Linear Systems and Matrices

Math210E Linear Systems and Matrices 1
Which are the following matrices in row echelon form? If not, explain why.
       
1 5 12 1 3 2 7 1 3 −5 17 1 0 1
a)  0 1 5  b)  0 0 1 7  c)  0 1 1 7  d)  0 0 0 
       
0 0 1 0 1 9 −1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
   
1 2 3 1 0 5
 1 4 1 .
Find the reduced echelon form of the matrix   
 0 1 −1 

2 1 9 0 0 0
2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Find the reduced echelon form of each of the matrices.

   
1 −4 −2 1 −4 0
 3 −12 1   0 0 1 
   
2 −8 5 0 0 0
   
1 3 2 5 1 0 0 4
 2 5 2 3   0 1 0 −3 
   
2 7 7 22 0 0 1 5

Use elementary row operations to transform each augmented coefficient matrix to echelon form.
Then solve the system by back substitution.
2x − 4y + z = 3
x − 3y + z = 5 (inconsistent , no solution)
3x − 7y + 2z = 12
−3x − 2y + 4z = 9
3y − 2z = 5 (x = 3 , y = 7 , z = 8)
4x − 3y + 2z = 7

Use elementary row operations to transform each augmented coefficient matrix to echelon form.
Then solve the system by back substitution.
2x1 + 8x2 + 3x3 = 2
x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 = 5 (x1 = 3 , x2 = −2 , x3 = 4)
2x1 + 7x2 + 4x3 = 8
2x1 + 5x2 + 12x3 = 6

3x1 + x2 + 5x3 = 12 (inconsistent , no solution)
5x1 + 8x2 + 21x3 = 17

Use Gaussian elimination to solve the system.

x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 = 13
2x1 + 5x2 + 4x3 = 23 (x1 = 4+3t , x2 = 3−2t , x3 = t)
2x1 + 7x2 + 8x3 = 29
3x1 − 6x2 + x3 + 13x4 = 15

3x1 − 6x2 + 3x3 + 21x4 = 21 (x1 = 4 + 2s − 3t , x2 = s , x3 = 3 − 4t , x4 = t)
2x1 − 4x2 + 5x3 + 26x4 = 23


x1 + x2 + x3 = 6
2x1 − 2x2 − 5x3 = −13
(x1 = 2 , x2 = 1 , x3 = 3 , x4 = 4)
3x1 + x3 + x4 = 13
4x1 − 2x2 − 3x3 + x4 = 11
x1 − 4x2 − 3x3 − 3x4 = 4

2x1 − 6x2 − 5x3 − 5x4 = 5 (x1 = 3 − 2t , x2 = −4 + t , x3 = 5 − 3t , x4 = t)
3x1 − x2 − 4x3 − 5x4 = −7


2x1 + 4x2 − x3 − 2x4 + 2x5 = 6
x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 − 7x4 + 3x5 = 9
5x1 + 8x2 − 7x3 + 6x4 + x5 = 4
(x1 = 2 + 3t , x2 = 1 + s − 2t , x3 = 2 + 2s , x4 = s , x5 = t)
3x1 + x2 − 3x3 = −4
x1 + x2 + x 3 = 1 (inconsistent , no solution)
5x1 + 6x2 + 8x3 = 8

Determine for what values of k each system has a unique solution, no solution or infinitely many
solutions.
3x + 2y = 11
(k 6= 4 , k = 4 , none)
6x + ky = 21
3x + 2y = 1
(all k , none , none)
7x + 5y = k

Determine for what values of k each system has a unique solution, no solution or infinitely many
solutions.
x + 2y + z = 3
2x − y − 3z = 5 (none , k 6= 11 , k = 11)
4x + 3y − z = k
x + 2y + 2z = 4
2x 4 ky + 4z = 8 (k 6= 0 or 4 , k = 0 , k = 4)
kz = 4

Use elementary row operations to transform each augmented coefficient matrix to reduced echelon
form. Then solve the system by back substitution.
x + 2y − z = 1
2x + y + 4z = 2 (x = 7 , y = −4 , z = −2)
3x + 3y + 4z = 1
x1 − x2 + x3 − x4 = 2
x1 − x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
(x1 = 1 + t − s , x2 = t , x3 = s , x4 = −1)
4x1 − 4x2 + 4x3 = 4
−2x1 + 2x2 − 2x3 + x4 = −3

Use elementary row operations to transform each augmented coefficient matrix to reduced echelon
form. Then solve the system by back substitution.
3x + 9y + z = 16
2x + 6y + 7z = 3 (x = 5−t , y = t , z = 1)
x + 3y − 6z = −1
x1 + 3x2 + 15x3 7x4 = 1

2x1 + 4x2 + 22x3 + 8x4 = 2 (inconsistent)
2x1 + 7x2 + 34x3 + 17x4 = 3

Determine for what values of α each system has a unique solution, no solution or infinitely many
solutions. In the case of infinitely many solutions, find the solution set.
x + y − z = 1
2x + 3y + αz = 3 (α 6= 2 and α 6= −3 , α = −3 , α = 2 , (5t, 1 − 4t, t))
x + αy + 3z = 2
x + 4y − 7z = 1
−x − 3y + 5z = 3 (α 6= 3 and α 6= −3 , α = −3 , α = 3 , (−t, 2 + 2t, t))
2
2x + 5y + (α − 17)z = α + 7

Determine for what values of λ and β each system has a unique solution, no solution or infinitely
many solutions. In the case of unique and infinitely many solutions, find the solution sets.
x − βz = 1
−2x + λy − βz = −1
−x + λy βz = 0
(λ 6= 0 and β 6= 0 , λ = 0 , λ 6= 0 and β = 0 , (1, 1/a, 0) , (1, 1/(2a − 1), t))
x + 2y + 5z = 6
y + 2z = 2
−2x + 2y + (β − 1)z = 0
2x + 2y + 6z = λ+2
(λ = 6 and β 6= 3 , λ 6= 6 , λ = 6 and β = 3 , (2, 2, 0) , (2−t, 2−2t, t))

Determine for what values of λ and β each system has a unique solution, no solution or infinitely
many solutions. In the case of infinitely many solutions, find the solution set.
2 −1 2λ 1 x1 β
    
 2 0 2λ 1  x2   1 
=
    
2 −1 (2λ + 1) (λ + 1) x3 0
   
    
−2 1 (1 − 2λ) −2 x4 −β − 2
(λ 6= −1 , λ = −1 and β 6= 2 , λ = −1 and β = 2 , ((t − 3)/2, −1, t − 2, t))
1 0 1 −1 x1 β
    
 −2 −1 −4 2  x2   −2 
  
= 
−1 −2 −3 λ−1 x3 1
    
    
−1 1 2λ − 3 1 x4 β−2
(λ 6= 2 , λ = 2 and β 6= 5 , λ = 2 and β = 5 , (2 − r + s, 1 − 2r, r, s))

!
a b
Show that the 2 × 2 matrix A = is row equivalent to the 2 × 2 identity matrix provided
c d
that ad − bc 6= 0.
!
a b
If A = , then show that A2 = (traceA)A − (ad − bc)I where I is the 2 × 2 identity
c d
matrix.

Compute the matrix cA + dB.

! ! !
2 0 −3 −2 3 1 16 −9 −18

A= , B= , c = 5, d = −3
−1 5 6 7 1 5 −26 22 15
     
2 −1 0 6 −3 −4 44 −22 −20
 4 0 −3 ,
A= B =  5 2 −1 , c = 7, d=5  53 10 −26 
    
5 −2 7 0 7 9 35 21 94

Compute the matries AB and BA if defined.

! ! ! !
2 −1 −4 2 −9 −1 −2 8

A= , B= ,
3 2 1 3 −10 12 11 5
! ! !
2 1 −1 0 4 1 −2 −13

A= , B= , not defined
4 3 3 −2 5 5 −6 3

Compute the matries AB and BA if defined.

   
3 3 6 9
A= 1 2 3 , B=
 4 

26 ,  4 8 12 
 
5 5 10 15
   
! 0 −2 4
3

A= , B= 3

1  not defined ,  7 
 
−2

−4 5 −22

Verify both sides of the associative law.

 
! 2 0 !
3 12 15

A= , B= 1 −1 2 , C= 0 3 
 
2 8 10
1 4
   
2 0 ! ! −4 −4 −2 2
1 −1 1 0 −1 2

A= 0 3 
, B= , C=  −9 −12 9 12 
 
3 −2 3 2 0 1

1 4 −14 −18 −13 17

Write each given homogeneous system in the matrix form Ax = 0. Then find the solution in
vector form.
x1 − 5x3 + 4x4 = 0
(x = s(5, −2, 1, 0) + t(−4, 7, 0, 1))
x2 + 2x3 − 7x4 = 0
x1 + 3x4 − x5 = 0
x2 − 2x4 + 6x5 = 0 (x = s(−3, 2, −1, 1, 0)+t(1, −6, 8, 0, 1))
x3 + x4 − 8x5 = 0

Write each given homogeneous system in the matrix form Ax = 0. Then find the solution in
vector form.
x1 − 3x2 + 6x4 = 0
(x = s(3, 1, 0, 0) + t(−6, 0, −9, 1))
x3 + 9x4 = 0
x1 − x2 + 7x4 + 3x5 = 0
(x = r(1, 1, 0, 0, 0)+s(−7, 0, 1, 1, 0)+t(−3, 0, 2, 0, 1))
x3 − x4 − 2x5 = 0

Write all 2 × 2 elementary matrices.
   
1 2 −3 1 2 −3
Let B =  2 3 3 . Find elementary matrix E so that EB =  2 3 3 .
   
5 9 −6 3 5 0
 
1 0 0
 0 1 0 
 
−2 0 1

       
2 4 −2 0 3 7 1 2 −1 2 3 −2
Let A =  4 5 1  , B1 =  4 5 1  , B2 =  4 5 1  , B3 =  0 −3 5 .
       
0 3 7 2 4 −2 0 3 7 0 3 7
Find elementary matrices E1 , E2 and E3 such that E1 A = B1 , E2 A = B2 and E3 A = B3 .
Determine the inverses of E1 , E2 and E3 .
           
0 0 1 1/2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 0

 0 1 0 ,
 
0 1 0 ,
 
−2 1 0 ,
 
0 1 0 ,
 
0 1 0 , 2 1 0 
  
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

Find a 2 × 2 matrix A with each main diagonal element zero such that A2 = I.
Find a 2 × 2 matrix A with each main diagonal element zero such that A2 = −I.
   
0 1 1 1 1 0
3 7
Show taht there is no 3 × 3 matrix A such that A =  0 0 1  and A =  1 0 0 .
   
0 0 0 0 0 0

Use matrix multiplication to show that if x1 and x2 are two solutions of the homogeneous system
Ax = 0 and c1 and c2 are real numbers, then c1 x1 + c2 x2 is also a solution.
Use matrix multiplication to show that if x0 is a solution of the homogeneous system Ax = 0

and x1 is a solution of the nonhomogeneous system Ax = b, then x0 + x1 is also a solution of the
nonhomogeneous system.
Use matrix multiplication to show that if x1 and x2 are solutions of the nonhomogeneous system
Ax = b, then x1 − x2 is a solution of the homogeneous system Ax = 0.

Find A−1 of each given matrix A.

! !
5 7 1 6 −7

4 6 2 −4 5
   
1 5 1 −5 −2 5
 2 5 0 
 
 2

1 −2 

2 7 1 −4 −3 5

Find A−1 of each given matrix A.

   
1 −3 0 −2 −6 −3
1

 −1 2 −1   −2 −2 −1 
  
4
0 −2 2 −2 −2 1
   
2 0 −1 3 1 0
1

 1 0 3   −2 −3 7 
  
7
1 1 1 −1 2 0

Calulate A−1 and then find a matrix X such that Ax = B.

! ! ! !
4 3 1 3 −5 4 −3 7 18 −35

−1
A= ,B = A = ,X =
5 4 −1 −2 5 −5 4 −9 −23 −45
       
1 4 1 1 0 3 11 −9 4 7 −14 15
A =  2 8 3 ,B =  0 2 2 
  
 A−1 =  −2 2 −1  , X =  −1 3 −2 
  

2 7 4 −1 1 0 −2 1 0 −2 2 −4

Calulate A−1 and then find a matrix X such that Ax = B.

! ! ! !
7 6 2 0 4 7 −6 14 −30 46

−1
A= ,B = A = ,X =
8 7 0 5 −3 −8 7 −16 35 −53
       
1 5 1 2 0 1 −16 3 11 −21 9 6
A =  2 1 −2  , B =  0 3 0 
  
 A−1 =  6 −1 −4  , X =  8 −3 −2 
   
1 7 2 1 0 2 −13 2 9 −17 6 5

! ! ! !
1 2 1 3 1 1 −1 2

Find 2 × 2 matrix A such that A = .
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 −2
 
1 1 1
Let A−1 = 1 1 2 

. Use elementary row operations to find A. Use A to solve the linear
1 −1 1
     
4 3/2 −1 1/2 −2
−1
system A x = b where b =  7 .  1/2 0 −1/2  ,  3 
     
−2 −1 1 0 3

Suppose that A, B, and C are invertible matrices of the same size. Show that the product ABC
is invertible and that (ABC)−1 = C −1 B −1 A−1 .
Let A be n n × n matrix such that Ax = x for every n-vector x. Show that A = I.
Prove that if A is invertible and AB = AC, then B = C.

 
3 4 1
Let A =  1 −2 0 . Find the determinant of A by cofactor expansion (−47)
 
5 3 6
along the second column.
along the second row.
along the first column.
along the third row.

Use cofactor expansions to evaluate the following determinants. Expand along the row or column
that minimizes the amount of computation that is required.

2 1 0

1 2 1 (4)

0 1 2

1 0 0 0

2 0 5 0

(−210)
3 6 9 8

4 0 10 7

Evaluate the determinants after first simplifying the computation by adding an appropriate
multiple of some row or column to another.

2 3 4

−2 −3 1
(25)

3 2 7

3 −2 5

0 5 17 (30)
6 −4 12


Use the method of elimination to evaluate the following determinants.

2 3 3 1
0 4 3 −3
(8)

2 −1 −1 −3

0 −4 −3 2

1 4 4 1

0 1 −2 2

(135)
3 3 1 4

0 1 −3 −2

Evaluate the following determinants.

0 0 a1 b1
0 0 a2 b2
((a2 b1 − a1 b2 )(a4 b4 − a3 b4 ))

a3 b3 0 0

a4 b 4 0 0

a1 0 0 b1
0 a2 b2 0
((a1 a4 − b1 b4 )(a2 a3 − b2 b3 ))

0 b3 a3 0

b 4 0 0 a4

2 5 3 4
 
 −1 −2 −2 −3 
Let A =  .
 
 2 6 4 4 
1 3 8 9
Evaluate |A|. (2)
Find |AT |, |A−1 |, |A4 | and |2A|. (2 , 1/2 , 16 , 32)

Use properties of determinants to show the following. Do not use the cofactor expansion.
x y + z y2 + z2

y x + z x2 + z 2
= (x + y + z)(x − y)(x − z)(z − y).
z x + y x2 + y 2

a b b b

b a b b
= (a − b)3 (a + 3b).

b b a b

b b b a

Use Cramer’s rule to solve the following systems.

5x1 + 2x2 − 2x3 = 1
x1 + 5x2 − 3x3 = −2 (x1 = 1/3 , x2 = −2/3 , x3 = −1/3)
5x1 − 3x2 + 5x3 = 2
3x1 − x2 − 5x3 = 3
4x1 − 4x2 − 3x3 = −4 (x1 = 2 , x2 = 3 , x3 = 0)
x1 − 5x3 = 2


2x1 + x2 − 3x3 = 0
4x1 + 5x2 + x3 = 8 (x1 = 4 , x2 = −2 , x3 = 2)
−2x1 − x2 + 4x3 = 2
3x1 + 2x2 − x3 = 1
x1 − 5x2 + 5x3 = −2 (x1 = 12 , x2 = −21 , x3 = −7)
2x1 + x2 = 3


2x1 − 5x3 = −3
4x1 − 5x2 + 3x3 = 3 (x1 = −8/7 , x2 = −10/7 , x3 = 1/7)
−2x1 + x2 + x3 = 1
3x1 + 4x2 − 3x3 = 5

3x1 − 2x2 + 4x3 = 7 (x1 = −7/3 , x2 = 9 , x3 = 8)
3x1 + 2x2 − x3 = 3

Use Cramer’s rule to find y.

x + 2y + w = 2
2x − 3y + 3w = 1
(y = 1/10)
−x + 4y + 4z − w = −1
y − z = 0
x + 2y + z + w = 8
−x − y + 2z = 3
(y = 2)
2x + 3y = 0
−2x + y − 2z − w = 0

 
1 4 1 h iT h iT
Let A =  2 7 4  , b = 1 1 2 , x = x1 x2 x3 .
 
2 8 3
Show that A is an invertible matrix. (|A| = −1 6= 0)
 
11 4 −9
Find A−1 by using elementary row operations. 
 −2 −1 2 

−2 0 1
For the linear equation system Ax = b, find x2 using Cramer’s rule. (x2 = 1)
Find A−1 for the following matrices A by using the adjoint matrix.
   
−5 −2 2 4 4 4
1

A= 1

5 −3   16 15 13 

4

5 −3 1 28 25 23
   
2 4 −3 9 12 −13
1 

A =  2 −3 −1   11 −21 −4 
 
107

−5 0 −3 −15 −20 −14

 
3 0 1
Let A =  −2 1 0 
.

0 1 −2
 
−2 1 −1
Find the adjoint matrix of A.

 −4 −6 −2 

−2 −3 3
 
1/4 −1/8 1/8
Find A−1 . 
 1/2 3/4 1/4 

1/4 3/8 −3/8

 
2 2 2
Let A =  1 x x2 . Find |A| and the values of x and y for which A is invertible.
 
1 y y2
(2(x − 1)(y − 1)(y − x) , x 6= 1 , y 6= 1 , x 6= y)
1 1 1 0
 
 1 0 0 1 
Show that the homogeneous system Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution for A =  .
 
 0 2 0 0 
1 0 1 1
(|A| = 2 6= 0)

Prove the following properties.

ka11 a12 a13

a11 a12 a13

ka21 a22 a23
=k

a21 a22 a23

ka31 a32 a33 a31 a32 a33

a11 + ka12 a12 a13

a11 a12 a13

a21 + ka22 a22 a23
= a21 a22 a23

a31 + ka32 a32 a33 a31 a32 a33

Let A = [aij ] be a 3 × 3 matrix. Show that |AT | = |A| by expanding |A| along its first row and
|AT | along its first column.
Suppose that A2 = A. Prove that |A| = 0 or |A| = 1.
Suppose that An = 0 for some positive integer n. Prove that |A| = 0.

The square matrix A is called orthogonal provided that AT = A−1 . Show that the determinant
of such a matrix must be either 1 or −1.
The matrices A and B are said to be similar provided that A = P −1 BP for some invertible matrix
P . Show that if A and B are similar, then |A| = |B|.
Suppose that AAT = A−1 B. Express |B| in terms of |A|.

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Math210E Linear Systems and Matrices 1

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Find the reduced echelon form of each of the matrices.

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2x1 + 5x2 + 12x3 = 6

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Use Gaussian elimination to solve the system.

3x1 − 6x2 + x3 + 13x4 = 15

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Use Gaussian elimination to solve the system.

x1 − 4x2 − 3x3 − 3x4 = 4

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Use Gaussian elimination to solve the system.

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

x1 + 3x2 + 15x3 7x4 = 1

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Compute the matrix cA + dB.

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Compute the matries AB and BA if defined.

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Compute the matries AB and BA if defined.

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Verify both sides of the associative law.

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Write all 2 × 2 elementary matrices.

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Use matrix multiplication to show that if x0 is a solution of the homogeneous system Ax = 0

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Find A−1 of each given matrix A.

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Find A−1 of each given matrix A.

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Calulate A−1 and then find a matrix X such that Ax = B.

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Calulate A−1 and then find a matrix X such that Ax = B.

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Let A be n n × n matrix such that Ax = x for every n-vector x. Show that A = I.

Prove that if A is invertible and AB = AC, then B = C.

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

along the second row.

along the first column.

along the third row.

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

2017 Spring prepared by Ayşe Peker Dobie

Use the method of elimination to evaluate the following determinants.