
. Answer (C) is correct. Funds are borrowed or lent for short periods (less than one year) in money markets.
Examples of instruments traded in money markets are U.S. Treasury bills, bankers' acceptances, commercial paper,
negotiable certificates of deposit, money market mutual funds, Eurodollar market time deposits, and consumer credit
loans. Capital markets trade shares and long-term debt.
Answer (A) is incorrect because mortgages are long-term capital market securities. Answer (B) is incorrect because
preferred shares are long-term capital market securities. Answer (D) is incorrect because U.S. Treasury bonds are long-
term capital market securities.
40
. Answer (D) is correct. A certificate of deposit (CD) is a form of savings deposit that cannot be withdrawn before
maturity without incurring a high penalty. A negotiable CD can be traded. CDs usually have a fairly high rate of return
compared with other savings instruments because they are for fixed, usually long-term periods. However, their yield is
less than that of commercial paper and bankers' acceptances because they are less risky.
Answer (A) is incorrect because negotiable CDs do have a secondary market (i.e., they are negotiable). Answer (B) is
incorrect because negotiable CDs are regulated. Answer (C) is incorrect because negotiable CDs are typically issued in
a denomination of $100,000.
41
. Answer (C) is correct. Of the choices given, the commercial paper of a top-rated (most creditworthy) company has
the least risk. Commercial paper is preferable to stock or stock options because the latter represent only a residual
equity in a corporation. Commercial paper is debt and thus has priority over stockholders' claims. Also, commercial
paper is a very short-term investment. The maximum maturity allowed without SEC registration is 270 days. However, it
can be sold only to sophisticated investors without registration.
Answer (A) is incorrect because municipal bonds are rarely considered marketable securities in that they constitute long-
term debt. Answer (B) is incorrect because common stock does not have as high a priority in company assets as
commercial paper or other debt. Answer (D) is incorrect because common stock does not have as high a priority in
company assets as commercial paper or other debt.
42
. Answer (C) is correct. A small firm with surplus cash should invest for the highest return and lowest risk. The ability
to convert the investment into cash without a loss of principal is also important. Money market mutual funds invest in
money market certificates such as treasury bills, negotiable CDs, and commercial paper. Because of diversification,
these mutual funds are superior to any single instrument.
Answer (A) is incorrect because a small firm may not have enough surplus cash to invest in commercial paper, which
usually consists of secured or unsecured promissory notes of large corporations. Answer (B) is incorrect because the
transactions cost of bankers' acceptances is high. A banker's acceptance is a unique credit instrument used to finance
both domestic and international "self-liquidating" transactions. It is usually initiated by a bank's irrevocable letter of credit
on behalf of the bank's customer, on which the company doing business with the bank's customer draws a time draft.
The company discounts the time draft with the company's local bank and receives immediate payment. The local bank
forwards the time draft to the bank customer for payment. Answer (D) is incorrect because an increase in interest rates
could cause a substantial loss in principal.
43
. Answer (B) is correct. Eurobonds are, by definition, always sold in some country other than the one in whose
currency the bond issue is denominated. Their advantage is that they are customarily less stringently regulated than
most other bonds. Hence, transaction costs are lower.
Answer (C) is incorrect because foreign bonds are denominated in the currency of the country in which they are sold.
(A) is incorrect because Eurobonds are not always denominated in Eurodollars, which are U.S. dollars deposited outside
the U.S. Answer (D) is incorrect because Eurobonds are usually issued not as registered bonds but as bearer bonds, so
names and nationalities of the investors are not recorded.
44
. Answer (C) is correct. Eurodollars are U.S. dollars on deposit in a foreign bank. These deposits are created when a
check is drawn on a dollar deposit in a U.S. bank and then deposited in a bank outside the U.S. This amount is then
available for lending by the foreign bank to its customers. However, the depositors still hold claims denominated in
dollars. Because Eurodollars are outside the direct control of the U.S. monetary authorities, U.S. banking regulations
with respect to reserves, insurance, interest ceilings, etc., do not apply. The absence of these costs means that
Eurodollar deposit rates tend to be higher, not lower, than domestic U.S. rates on equivalent instruments.
Answer (A) is incorrect because these deposits are outside the control of U.S. authorities because they are in banks
outside the U.S. Answer (B) is incorrect because these deposits are outside the control of U.S. authorities because they
are in banks outside the U.S. Answer (D) is incorrect because interest rates on these deposits, and loans made thereon,
are tied to the LIBOR, which is the rate paid on deposits of other large banks by the largest London banks with the
highest credit standing.
45
. Answer (D) is correct. Eurodollars are U.S. dollars deposited in banks outside the U.S. Because it is outside the
direct control of the U.S. monetary authorities, the Eurodollar market has lower costs. For example, U.S. reserve
requirements and FDIC premium payments do not apply in this market. A lower cost market can offer depositors higher
interest rates.
Answer (A) is incorrect because Eurodollar borrowers tend to pay lower, not higher, rates. Borrowers and depositors can
both receive more favorable rates because, with its lower costs, the Eurodollar market can offer smaller spreads
between borrowing and lending rates. Answer (B) is incorrect because U.S. dollars are on deposit in both cases.
Answer (C) is incorrect because Eurodollar deposits tend to be for larger, not smaller, amounts. Furthermore, smaller
deposits tend to earn lower, not higher, rates than larger deposits.
46
. Answer (D) is correct. Marketable securities are near-cash items used primarily for short-term investment.
Examples include U.S. Treasury bills, Eurodollars, commercial paper, money-market mutual funds with portfolios of
short-term securities, bankers' acceptances, floating-rate preferred stock, and negotiable CDs of U.S. banks. A
convertible bond is not a short-term investment because its maturity date is usually more than one year in the future and
its price can be influenced substantially by changes in interest rates or by changes in the investee's stock price.
Answer (A) is incorrect because U.S. Treasury bills are short-term marketable securities. Answer (B) is incorrect
because Eurodollars are short-term marketable securities. Answer (C) is incorrect because commercial paper is a short-
term marketable security.
47
. REQUIRED: The definition of “short-selling”
DISCUSSION: (B) Short-selling is accomplished by borrowing securities from a broker and selling those securities. At
a later time, the loan is repaid by buying securities on the open market and returning them to th broker. The seller
speculates that the stock’s market price will decline.
Answer (A) is incorrect because margin trading involves buying securities bu borrowing money from a broker. Answer
(C) is incorrect because the investor does not own the shares sold in a short sale. Answer (D) is incorrect because the
short seller is betting that the stock will decrease in price.
48
. Answer (C) is correct. The day's sales outstanding (days of receivables) may be stated as the accounts receivable
balance divided by average credit sales per day or as days in the year divided by the receivables turnover. It is the
average time required to convert the enterprise's receivables into cash. Thus, it is also called the receivables collection
period.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the inventory conversion period (days of inventory) is the average time required to
convert materials into finished goods and then to sell them. This process typically occurs before the receivables
collection period, and the amount of time in one period does not necessarily bear any relationship to the other. Answer
(B) is incorrect because the cash conversion cycle equals the inventory conversion period, plus the receivables
collection period, minus the payables deferral period (average time between resource purchases and payment of cash
for them). It estimates the time between when the enterprise makes payments and when it receives cash inflows.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the inventory divided by the sales per day is the inventory conversion period (days of
inventory).
49
. REQUIRED: The meaning of a firm’s average collection period.
DISCUSSION: (A) The average collection period measures the number of days between the date of sale and the date
of collection. It should be related to a firm’s credit terms. For example, a firm that allows terms of 2/15, net 30 should
have an average collection period of somewhere between 15 and 30 days.
Answer (B) is incorrect because it describes the concept of float. Answer (C) is incorrect because the average collection
period includes the total time before a payment is received. Including the periods both before and after the end of the
normal credit period. Answer (D) is incorrect because it describes the normal credit period.
50
. REQUIRED: The item measured by an aging of accounts receivable.
DISCUSSION: (D) The purpose of an aging of receivables is to classify receivables by due date. Those that are
current (not past due) are listed in one column, those less than 30 days past due in another column, etc. The amount in
each category can then be multiplied by an estimated bad debt percentage that is based on a company’s credit
experience and other factors. The theory is that the oldest receivables are the least likely to be collectible. Aging the
receivables and estimating the uncollectible amounts is one method of arriving at the appropriate balance sheet
valuation of the accounts receivable account.
Answer (A) is incorrect because an aging schedule is used for receivables, not liabilities. Answer (B) is incorrect
because an aging schedule concerns specific accounts, not averages. Answer (C) is incorrect because an aging
schedule focuses on uncollectible receivables.
51
. Answer (B) is correct. A quantity discount is an attempt to increase sales by reducing the unit price on bulk
purchases. It concerns only the price term of an agreement, not the credit term, and thus is unrelated to credit and
collection policy.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the quality of accounts is important to credit policy since it is inversely related to both
sales and bad debts. Answer (C) is incorrect because offering a cash discount improves cash flow and reduces
receivables and the cost of extending credit. Answer (D) is incorrect because the level of collection expenditures must
be considered when implementing a collection policy. The marginal cost of a credit and collection policy should not
exceed its revenue.
52
. Answer (D) is correct. Increasing the quality of the accounts rejected means that fewer sales will be made. The
company is therefore not trying to maximize its sales or increase its bad debt losses. The objective is to reduce bad debt
losses and thereby maximize profits.
Answer (A) is incorrect because tightening credit will reduce sales and bad debt losses. Answer (B) is incorrect because
tightening credit will reduce sales and bad debt losses. Answer (C) is incorrect because, most likely, higher quality
accounts will mean a shorter average collection period.
53
. REQUIRED: The calculation of the average gross receivable balance.
DISCUSSION: A firm’s average gross receivables balance can be calculated by multiplying average daily sales by the
average collection period (days’ sales outstanding). Alternatively, annual credit sales can be divided by the accounts
receivable turnover (net credit sales ÷ average accounts receivable) to obtain the average balance in receivables.
Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because Alternative 1 cannot be correct. Neither of the multiplicands is a dollar figure,
sot the product could not be the dollar balance of receivables. Answer (D) is incorrect because Alternative III cannot be
correct. It contains average gross receivables, the amount being calculated.
54
. Answer (C) is correct. A high receivables turnover is indicative of short credit terms and possibly the use of a
lockbox system to speed up cash flows.
Answer (A) is incorrect because a lenient credit policy would lead to a low turnover. Answer (B) is incorrect because
small discounts although helpful, would be unlikely to lead to an unusually high turnover. Small discounts would not be
as helpful as a lockbox system and short credit terms. Answer (D) is incorrect because a high turnover would be
indicative of an efficient credit and collection department.
55
. Answer (B) is correct. A decline in the receivable turnover indicates that either sales are declining relative to
receivables, or receivables are increasing relative to sales. Thus, the firm is collecting credit sales more slowly than
before.
Answer (A) is incorrect because sales are being collected more slowly when the turnover declines. Answer (C) is
incorrect because an increase in sales will increase the turnover ratio. Answer (D) is incorrect because inventories have
no impact on the receivable turnover ratio.
56
. Answer (D) is correct. The accounts receivable turnover ratio equals net credit sales divided by average receivables.
Hence, it will decrease if a company lengthens the credit period or the discount period because the denominator will
increase as receivables are held for longer times.
Answer (A) is incorrect because write-offs do not reduce net receivables (gross receivables - the allowance) and will not
affect the receivables balance and therefore the turnover ratio if an allowance system is used. Answer (B) is incorrect
because a decline in sales near the end of the period signifies fewer credit sales and receivables, and the effect of
reducing the numerator and denominator by equal amounts is to increase the ratio if the fraction is greater than 1.0.
Answer (C) is incorrect because an increase in cash sales with no diminution of credit sales will not affect receivables.
57
. REQUIRED: The reason for offering credit terms of 2.10, net 30.
DISCUSSION: (D) Because these terms involve an annual interest cost of over 36%, a company would not offer them
unless it desperately needed cash. Also, credit terms are typically somewhat standardized within an industry. Thus if
most companies in the industry offer similar terms, a firm will likely be forced to match the competition or lose market
share.
Answer (A) is incorrect because, if the company does not need cash, it would not offer cash discounts, regardless of its
cost of capital, unless required to match competition. Answer (B) is incorrect because the ability to borrow at a lower
rate is a reason for not offering cash discounts. Answer (C) is incorrect because the relationship between the cost of
capital and the prime rate may not be relevant if the firm cannot borrow at the prime rate.
58
. REQUIRED: The true statement about extending credit for a period longer than the purchase’s operating cycle.
DISCUSSION: (B) The normal operating cycle is defined as the period from the acquisition of inventory to the collection
of the account receivable. If trade credit is for a period longer than the normal operating cycle, the seller must therefore
be financing more than just the purchase of inventory.
Answer (A) is incorrect because a seller that extends long-term credit will have a higher level of receivables than a firm
with a shorter credit period. Answer (C) is incorrect because the seller is not guaranteed that a purchaser will resell the
merchandise. Answer (D) is incorrect because offering a discount may accelerate payment.
59
. Answer (C) is correct. If the cause of increased sales is an increase in the cash discount, it can be inferred that the
additional customers would pay during the discount period. Thus, cash would be collected more quickly than previously
and the cash conversion cycle would be shortened.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the operating cycle would decrease since the average time from cash disbursement to
cash realization would be shorter. Answer (B) is incorrect because the average collection period would decrease since
the average time from cash disbursement to cash realization would be shorter. Answer (D) is incorrect because more
customers will take discounts.
60
. REQUIRED: The true statement about a change in credit policy that has resulted in greater sales and a reduction in
accounts receivable.
DISCUSSION: (A) An increase in discounts taken accompanied by declines in receivables balances and doubtful
accounts all indicate that collections on the increased sales have been accelerated. Accordingly, the average collection
period is a ratio calculated by dividing the number of days in a year (365) by the receivable turnover. Thus, the higher
the turnover, the shorter the average collection period. The turnover increases when either sales (the numerator)
increase or receivables (the denominator) decrease. Accomplishing both higher sales and a lower receivables
increases the turnover and results in a shorter collection period.
Answer (B) is incorrect because a decrease in the percentage discount offered provides no incentive for early payment.
Answer (C) is incorrect because accounts receivable turnover (sales ÷ average receivables) has increased. Answer (D)
is incorrect because no information is given relative to working capital elements other than receivables. Both
receivables and cash are elements of working capital, so an acceleration of customer payments will have no effect on
working capital.
61
. REQUIRED: The true statement about a change in credit policy that has resulted in greater sales and a reduction in
accounts receivable.
DISCUSSION: (B) An increase in discounts taken accompanied by declines in receivables balances and doubtful
accounts all indicate that collections on the increased sales have been accelerated. Accordingly, the average collection
period must have declined. The average collection period is a ratio calculated by dividing the number of days in a year
(365) by the receivable turnover. Thus, the higher the turnover, the shorter the average collection period. The turnover
increases when either sales (the numerator) increase, or receivables (the denominator) decrease. Accomplishing both
higher sales and a lower receivables increases the turnover and results in a shorter collection period.
Answers (A) and (C) are incorrect because no statement can be made with respect to profits without knowing costs.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the discount may have been increased, which has led to quicker payments. Answer (E)
is incorrect because the bad debt loss percentage has apparently declined. Sales are up; doubtful accounts are fewer.
62
. REQUIRED: The factor not considered in an analysis of propose credit policies.
DISCUSSION: (B) All factors should be considered that differ between the two policies. Factors that do not differ, such
as the current bad debt experience, are not relevant. Ryan must estimate the expected bad debt losses under each
new policy.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the cost of funds is an obvious element in the analysis of any investment. Answer (C) is
incorrect because the impact on the current customer base of extending terms to only certain customers is relevant.
The current customers may demand the same terms. Answer (D) is incorrect because existing loan agreements may
require Ryan to maintain certain ratios at stated levels. Thus, Ryan’s ability to increase receivables and possible bad
debt losses may be limited.
63
. Answer (A) is correct. Relaxing the credit policy for customers will lead to increased sales because more people will
be eligible for more credit. As sales increase, purchase orders will increase to accommodate the higher sales levels.
Answer (B) is incorrect because inventory should be increased to accommodate higher sales levels. Answer (C) is
incorrect because safety stock is based on expected sales, which are expected to rise. Answer (D) is incorrect because
a just-in-time system is not used when a company orders inventory once a quarter.
64
. Answer (A) is correct. A factor purchases a company's accounts receivable and assumes the risk of collection. The
seller receives money immediately to reinvest in new inventories. The financing cost is usually high: about 2 points or
more above prime, plus a fee for collection. Factoring has been traditional in the textile industry for years, and recently
companies in many industries have found it an efficient means of operation. A company that uses a factor can eliminate
its credit department, accounts receivable staff, and bad debts. These reductions in costs can more than offset the fee
charged by the factor, which can often operate more efficiently than its clients because of the specialized nature of its
service.
Answer (B) is incorrect because factoring is a source of short-term funds through sale of receivables. Answer (C) is
incorrect because factoring is a source of short-term funds through sale of receivables. Answer (D) is incorrect because
factoring is a source of short-term funds through sale of receivables.
65
. Answer (B) is correct. Pledging accounts receivable is an arrangement in which receivables are used as security for
a loan. But if the receivables are not paid, the secured party still may proceed against the borrowers. Lenders in these
circumstances choose the collateral with care, retain the right of recourse against the borrower in case of default, and
usually lend some amount less than the face value of the receivables.
Answer (A) is incorrect because factoring is the outright sale of receivables for cash at a discount. Answer (C) is
incorrect because receivables may be sold with or without recourse. Answer (D) is incorrect because hedging is the
process of protecting oneself against loss because of future price changes. For example, a party that has agreed to
deliver a commodity at a certain date may enter into a hedging contract to buy an equal quantity on the same date. Any
loss on one transaction should then be offset by the gain on the other.
66
. Answer (A) is correct. An increase in the proportion of short-term financing will not affect a company's degree of
leverage, but risk is increased because of the need for frequent refinancing. Because the debtor company will be forced
to meet principal and interest payments quickly, perhaps before expected funds from a new project, the danger of
default is increased. Also, future interest rates are difficult to predict.
Answer (B) is incorrect because leverage is the use of borrowed funds to earn returns for stockholders. It is irrelevant
whether the borrowed funds are long- or short-term. Answer (C) is incorrect because the length of a loan does not affect
the amount of liquid assets. Both long- and short-term loans result in liquid assets. Answer (D) is incorrect because an
increase in current liabilities decreases the current ratio.
67
. Under normal conditions the yield curve is upward sloping, thus, short-term interest rates are lower than
long-term interest rates. Consequently, a firm financing with short-term debt will pay less interest than a firm
financing with long-term debt--increasing its ROE. However, a firm increases its risk by financing with short-
term debt because such debt must be “rolled over” frequently, and the firm is exposed to the volatility of
short-term rates. The other statements are false.
68
. REQUIRED: The item that provides a spontaneous source of financing.
DISCUSSION: (A) Trade credit is a spontaneous source of financing because it arises automatically as part of a
purchase transaction. Because of its ease in use, trade credit is the largest source of short-term financing for may firms
both large and small.
Answers (B) and (D) are incorrect because mortgage bonds and debentures do not arise automatically as a result of a
purchase transaction. Answer (C) is incorrect because the use of receivables as a financing source requires an
extensive factoring arrangement and often involves the creditor’s evaluation of the credit ratings of the borrower’s
customers.
69
. Answer (D) is correct. Trade credit is a spontaneous source of financing because it arises automatically as part of
the purchase transaction.
Answer (A) is incorrect because it occurs as a result of transactions apart from purchase transactions. In other words,
such credit is arranged separately from the transactions to acquire the assets being financed. Answer (B) is incorrect
because it occurs as a result of transactions apart from purchase transactions. In other words, such credit is arranged
separately from the transactions to acquire the assets being financed. Answer (C) is incorrect because prepaid interest
is not a source of financing.
70
. Answer (C) is correct. Trade credit is a spontaneous source of financing because it arises automatically as part of a
purchase transaction. Because of its ease in use, trade credit is the largest source of short-term financing for many firms
both large and small.
Answer (A) is incorrect because installment loans are usually a longer-term source of financing and are more difficult to
acquire than trade credit. Answer (B) is incorrect because commercial paper is normally used only by large companies
with high credit ratings. Answer (D) is incorrect because mortgage bonds are a long-term source of financing.
71
. REQUIRED: The true statement about trade credit.
DISCUSSION: (C) Trade credit is a spontaneous source of financing because it arises automatically as part of a
purchase transaction. The terms of payment are set by the supplier, but trade credit usually requires payment within a
short period of time. Trade credit is an important source of credit for all businesses but especially for buyers, such as
small businesses but especially for buyers, such as small businesses, that might not have access to other credit
markets. Like all forms of financing, trade credit is subject to the risk of buyer default.
Answer (A) is incorrect because trade credit is an important source of financing for small firms. Answer (B) is incorrect
because trade credit is ordinarily short-term source of financing. Answer (D) is incorrect because the cost of trade credit
depends on the credit terms and the price paid. A seller with generous payment terms may charge a higher price for its
merchandise.
72
. Answer (A) is correct. The first term of the formula represents the periodic cost of the trade discount, calculated as
the cost per unit of trade credit (discount %) divided by the funds made available by not taking the discount (100 -
discount %). The second term represents the number of times per year this cost is incurred. The multiple of these terms
is the approximate annual percentage cost of not taking the trade discount. A precise formula would incorporate the
effects of compounding when calculating the annual cost.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the denominator of the first term should represent the funds made available by not
taking the discount (100 - discount %). Answer (C) is incorrect because the first term is the reciprocal of the correct term.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the second term is the reciprocal of the correct term.
73
. Answer (D) is correct. If the discount period is longer, the days of extra credit obtained by forgoing the discount are
fewer. Assuming other factors are constant, the result is that the cost of trade credit, that is, the cost of not taking the
discount, is greater.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the lower the discount percentage, the lower the opportunity cost of forgoing the
discount and using the trade credit financing. Answer (B) is incorrect because percentage financing cost is unaffected by
the purchase price of the items. Answer (C) is incorrect because percentage financing cost is unaffected by the
purchase price of the items.
74
. REQUIRED: The true statement about cash discounts.
DISCUSSION: (D) Payments should be made within the discount periods if the cost of not taking discounts exceed the
firm’s cost of capital. For example, failing to take a discount when terms are 2/10, net 30 means that the firm is paying
an effective annual interest rate exceeding 36%. Thus the cost of not taking the discount is usually higher than the cost
of a bank loan.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the cost of not taking a discount when terms are 2/10, net 30 exceeds 36% annually,
which is higher than the prime rate has ever been. Answer (B) is incorrect because the buyer is paying the amount of
discount not taken in exchange for the extra 45 days of credit. Answer (C) is incorrect because paying 2% for 20 days of
credit is more expensive than paying 2% for 50 days of the same amount of credit.
75
. Answer (C) is correct. A small retail store would not have access to major capital markets. In fact, the only options
available, outside of owner financing, are bank loans and a line of credit from suppliers. It is this latter alternative that is
most often used because it permits the store to finance inventories for 30 to 60 days without incurring interest cost. A
line of credit is an arrangement between a bank and a borrower in which the bank commits itself to lend up to a certain
maximum amount to the borrower in a given period.
Answer (A) is incorrect because only large companies with excellent credit ratings have access to the commercial paper
market. Answer (B) is incorrect because a retail store must have instant access to its inventory to provide continuous
services to customers. Thus, a terminal warehouse receipt loan would not be suitable because the inventory would not
be in the immediate possession of the seller. Answer (D) is incorrect because a chattel mortgage is most often used for
financing movable equipment. It is not well-suited to financing inventory of a small retailer with high turnover because of
the difficulty of identification.
76
. Statement b illustrates an aggressive financing policy, not a conservative one.
77
. Answer (D) is correct. The first step is to determine the actual annual percentage interest rate for each of the four
options. Assuming a $100 invoice, the Fort Company discount represents interest of $1 on a loan of $99 for 20 days (30-
day credit period - 10-day discount period). The annual interest rate is 18.1818% [(360/20) periods x ($1/$99)]. The Riley
Company discount represents an interest charge of $2 on a loan of $98; i.e., by not paying on the 15th day, the
company will have the use of $98 for 45 days (60-day credit period - 15-day discount period). The number of periods in
a year would be 8 (360/45). The interest would be 16.326% ($2/$98 x 8 periods). The Shad loan would be for $97 at a
cost of $3. The loan would be for 75 days (90 - 15). Given 4.8 interest periods in a year (360/75), the annual interest rate
would be 14.845% ($3/$97 x 4.8). The bank loan was quoted at 14.75% on a discount basis. On a $100 note, the
borrower would only receive $85.25, giving an interest rate of 17.302% ($14.75/$85.25). Thus, not paying Shad, Inc.'s
invoices on time would be the lowest cost source of capital, at a cost of 14.845%.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the actual annual percentage rate based on forgoing Shad's discount is 14.845%. This
is lower than the rate on the bank loan (17.302% because it is a discount loan), or the cost of forgoing the discounts
allowed by Fort Co. (18.182%) and Riley Co. (16.326%). Answer (B) is incorrect because the actual annual percentage
rate based on forgoing Shad's discount is 14.845%. This is lower than the rate on the bank loan (17.302% because it is
a discount loan), or the cost of forgoing the discounts allowed by Fort Co. (18.182%) and Riley Co. (16.326%). Answer
(C) is incorrect because the actual annual percentage rate based on forgoing Shad's discount is 14.845%. This is lower
than the rate on the bank loan (17.302% because it is a discount loan), or the cost of forgoing the discounts allowed by
Fort Co. (18.182%) and Riley Co. (16.326%).
78
. REQUIRED: The true statement about short-term interest rates.
DISCUSSION: (A) Historically, one facet of the term structure of interest rates (the relationship of yield and time to
maturity) is that short-term interest rates have ordinarily been lower than long-term rates. One reason is that less risk is
involved in the short run. Moreover, future expectations concerning interest rates affect the term structure. Most
economists believe that a long-term interest rate is an average of future expected short-term interest rates. For this
reason, the yield curve will slope upward if future rates are expected to rise, downward if interest rates are anticipated to
fall, and remain flat if investors think the rate is stable. Future inflation is incorporated into this relationship. Another
consideration is liquidity preference. Investors in an uncertain world will accept lower rates on short-term investments
because of their greater liquidity, whereas business debtors often prefer to pay higher rates on long-term debt to avoid
the hazards of short-term maturities.
Answer (B) is incorrect because short-term rates are usually lower than long-term rates. Answer (C) is incorrect
because short-term rates are more likely to be greater than long-term rates if current levels of inflation are high. Answer
(D) is incorrect because long-term rates may be viewed as short-term rates adjusted by a risk factor.
79
. Answer (D) is correct. The prime interest rate is the rate charged by commercial banks to their best (the largest and
financially strongest) business customers. It is traditionally the lowest rate charged by banks. However, in recent years,
banks have been making loans at still lower rates in response to competition from the commercial paper market.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the prime rate has nothing to do with a commitment fee on a bank loan. Answer (B) is
incorrect because the effective rate on most companies' bank loans will be much higher than the prime rate. Answer (C)
is incorrect because the prime rate is a bank loan rate, not the rate on commercial paper.
80
. Answer (C) is correct. When a firm borrows money from the bank, it is often required to keep a certain percentage
of the funds in the bank at all times. These compensating balances effectively increase the rate of interest on the money
borrowed from the bank.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the floating interest rate is not always higher. It should float up or down with the prime
rate. Answer (B) is incorrect because a restriction on a new issuance does not raise the interest rate on money
previously borrowed. Answer (D) is incorrect because, if a firm chooses not to use its full line of credit and is not
charged for the unused portion, the rate of interest on the portion used does not increase.
81
. Answer (B) is correct. Simple interest is charged on the amount actually paid to the borrower. If interest is charged
on a simple basis, the full $20,000 face value of the loan is made available to the borrower.
Answer (A) is incorrect because interest is charged on a discount basis when it is deducted from the face value
borrowed. Answer (C) is incorrect because interest charged on a discount basis results in a deduction from the face
value. The borrower does not receive the full face value of the loan. Answer (D) is incorrect because interest is charged
on an add-on basis when the face value of the loan initially equals the borrowed amount plus the nominal interest
charge.
82
. Answer (B) is correct. A minimum checking account balance that a firm must maintain with a commercial bank is a
compensating balance. A bank may require a borrower to keep a certain percentage of the face value of a loan in the
firm's account. This requirement raises the real rate of interest to the borrower.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the cash balance necessary for a firm to conduct day-to-day business is a transactions
balance. Answer (C) is incorrect because a cash balance held in reserve for random, unforeseen fluctuations in cash
inflows and outflows is a precautionary balance. Answer (D) is incorrect because a cash balance that is held to enable
the firm to take advantage of any bargain purchases that might arise is a speculative balance.
83
. Answer (A) is correct. Banks sometimes require a borrower to keep a certain percentage of the face amount of a
loan in a non-interest-bearing checking account. This requirement raises the effective rate of interest paid by the
borrower. This greater rate compensates a bank for services provided and results in greater profitability for the financial
institution.
Answer (B) is incorrect because, in financial accounting, a valuation allowance is used to reflect losses on marketable
securities. Answer (C) is incorrect because a safety stock of inventory is held to avoid inventory stockouts. Answer (D) is
incorrect because large depositors may receive favorable treatment, but compensating balances are funds maintained
by loan recipients for the benefit of the lender.
84
. Answer (C) is correct. The discounted interest rate is based on the amount borrowed but is paid in advance. It is
calculated using the following formula:
Interest
Borrowed amount - interest
Answer (A) is incorrect because it is the formula for the simple interest rate for a 1-year loan.
Answer (B) is incorrect because it is the formula for the add-on installment interest for a 1-year loan. Answer (D) is
incorrect because the correct formula for the discounted interest rate is interest divided by the borrowed amount less
interest.
85
. Answer (C) is correct. A time draft (trade acceptance) is a form of commercial draft because it is drawn by a seller
on the buyer; that is, it calls for the buyer to pay a specified amount. The draft and the shipping documents related to the
goods are then sent to the buyer's bank, which transmits the draft to the buyer. The buyer accepts the draft by signing it.
A time draft, however, is similar to a promissory note because it is payable at a specific time in the future rather than
upon acceptance by the buyer, which is characteristic of a sight draft. If a seller is reluctant to ship goods because of
concern about the buyer's ability to pay a time draft, the seller's bank may, for a fee, guarantee payment. This banker's
acceptance is an assumption of the obligation to pay at the due date.
Answer (A) is incorrect because a sight draft calls for immediate payment upon delivery of the shipping documents to,
and the acceptance of the draft by, the buyer. Answer (B) is incorrect because an open account is a credit arrangement
involving only the signing of an invoice by the buyer. Answer (D) is incorrect because the description is of a conditional
sales contract except that the seller, not the bank, retains title to the goods until the buyer has completed payment.
86
. Answer (D) is correct. An unsecured loan is a loan made by a bank based on credit information about the borrower
and the ability of the borrower to repay the obligation. The loan is not secured by collateral, but is made on the signature
of the borrower. Unsecured credit is not backed by collateral. Revolving credit, bankers' acceptances, lines of credit, and
commercial paper are all unsecured means of borrowing.
Answer (A) is incorrect because a chattel mortgage is a loan secured by personal property (movable property such as
equipment or livestock). Also, a floating lien is secured by property, such as inventory, the composition of which may be
constantly changing. Answer (B) is incorrect because a chattel mortgage is a loan secured by personal property
(movable property such as equipment or livestock). Factoring is a form of financing in which receivables serve as
security. Answer (C) is incorrect because a chattel mortgage is a loan secured by personal property (movable property
such as equipment or livestock). Also, a floating lien is secured by property, such as inventory, the composition of which
may be constantly changing.
87
. Answer (C) is correct. Commercial paper is the term for the short-term (typically less than 9 months), unsecured,
large denomination (often over $100,000) promissory notes issued by large, creditworthy companies to other companies
and institutional investors. In many instances, the maturity date is only a few days after issuance.
Answer (A) is incorrect because an agency security is issued by a corporation or agency created by the U.S.
government. Examples are government securities issued by the bodies that finance mortgages, such as the Federal
National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae). Answer (B) is incorrect because bankers' acceptances are drafts drawn on
deposits at a bank. The acceptance by the bank guarantees payment at maturity. They are normally used to finance a
specific transaction. Answer (D) is incorrect because a repurchase agreement involves a secured loan to a government
securities dealer. It allows the buyer to retain interest income although the seller-dealer can repurchase after a specified
time.
88
. Answer (C) is correct. Commercial paper is a form of unsecured note that is sold by only the most creditworthy
companies. It is issued at a discount from its face value and has a maturity period of 270 days or less. Commercial
paper usually carries a low interest rate in comparison to other means of financing. SMA 4M, Understanding Financial
Instruments, observes that no general (active) secondary market exists for commercial paper, but that "most dealers or
organizations will repurchase an issue that they have sold."
Answer (A) is incorrect because commercial paper usually has a maturity date of 270 days or less to avoid securities
registration requirements. Answer (B) is incorrect because commercial paper is often issued directly by the borrowing
firm. Answer (D) is incorrect because interest rates must be higher than those of Treasury bills to entice investors.
Commercial paper is more risky than Treasury bills.
89
. Answer (A) is correct. Commercial paper is a form of unsecured note that is sold by only the most creditworthy
companies. It is issued at a discount from its face value and has a maturity period of less than 270 days. Commercial
paper usually carries a low interest rate in comparison to other means of financing.
Answer (B) is incorrect because only large companies with good credit ratings can find buyers for their commercial
paper. Answer (C) is incorrect because commercial paper is unsecured. Answer (D) is incorrect because investors must
pay a commission similar to that on other investment securities.
90
. REQUIRED: The item not an advantage of using commercial paper for short-term financing.
DISCUSSION: (C) Commercial payer is a short-term, unsecured note payable issued in large denominations by major
companies with excellent credit ratings. Maturities usually do not exceed 270 days. Commercial paper is a lower cost
source of funds than bank loans, and no compensating balances are required. Commercial paper provides a broad and
efficient distribution of debt, and costly financing arrangements are avoided. The market is not open to all companies
because only major corporations with high credit ratings can participate.
Answers (A), (B) and (D) are incorrect because lower rates, avoidance of compensating balance requirements, and
broad debt distribution are advantages of commercial paper.
91
. Statement a is incorrect, and therefore the right answer. Commercial paper is a type of unsecured
promissory note issued by large, strong firms. Statements b, c, d, and e are all accurate statements.
92
. Answer (A) is correct. A short-term security issued by a corporation or agency created by the U.S. government,
such as the Federal Housing Administration, is an agency security (agency issue). Among the largest issuers of agency
securities (excluding the Treasury) are the Federal Home Loan Banks, the Federal National Mortgage Association
(Fannie Mae), and the other entities that provide credit to farmers and home buyers. Other issuers of home mortgage-
backed securities include the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan
Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac).
Answer (B) is incorrect because bankers' acceptances are issued by commercial banks to finance specific transactions.
Answer (C) is incorrect because commercial paper is a short-term, unsecured, promissory note issued by a commercial
enterprise. Answer (D) is incorrect because a repurchase agreement involves what is in essence a secured loan to a
dealer in government securities.
93
. Answer (B) is correct. A document of title is usually issued by a bailee covering goods in the bailee's possession or
care (UCC 1-201). It represents ownership of the goods and is ordinarily needed to obtain the goods from the bailee.
The two major types of documents of title are bills of lading (issued by carriers) and warehouse receipts. A warehouse
receipt is issued by a person engaged in the business of storing goods for hire. Security for short-term inventory
financing can be arranged if the debtor places its inventory under the control of the lender or its agent (e.g., a public
warehouse), and the lender holds the warehouse receipts.
Answer (A) is incorrect because commercial paper is a type of unsecured, short-term promissory note issued by large
firms to other firms, insurance companies, mutual funds, etc. Answer (C) is incorrect because a revolving credit
agreement is a formal line of credit, usually with a bank, that large firms often use. Answer (D) is incorrect because a
line of credit is an arrangement, which may be formal or informal, between a commercial bank and its customer
concerning the maximum loan amount available.
94
. Answer (B) is correct. The corporation can obtain trade credit for 20 additional days by not paying within the
discount period. Instead of paying $99,000 to satisfy its obligation within 10 days, it can pay $100,000 at the end of 30
days. The corporation will thus incur $1,000 in interest to hold the $99,000 for the 20 days. Because a 360-day year has
18 such periods, the interest rate is approximately 18.18% [($1,000/$99,000) x 18]. However, if compounding effects are
considered, the rate is higher. The effective rate, taking compounding into consideration, is found using the following
formula:
Effective rate = [1 + (1,000/99,000)]18- 1.0 = 19.83%.
In comparison, the 30-day note has an effective annual rate of 21.94%, calculated as follows:
[1 + (.20/12)]12 - 1.0 = 21.94%
Therefore, the corporation should use trade credit to obtain the short-term credit.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the effective trade credit rate is 19.83% depending on the method of calculation.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the note has an effective rate, including compounding effects, of 21.94%. The following
is the calculation: Effective rate = [1 + (.20/12)]12- 1.0 = 21.94%. Answer (D) is incorrect because the note has an
effective rate, including compounding effects, of 21.94%. The following is the calculation: Effective rate = [1 +
(.20/12)]12- 1.0 = 21.94%.
95
. Answer (D) is correct. The most costly combination of characteristics is a higher compensating balance and
discount interest. The higher the compensating balance, the higher the portion of the loan funds that must be left on
deposit with the lender. Hence, the interest paid is charged on a smaller amount of funds available to be used by the
borrower, and the effective cost is higher. Also, discount interest is deducted from the loan funds in advance, resulting in
a further increase in the effective financing cost.
Answer (A) is incorrect because lower compensating balances and regular interest are less costly. Answer (B) is
incorrect because lower compensating balances and regular interest are less costly. Answer (C) is incorrect because
lower compensating balances and regular interest are less costly.
96
. Answer (A) is correct. The most desirable set of terms are those that result in the lowest cost of borrowing. Discount
interest results in a higher effective borrowing cost than simple interest because the bank deducts interest in advance so
the borrower receives less than the face value of the loan. A compensating balance results in a higher effective
borrowing cost because the compensating balance is an amount of cash that the firm is unable to use. The cheapest
terms, given that all options have the same nominal interest rate, will be simple interest with no compensating balance.
Answer (B) is incorrect because discount interest is disadvantageous to the borrower. Answer (C) is incorrect because a
compensating balance is disadvantageous to the borrower. Answer (D) is incorrect because discount interest and a
compensating balance are disadvantageous to the borrower.
97
. Answer (A) is correct. For any given quoted nominal rate, the least frequent compounding is associated with the
lowest effective annual percentage cost. Annual compounding is less frequent than semiannual, quarterly, or monthly.
The term of the loan is not relevant to the calculation of the effective annual percentage cost of financing.
Answer (B) is incorrect because, the more frequent the interest compounding, the more costly the loan. Semiannual,
quarterly, and monthly compounding are all more frequent than annual compounding. Answer (C) is incorrect because,
the more frequent the interest compounding, the more costly the loan. Semiannual, quarterly, and monthly compounding
are all more frequent than annual compounding. Answer (D) is incorrect because, the more frequent the interest
compounding, the more costly the loan. Semiannual, quarterly, and monthly compounding are all more frequent than
annual compounding.
98
. Answer (D) is correct. If the company chooses the line of credit, it will pay 17% interest on $80,000 ($100,000 -
$20,000 discount) and 1% on the $20,000 unused portion, a total of $13,800. The effective interest rate would thus be
17.25% ($13,800 ÷ $80,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because if the company forgoes the cash discount, its effective rate is 25% ($20,000 ÷ $80,000
immediate cash price). Answer (B) is incorrect because an 18% effective rate exceeds that on the line of credit. Answer
(C) is incorrect because the effective rate would be 18.75% [(15% x $100,000) ÷ $80,000 available funds].

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MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE

WORKING CAPITAL POLICY Cash $ 50 $ 30

RPCPA, AICPA, CMA & CIA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Page 1 of 40

Aggressive vs. Conservative Working Capital Policy

RPCPA, AICPA, CMA & CIA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Page 2 of 40

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT Effect of Transactions on Working Capital

. A lockbox plan is most beneficial to firms that (M)

RPCPA, AICPA, CMA & CIA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Page 6 of 40

Wire Transfer Baumol’s Model of Cash Balances

Marketable Securities Portfolio

RPCPA, AICPA, CMA & CIA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Page 9 of 40

RPCPA, AICPA, CMA & CIA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Page 13 of 40

Contribution margin 20% 20%

RPCPA, AICPA, CMA & CIA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Page 16 of 40

B. Often secured by commercial paper

33. Loan participations are different from syndicated loans in that:

e. Trade credit is often the largest source of short-term credit. Brigham

RPCPA, AICPA, CMA & CIA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Page 21 of 40

RPCPA, AICPA, CMA & CIA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS Page 22 of 40

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