FIRST DIVISION

[G.R. No. 168662. February 19, 2008.]

SANRIO COMPANY LIMITED , petitioner, vs . EDGAR C. LIM, doing

business as ORIGNAMURA TRADING , respondent.

DECISION

CORONA , J : p

This petition for review on certiorari 1 seeks to set aside the decision of the
Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CV No. 74660 2 and its resolution 3 denying
reconsideration.
Petitioner Sanrio Company Limited, a Japanese corporation, owns the copyright
of various animated characters such as "Hello Kitty," "Little Twin Stars," "My Melody,"
"Tuxedo Sam" and "Zashikibuta" among others. 4 While it is not engaged in business in
the Philippines, its products are sold locally by its exclusive distributor, Gift Gate
Incorporated (GGI). 5
As such exclusive distributor, GGI entered into licensing agreements with JC
Lucas Creative Products, Inc., Paper Line Graphics, Inc. and Melawares Manufacturing
Corporation. 6 These local entities were allowed to manufacture certain products
(bearing petitioner's copyrighted animated characters) for the local market. IESAac

Sometime in 2001, due to the deluge of counterfeit Sanrio products, GGI asked
IP Manila Associates (IPMA) to conduct a market research. The research's objective
was to identify those factories, department stores and retail outlets manufacturing
and/or selling fake Sanrio items. 7 After conducting several test-buys in various
commercial areas, IPMA con rmed that respondent's Orignamura Trading in Tutuban
Center, Manila was selling imitations of petitioner's products. 8
Consequently, on May 29, 2000, IPMA agents Lea A. Carmona and Arnel P.
Dausan executed a joint a davit attesting to the aforementioned facts. 9 IPMA
forwarded the said a davit to the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) which
thereafter led an application for the issuance of a search warrant in the o ce of the
Executive Judge of the Regional Trial Court of Manila. 1 0
After conducting the requisite searching inquiry, the executive judge issued a
search warrant on May 30, 2000. 1 1 On the same day, agents of the NBI searched the
premises of Orignamura Trading. As a result thereof, they were able to seize various
Sanrio products. 1 2
On April 4, 2002, petitioner, through its attorney-in-fact Teodoro Y. Kalaw IV of
the Quisumbing Torres law rm, led a complaint-a davit 1 3 with the Task-Force on
Anti-Intellectual Property Piracy (TAPP) of the Department of Justice (DOJ) against
respondent for violation of Section 217 (in relation to Sections 177 1 4 and 178) 1 5 of
the Intellectual Property Code (IPC) which states:
Section 217. Criminal Penalties . — 217.1. Any person infringing any right
secured by provisions of Part IV of this Act or aiding or abetting such
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 infringement shall be guilty of a crime punishable by: aSATHE

(a) Imprisonment of one (1) year to three (3) years plus a ne ranging from Fifty
thousand pesos (P50,000) to One hundred fty thousand pesos (P150,000) for
the first offense.

(b) Imprisonment of three (3) years and one (1) day to six (6) years plus a ne
ranging from One hundred fty thousand pesos (P150,000) to Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000) for the second offense.

(c) Imprisonment of six (6) years and one (1) day to nine (9) years plus a ne
ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000) to One million ve
hundred thousand pesos (P1,500,000) for the third and subsequent offenses.
(d) In all cases, subsidiary imprisonment in cases of insolvency.

217.2. In determining the number of years of imprisonment and the amount of

ne, the court shall consider the value of the infringing materials that the
defendant has produced or manufactured and the damage that the copyright
owner has suffered by reason of infringement.

217.3. Any person who at the time when copyright subsists in a work
has in his possession an article which he knows, or ought to know, to
be an infringing copy of the work for the purpose of:

(a) Selling, letting for hire, or by way of trade offering or exposing for
sale, or hire, the article ;

(b) Distributing the article for purpose of trade or any other purpose to
an extent that will prejudice the rights of the copyright of the owner in
the work; or

(c) Trade exhibit of the article in public, shall be guilty of an offense and shall be
liable on conviction to imprisonment and ne as above mentioned. (emphasis
supplied) aAEHCI

Respondent asserted in his counter-a davit 1 6 that he committed no violation of

the provisions of the IPC because he was only a retailer. 1 7 Respondent neither
reproduced nor manufactured any of petitioner's copyrighted item; thus, he did not
transgress the economic rights of petitioner. 1 8 Moreover, he obtained his merchandise
from authorized manufacturers of petitioner's products. 1 9
On September 25, 2002, the TAPP found that:
Evidence on record would show that respondent bought his merchandise from
legitimate sources, as shown by o cial receipts issued by JC Lucas Creative
Products, Inc., Paper Line Graphics, Inc. and Melawares Manufacturing
Corporation. In fact, in her letter dated May 23, 2002, Ms. Ma. Angela S. Garcia
certi ed that JC Lucas Creative Products, Inc., Paper Line Graphics, Inc. and
Melawares Manufacturing Corporation are authorized to produce certain Sanrio
products. While it appears that some of the items seized during the
search are not among those products which [GGI] authorized these
establishments to produce, the fact remains that respondent bought
these from the abovecited legitimate sources . At this juncture, it bears
stressing that respondent relied on the representations of these
manufacturers and distributors that the items they sold were genuine.
As such, it is not incumbent upon respondent to verify from these sources what
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 items [GGI] only authorized them to produce. Thus, as far as respondent is
concerned, the items in his possession are not infringing copies of the
original [petitioner's] products. (emphasis supplied) 2 0

Thus, in a resolution dated September 25, 2002, it dismissed the complaint due to
insufficiency of evidence. 2 1
Petitioner moved for reconsideration but it was denied. 2 2 Hence, it led a
petition for review in the O ce of the Chief State Prosecutor of the DOJ. 2 3 In a
resolution dated August 29, 2003, 2 4 the O ce of the Chief State Prosecutor a rmed
the TAPP resolution. The petition was dismissed for lack of reversible error.
Aggrieved, petitioner led a petition for certiorari in the CA. On May 3, 2005, the
appellate court dismissed the petition on the ground of prescription. It based its action
on Act 3326 which states:
Section 1. Violations penalized by special acts shall, unless otherwise provided in
such acts, prescribe in accordance with the following rules: (a) after a year for
offenses punished only by a ne or by imprisonment for not more than one
month, or both; (b) after four years for those punished by imprisonment
for more than one month, but less than two years ; (c) after eight years
for those punished by imprisonment for two years or more, but less
than six years ; and (d) after twelve years for any other offense punished by
imprisonment for six years or more, except the crime of treason, which shall
prescribe after twenty years; Provided, however, That all offenses against any law
or part of law administered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue shall prescribe after
ve years. Violations penalized by municipal ordinances shall prescribe after two
months. EcHAaS

Section 2. Prescription shall begin to run from the day of the commission
of the violation of the law , and if the same may not be known at the time,
from the discovery thereof and the institution of judicial proceedings for its
investigation and punishment.

T h e prescription shall be interrupted when proceedings are instituted

against the guilty person , and shall begin to run again if the proceedings are
dismissed for reasons not constituting jeopardy. (emphasis supplied)

According to the CA, because no complaint was led in court within two years after the
commission of the alleged violation, the offense had already prescribed. 2 5
On the merits of the case, the CA concluded that the DOJ did not commit grave
abuse of discretion in dismissing the petition for review. 2 6 To be criminally liable for
violation of Section 217.3 of the IPC, the following requisites must be present:
1. possession of the infringing copy and

2. knowledge or suspicion that the copy is an infringement of the genuine article.

HcDATC

The CA agreed with the DOJ that petitioner failed to prove that respondent knew
that the merchandise he sold was counterfeit. Respondent, on the other hand, was able
to show that he obtained these goods from legitimate sources. 2 7
Petitioner moved for reconsideration but it was denied. Hence, this petition.
Petitioner now essentially avers that the CA erred in concluding that the alleged
violations of the IPC had prescribed. Recent jurisprudence holds that the pendency of a
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 preliminary investigation suspends the running of the prescriptive period. 2 8 Moreover,
the CA erred in nding that the DOJ did not commit grave abuse of discretion in
dismissing the complaint. Respondent is liable for copyright infringement (even if he
obtained his merchandise from legitimate sources) because he sold counterfeit goods.
29

Although we do not agree wholly with the CA, we deny the petition.
FILING OF THE COMPLAINT IN THE
DOJ TOLLED THE PRESCRIPTIVE
PERIOD
Section 2 of Act 3326 provides that the prescriptive period for violation of
special laws starts on the day such offense was committed and is interrupted by the
institution of proceedings against respondent (i.e., the accused).
Petitioner in this instance filed its complaint-affidavit on April 4, 2002 or one year,
ten months and four days after the NBI searched respondent's premises and seized
Sanrio merchandise therefrom. Although no information was immediately led in court,
respondent's alleged violation had not yet prescribed. 3 0
In the recent case of Brillantes v. Court of Appeals , 3 1 we a rmed that the ling
of the complaint for purposes of preliminary investigation interrupts the period of
prescription of criminal responsibility. 3 2 Thus, the prescriptive period for the
prosecution of the alleged violation of the IPC was tolled by petitioner's timely ling of
the complaint-affidavit before the TAPP. cEAHSC

IN THE ABSENCE OF GRAVE ABUSE OF

DISCRETION, THE FACTUAL FINDINGS
OF THE DOJ IN PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATIONS WILL NOT BE
DISTURBED
In a preliminary investigation, a public prosecutor determines whether a crime
has been committed and whether there is probable cause that the accused is guilty
thereof. 3 3 Probable cause is de ned as such facts and circumstances that will
engender a well-founded belief that a crime has been committed and that the
respondent is probably guilty thereof and should be held for trial. 3 4 Because a public
prosecutor is the one conducting a preliminary investigation, he determines the
existence of probable cause. 3 5 Consequently, the decision to le a criminal information
in court or to dismiss a complaint depends on his sound discretion. 3 6
As a general rule, a public prosecutor is afforded a wide latitude of discretion in
the conduct of a preliminary investigation. For this reason, courts generally do not
interfere with the results of such proceedings. A prosecutor alone determines the
su ciency of evidence that will establish probable cause justifying the ling of a
criminal information against the respondent. 3 7 By way of exception, however, judicial
review is allowed where respondent has clearly established that the prosecutor
committed grave abuse of discretion. 3 8 Otherwise stated, such review is appropriate
only when the prosecutor has exercised his discretion in an arbitrary, capricious,
whimsical or despotic manner by reason of passion or personal hostility, patent and
gross enough to amount to an evasion of a positive duty or virtual refusal to perform a
duty enjoined by law. 3 9 ESaITA

The prosecutors in this case consistently found that no probable cause existed
against respondent for violation of the IPC. They were in the best position to determine
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 whether or not there was probable cause. We nd that they arrived at their ndings
after carefully evaluating the respective evidence of petitioner and respondent. Their
conclusion was not tainted with grave abuse of discretion.
WHEREFORE, the petition is hereby DENIED.
Costs against petitioner.
SO ORDERED.
Puno, C.J., Azcuna and Leonardo-de Castro, JJ., concur.
Sandoval-Gutierrez, J., took no part. My daughter, a Senior State Prosecutor from
the DOJ, issued the initial Res.
Footnotes

1. Under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.

2. Penned by Associate Justice Perlita J. Tria-Tirona and concurred in by Associate Justices
Delilah Vidallon-Magtolis (retired) and Jose C. Reyes, Jr. of the Fourth Division of the
Court of Appeals. Dated May 3, 2005. Rollo, pp. 51-63.
3. Dated June 22, 2005. Id., pp. 65-66.

4. Id., p. 15.
5. Id., p. 132.

6. Id., p. 155.
7. Id.
8. Id.

9. Annex "J," id., pp. 132-133.

10. Id., p. 134.

11. Search warrant no. 00-1616 issued by Manila executive judge Rebecca G. Salvador. Dated
May 30, 2000. Annex "K", id., pp. 134-135. TEAcCD

12. Annexes "L," and "L-1," id., pp. 136-137.

13. Docketed as IS No. 2002-205. Annex "M" id., pp. 138-144.
14. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE, Sec. 177 provides:

Section 177. Copy or Economic Rights . — Subject to the provisions of Chapter VIII, copyright
or economic rights shall consist of the exclusive right to carry out, authorize or prevent
the following acts:
177.1. Reproduction of the work or substantial portion of the work;

xxx xxx xxx

177.3. The rst public distribution of the original and each copy of the work by sale or other
forms of transfer of ownership;
xxx xxx xxx
15. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE, Sec. 178 provides:
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 Section 178. Rules on Copyright Ownership . — Copyright ownership shall be governed by
the following rules:
178.1. Subject to the provisions of this section, in the case of original literary or artistic works,
copyright shall belong to the author of the work;

xxx xxx xxx

178.3. In the case of work created by an author during and in the course of his employment,
the copyright shall belong to:
(a) The employee, if the creation of the object of copyright is not a part of his regular duties
even if the employee uses the time, facilities and materials of the employer.

(b) The employer, if the work is the result of the performance of his regularly-assigned duties,
unless there is an agreement, express or implied, to the contrary.
178.4. In the case of a work commissioned by a person other than an employer of the author
and who pays for it and the work is made in pursuance of the commission, the person
who so commissioned the work shall have ownership of the work, but the copyright
thereto shall remain with the creator, unless there is a written stipulation to the contrary;
ADaECI

xxx xxx xxx

16. Annex "N," id., pp. 145-172.
17. Id., p. 112.

18. Id.
19. Id. To support his claim, respondent submitted photocopies of the receipts issued to him by
JC Lucas Creative Products, Inc. and Melawares Manufacturing Corporation as
evidence.

20. Id., pp. 113-114.

21. Penned by state prosecutor Aileen Marie S. Gutierrez and approved by chief state
prosecutor Jovencito R. Zuno. Dated September 25, 2002. Annex "A," id., pp. 110-115.
22. Dated January 27, 2003. Annex "B," id., pp. 116-117.
23. Annex "T," id., pp. 207-233. Under Department of Justice Circular No. 70 (2000 NPS Rules on
Appeal), 3 July 2000.
24. Signed by undersecretary Ma. Merceditas N. Gutierrez of the Department of Justice. Dated
August 29, 2003. Annex "C," id., pp. 119-120.
Petitioner again moved for reconsideration but it was denied in a resolution dated March 24,
2004. Annex "D," id., pp. 121-122.TDcHCa

25. Id., p. 57.

26. Id., p. 58.
27. Id., pp. 60-61.
28. Id., pp. 23-29.

29. Id., pp. 29-40.

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 30. See Act 3326, Sec. 1.

31. G.R. Nos. 118757 & 121571, 19 October 2004, 440 SCRA 541.
32. Id., p. 563 citing People v. Olarte, 125 Phil. 895 (1967).
33. RULES OF COURT, Rule 112, Sec. 1. The section provides:
Section 1. Preliminary investigation de ned; when required. Preliminary investigation is an
inquiry or proceeding to determine whether there is su cient ground to
engender a well-founded belief that a crime has been committed and the
respondent is probably guilty thereof, and should be held for trial .

Except as provided in section 6 of this Rule, a preliminary investigation is required to be

conducted before the ling of a complaint or information for an offense where the
penalty prescribed is at least four (4) years, two (2) months and one (1) day without
regard to the fine. (emphasis supplied)
34. Baviera v. Paglinawan, G.R. No. 170602, 8 February 2007, 515 SCRA 170, 184 citing
Pontejos v. O ce of the Ombudsman, G.R. Nos. 158613-14, 22 February 2006, 483
SCRA 83, 92.

35. Id., at 184.

36. Id.
37. Glaxosmithkline Philippines, Inc. v. Khalid Mehmood Malik, G.R. No. 166924, 17 August
2006, 499 SCRA 268, 272-273 citing Punzalan v. de la Peña, G.R. No. 158543, 21 July
2004, 434 SCRA 601.
38. Id. at 273 citing Cabahug v. People, 426 Phil. 490 (2002).
39. Id., citing Baylon v. O ce of the Ombudsman and the Sandiganbayan, 423 Phil. 705
(2001). HSEIAT

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