G.R. No.

L-27511 November 29, 1968

IN THE MATTER OF THE APPLICATION FOR A WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS, SIMON

Sisenando Villaluz and Juan T. David for petitioner-appellant.

ZALDIVAR, J.:

Appeal from the decision of the Court of First Instance of Surigao del Sur, dated April 20, 1967,
dismissing the petition for a writ of habeas corpus, filed by herein petitioner-appellant Simon Luna —
hereinafter referred to simply as petitioner — who was charged with murder in Criminal Case No.
655-New of the same court.

The criminal action was commenced by T-Sgt. Candido Patosa, PC investigator of Tandag, Surigao
del Sur, by filing with respondent Municipal Judge Lorenzo M. Plaza, of the Municipal Court of
Tandag, criminal case No. 1138 charging the accused, herein petitioner, with the crime of murder.
Supporting the complaint were sworn statements of the witnesses for the prosecution, in the form of
questions and answers taken by T-Sgt. Patosa, and subscribed and sworn to before the respondent
Judge at the time of the filing of the complaint. The respondent Judge examined the prosecution
witnesses by reading to them "all over again the questions and answers" in their statements in
writing, and the witnesses-affiants declared before said Judge that the questions were propounded
by T-Sgt. Candido Patosa, and that the answers were made by them. The affiants further declared
before respondent Judge that their answers were true, and were freely and voluntarily made; that
they fully understood the questions and answers, and that they were willing to sign their respective
affidavits. The affiants signed their respective affidavits in the presence of the respondent Judge,
who also signed after the usual procedure of administering the oath.

Considering the answers of the affiants to the questions contained in their sworn statements,
together with the post-mortem and autopsy report on the dead body of the victim Jaime Diaz Ng, the
certificate of death, the sketch showing the position of the victim and the accused, and Exhibits 6, 7,
8, 12, and 13 of herein respondents, the respondent Judge opined that there was reasonable ground
to believe that the crime of murder had been committed and the accused was probably guilty
thereof. Respondent Judge issued the order and warrant of arrest, specifying therein that no bail
should be accepted for the provisional release of the accused. On February 20, 1967, upon motion
of petitioner that he be admitted to bail upon the ground that the evidence of guilt was not strong,
respondent Judge issued an order granting bail, fixing it at P30,000.00; which order, however,
respondent Judge later revoked, and petitioner was denied bail.

The case was subsequently remanded to the Court of First Instance of Surigao del Sur, after
petitioner filed a waiver of his right to preliminary investigation. On March 9, 1967 respondent
Provincial Fiscal filed an information charging herein petitioner with the crime of murder. The
petitioner was detained in the provincial jail of Surigao del Sur under the custody of respondent
Provincial Warden.
On April 5, 1967, petitioner filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus with the Court of First Instance
of Surigao del Sur, therein docketed as Special Proceedings No. 105-New, claiming that he was
being deprived of liberty without the due process of law, on the ground that the imprisonment and
detention was the result of a warrant of arrest issued by respondent Judge in violation of Republic
Act No. 3828, and praying for the annulment of the order for his arrest and his discharge from
confinement.

Herein respondents filed their answer, alleging that Republic Act No. 3828 had been substantially
complied with; that a motion to quash, and not a petition for habeas corpus was the proper remedy;
and that petitioner's application for bail constituted a waiver of the right to question the validity of the
arrest.

After trial, the Court of First Instance of Surigao del Sur rendered its decision, dated April 20, 1967,
holding that respondent Municipal Judge had substantially complied with Republic Act No. 3828, and
consequently denied the application for the writ of habeas corpus, and dismissed the case. Hence
this appeal.

Petitioner, in his assignment of errors, claims that the trial court erred, as follows:

1. In giving absolute credence to the oral testimony of the respondent Judge to the effect that
he adopted and made his own the questions and answers taken by T-Sgt. Patosa, PC
Investigator, one of the prosecution witnesses, because the records show the contrary;

2. In denying the writ of habeas corpus and in dismissing the petition.

1. In support of his first assignment of error, petitioner contends that Republic Act No. 3828 imposes
on a municipal judge, before he can issue a warrant of arrest, two specific duties, to wit: (1)
personally examine the complainant and witnesses with "searching questions and answers", which
means that the judge must cross-examine them in case their affidavits are presented; and (2) said
examination must be reduced to writing and form part of the records of the case. The record of the
instant case, according to petitioner, does not show said examination was performed by respondent
Judge. Petitioner urges that the absence of any document in the record that shows that respondent
Judge had performed the examination is positive proof that respondent Judge did not perform his
duty, notwithstanding his testimony before the Court of First Instance of Surigao del Sur, during the
hearing of this case, to the effect that he adopted the questions propounded to each of the
prosecution witnesses by T-Sgt. Patosa. Petitioner maintains that this testimony, being self-serving
intended to cover up the failure to comply with the law, should not have been believed by the Court
of First Instance, and said court thereby committed errors when, believing said testimony, it found
that there had been substantial compliance with the requirement that the municipal judge should
personally examine the witnesses. Petitioner further maintains that assuming that the adoption of the
questions made by T-Sgt. Patosa constituted substantial compliance with the requirement that the
judge should examine the witnesses by asking searching questions, still the second requirement,
that of reducing to writing the said procedure of adoption, has not been complied with; and so,
Republic Act No. 3828 was still violated, and the issuance of the warrant of arrest was in violation of
said Act and the Constitution and constituted denial of due process.

Petitioner contends that the trial court erred in giving absolute credence to the testimony of
respondent Municipal Judge. Regarding credibility of witnesses, this Court has consistently held that,
as a general rule, the lower court's findings as to the credibility of witnesses will not be interfered
with by appellate courts. Thus, in the case of People vs. Sinaon1 this Court said:
 Time and again, we have held that as a rule where the issue is one of credibility of
witnesses, appellate courts will not generally disturb the findings of the trial court,
considering that it is in a better position to decide the question, having seen and heard the
witnesses themselves and observed their deportment and manner of testifying during the
trial, unless there is a showing that it has overlooked certain facts of substance and value,
that if considered, might affect the result of the case.

Petitioner has appealed "from the decision/order" of the trial court "to the Honorable Supreme Court
of the Philippines, on the ground that the same is contrary to law and the Philippine Constitution" and
prayed that "all the records of the proceeding and the evidence, oral and documentary, be
transmitted or forwarded to the Honorable Supreme Court ...".2 Since petitioner appealed directly to
this Court he must, therefore, raise only questions of law and he has thereby waived the right to
raise any question of fact,3 and the findings of facts of the trial court, under the rules and precedents,
must be deemed final and binding upon this Court.4

The findings of facts of the trial court are found in the following portion of the decision appealed from,
to wit:

There is no dispute that there is a valid complaint charging the accused Simon Luna, the
herein petitioner with the crime of Murder filed with the respondent Judge authorized to
conduct the examination of the witnesses for the prosecution for the purpose of determining
the existence of probable cause before the issuance of the corresponding warrant of arrest;
that the complaint is supported by the statements of the witnesses under oath in writing in
the form of questions and answers and other documents attached to the complaint; that
before the issuance of the corresponding warrant of arrest, the respondent judge personally
examined the witnesses for the prosecution on their statements taken by T-Sgt. Candido
Patosa by reading the questions and answers all over again to the affiants who confirmed to
the respondent Judge that the statements contained in their sworn statements are true; that
being satisfied that the questions and answers contained in the sworn statements taken by
T-Sgt Patosa partake of the nature of his searching questions and answers as required by
law, the respondent Judge adopted them as his own personal examination of the witnesses
for the purpose of determining the existence of probable cause, the order and the warrant of
arrest were issued to take the accused into custody for the commission of the offense
charged (Exhibits "H", "H-1", "I", and "I-1"-petitioner); and that the petitioner waived his right
to the preliminary investigation (Exhibit "12"-respondent) and applied to be admitted to bail.

Petitioner, however, claims that the failure of respondent Judge to put in writing that he adopted the
questions asked by T-Sgt. Patosa and his failure to ask "searching questions" violated Republic Act
No. 3828.

Republic Act No. 3828, approved June 22, 1963, inserted in section 87 (e) of the Judiciary Act of
1948 the following paragraph:

No warrant of arrest shall be issued by any justice of the peace in any criminal case filed with
him unless he first examines the witness or witnesses personally, and the examination shall
be under oath and reduced to writing in the form of searching questions and answers.

Before a municipal judge may issue a warrant of arrest, the following conditions must first be fulfilled:
(1) he must examine the witnesses personally; (2) the examination must be under oath; (3) the
examination must be reduced to writing in the form of searching questions and answers. Were these
conditions fulfilled in the instant case?
The first condition was fulfilled. The trial court found as a fact that "the respondent judge personally
examined the witnesses for the prosecution ...;" that respondent judge adopted as his own personal
examination the questions asked by T-Sgt. Patosa as appearing in the written statements, which he
read over again to the witnesses together with the answers given therein, asking the witnesses
whether said answers were theirs, and whether the same answers were true, to which the witness
answered in the affirmative. Republic Act No. 3828 does not prohibit the municipal Judge from
adopting the questions asked by a previous investigator.

It appears that the sworn statements5 of the witnesses state at the beginning that the sworn
statement was "taken by T-Sgt. Candido L. Patosa", and does not state that it was taken by the
respondent municipal Judge himself. This circumstance is explained by the fact that said written
statements already taken by T-Sgt. Patosa were delivered to respondent Municipal Judge who
adopted the questions therein in his examination, because he considered them searching questions.
Respondent Judge presumably did not consider it necessary to change the introductory remarks in
each of the written statements. But that he made the examination personally cannot be doubted; it is
so stated in the order dated February 18, 1967, which recites:

After examining the witness personally and under oath there is reasonable ground to believe
that an offense for murder has been committed and that the accused, Simon Luna, is
probably guilty thereof. (Exh. H)

The ruling in Doce vs. Branch II of the Court of First Instance of Quezon, et al.,6 wherein this Court
held that the warrant of arrest issued therein was irregularly issued is not applicable to the case at
bar for the simple reason that the facts are different. This Court in that case said:

There is merit in the assertion that the warrant of arrest was irregularly issued. Section 87 of
the Judiciary Act as amended by Republic Act 3828 requires that the Municipal Judge
issuing the same, personally examine under oath the witnesses, and by searching questions
and answers which are to be reduced to writing. Here, instead of searching questions and
answers, we have only the affidavits of respondent and her one witness. Moreover, said
affidavits were sworn to before Judge Cabungcal, not before Judge Juntereal who issued the
warrant of arrest.

In the instant case, as stated above, the respondent Municipal Judge personally examined under
oath the witnesses by asking questions, that were adopted from a previous investigation, and
considered by him as sufficiently searching and which questions and the answers thereto were in
writing and sworn to before him prior to his issuance of the order of arrest.

The second condition required by Republic Act No. 3828 for the issuance of a warrant of arrest was
also fulfilled. The trial court found that the complaint was "supported by statements of the witnesses
under oath." The record also shows the following documents to have been subscribed and sworn to
before respondent Judge, namely: Exhibit B, sworn statement of herein petitioner Simon Luna y
Albay; Exhibit C, sworn statement of Eusebio Corpuz; Exhibit D, sworn statement of Bruno M. Zafra;
Exhibit E, sworn statement of Martiliano J. Bautista; Exhibit F, sworn statement of Janedina Diaz y
Bandoy.

The third condition required by Republic Act No. 3828 was likewise fulfilled. The examination of the
witnesses was written down, in the form of searching questions and answers. The term "searching
questions and answers" means only, taking into consideration the purpose of the preliminary
examination which is to determine "whether there is a reasonable ground to believe that an offense
has been committed and the accused is probably guilty thereof so that a warrant of arrest may be
issued and the accused held for trial",7 such questions as have tendency to show the commission of
a crime and the perpetrator thereof. What would be searching questions would depend on what is
sought to be inquired into, such as: the nature of the offense, the date, time, and place of its
commission, the possible motives for its commission; the subject, his age, education, status,
financial and social circumstances, his attitude toward the investigation, social attitudes,
opportunities to commit the offense; the victim, his age, status, family responsibilities, financial and
social circumstances, characteristics, etc. The points that are the subject of inquiry may differ from
case to case. The questions, therefore, must to a great degree depend upon the Judge making the
investigation. At any rate, the court a quo found that respondent judge was "satisfied that the
questions and answers contained in the sworn statements taken by T-Sgt. Patosa partake of the
nature of his searching questions and answers as required by law," so the respondent Judge
adopted them.

Petitioner's further contention that the issuance of the warrant of arrest was a violation of the
constitution and of procedural due process is likewise untenable. The Constitution, in Section 1(3),
Article III, provides that no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, to be determined by the
judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may
produce. The constitutional requirement of examination of witnesses under oath was, as shown
above, fulfilled. The existence of probable cause depended to a large degree upon the finding or
opinion of the judge conducting the examination. Respondent judge found that there was probable
cause, as stated in his order of arrest, that "after examining the witnesses personally and under oath
there is a reasonable ground to believe that an offense of murder has been committed and that the
accused, Simon Luna, is probably guilty thereof."

Petitioner's last contention that the warrant of arrest issued was a violation of procedural due
process because of the alleged defective preliminary examination has no leg to stand on, in view of
what we have hereinbefore stated. Moreover, this Court has held that preliminary examination is not
an essential part of due process of law.8Preliminary examination may be conducted by the municipal
judge, prior to the issuance of the warrant of arrest, either in the presence, or in the absence, of the
accused. The record shows that herein petitioner waived the preliminary investigation before
respondent Municipal Judge, and instead, he filed a petition for bail. The petition for bail was at first
granted by respondent Judge, but later the order granting bail was revoked. This conduct of
petitioner indicates that he had waived his objection to whatever defect, if any, in the preliminary
examination conducted by respondent Judge prior to the issuance of the warrant of arrest. Indeed,
petitioner has no substantial — much less legal — ground to complain that he was denied the due
process of law.

We find that the trial Judge committed no error when he held that, based upon the facts shown
during the hearing of this case, respondent Municipal Judge had substantially complied with the
requirements of the law — specifically Republic Act 3828 — before issuing the warrant of arrest in
this case.

2. In the light of what has been said above, it appears clear that petitioner's second assignment of
error, that the trial court erred in denying the writ of habeas corpus, is untenable. Moreover, Section
4 of Rule 102; of the Rules of Court provides in part, as follows:

SEC. 4. When writ not allowed or discharge authorized. — If it appears that the person
alleged to be restrained of his liberty is in the custody of an officer under process issued by a
court or judge ... and that the court or judge had jurisdiction to issue the process ... or make
the order the writ, shall not be allowed....

All the conditions, in the afore-quoted Section 4, set forth to deny the writ, are present in the instant
case. It is shown that petitioner is detained and is in the custody of the respondent Provincial
Warden by virtue of the order of arrest dated February 18, 1967, and the order dated February 21,
1967, of respondent Judge, to confine petitioner in the provincial jail. It is not disputed by petitioner
that respondent Judge had jurisdiction to issue the warrant of arrest and the order of commitment
under the provisions of Section 47, Republic Act No. 409, as amended by Republic Act No. 1201,
although petitioner did question the validity of the warrant of arrest for allegedly having been issued
in violation of Republic Act No. 3828 — which claim We have found to be untenable. Consequently,
the trial Judge did not commit an error in denying the writ of habeas corpus prayed for.

At any rate, we believe that, if at all, the remedy available to the petitioner herein, under the
circumstances stated in this opinion, is not a petition for a writ of habeas corpus but a petition to
quash the warrant of arrest or a petition for a reinvestigation of the case by the respondent Municipal
Judge or by the Provincial Fiscal.

We wish to stress, however, that what has been stated in this opinion is certainly not intended to
sanction the return to the former practice of municipal judges of simply relying upon affidavits or
sworn statements that are made to accompany the complaints that are filed before them, in
determining whether there is a probable cause for the issuance of a warrant of arrest. That practice
is precisely what is sought to be voided by the amendment of Section 87 (c) of Republic Act 296
(Judiciary Act of 1948) which requires that before a municipal judge issues a warrant of arrest he
should first satisfy himself that there is a probable cause by examining the witnesses personally, and
that the examination must be under oath and reduced to writing in the form of searching questions
and answers. It is obvious that the purpose of this amendment is to prevent the issuance of a
warrant of arrest against a person based simply upon affidavits of witnesses who made, and swore
to, their statements before a person or persons other than the judge before whom the criminal
complaint is filed. We wish to emphasize strict compliance by municipal or city judges of the
provision of Section 87 (c) of the Judiciary Act of 1948, as amended by Republic Act 3828, in order
to avoid malicious and/or unfounded criminal prosecution of persons.9

In the case now before Us, while it is true that the respondent Municipal Judge did not himself
personally cause to be reduced to writing in the form of questions and answers the examination of
witnesses presented before him by the person who filed the criminal complaint, We are satisfied
that, as shown by the evidence, respondent Judge had personally examined the witnesses under
oath and that the questions asked by the Judge and the answers of the witnesses were reflected in
writings which were actually subscribed and sworn to before him. Moreover, We are of the
considered view that no substantial right of the petitioner had been violated because, as
hereinbefore adverted to, petitioner waived his right to preliminary investigation after he was
arrested, and he took the step of applying for bail before respondent Municipal Judge. These acts of
the petitioner subsequent to his arrest, constitute an implied admission on his part that here was a
probable cause for the issuance of the warrant of arrest against him. Those acts of the petitioner
constitute a waiver of whatever irregularity, if any there was, that attended his arrest.10

WHEREFORE, the decision of the trial court dated April 20, 1967, appealed from, is affirmed. Costs
against petitioner-appellant. It is so ordered.