ARTICLE

REQUIREMENTS FOR
110 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
Introduction to Article 110—Requirements for Electrical Installations
Article 110 sets the stage for how you’ll implement the rest of the NEC. This article contains a few of the most important and
yet neglected parts of the Code. For example:
−− How should conductors be terminated?
−− What kinds of warnings, markings, and identification does a given installation require?
−− What’s the right working clearance for a given installation?
−− What do the temperature limitations at terminals mean?
−− What are the NEC requirements for dealing with flash protection?
It’s critical that you master Article 110; as you read this article, you’re building your foundation for correctly applying the NEC.
In fact, this article itself is a foundation for much of the Code. The purpose for the National Electrical Code is to provide a safe
installation, but Article 110 is perhaps focused a little more on providing an installation that’s safe for the installer and mainte‑
nance electrician, so time spent in this article is time well spent.

Part I. General Requirements

110.3 Examination, Identification,
110.1 Scope Installation, Use, and Listing of Equipment
Article 110 covers the general requirements for the examination and
Changes to this section of the Code include addressing
approval, installation and use, access to and spaces about electrical
reconditioned, refurbished, or remanufactured equipment
equipment; as well as general requirements for enclosures intended
and providing rules for who may list electrical equipment.
for personnel entry (manholes, vaults, and tunnels).

Note: See Annex J for information regarding ADA accessibility design.

Analysis
Author’s Comment:
Remanufactured Equipment. In a perfect world all
 Requirements for people with disabilities include things like electrical equipment would be shiny and new; but
NEW that isn’t reality. Sometimes older electrical equip‑
mounting heights for switches and receptacles, and require-
ments for the distance that objects such as wall sconces ment must continue to be used for many reasons, the most
protrude from a wall. common is availability and cost. It would be nice if we could
change all of the existing equipment in the world into new,

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 110.3 | Requirements for Electrical Installations

(5) Heating effects under all conditions of use

but since we can’t we have to make do. This often includes
installing electrical equipment that isn’t new, but is recon‑ (6) Arcing effects
ditioned, refurbished, or remanufactured instead. This is (7) Classification by type, size, voltage, current capacity, and specific
commonly done with circuit breakers for obscure panels that use
haven’t been manufactured in decades. A new Informational
(8) Other factors contributing to the practical safeguarding of persons
Note points out that the inspector shouldn’t reject equip‑
using or in contact with the equipment
ment based solely on the fact that it’s remanufactured.
(B) Installation and Use. Equipment must be installed and used in
Listing. A new subsection (C), covering listing, was accordance with any instructions included in the listing or labeling
added. Although the definition of “listed” in Article requirements. Figure 110–1
NEW 100 states that a testing laboratory that tests and
lists products must be acceptable to the AHJ, it does little
else in terms of regulating the listing agency. This makes
sense, because definitions aren’t supposed to contain rules.
So, who does the testing and listing, and what do they
use as their basis of acceptance? Can I open my own com‑
pany, test a product in my backyard shop by plugging it in,
put a sticker on it, and call it listed? With the revisions in the
2017 NEC, you can’t. Testing laboratories must be recog‑
nized as being qualified and one source of finding out which
ones are is OSHA, which lists Nationally Recognized Testing
Laboratories (NRTLs).

110.3 Examination, Identification, Installation, Use,

and Product Listing (Certification) of Equipment Figure 110–1

(A) Guidelines for Approval. The authority having jurisdiction must

approve equipment. In doing so, consideration must be given to the Author’s Comment:
following:
 See the definitions of “Labeling” and “Listing” in Article 100.
(1) Suitability for installation and use in accordance with the NEC
 Failure to follow product listing instructions, such as the
Note 1: Equipment may be new, reconditioned, refurbished, or remanufactured. torquing of terminals and the sizing of conductors, is a viola-
tion of this Code rule. Figure 110–2
Note 2: Suitability of equipment use may be identified by a description marked
on, or provided with, a product to identify the suitability of the product for a spe- (C) Product Listing (Certification). Product certification (testing,
cific purpose, environment, or application. Special conditions of use or other evaluation, and listing) must be performed by a recognized qualified
limitations may be marked on the equipment, in the product instructions, or testing laboratory in accordance with standards that achieve effective
appropriate listing and labeling information. Suitability of equipment may be evi-
safety to comply with the NEC.
denced by listing or labeling.
Note: OSHA recognizes qualified electrical testing laboratories that provide prod-
(2) Mechanical strength and durability uct certification that meets OSHA electrical standards.
(3) Wire‑bending and connection space

(4) Electrical insulation

28 Mike Holt's Illustrated Guide to Changes to the National Electrical Code 2017
 Requirements for Electrical Installations | 110.9

110.9 Interrupting Overcurrent

Protection Rating
A change to this very important rule creates enforceable lan‑
guage.

Analysis

Section 110.9 mandates that circuit breakers

and fuses be capable of interrupting the circuit
CLARIFIED
in the event of a ground fault without experi‑
encing extensive damage. What’s extensive damage?
When overcurrent protection devices are subjected to
Figure 110–2 fault currents above their rating, they can literally explode,
taking down everything in their path in the process.
Because of this, it’s critical to ensure that overcurrent pro‑
110.5 Conductors tection devices be rated to handle the fault current on their
line terminals.
A change to this rule clarifies that conductors are to be Previous editions of the NEC stated that overcurrent pro‑
copper or aluminum unless otherwise restricted by the NEC. tection devices must be “sufficient” for the available fault
current. The word “sufficient” isn’t a word that’s used very
Analysis often in the Code, because it lends itself to interpretation.
What’s “sufficient?” With the NEC now stating that the
device rating must be “at least equal to” the available fault
This section used to stipulate that, where con‑
current, the opportunity for debate is closed.
ductor material wasn’t specified in the Code
CLARIFIED
rule, copper conductors were to be used. This
made for some strange interpretations of the NEC, none of
which made sense or could be justified as necessary. 110.9 Interrupting Overcurrent Protection Rating
Aluminum conductors have the same negative stigma Overcurrent protection devices such as circuit breakers and fuses are
(for some) that they’ve had for decades, despite being made intended to interrupt the circuit, and they must have an interrupting
from different and far superior alloys than their predeces‑ rating at the nominal circuit voltage at least equal to the current avail‑
sors. With the change to this section, there’s no argument able at the line terminals of the equipment. Figure 110–3
about the allowed conductor types. Aluminum can be used
unless there’s a specific requirement by the equipment list‑
Author’s Comment:
ing or Code rule, such as 517.13(B)(1).
 See the definition of “Interrupting Rating” in Article 100.
 Ampere Interrupting Rating (AIR) is also described as
110.5 Conductors “Ampere Interrupting Capacity” (AIC) by many in the industry.
Conductors are to be copper or aluminum unless otherwise provided  Unless marked otherwise, the ampere interrupting rating
in this Code; and when the conductor material isn’t specified in a rule, for circuit breakers is 5,000A [240.83(C)], and for fuses it’s
the sizes given in the Code are based on a copper conductor. 10,000A [240.60(C)(3)]. Figure 110–4

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 110.9 | Requirements for Electrical Installations

Available Short‑Circuit Current

Available short‑circuit current is the current, in amperes, avail‑
able at a given point in the electrical system. This available
short‑circuit current is first determined at the secondary termi‑
nals of the electric utility transformer, as given by the electric
utility engineer. Thereafter, the available short‑circuit current
is calculated at the terminals of service equipment, then at
branch‑circuit panelboards and other equipment. The available
short‑circuit current is different at each point of the electri‑
cal system. It’s highest at the electric utility transformer and
lowest at the branch‑circuit load.

The available short‑circuit current depends on the impedance

of the circuit. The greater the circuit impedance (utility trans‑
Figure 110–3
former and the additive impedances of the circuit conductors),
the lower the available short‑circuit current. Figure 110–5

Figure 110–4 Figure 110–5

The factors that affect the available short‑circuit current at

the electric utility transformer include the system voltage, the
transformer kVA rating, and the circuit impedance (expressed
in a percentage on the equipment nameplate). Properties that
have an impact on the impedance of the circuit include the
conductor material (copper versus aluminum), conductor size,
conductor length, and motor‑operated equipment supplied by
the circuit.

30 Mike Holt's Illustrated Guide to Changes to the National Electrical Code 2017
 Requirements for Electrical Installations | 110.11

110.11 Deteriorating Agents

DANGER: Extremely high values of current flow Electrical equipment and conductors must be suitable for the envi‑
(caused by short circuits or ground faults) produce tre‑ ronment and conditions of use. Consideration must also be given
mendously destructive thermal and magnetic forces. An over‑ to the presence of corrosive gases, fumes, vapors, liquids, or other
current protection device not rated to interrupt the current at the substances that can have a deteriorating effect on the conductors or
available fault values at its listed voltage rating can explode equipment. Figure 110–7
while attempting to open the circuit overcurrent protection
device from a short circuit or ground fault, which can cause
serious injury or death, as well as property damage. Figure 110–6

Figure 110–7

Figure 110–6
Author’s Comment:

 Conductors aren’t permitted to be exposed to ultraviolet rays

from the sun unless identified for the purpose [310.10(D)].
110.11 Deteriorating Agents

A new Informational Note intended to make Code users Note 1: Raceways, cable trays, cablebus, cable armor, boxes, cable sheathing,
aware that there are minimum flood provisions contained in cabinets, elbows, couplings, fittings, supports, and support hardware must be of
materials that are suitable for the environment in which they’re to be installed, in
other building codes as they relate to electrical installations
accordance with 300.6.
was added.
Note 2: Some cleaning and lubricating compounds contain chemicals that can
cause deterioration of the plastic used for insulating and structural applications
Analysis in equipment.

Typically, installing electrical equipment below the Equipment not identified for outdoor use and equipment identified
flood hazard level isn’t allowed by the building only for indoor use must be protected against damage from the
NEW code unless the equipment is suitable for the loca‑ weather during construction.
tion. In some areas local rules require GFCI protection for
equipment in flood zones, while in other areas, electrical Note 3: See Table 110.28 for NEMA enclosure‑type designations.
equipment isn’t permitted in the flood hazard zone at all.
This new Informational Note should help designers and Note 4: See the International Building Code (IBC) and the International Residential
Code (IRC) for minimum flood provisions.
installers to be mindful of the building code requirements.

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 110.14 | Requirements for Electrical Installations

110.14 Conductor Termination and Splicing

A properly calibrated tool must be used when torquing termi‑

nal connections.

Analysis

When electrical fires or failures occur, they usually

do so at terminations, not in the middle of a cable
NEW or conductor. With that said, the rules in 110.14 are
some of the most important in the entire Code.
Studies have found that approximately 75 to 80 percent
of conductor terminations aren’t installed correctly unless
a torque measuring device, such as a torque wrench or Figure 110–8
screwdriver, is used. Approximately 60 percent of conduc‑
tor terminations aren’t tight enough and 20 percent are too Author’s Comment:
tight, leaving about only 20 percent meeting the manufac‑
 Switches and receptacles marked CO/ALR are designed to
turer’s torquing requirements.
This new rule requires the installer to use a properly cal‑ ensure a good connection through the use of a larger con-
ibrated tool for conductor terminations when a tightening tact area and compatible materials. The terminal screws
torque is specified by the manufacturer for the terminal. are plated with the element called “Indium.” Indium is an
Enforcement of this new rule will prove challenging. extremely soft metal that forms a gas‑sealed connection
Does the electrical inspector need to be on site when the with the aluminum conductor.
terminations are made so he or she can verify the tool being Connectors and terminals for conductors more finely stranded than
used? How will he or she know the tool is calibrated cor‑ Class B and Class C, as shown in Table 10 of Chapter 9, must be iden‑
rected? Has the tool been dropped since being calibrated tified for the use of finely stranded conductors. Figure 110–9
and is now therefore inaccurate? Should the inspectors
carry their own tools?
As with any new Code rule, this one might create grow‑
ing pains, but we can all certainly agree on one thing; this
rule is intended to increase safety by ensuring proper ter‑
minations. Let’s not lose sight of the big picture—electrical
safety.

110.14 Conductor Termination and Splicing

Conductor terminal and splicing devices must be identified for the
conductor material and they must be properly installed and used.
Figure 110–8

Figure 110–9

32 Mike Holt's Illustrated Guide to Changes to the National Electrical Code 2017
 Requirements for Electrical Installations | 110.14

Author’s Comment:

 According to UL Standard 486 A‑B, a terminal/lug/connector

must be listed and marked for use with other than Class B
stranded conductors. With no marking or factory literature/
instructions to the contrary, terminals may only be used with
Class B stranded conductors.
 See the definition of “Identified” in Article 100.
 Conductor terminations must comply with the manufactur-
er’s instructions as required by 110.3(B). For example, if the
instructions for the device state “Suitable for 18‑12 AWG
Stranded,” then only stranded conductors can be used with
the terminating device. If the instructions state “Suitable for
18‑12 AWG Solid,” then only solid conductors are permitted,
and if the instructions state “Suitable for 18‑12 AWG,” then Figure 110–10
either solid or stranded conductors can be used with the
terminating device. Author’s Comment:

Copper and Aluminum Mixed. Copper and aluminum conductors  Split‑bolt connectors are commonly listed for only two con-
must not make contact with each other in a device unless the device ductors, although some are listed for three conductors.
is listed and identified for this purpose. However, it’s a common industry practice to terminate as
many conductors as possible within a split‑bolt connector,
even though this violates the NEC. Figure 110–11
Author’s Comment:

 Few terminations are listed for the mixing of aluminum and

copper conductors, but if they are, that will be marked on
the product package or terminal device. The reason copper
and aluminum shouldn’t be in contact with each other is
because corrosion develops between the two different
metals due to galvanic action, resulting in increased contact
resistance at the splicing device. This increased resistance
can cause the splice to overheat and cause a fire.

(A) Terminations. Conductor terminals must ensure a good connec‑

tion without damaging the conductors.

Terminals for more than one conductor and terminals used for alumi‑
num conductors must be identified for this purpose, either within the
equipment instructions or on the terminal itself. Figure 110–10
Figure 110–11

(B) Conductor Splices. Conductors must be spliced by a splicing

device identified for the purpose or by exothermic welding. Figure
110–12

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 110.14 | Requirements for Electrical Installations

Figure 110–12 Figure 110–14

Author’s Comment: Author’s Comment:

 Conductors aren’t required to be twisted together prior to  See the definition of “Energized” in Article 100.
the installation of a twist‑on wire connector, unless specifi-
cally required in the installation instructions. Figure 110–13 Underground Splices:

Single Conductors. Single direct burial conductors of types UF or USE

can be spliced underground without a junction box, but the conduc‑
tors must be spliced with a device listed for direct burial [300.5(E) and
300.15(G)]. Figure 110–15

Figure 110–13

Unused circuit conductors aren’t required to be removed. However, to

prevent an electrical hazard, the free ends of the conductors must be
insulated to prevent the exposed end of the conductor from touching Figure 110–15
energized parts. This requirement can be met by the use of an insu‑
lated twist‑on or push‑on wire connector. Figure 110–14

34 Mike Holt's Illustrated Guide to Changes to the National Electrical Code 2017
 Requirements for Electrical Installations | 110.14

Multiconductor Cable. Multiconductor UF or USE cable can have the

individual conductors spliced underground without a junction box as
long as a listed splice kit that encapsulates the conductors as well as
the cable jacket is used.

(C) Temperature Limitations (Conductor Size). Conductors are to

be sized using their ampacity from the insulation temperature rating
column of Table 310.15(B)(16) that corresponds to the lowest tem‑
perature rating of any terminal, device, or conductor of the circuit.

Conductors with insulation temperature ratings higher than the ter‑

mination’s temperature rating can be used for ampacity adjustment,
correction, or both. Figure 110–16

Figure 110–17

Figure 110–16

(1) Equipment Temperature Rating Provisions. Unless the equip‑

ment is listed and marked otherwise, conductor sizing for equipment
Figure 110–18
terminations must be based on Table 310.15(B)(16) in accordance
with (a) or (b): (4) For motors marked with design letters B, C, or D, conductors
having an insulation rating of 75°C or higher can be used, pro‑
(a) Equipment Rated 100A or Less.
vided the ampacity of such conductors doesn’t exceed the 75°C
(1) Conductors must be sized using the 60°C temperature column of ampacity. Figure 110–19
Table 310.15(B)(16). Figure 110–17
(b) Equipment Rated Over 100A.
(3) Conductors terminating on terminals rated 75°C are to be sized
(1) Conductors with an insulation temperature rating of 75°C must
in accordance with the ampacities listed in the 75°C temperature
be sized to the 75°C temperature column of Table 310.15(B)(16).
column of Table 310.15(B)(16). Figure 110–18
Figure 110–20

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 110.14 | Requirements for Electrical Installations

Figure 110–19 Figure 110–21

(D) Torque. Where tightening torque values are indicated on equip‑

ment or installation instructions, a calibrated torque tool must be used
to achieve the indicated torque value, unless the equipment manufac‑
turer provides an alternative method of achieving the required torque.
Figure 110–22

Figure 110–20

(2) Conductors with an insulation temperature rating of 90°C can be

sized to the 75°C column of Table 310.15(B)(16).

(2) Separate Connector Provisions. Conductors can be sized to the

90°C column of Table 310.15(B)(16) if the conductors and pressure
connectors are rated at least 90°C. Figure 110–21 Figure 110–22

Note: Equipment markings or listing information may restrict the sizing and tem-
Author’s Comment:
perature ratings of connected conductors.
 Conductors must terminate in devices that have been
properly tightened in accordance with the manufacturer’s
torque specifications included with equipment instructions.
Failure to torque terminals can result in excessive heating
of terminals or splicing devices due to a loose connection.

36 Mike Holt's Illustrated Guide to Changes to the National Electrical Code 2017
 Requirements for Electrical Installations | 110.16

A loose connection can also lead to arcing which increases 110.16 Arc‑Flash Hazard Warning
the heating effect and may also lead to a short circuit or
(A) Arc‑Flash Hazard Warning Label. Switchboards, switchgear,
ground fault. Any of these can result in a fire or other failure,
panelboards, industrial control panels, meter socket enclosures, and
including an arc‑flash event. In addition, this is a violation
motor control centers in other than dwelling units must be marked
of 110.3(B), which requires all equipment to be installed in
to warn qualified persons of the danger associated with an arc flash
accordance with listing or labeling instructions.
from short circuits or ground faults. The arc‑flash hazard warning
marking must be permanently affixed, have sufficient durability to
withstand the environment involved [110.21(B)], and be clearly visible
110.16 Arc‑Flash Hazard Warning to qualified persons before they examine, adjust, service, or perform
maintenance on the equipment. Figure 110–23
The rules for warning qualified persons about arc‑flash haz‑
ards have been increased, again.

Analysis

Since arc‑flash hazard warnings rules were

added in 2002, they’ve been revised every
EXPANDED Code cycle like clockwork. There’s no ques‑
tion that the continued revisions are due to the fact that
electrical safety is taken more seriously than ever before.
Many people who are concerned with worker safety
have tried to increase this rule to require information, such
as restricted and prohibited approach boundaries, incident
energy, arc rating of clothing, and other related information.
While those requirements didn’t make it into this edition of
the NEC others did, but only for larger pieces of equipment. Figure 110–23
The change is that for other than dwelling units, the
arc‑flash label must indicate the voltage of the system, the Author’s Comment:
available fault current, the clearing time of the overcurrent
 See the definition of “Qualified Person” in Article 100.
protection device(s), and the date the label was installed.
 This rule is intended to warn qualified persons who work on
The available fault current can be obtained from the electric
utility or be calculated with proper field information, and the energized electrical systems that an arc‑flash hazard exists
clearing time can be obtained from the manufacturer of the so they’ll select proper personal protective equipment (PPE)
fuse or circuit breaker. in accordance with industry accepted safe work practice
An exception was added to allow arc‑flash labels that are standards.
installed “in accordance with acceptable industry practice,”
(B) Service Equipment Available Fault Current Label. Service
and an Informational Note was added to explain what that
equipment rated 1,200A or more must have a field or factory installed
means. Basically, if you follow the guidelines of NFPA 70E as
label containing the following details and have sufficient durability to
they relate to labels, you’ll meet the new Code requirement.
withstand the environment: Figure 110–24
Proponents of this change claim this new rule will result
in a safer environment for the electrical worker, but oppo‑
nents claim these changes shouldn’t be in the NEC at all, as
it’s intended to be an installation standard, not a workplace
safety standard.

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 110.21 | Requirements for Electrical Installations

Analysis

Reconditioned Equipment. While the thought of

“reconditioned” equipment may seem substandard
NEW at first, sometimes it really is the only option. We all
long for a world where all of the electrical equipment in every
building is brand new, but when you find yourself living in that
world pinch yourself…because you’re dreaming. In the real
world equipment isn’t brand new, and some equipment isn’t
even manufactured any more. When this is the case the only
options are complete removal and replacement of a system
or finding and using used or reconditioned equipment.
When reconditioned equipment is used, what are the
rules? This issue hasn’t been addressed in the Code until
Figure 110–24
now. With these new changes, we now have requirements
(1) Nominal system voltage for marking the equipment by the company responsible
for the reconditioning. This helps to ensure that a repu‑
(2) Available fault current at the service overcurrent protection device table company did the work. The date of refurbishing or
(3) Clearing time of the service overcurrent protection device based reconditioning must be included, which gives additional
on the available fault current at the service equipment information to the installer and to the AHJ, both of whom
need to use judgment when deciding on the suitability of
(4) Date the service equipment available fault current label was
such a product.
installed

Ex: Service equipment labeling isn’t required if an arc‑flash label Markings. Section 110.21(B) was revised to
in accordance with NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the clarify that a combination of words, colors, and
CLARIFIED
Workplace [see Note 3] is applied. symbols can (and probably should) be used for
caution, warning, or danger signs or labels. A literal reading
Note 1: NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, provides of the 2014 edition of 110.21(B) could be construed as
guidance in determining the severity of potential exposure, planning safe work requiring words or colors or symbols, but not a combination
practices, arc‑flash labeling, and selecting personal protective equipment. of those three. Obviously this isn’t, and wasn’t, the intent.

Note No. 3: NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace provides
specific criteria for developing arc‑flash labels, such as nominal system voltage,
incident energy levels, arc‑flash boundaries, and selecting personal protective 110.21 Markings
equipment.
(A) Equipment Markings.

(1) General. The manufacturer’s name, trademark, or other descrip‑

tive marking must be placed on all electrical equipment and, where
110.21 Markings
required by the Code, markings such as voltage, current, wattage, or
New marking requirements for reconditioned equipment other ratings must be provided. Marking must have sufficient durabil‑
have been added, and the warning signage requirements ity to withstand the environment involved.
have been editorially revised.

38 Mike Holt's Illustrated Guide to Changes to the National Electrical Code 2017
 Requirements for Electrical Installations | 110.21

(2) Reconditioned Equipment. Reconditioned equipment must be Note: ANSI Z535.4, Product Safety Signs and Labels, provides guidelines for the
marked with the name, trademark, or other descriptive marking by design and durability of signs and labels.
the organization responsible for reconditioning the electrical equip‑
ment, along with the date of the reconditioning. (2) The label can’t be handwritten, and it must be permanently
affixed to the equipment. Figure 110–26
Reconditioned equipment must be identified as “reconditioned” and
approval of the reconditioned equipment isn’t based solely on the
equipment’s original listing.

Ex: Reconditioning markings aren’t required in industrial occupancies,

where conditions of maintenance and supervision ensure that only
qualified persons service the equipment.

Note: Normal servicing of equipment isn’t to be considered to be reconditioning

equipment.

(B) Field‑Applied Hazard Markings. Where caution, warning,

or danger signs or labels are required, the labels must meet the
following:

(1) The markings must warn of the hazards using effective words,
colors, symbols, or a combination of words, colors, and symbols.
Figure 110–25
Figure 110–26

Ex to (2): Labels that contain information that’s likely to change can

be handwritten, if it’s legible.

Author’s Comment:

 A permanently affixed sign includes a sticker, but not a piece

of paper taped to the equipment.

(3) The marking must be of sufficient durability to withstand the envi‑

ronment involved.

Figure 110–25

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 110.24 | Requirements for Electrical Installations

110.24 Available Fault Current

The available fault current calculation required by this sec‑

tion must now be made available upon request.

Analysis

Using equipment that can handle the available

fault current of an electrical system is one of
EXPANDED the most important parts of a safe electrical
installation. Determining the fault current rating of equipment
for an installation can only be done after determining the
available fault current at the line terminals of the equipment.
Calculating the available fault current at any given point Figure 110–27
in an electrical system is rather complicated and requires
one to have knowledge and special training on this subject. Note: The fault current markings required by this section are to ensure compli-
Field marking of the maximum available fault current is an ance with 110.9 and 110.10. They’re not intended to be used for arc‑flash anal-
existing requirement. What’s new to this edition of the NEC, ysis. Arc‑flash hazard information is available in NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical
is that the available fault current calculation must be made Safety in the Workplace.
available upon request by the designer, installer, inspector,
or those who operate or maintain the equipment. (B) Modifications. When modifications to the electrical installation
Although the Code doesn’t tell us how to make the infor‑ affect the maximum available fault current at the service, the max‑
mation available, placing documentation in the equipment imum available fault current must be recalculated to ensure the
along with the panel schedule might not be a bad idea. service equipment ratings are sufficient for the maximum available
This will ensure that not only the installer or inspector has fault current at the line terminals of the equipment. The required field
access to it, but the future operator or maintenance person‑ marking(s) in 110.24(A) must be adjusted to reflect the new level of
nel will as well. maximum available fault current.

Ex: Field markings aren’t required for industrial installations where

conditions of maintenance and supervision ensure that only qualified
110.24 Available Fault Current persons service the equipment.
(A) Field Marking. Service equipment, in other than dwelling units,
must be field marked with the maximum available fault current, the
110.26 Spaces About Electrical Equipment
date the fault current calculation was performed, and be of sufficient
durability to withstand the environment involved. The available fault
Changes to 110.26 include a new Informational Note refer‑
current calculation for the service equipment label must be doc‑
ring to NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the
umented and be available to those who are authorized to design,
Workplace, new requirements for spaces with “limited
install, inspect, maintain, or operate the system. Figure 110–27
access,” and clarification to the outdoor dedicated space
rules.

40 Mike Holt's Illustrated Guide to Changes to the National Electrical Code 2017
 Requirements for Electrical Installations | 110.26

Analysis Crawl Spaces. Installations in crawl spaces must

have an access opening of 22 in. by 30 in., which
NEW happens to be the standard size of access to crawl
Informational Note. Most of 110.26 is intended to
provide safety for the electrical worker while spaces required by the International Building Code (IBC) and
NEW working on energized equipment. This rule the International Residential Code (IRC). In addition to this
requires clear working space around equipment, it reminds access point, which only gets us into the crawlspace, we
people not to use the working space area for storage, pro‑ still need the required Table 110.26(A)(1) depth, but we don’t
vides rules on a viable escape route in case things go bad have to meet the headroom requirements of 110.26(A)(3),
around large equipment, mandates illumination for equip‑ which would typically be impossible.
ment, and provides other safety provisions. Again, most of
110.26 relates to protecting the electrical worker who’s Outdoor Equipment. The 2014 NEC created a
working on energized equipment. new requirement for panelboards, switch‑
CLARIFIED
In this edition of the NEC, the new Informational Note boards, switchgear, and motor control centers
tells the Code user to look to NFPA 70E to determine safe installed outdoors to have dedicated electrical space, just
work practices, potential exposure, labeling of equipment, like the indoor equipment requirements. As is usually the
and the proper personal protective equipment. It’s critical case, when you write a new rule you need to revise it and
that the electrical the industry, electrician, inspector, con‑ address the (sometimes embarrassingly) obvious things you
tractor, and others follow the safe work practices identified didn’t originally consider. This time it’s the roof overhangs.
in NFPA 70E as mandated by OSHA. Imagine installing a meter and service disconnect on a
building, only to be told that you now need to cut out a space
Above Suspended Ceilings. New to 2017 are rules in the roof eaves so nothing is above your equipment. Well,
for equipment that really can’t meet the general you don’t need to worry about that any longer.
NEW working space requirements of 110.26. What do
you do when a disconnect is located above a suspended
ceiling and has to be there in order for it to be within sight
of the equipment it supplies? It’s impossible to get a 30 in. Part II. 1,000V, Nominal, or Less
by 36 in. working space area in a ceiling grid that only has
110.26 Spaces About Electrical Equipment
24 in. by 48 in. openings. The 2017 change will allow the
disconnect above the grid ceiling, but the equipment must For the purpose of safe operation and maintenance of equipment,
be oriented so the depth of the working space required in access and working space must be provided about all electrical
Table 110.26(A) is satisfied. equipment. Figure 110–28
This means that the disconnect needs to be mounted so
(A) Working Space. Equipment that may need examination, adjust‑
that the 24‑in. dimensions of the grid opening are to your
ment, servicing, or maintenance while energized must have working
left and right when facing the equipment, and the 48‑in.
space provided in accordance with 110.26(1), (2), (3), and (4):
dimensions must be in the front‑to‑back orientation. The
equipment must be installed at the edge of the opening to
ensure 36, 42, or 48 in. of space, as applicable. Author’s Comment:

 The phrase “while energized” is the root of many debates.

As always, check with the AHJ to see what equipment he or
she believes needs a clear working space.

Mike Holt Enterprises • www.MikeHolt.com • 888.NEC.CODE (632.2633) 41

 110.26 | Requirements for Electrical Installations

Table 110.26(A)(1) Working Space

Condition Condition Condition
Voltage–to–Ground 1 2 3
0–150V 3 ft 3 ft 3 ft
151– 600V 3 ft 3½ft 4 ft
601– 1,000V 3 ft 4 ft 5 ft

(a) Rear and Sides. Working space isn’t required for the back or
sides of assemblies where all connections and all renewable or
adjustable parts are accessible from the front. Figure 110–30

Figure 110–28

Note: NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, provides guid-
ance in determining the severity of potential exposure, planning safe work prac-
tices, arc‑flash labeling, and selecting personal protective equipment.

(1) Depth of Working Space. The working space, which is measured

from the enclosure front, isn’t permitted to be less than the distances
contained in Table 110.26(A)(1). Figure 110–29

Figure 110–30

(b) Low Voltage. If special permission is granted in accordance with

90.4, working space for equipment that operates at not more than
30V ac or 60V dc can be less than the distance in Table 110.26(A)(1).
Figure 110–31

Author’s Comment:

 See the definition of “Special Permission” in Article 100.

Figure 110–29

42 Mike Holt's Illustrated Guide to Changes to the National Electrical Code 2017
 Requirements for Electrical Installations | 110.26

Figure 110–31 Figure 110–32

(c) Existing Buildings. If electrical equipment is being replaced,

Condition 2 working space is permitted between dead‑front switch‑
boards, switchgear, panelboards, or motor control centers located
across the aisle from each other where conditions of maintenance
and supervision ensure that written procedures have been adopted
to prohibit equipment on both sides of the aisle from being open at
the same time, and only authorized, qualified persons will service the
installation.

Author’s Comment:

 The working space requirements of 110.26 don’t apply to

equipment included in Chapter 8—Communications Circuits
[90.3].
Figure 110–33
(2) Width of Working Space. The width of the working space must
be a minimum of 30 in., but in no case less than the width of the
equipment. Figure 110–32 The working space must be of sufficient width, depth, and height to
permit all equipment doors to open 90 degrees. Figure 110–34
Author’s Comment: (3) Height of Working Space (Headroom). The height of the work‑
ing space in front of equipment isn’t permitted to be less than 6½
 The width of the working space can be measured from left‑
ft, measured from the grade, floor, platform, or the equipment height,
to‑right, from right‑to‑left, or simply centered on the equip-
whichever is greater. Figure 110–35
ment, and can overlap the working space for other electrical
equipment. Figure 110–33

Mike Holt Enterprises • www.MikeHolt.com • 888.NEC.CODE (632.2633) 43

 110.26 | Requirements for Electrical Installations

Figure 110–34 Figure 110–36

Ex 2: Meters are permitted to extend beyond the other equipment.

Ex 3: For battery systems, see 480.10(D) for top clearance require‑

ments.

(4) Limited Access. Where equipment is likely to require examina‑

tion, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance while energized is located
in a space with limited access, all of the following conditions apply:

(a)(1) Above Suspended Ceiling. Equipment installed above a sus‑

pended ceiling must have an access opening not smaller than
22 in. x 22 in.

(a)(2) Crawl Space. Equipment installed in a crawl space must have

an accessible opening not smaller than 22 in. x 30 in.

(b) The width of the working space must be a minimum of 30 in., but
Figure 110–35
in no case less than the width of the equipment.
Equipment such as raceways, cables, wireways, cabinets, panels, and
(c) The working space must permit equipment doors to open 90
so on, can be located above or below electrical equipment, but must
degrees.
not extend more than 6 in. into the equipment’s working space. Figure
110–36 (d) The working space in front of the equipment must comply with
the depth requirements of Table 110.26(A)(1), and horizontal ceil‑
Ex 1: The minimum headroom requirement doesn’t apply to service
ing structural members are permitted in this space.
equipment or panelboards rated 200A or less located in an existing
dwelling unit. (B) Clear Working Space. The working space required by this sec‑
tion must be clear at all times. Therefore, this space isn’t permitted
for storage. Figure 110–37
Author’s Comment:
When normally enclosed live parts are exposed for inspection or ser‑
 See the definition of “Dwelling Unit” in Article 100. vicing, the working space, if in a passageway or open space, must be
suitably guarded.

44 Mike Holt's Illustrated Guide to Changes to the National Electrical Code 2017
 Requirements for Electrical Installations | 110.26

Figure 110–37 Figure 110–38

Author’s Comment: (2) Large Equipment. An entrance to and egress from each end
of the working space of electrical equipment rated 1,200A or more
 When working in a passageway, the working space should
that’s over 6 ft wide is required. The opening must be a minimum of
be guarded from occupants using it. When working on elec-
24 in. wide and 6½ ft high. Figure 110–39
trical equipment in a passageway one must be mindful of
a fire alarm evacuation with numerous occupants congre-
gated and moving through the area.

CAUTION: It’s very dangerous to service energized

parts in the first place, and it’s unacceptable to be
subjected to additional dangers by working around bicycles,
boxes, crates, appliances, and other impediments.

Author’s Comment:

 Signaling and communications equipment aren’t permitted

to be installed in a manner that encroaches on the working
space of the electrical equipment. Figure 110–38

(C) Entrance to and Egress from Working Space.

Figure 110–39
(1) Minimum Required. At least one entrance of sufficient area must
provide access to and egress from the working space. A single entrance to and egress from the required working space is
permitted where either of the following conditions is met:
Author’s Comment: (a) Unobstructed Egress. Only one entrance is required where the
 Check
location permits a continuous and unobstructed way of egress travel.
to see what the authority having jurisdiction con-
Figure 110–40
siders “Sufficient Area.” Building codes contain minimum
dimensions for doors and openings for personnel travel.

Mike Holt Enterprises • www.MikeHolt.com • 888.NEC.CODE (632.2633) 45

 110.26 | Requirements for Electrical Installations

Figure 110–40 Figure 110–42

(b) Double Workspace. Only one entrance is required where the

required working space depth is doubled, and the equipment is Author’s Comment:
located so the edge of the entrance is no closer than the required  History has shown that electricians who suffer burns on
working space distance. Figure 110–41 their hands in electrical arc‑flash or arc‑blast events often
can’t open doors equipped with knobs that must be turned.
 Since this requirement is in the NEC, the electrical con-
tractor is responsible for ensuring that panic hardware
is installed where required. Some are offended at being
held liable for nonelectrical responsibilities, but this rule is
designed to save the lives of electricians. For this and other
reasons, many construction professionals routinely hold
“pre‑construction” or “pre‑con” meetings to review poten-
tial opportunities for miscommunication—before the work
begins.

(D) Illumination. Service equipment, switchboards, switchgear, and

panelboards, as well as motor control centers located indoors must
have illumination located indoors controlled by manual means; auto‑
matic control without manual control isn’t permitted. Figure 110–43
Figure 110–41
Author’s Comment:
(3) Personnel Doors. If equipment with overcurrent or switching
 The Code doesn’t provide the minimum foot‑candles
devices rated 800A or more is installed, personnel door(s) for entrance
to and egress from the working space located less than 25 ft from the required to provide proper illumination. Proper illumination
nearest edge of the working space must have the door(s) open in the of electrical equipment rooms is essential for the safety of
direction of egress and be equipped with listed panic hardware. Figure those qualified to work on such equipment.
110–42

46 Mike Holt's Illustrated Guide to Changes to the National Electrical Code 2017
 Requirements for Electrical Installations | 110.26

Figure 110–43 Figure 110–44

(E) Dedicated Equipment Space. Switchboards, switchgear, panel‑

boards, and motor control centers must have dedicated equipment
space and be protected from damage as follows:

(1) Indoors.

(a) Dedicated Electrical Space. The footprint space (width and depth
of the equipment) extending from the floor to a height of 6 ft above
the equipment or to the structural ceiling, whichever is lower, must be
dedicated for the electrical installation. Figure 110–44

No piping, ducts, or other equipment foreign to the electrical instal‑

lation can be installed in this dedicated footprint space. Figure 110–45

Ex: Suspended ceilings with removable panels can be within the dedi‑
cated footprint space [110.26(E)(1)(d)].
Figure 110–45

Author’s Comment:
(b) Foreign Systems. Foreign systems can be located above the
 Electrical raceways and cables not associated with the dedicated space if protection is installed to prevent damage to the
dedicated space can be within the dedicated space. These electrical equipment from condensation, leaks, or breaks in the for‑
aren’t considered “equipment foreign to the electrical instal- eign systems, such protection can be as simple as a drip‑pan. Figure
lation.” Figure 110–46 110–47

(c) Sprinkler Protection. Sprinkler protection piping isn’t permitted

in the dedicated space, but the NEC doesn’t prohibit sprinklers from
spraying water on electrical equipment.

Mike Holt Enterprises • www.MikeHolt.com • 888.NEC.CODE (632.2633) 47

 110.26 | Requirements for Electrical Installations

Figure 110–46 Figure 110–48

Figure 110–47 Figure 110–49

(d) Suspended Ceilings. A dropped, suspended, or similar ceiling (b) Work Space. Switchboards, switchgear, panelboards, and motor
isn’t considered a structural ceiling. Figure 110–48 control centers installed outdoors must have sufficient working space
clearance in accordance with 110.26(A). No architectural appurte‑
(2) Outdoor. Outdoor installations must comply with the following:
nance or other equipment is permitted in the work space.
(a) Installation Requirements. Switchboards, switchgear, panel‑
(c) Dedicated Equipment Space Outdoor. The footprint space (width
boards, and motor control centers installed outdoors must be:
and depth of the equipment) extending from grade to a height of 6 ft
(1) Installed in identified enclosures above the equipment must be dedicated for the electrical installation.
(2) Protected from accidental contact by unauthorized personnel, or No piping, ducts, or other equipment foreign to the electrical installa‑
by vehicular traffic Figure 110–49 tion can be installed in this dedicated footprint space. Figure 110–50

(3) Protected by accidental spillage or leakage from piping systems

48 Mike Holt's Illustrated Guide to Changes to the National Electrical Code 2017
 Requirements for Electrical Installations | 110.26

(F) Locked Electrical Equipment Rooms or Enclosures. Electrical

equipment rooms or enclosures containing electrical apparatus con‑
trolled by a lock(s) are considered accessible to qualified persons.
Figure 110–51

Figure 110–50

Author’s Comment:

 See the definition of “Accessible (as applied to equipment)”

in Article 100. Figure 110–51

Mike Holt Enterprises • www.MikeHolt.com • 888.NEC.CODE (632.2633) 49