Seminar Report

ON

EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS

By

Department Of Civil Engineering

Date
: 3-
10-
CERTIFICATE 201
1

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 INDEX

Sr. No. Contents Page No.

1. Introduction 5

2. List Of Earth Moving Equipments 7

2.1 EXCAVATORS 8
2.2 WHEEL LOADER 10
2.3 BACKHOE 12
2.4 DUMPERS 15
2.5 DOZER 17
2.6 DRAGLINES 19
3. SUITABILITY CRITERIA 21
4. COMPARITIVE STATEMENT 22
5. EQUIPMENT SELECTION 23
6. REFERENCES 24

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INTRODUCTION:-
The activities involved in Construction Projects where the magnitude of the work is on a
large scale, Speedy Work and Timely Completion of Work with Quality Control are very vital.
In order to achieve this, Mechanization of Work has to be done, where Construction Machinery
& Equipment play a pivotal role. The need for Mechanization arises due to the following
reasons:

Magnitude & Complexity of the Project  Projects involving large quantities of material
handling. Complexity of Projects using high grade materials, High quality standards 
Importance of keeping the Time Schedules. Optimum use of Material, Manpower and Finance.
Shortage of skilled and efficient Manpower.

Proper use of appropriate equipment contributes to Economy, Quality, Safety, Speed and Timely
completion of the Project. Construction equipment is an important part of any construction
process. It is not always desirable or possible for the Contractor to own each and every type of
Construction Equipment required for the Project. Considering the various aspects of the utility of
particular Equipment, the Contractor has to economically justify whether to purchase the
Equipment or to hire it. The amount invested in the purchase of Equipment should be recovered
during the useful period of such Equipment.

It has various jobs in construction of dam, road, tunnels, mining of coal and other
minerals. So it is essential to know about these equipment.

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Classification:-

Broadly equipments are classified in two main groups.

Stationary machine:-

o These are use for a specific job such as excavation of foundation pits, excavating deep
trench and dumps or loads into another moving machine.
o Even these are stationary equipments they can carry earth up to 500 m beyond it is
uneconomical.
o These machines are track mounted. It can function even on slippery soils.
o Face shovel, Backhoe, bulldozer, dragline etc are the eg. of this type.

Moving machine:-

o These machines are more suitable at where excavated soil is to be transported over a long
distance.
o These machines tyre mounted and greater speed on dry soil.
o Sometimes it may require pushers.
o Scraper, Grader, Dozer, Loader comes in this group.

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2. List Of EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS:-

 EXCAVATORS

 DUMPERS

 WHEEL LOADER

 BACKHOE

 Dozers

 DRAGLINES

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EXCAVATORS:-
Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab
on a rotating platform (known as the "house"). The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks
or wheels. A cable-operated excavator uses winches and steel ropes to accomplish the
movements. They are a natural progression from the steam shovels and often called power
shovels. All movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator are accomplished through the use
of hydraulic fluid, with Hydraulic cylinders and Hydraulic motors. Due to the linear actuation of
hydraulic cylinders, their mode of operation is fundamentally different from cable-operated
excavators.

Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and
cab on a rotating platform. Caterpillar’s smallest mini-excavator weighs 1,610 kg where as their
largest model weighs 84,990 kg. Cost of excavators is from 50 lakhs to onwards.

(Fig.1)

Excavator attachments:-
In recent years, hydraulic excavator capabilities have expanded far beyond
excavation tasks with buckets. With the advent of hydraulic powered attachments such as a
breaker, a grapple or an auger, the excavator is frequently used in many applications other than

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excavation. Many excavators feature a quick coupler for simplified attachment mounting,
increasing the machine's utilization on the jobsite. Excavators are usually employed together
with loaders and bulldozers. Most wheeled, compact and some medium sized (11 to 18 tonne)
excavators have a backfill (or dozer) blade. This is a horizontal bulldozer-like blade attached to
the undercarriage and is used for levelling & pushing removed material back into a hole.

(Fig.2)

Uses:-
o Digging of trenches, holes, foundations
o Material handling
o Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments
o Forestry work
o Demolition
o General grading/landscaping
o Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes
o Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining
o River dredging
o Driving piles, in conjunction with a Pile Drive

Manufacturers of excavators:-
o Benati
o Bobcat Company
o Bucyrus International
o Case CE
o Caterpillar Inc.
o CNH Global
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 o Doosan Infracore (formerly Daewoo Heavy Industries & Machinery) - including
Solar brand
o Gradall Industries
o Hitachi Construction Machinery
o Hidromek
o Hydrema
o Hyundai Heavy Industries
o John Deere
o J. C. Bamford (JCB)
o Komatsu Limited
o LBX (Link-Belt) Excavator

WHEEL LOADER:-

A loader (also known as: bucket loader, front loader, front end loader, pay loader, scoop
loader, shovel, skip loader, and/or wheel loader) is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes
on tracks, that has a front mounted square wide bucket connected to the end of two booms (arms)
to scoop up loose material from the ground, such as dirt, sand or gravel, and move it from one
place to another without pushing the material across the ground. A loader is commonly used to
move a stockpiled material from ground level and deposit it into an awaiting dump truck or into
an open trench excavation.

The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket
can be replaced with other devices or tools—for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy
pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically-opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to
act as a light dozer or scraper. The bucket can also be augmented with devices like a bale
grappler for handling large bales of hay or straw.

Large loaders, such as the Kawasaki 95ZV-2, John Deere 844K, Caterpillar 950H, Volvo
L120E, Case 921E, or Hitachi ZW310 usually have only a front bucket and are called Front
Loaders, whereas small loader tractors are often also equipped with a small backhoe and are
called backhoe loaders or loader backhoes or JCBs, after the company that first invented them.

The largest loader in the world is Letourneau L-2350. Currently these large loaders are in
production in the Longview, Texas facility. The L-2350 uses a diesel electric propulsion system
similar to that used in a locomotive. Each rubber tired wheel is driven by its own independent
electric motor.

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Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and
digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below
the level of its wheels, like a backhoe can. The capacity of a loader bucket can be anywhere from
0.5 to 36 m³ depending upon the size of the machine and its application. The front loader's
bucket capacity is generally much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader.

(Fig.3)

Types:-

o Front loader
o Backhoe loaders
o Skid loader

Front loader:-

o Loaders having only a front bucket are called Front Loaders.

o The capacity of a loader bucket can be anywhere from 0.5 to 3.6 m³.

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 (Fig.4)

Backhoe loaders:-

A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating equipment or
digger consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. They are typically
mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader. The section of the arm closest to the vehicle is
known as the boom, and the section which carries the bucket is known as the dipper or dipper
stick the terms "boom" and "dipper" having been used previously on steam shovels. The boom is
attached to the vehicle through a pivot known as the kingpost, which allows the arm to slew left
and right, usually through a total of around 200 degrees. Modern backhoes are powered by
hydraulics.

o Small loader tractors are equipped with a small backhoe are called backhoe loaders.
o The front loader's bucket capacity is generally much bigger than a bucket capacity of
a backhoe loader.

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 (Fig.5)

Skid loader:-

o Diesel powered
o Rated engine hp – 40 – 105
o Rated operating capacity–590–1360 kg
o Operating weight: 2150 – 4490 kg.

(Fig.6)

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USES :-

1) Digging holes
2) Excavation
3) Breaking asphalt
4) Paving roads
(Fig.7)

Manufacturers of Loader –
o Bharat Earth Movers Limited
o Case Corporation
o Caterpillar Inc.
o John Deere Tractors
o Fiat
o Ford Motor Company
o Hitachi, Ltd.
o Hydrema
o J. C. Bamford(JCB)
o Komatsu LTD
o New Holland Agency
o Terex

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 o Venieri
o Volvo Construction Equipment.

DUMPER:-

A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material, often on building sites.
Dumpers are distinguished from trucks by configuration: a dumper is usually an open 4-wheeled
vehicle with the load skip in front of the driver, while a dump truck has its cab in front of the
load. The skip can tip to dump the load; this is where the name "dumper" comes from. They are
normally diesel powered. A towing eye is fitted for secondary use as a site tractor. Dumpers with
rubber tracks are used in special circumstances and are popular in some countries.

Modern dumpers have payloads of up to 10 tonnes (11 short tons; 9.8 long tons) and
usually steer by articulating at the middle of the chassis (pivot steering). They have multi-
cylinder diesel engines, some turbocharged, electric start and hydraulics for tipping and steering
and are more expensive to make and operate. An A-frame known as a ROPS (Roll-Over
Protection) frame, may be fitted over the seat to protect the driver if the dumper rolls over. Some
dumpers have FOPS (Falling Object Protection) as well. Lifting skips are available for
discharging above ground level. In the 1990s dumpers with swivel skips, which could be rotated
to tip sideways, became popular, especially for working in narrow sites such as road works.
Dumpers are the most common cause of accidents involving construction plant.

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 (Fig.8)

(Fig.9)

USES:-

o For carrying excavated earth.

o For handling rock pieces and heavy material.
o For hauling wet clay.

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 o Uses of big dumpers are more economical when haul distance is small.

Manufacturers:-

o Davis Trailer & Equipment

o Ford
o GMC
o Hino Motors(Toyota)
o Mercedes-Benz Actros, Axor
o Micro-Vett
o Mitsubishi Fuso
o Nissan FM12
o Peterbilt
o Renault Trucks
o Volvo FH12 and Volvo FM12

BULLDOZER:-

A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial metal

plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, etc.,
during construction work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as
a ripper) to loosen densely-compacted materials.

Bulldozers can be found on a wide range of sites, mines and quarries, military bases, heavy
industry factories, engineering projects and in farming.

Most often, bulldozers are large and powerful tracked heavy equipment. The tracks give
them excellent ground hold and mobility through very rough terrain. Wide tracks help distribute
the bulldozer's weight over a large area (decreasing pressure), thus preventing it from sinking
in sandy or muddy ground. Extra wide tracks are known as 'swamp tracks'. Bulldozers have
excellent ground hold and a torque divider designed to convert the engine's power into improved
dragging ability. The Caterpillar D9, for example, can easily tow tanks that weigh more than 70
tons. Because of these attributes, bulldozers are used to clear areas of obstacles, shrubbery, burnt
vehicles, and remains of structures.

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The bulldozer's primary tools are the blade and the ripper. A Bulldozer is equipped with a
substantial metal plate known as a blade used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, etc.,
during construction work. The ripper is the long claw-like device on the back of the bulldozer.
Rippers can come as a single (single shank/giant ripper) or in groups of two or more (multi shank
rippers).

(Fig..10)

(Fig.12)

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MANUFACTURES:-

o Atlas Copco
o Bharat Earth Movers Limited (India)
o Bobcat Company
o CASE
o Caterpillar Inc.
o CNH Global
o Deere & Company
o Demag
o Doosan Group
o Fiat-Allis
o Hitachi- Hitachi, Ltd.
o Hyundai Heavy Industries
o Ingersoll Rand
o JCB
o Kubota

DRAGLINES:-

In civil engineering the smaller types are used for road, port construction, and
as pile driving rigs. The larger types are used in strip-mining operations to
move overburden above coal, and for tar-sand mining. Draglines are amongst the largest mobile
equipment ever built on land, and weigh in the vicinity of 2000 metric tonnes, though specimens
weighing up to 13,000 metric tonnes have also been constructed.

A dragline bucket system consists of a large bucket which is suspended from a boom (a
large truss-like structure) withwire ropes. The bucket is manoeuvred by means of a number of
ropes and chains. The hoist rope, powered by largediesel or electric motors, supports the bucket
and hoist-coupler assembly from the boom. The dragrope is used to draw the bucket assembly

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horizontally. By skillful manoeuvre of the hoist and the dragropes the bucket is controlled for
various operations.

o A dragline bucket system consists of a large bucket which is suspended from a boom (a
large truss-like structure) with wire ropes. The bucket is moved by means of a number of
ropes and chains.
o The hoist rope, powered by large diesel or electric motors.

(Fig.13)

USES:-

o Excavation for large foundation.

o Removing deposits of clay.
o Excavation for drain pipe.

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MANUFACTURER:-

o CATERPILLAR
o JCB
o KOMATSU Ltd
o TELCO
o VOLVO
o Hitachi Construction Machinery
o Telcon

Suitability criteria:-

The proper selection for any construction project involves decision on a number of
parameters for economic operation and maintenance of equipment. The following aspects
need detailed consideration at the selection stage

 Versatility-
 Standardisation
 Suitability for job
 Utilisation
 Selection of manufacturer
 Suitability for local condition
 Use of available equipment.
 Size of equipment

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4. Comparative statement-

The comparative statement is made regarding earthmoving. (e.g. WHEEL LOADER), since
these play major role in this project is as :

A comparative statement can be helpful for just about any organization that has to deal with
finances in some manner. Even non-profit organizations can use the comparative statement
method to ascertain trends in annual fund raising efforts. By making use of the comparative
statement for the most recent effort and comparing the figures with those of the previous year’s
event, it is possible to determine where expenses increased or decreased, and provide some
insight in how to plan the following year’s event.

So it is essential to make a comparative statement on the equipments:-

MODEL BUCKET GROSS FUEL MAX OPERATI

CAPACIT POWER CAPACITY SPEED - NG
Y FORWARD WEIGHT

CATERPILLAR 436C LOADER 1 m3 97 hp 128 L 33.6 km/h 7121.4 kg

BACKHOE

JCB 3CX4 LOADER BACKHOE 1 m3 82.6 hp 160 L 36.1 km/h 7370 kg

TATA 1 m3 92HP 91 L 41.5 km/h 7250 Kgs

HITACHI JD315V LOADER
BACKHOE

KOMATSU WB93R-5 LOADER 1 m3 99.2 hp 150 L 40 km/h 7460 kg

BACKHOE

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Equipment Selection
One of the most important tasks in the pre-construction planing process is equipment selection.
There are many variables to consider when selecting equipment. Following factors should be
considered at the time of Selecting Construction Equipment:

1. The Equipment should be Standard Equipment if possible.

2. It should give the best service at low cost.

3. Its unit cost of production should be moderate.

4. It should be easily repairable with low shutdown period

5. It should be easily disposed off.

6. It should suit the majority of the requirements of the job.

7. It should be capable of doing more than one function.

8. It should be of moderate size, as they have fewer moving parts and have low working cost.

Considering the above, one can either Purchase or Hire the Equipment. If the Equipment is to be
used frequently and for a long duration of time on the Project, it proves to be economical to
Purchase the Equipment. On the contrary, if the Equipment is to be used occasionally and for a
short duration of time on the Project, it proves to be economical to get it Hired.

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REFERENCES:

WWW.GOOGLE.COM

WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM

WWW.CONSTRUCTIONWORLD.IN

www. ritchiespecs.com

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