Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017

CHANAKYA MAINS TEST SERIES (CMTS)-2017
MOCK TEST - 3
(WITH MODEL ANSWERS)
(World History, International Relations and Security)
Answer all the questions in NOT MORE THAN 200 words each. Contents of the answer are more important
than its length. All questions carry equal marks. 12½ × 20 = 250
1. What do you understand by the term ‘Renaissance’? Why did Renaissance first emerged in Italy?
2. Industrial Revolution was a harbinger of change not just in the social and economic sphere, but it also had a
profound effect on the ideology. Elucidate.
3. Compare and contrast the American Declaration of Independence and France’s Declaration of Rights of Man
and Citizen.
4. ‘Both Fascism and Nazism resembled each other in important ways, and differed in an equally significant
measure’. Explain. How Japanese Militarism was different from both these ideologies?
5. The system of Collective Security, established by the League of Nations, was a lost battle. Critically comment.
6. The First World War was believed to be ‘a war to end all wars’. However, the peace treaties failed to ensure
this. Comment.
7. What do you understand by the ‘Appeasement Policy’ as followed by Britain and France post First World
War? Elucidate with examples. To what extent was it responsible for the Second World War?
8. ‘Socialism emerged as a reaction to Capitalism’. Explain. How Socialism adopted by Russia, post Russian
Revolution, was different from Marxian Communism?
9. ‘The Indian Diaspora is contributing to India’s interest in significant ways, but at the same time it is facing
innumerable threats.’ Examine.
10. Bretton Woods institutions have often been criticized as the agents of western countries. To what extent will
the setting up of New Development Bank overcome the shortcomings of these Institutions? Critically analyse.
11. What issues, in your view, plague SAARC’s progress as an effective regional grouping? Discuss the potential
of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) to emerge
as a successful alternative sub-regional grouping in the Indian sub-continent?
12. The recent visit of Indian Prime Minister to Israel marked the maturing of India-Israel ties that have gradually
blossomed over the years. Discuss the importance of growing ties between the two countries and the road
blocks in development of strong ties between India and Israel.
13. India’s membership of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) has come with new opportunities as well
as new challenges. Examine.
14. The global fulcrum of power is fast shifting from Atlantic – Pacific to Indo-Pacific. Examine the reasons for
such a shift. What steps have been taken by India to deal with this newly emerging regional scenario?
15. Despite ‘Connectivity’ being at the heart of Indian foreign policy, India has decided to remain outside the ‘One
Belt One Road’ initiative. Critically analyse the implications of India’s stand on China-led OBOR initiative?
Suggest the way forward for India.
16. The Government’s decision to revive NATGRID (National Intelligence Grid) is a welcome move in the fight
against terrorism, but it calls for caution and nuanced planning. Critically examine.
17. In view of the recent ATM security breach, evaluate India’s preparedness to become a complete digital economy.
What measures would you suggest to strengthen cyber security infrastructure in India?
18. The advent of new technologies has opened a Pandora box of security challenges, thus, necessitating an
overhaul of the internal security structure. Discuss in the context of the rising internal security challenges in
India. Suggest some innovative measures on tackling these threats.
19. What is a National Security Doctrine? In the wake of the recent terrorist attacks in India, discuss the need to
evolve India’s National Security Doctrine and the challenges therein.
20. To tackle the problem of terror, it is important that the world must speak in one voice and act in unison against
terrorism. With reference to the given statement, discuss the importance of Comprehensive Convention on
International Terrorism. Highlight the challenges in its implementation.
Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017 |2|

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1. What do you understand by the term ‘Renaissance’? Why did Renaissance first emerged in Italy? 12½
Approach:
l In the introduction, briefly mention the meaning of the term, Renaissance, and its origin.
l Highlight the key ideas of Renaissance, and their influence on various aspects of art, politics and society.
l In second part of the answer, write the reasons why it started in Italy first.
l Conclude by specifying how it spread to other areas.
Answer:
The term Renaissance means ‘rebirth’. It first started as a cultural movement in Italy, in the 14th century, and later
spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age. This period (14th to 17th century) is
regarded as the cultural bridge between the Dark Ages and modern history.
With ‘Humanism’ at its core, Renaissance glorified the limitless potentialities of man, his rights and dignity. It
encouraged ‘spirit of enquiry’, freedom, rationality, individualism, and focused on ‘this worldliness’ rather than
‘afterlife’. These Renaissance values came to greatly influence the development of art, architecture, literature, religion,
science, politics, philosophy and self-awareness.
Why did it begin in Italy?

l New Learning: At the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, Italy became the refuge for the intellectuals of
Constantinople who brought many of the great works of the ancient Greeks and Romans. This stimulated the ideas
of humanism, secularism, individualism, spirit of inquiry, which were reflected in art, architecture, literature,
etc.
l Emergence of trade and cities: Revival of trade in Europe brought greatest prosperity to Italy, which virtually
controlled it. Flourishing trade led to emergence of towns that grew in an atmosphere of freedom from feudal
control, thus, became an ideal breeding ground for an intellectual revolution. For eg. Venice, Florence etc.
l Advantageous geographical location: The city-states of Italy, positioned on the Mediterranean Sea, were the
first port of call for both goods and new ideas. For eg. port cities of Genoa, Florence, Milan, etc.
l Growth of money economy and wealthy bankers: With thriving trade, and rise of money economy and banking
services, rich bankers emerged in Italy. These bankers patronized the arts by employing famous painters, architects
and sculptors. For eg. Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphael etc.
l Shift in Political power and ideas: A wealthy merchant class developed in each Italian city-state who came to
dominate the politics. They believed they deserved power and wealth because of their individual merit. This belief
in individual achievement became important during the Renaissance.
l Period of Stability: 14th century is also marked as the age of recovery from political instability, disasters, diseases
such as black plague etc. This resulted in rebirth of interest in classical antiquity (ancient Greek and Roman culture).
Later, the Renaissance ideas spread from Italy to the rest of Europe and it was reinforced by the development of press, new
scientific innovations, modern education and secularization of religion. The ‘Scientific Revolution’ initiated by Renaissance
paved way for a new movement called ‘Enlightenment’ which, subsequently, played a very important role in inspiring the
greatest revolutions in world history ie. American Revolution, French Revolution and Russian Revolution.
2. Industrial Revolution was a harbinger of change not just in the social and economic sphere, but it also had
a profound effect on the ideology. Elucidate. 12½
Approach:
l In the introduction, write briefly about the major social and economic changes brought about by the Industrial
Revolution.
l Highlight, with suitable examples, how Industrial Revolution brought about an ideological change in the society.
l Conclude with how the various ideologies influenced by Industrial Revolution, eventually, got metamorphosed
in the 20th century, and impacted the other nations.
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Answer:
The world went through an unprecedented metamorphosis as a courtesy of the Industrial revolution that first began in
England in the 18th century. This change was felt in all fields - social, economic and political.
Economic changes included a shift of the production from homes to factories, and economic activities from agriculture
to manufacturing; greater economic specialization; mass production; migration of landless, unskilled labor from villages
to urban centres; women labour participation etc.
The social sphere witnessed emergence of exploited labour class, widening class divisions, nuclearisation of family,
increase in child labour, unequal pay and exploitation of women, overcrowding and rising slums in urban centres,
focus on materialism and individualism etc.
It was in the ideological sphere that, in the 19th century, great innovations occurred due to the conditions created by
the Industrial revolution. Some of these are:
l Capitalism: It replaced the earlier protectionist Mercantile economic ideologywith its idea of laissez faire ie.
free trade. The Industrial classes supported the idea of free trade in order to invest their capital in the colonies
and earn more profits. For eg. It was this ideology that led to the abolition of company monopoly over the Indian
trade by the 1813 charter act.
l Socialism: It served as an alternate ideology to the highly exploitative and iniquitous Capitalism. With its emphasis
on economic equity and equality, it came as a relief to working classes. Socialist ideology was pioneered by Robert
Owen, Le Blanc and Saint Simon
l Chartism: Greater awareness amongst the working classes fuelled this ideology. Chartism essentially means
greater democratisation of the electoral process through universal adult suffrage, territorial delimitation, and
other demands of the Chartist movement.
l Imperial colonialism: The earlier idea of colonisation to earn bullion for the economy was now replaced by a
colonialism to feed the industrial economy of the home country with the colonies’ resources. The Berlin conference
of 1885 and the ‘Scramble for Africa’ symbolizes this idea.
These ideologies were not just limited to the western nations, but in the early 20th century, they spread to the colonised
nations as well. The idea of democracy and self rule gave rise to anti colonial movements, most notably in India.
Socialism evolved into Communism with its most profound impact on Russia, and later China. While Imperialism
mixed with extreme nationalism gave birth to Fascism in the inter war years.
3. Compare and contrast the American Declaration of Independence and France’s Declaration of Rights of
Man and Citizen. 12½
Approach:
l Briefly mention the about American Declaration of Independence and France’s Declaration of Rights of Man and
Citizen, their timelines, circumstances leading to their drafting, and broad objectives.
l Bring out key similarities and differences between the two documents
l Conclude suitably
Answer:
History was created in 1776 when the thirteen colonies of America united to defend their mother country against
tyrannical British rule, and penned the Declaration of Independence. A few years later the French masses revolted
in a similar fashion against the prevailing social order, and drafted the Declaration of the Rights of man in 1789.
On the surface of it, both documents were inspired by an objective to overthrow an oppressive rule, but a deeper
examination brings out important differences.

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Following are the similarities between the two documents:
l Both declarations drew heavily from same ideological base set by revolutionary thinkers such as Locke, Rousseau,
Voltaire, and Montesquieu. France’s declaration was partially influenced by American declaration.
l Both emphasized people as the real source of sovereignty and a rule solely based on their consent (inspired by
Rousseau’s concept of general will and social contract)
l Both spoke about equality, freedom, and inalienable rights of life, liberty and property (inspired by Locke idea
of natural rights)
l Both emphasized on equality before law and fair trial (inspired by Montesquieu idea of courts)
l Both, in reality, did not extend the principles of equality to women and slaves.
However, both the documents were products of different circumstances under which they were drafted, thus, differed
in following ways:
l American Declaration of Independence focused more on freedom and independence from a foreign rule ie.
British. Whereas, the Declaration of Rights of Man focused on equality and fairness to correct the prevailing
iniquitous social order and to inspire the third estate of to rebel against the first and second.
l The Rights of Man and Citizen pointed out specific individual rights while the Declaration of Independence
stated that rights were self-evident, and it did not list them. They were enlisted later in the Bill of Rights.
l Americans wanted to throw the yoke of colonial monarchical rule, thus, the declaration aimed at establishing a
new political system based on republicanism. Whereas, France did not aim at abolishing monarchy, but wanted
a redefined national government based on consent of people and limited powers of monarchy.
l In America, rights were seen as negative things for government—to be protected by the government and, in many
instances, from the government. For eg. protection against unreasonable search and seizures, double jeopardy,
cruel and unusual punishment, etc.
In France, they were seen as positive— as an enshrined ideals of humanity—which the government was instituted
to create and enforce.
l Locke’s ideas had greater bearing on America’s Declaration ie. Inalienable rights of man – life, liberty, property,
establishment of a constitutional government to protect these rights, and with powers defined and restricted by
law. Whereas, French revolution was impacted more by ideology of Rousseau – ie. A strong State with complete
control over society
Thus, the United States Declaration of Independence and French declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen both
stood for freedom and equality, however, they were written at different times and with different priorities.
4. ‘Both Fascism and Nazism resembled each other in important ways, and differed in an equally significant
measure’. Explain. How Japanese Militarism was different from both these ideologies? 12½
Approach:
l Define Fascism and Nazism, briefly mentioning the reason for their emergence and key leaders associated with
them.
l Explain the key points of similarities as well as differences between Fascism and Nazism
l Briefly describe the nature of Japanese Militarism and its differences with Fascism and Nazism.
l Conclude suitably
Answer:
The word ‘Fascism’ was first used for the political movement which started in Italy under Mussolini around 1919,
while ‘Nazism’ (National Socialism) was a German version of Fascism that took shape under Hitler during 1920s.
Both these ideologies emerged as a reaction to the disastrous economic effects of World War I, rising unemployment,
political instability, social unrest etc., and promised a strong decisive government.

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Both Nazism and Fascism are believed to be extreme right wings views whose basic principles showed remarkable
similarities:
l Extreme Nationalism: It laid an emphasis on building greatness and prestige of the State. For eg. Hitler offered
to build Germany into a great power creating a ‘German Reich’, even at the cost of territorial sovereignty of the
other nations.
l Expansionism: Acquisition of new territories was one of the most important objectives of the State. For eg. Italy
acquisition of Abyssinia, Hitler’s vision of creating ‘Lebensraum’ (living space) for the citizens though addition
of new territories.
l Totalitarian system of Government: The state held the authority over all aspects of public and private life. The
nation was considered much more important than an individual, where the latter could not question existence,
policies, and decisions etc. of the State.
l One-Party Rule: No opposition parties were allowed, thus, there was no place for democracy. It gradually
transformed from “one party rule” to “one man rule”, with emphasis on the cult of the leader.
l Extreme hostility towards Communism: Communism was seen as anti-national as it encouraged people to
go against the State. In fact, both Mussolini and Hitler captured power with a promise to uproot Communism/
Socialism.
l Economic self-sufficiency: This was considered essential for the greatness of State. Thus, economy was completely
regulated and State supported the ideas of capitalism, mercantilism and colonialism.
l Military strength and violence: Expansionist ideas and totalitarian state necessitated huge spending on military
and led to frequent conflicts and wars.
However, despite these similarities, Nazism was different from Fascism in following respects:
l Extreme Racism: Nazism laid uncommon importance on racial superiority of the Germans, who were considered
as destined to rule the world. This concept was absent in Fascism
l More brutal and ruthless: Nazism was more brutal towards other races, especially Jews, subsequently leading to
“Holocaust” in which around 6 million Jews were mass exterminated. Mussolini focused on territorial expansion
rather than creation of ethnically ‘clean’ Italian state.
l Absence of accountability: In Fascism, Mussolini was questioned and controlled to some extent by the monarch
or the Pope, but under Nazism there was no authority above Hitler.
l View on State: While Fascism glorified the State as the highest ideal, the Nazis viewed the State as Lebensraum
(living space) of “the master race“ which needs to incorporate the entire geopolitical area inhabited with ethnic
Germans.
l Degree of success: Nazism was more deep rooted and more efficient than Fascism in terms of dealing with
economy, unemployment etc.
Japan was also ruled by the Military, prior to the Second World War, more or less on the same lines as Fascism and
Nazism ie. Ruthless suppression of communism, assassination of opponents, tight control over education, a build-up
of armaments and an expansionist foreign policy. But, it was distinct from both these ideological systems in following
aspects:
l It did not revolve around a particular personality, like Hitler under Nazism or Mussolini under Fascism.
l It was not racial where others were discriminated on the basis of race, except during Second World War when
Japanese forces discriminated against war prisoners.
l It differed from the Fascism in Italy and Germany in its intellectual roots. Ie. Japanese Fascism was imposed
from above by the military rather than associated with a mass movement from below.
Howsoever similar or distinct these ideologies might have been, but the unprecedented aggression inflicted by these
dictatorial powers eventually led to destruction, not only for their own countrymen, but also for the whole world,
dragging it into another world war.

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5. The system of Collective Security, established by the League of Nations, was a lost battle. Critically comment.
Approach: 12½
l Briefly explain the meaning of Collective Security, and the purpose for which it was conceived.
l Since the question calls for commenting critically, therefore, enlist the achievements and the failures of the League
in ensuring Collective Security
l Give reasons justifying why Collective Security was a failed attempt at ensuring peace and security, and thus, a
lost battle.
l Conclude suitably
Answer:
The incredible levels of destruction in the First World War led most nation-states to come together and institutionalize
a system to maintain international peace and cooperation via the League of Nations (1920). The League was premised
on Collective Security ie. aggression by one State would bring a coordinated response from all member States, to
restrain the aggressor, through economic or military sanctions.
During the 1920s, the League of Nations successfully enforced Collective Security to settle a number of political
disputes between nations, such as:
l Dispute resolution between Sweden and Finland over the Aaland Islands.
l Threat of imposition of economic sanctions on Yugoslavia, successfully forcing the troops to withdraw from
Albania
l Prevented Greece from attacking Bulgaria by threatening an economic embargo.
l Resolved Germany and Poland issue, who had rival claims over upper Silesia
However, despite its success in settling disputes between small nations, the League failed to preserve peace among
the major powers. There were several instances where Collective Security failed to keep a check on the aggressors:
l Failure to take an action against Italy for Corfu Island bombing and invasion of Abyssinia
l Japan ignored the League when it seized Manchuria in 1931 and when it invaded China in 1937
l Germany’s takeover of Rhineland, annexation of Austria, etc. were met with League’s inaction
The Collective Security looked most impressive on paper, but right from the start, it was rather weak, and was fighting
a losing battle to maintain peace and security. This was because of the following reasons:
l Absence of major nations – for Collective Security to be effective, the League needed to include all the Great
Powers for a united action to deter any aggressor. However, it was deprived of three of the world’s most important
powers – USA, USSR and Germany.
l Self-interest of leading members – Interest of all States were not identical, hence, each State gave primacy to its
own self-interest rather that support the League’s cause of Collective Security. For eg. Britain was more interested
in rebuilding British trade and economy and avoiding a war, rather than in being an international police force.
l Failure of economic sanctions - The League lacked the muscle to enforce economic and other sanctions because:
- the member countries were unwilling to stop trading with an aggressor as it would harm their own trade
- without USA, sanctions would be ineffective
- Even when imposed, they were easily broken.
- Diplomatic sanctions were limited to statements of disapproval only
l Lack of power to enforce decisions – with no independent army at its disposal to enforce Collective Security and
military sanctions, the League relied entirely upon the cooperation of its members. However, powerful members
like Britain and France were unwilling to commit their troops due to prohibitive war cost and their weakened
economic position after the First World War

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l Appeasement of friendly nations – Many States were prepared to ignore aggression by a friendly State for eg.
Britain and France looked the other way when Japan invaded Manchuria
The above reasons, combined with the Great Depression, aggression of the fascist powers, and overall failure of the
League of Nations, made the idea of Collective Security a lost cause, and culminated into an even more destructive
Second World War.
6. The First World War was believed to be ‘a war to end all wars’. However, the peace treaties failed to ensure
this. Comment. 12½
Approach:
l In Introduction, explain the term “a war to end all wars”
l Then comment on how the peace treaties, which were meant to prevent the outbreak of another war, eventually
became one of the prime reasons for the Second World War.
l Conclude suitably
Answer:
Europe, in the pre First World War years, was marked by the Great European Powers engaging in competitive militarism,
secret alliances, enmity, war mongering and hyper nationalism. This was further compounded by the various Balkan
crisis before the war. Thus, there was an increased demand for a major war to end the continuing recurrence of small
conflicts in the public space, that is,“a war to end all wars”.
However, the massive destruction caused by the First World War created an anti-war sentiment amongst the Europeans,
who wanted peace and security. This prompted prolonged negotiations and various treaties such as
l Treaty of Versailles,
l Treaty of St Germain (1919),
l Treaty of Trianon (1920) and
l Treaty of Sevres.
But, rather than end the war, the harsh terms of the treaties, particularly, Treaty of Versailles became the prime cause
for the start of World War II.
Major reasons for the failure of peace treaties included:

l Unsatisfactory Fragmentation of Europe: The Treaties divided Europe into States, with dissatisfied powers
immediately demanding revision to the settlement for Eg. Turkey, Italy, Germany etc
l Absence of Major Powers: Many great powers remained outside the Treaty of Versailles, such as USA, Russia
etc., weakening it from the start.
l Dictated peace instead of agreement: The Treaty of Versailles was a dictated peace as the Germans were not
allowed to be a part of the negotiations and faced greatly humiliating restrictions:
- It violated Germany’s its territorial integrity by creating a Polish Corridor through Germany,bringing the
Saar mines and Alsace Lorraine under France, and forcing it to cede many territories.
- It was made in the spirit of revenge, with extraordinarily harsh treatment to Germany, that destroyed all
chances of democracy to take roots
- Germans were denied the right to self-determination, as was given to the newly created nations like Poland,
Czechoslovakia etc
- The biased clause of disarmament of Germany made it virtually impotent,making it difficult for Germany
to maintain law and order. Whereas, no other country intended to disarm

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- War Guilt clause fixed responsibility of World War I solely on Germany and its allies
- The huge War Reparations of 6600 million pounds was aimed at keeping Germany economically weak in
the foreseeable future.
- Germans felt cheated as the actual treaty varied vastly from peace terms expected under 4 Wilsonian
principles.
l Dilution of free trade principle: The peace settlement fragmented Europe into economically unviable States
such as Austria, Hungary, etc. who further engaged in tariff psychosis, thwarting the principle of free trade, as
envisaged in the treaty
l Failure of League of Nations: The League of Nations was made a part and parcel of Treaty of Versailles, thus,
failure of treaty meant failure of League and its aims of maintaining international peace and security
The peace treaties, instead of resulting in perpetual peace, gave rise to an even more destructive war 20 years later as:
l Economic crippling and humiliation gave rise to resentment and nationalistic fervour in Germany, which was used
by Hitler to establish a Nazi State.
l The treaty, being fundamentally unjust, was not implemented when Hitler’s Germany violated its term one by
one. The great powers, in fact, followed appeasement policy in view of ‘genuine grievances’ of Germany. This
emboldened Hitler further
l The fundamental injustice done to the German people made them seek revenge against the allied powers contributing
to the onset of the 2nd World war.
l The League of Nations, too,failed to restrict the military adventurism of fascists powers and avert the Second
World War
Thus, while largely idealistic considerations were the initial starting point for the peace treaty of Paris, the end result
was a jingoistic, excessively harsh treaty which completely marginalized the defeated axis powers and, thus, produced
significant resentment which ultimately, coupled with a weak League of Nations, played an important role in the
outbreak of the Second World War
7. What do you understand by the ‘Appeasement Policy’ as followed by Britain and France post First World
War? Elucidate with examples. To what extent was it responsible for the Second World War? 12½
Approach:
l Define the Policy of Appeasement.
l Give some concrete instances where it was followed.
l Explain why it was considered as responsible for Second World War.
l Also present justification for why this policy cannot be solely held responsible for the Second World War.
l Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
The Appeasement Policy refers to the policy followed by Britain, and later France, of avoiding wars with aggressive
powers such as Germany, Italy and Japan by giving in to their demands, provided they were not unreasonable. From
1920 onwards, this policy was invoked many times as can be seen from the following instances:
l Anglo-German Naval Agreement: It allowed German naval rearmament up to 35% of British naval force. It
was in violation of “Treaty of Versailles”.
l Half-hearted or No action against illegal invasions: For example Italian invasion of Abyssinia, German occupation
of Rhineland, Japan’s invasion of Manchuria etc.
l Failure of League of Nation: League of Nation failed to check German rearmament, remilitarization of Rhineland,
and aggression.
l Munich Agreement: Was the last major act of appeasement where Germany’s unfair demand on annexation of
Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) was accepted at Munich.

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Appeasement failed to achieve its objective of avoiding war and, in fact, aided in fuelling the Second World War:
l It allowed Germany to get away with all violations of “Versailles Settlement” which according to many experts
convinced Hitler of the weaknesses of Britain and France to such an extent that he was willing to take risk by
attacking Poland - which was starting point of Second World War.
l Using the policy of Appeasement, by Britain and France, to divert aggression of Germany towards USSR disgusted
the latter. USSR went ahead and signed Non aggression pact with Germany, eliminating an important ally in fight
against fascism.
l Chamberlain failed to assess the true intentions of the aggressive fascist powers, which turned out to be a major
diplomatic failure of Britain, and of Appeasement policy.
However, the Appeasement Policy cannot be made exclusively responsible for the Second World War:
l Last attempt to restore peace: Many experts held an opposite view that Appeasement was the last attempt to
avoid a possible war.
l Genuine Grievances: “Versailles treatment” was considered as unjust, thus, many thought that Germany and
Italy had genuine grievances.
l Fear of Communism: Communism was spreading rapidly and taking aggressive forms at some places, prompting
Britain and France to cooperate with Non-Communist countries.
l Ineffectiveness of League of Nation (LoN): LoN had restricted membership with major powers not being a part
of it eg. USA and Russia. Thus, disputes needed to be solved bilaterally through diplomacy and negotiation.
l Imminent nature of War: The extremist ideologies like Nazism, Fascism etc convinced many historians that the
war was imminent and putting blame on “Policy of Appeasement” is unjustified.
Thus, the outbreak of the Second World War was a culmination of multiple factors; discontent arising out of Versailles
Treaty, inaction of League of Nations, greed of fascist power, lack of foresight on the part of allies, weakness in checking
rise of aggressive powers, etc. “Policy of Appeasement” may have been considered as a reason of war, but looking at
this policy as last attempt to resolve disputes through negotiation also cannot be rejected.
8. ‘Socialism emerged as a reaction to Capitalism’. Explain. How Socialism adopted by Russia, post Russian
Revolution, was different from Marxian Communism? 12½
Approach:
l Introduce by highlighting the fundamental socio economic changes brought about Industrial Revolution and the
capitalist mode of production
l Explain how Socialism emerged out of this new social reality
l Differentiate between Marxian Communism and the actual Communism adopted by Russia.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution was driven by a capitalistic model of the economy. This phenomenon of the 19th century
resulted in various socio-economic changes which laid the groundwork for the emergence of Socialism. These changes
were: division of society into a working class and capitalist class, rapid urbanization which led to cities with inhabitable
living conditions, low wages of the working classes leading to deprivation and poverty etc.
These dichotomies between the bourgeoisie (Capitalist) and the proletariat (Working class) were compounded
by a laissez faire model of economics,which called for a minimal intervention of the State. This led to the following:
l Ownership of the means of production, and reaping of its benefits solely by the bourgeoisie, exacerbated income
inequality between the two classes.
l It led to alienation of the workers from his/her work.
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l The capitalist classes engaged in exploitation of the labour, with high work hours and low wages.
l Non-intervention of the State led to exploitation of women and children, who worked in hazardous working
conditions, especially the children employed in mining.
l Lack of State backed social security initiatives drove thousands into clutches of extreme poverty.
It was under these circumstances that the early socialist thinkers were appalled by this human misery, and sought to
establish an alternative socio- economic order i.e Socialism. The early socialists spoke for cooperation between the
classes (Charles Fourier), demonstrated that better wages and working conditions can lead to improvement in production
(Robert Owen), supported State regulation of working conditions (Louis Blanc) etc.
However, later this idea of Socialism was expounded by Karl Marx to include dialectic materialism, class conflict
and class consciousness and eventual overthrow of the Capitalism by a violent revolution. His ideas were best
demonstrated in the Russian revolution.
However, the Russian socialism had fundamental differences from the Marxian idea.
Feature Marxist idea Russian Socialism

Pre-condition for Marxist Revolution can only occur in a fully Russia was an agricultural society in 1917
revolution capitalist society
Harbingers of revolution Class consciousness will lead to an Russian revolution was led by band of workers
uprising of workers spontaneously called the Soviets who spread the revolution
Role of state Non-existent State to control means of production by creation
of a planned economy
Ownership of means of The proletariat will own the means The State owned the means of production and
production of production and distribute the carried out redistribution of wealth as well.
fruits to each as per their needs
Worker empowerment M a r x b e l i e v e d t h a t h u m a n s Russian socialism shortly gave up the idea of
are egalitarian by nature and worker empowerment in favour of planned
collaboration amongst the workers production, often at the cost of worker welfare
is true empowerment.
The effects of the Industrial revolution were far reaching. In the political sphere the rise of socialist ideas were the
most prominent. These ideas dominated a large portion of the world from the Russian Revolution up until the fall of
the Soviet Union. Today, even though Socialism has been relegated to the background, but it has forced Capitalism to
change and reinvent itself to incorporate socialist aims of worker welfare, social security, and reduction of inequality.
9. ‘The Indian Diaspora is contributing to India’s interest in significant ways, but at the same time it is facing
innumerable threats.’ Examine. 12½
Approach:
l Briefly mention about Indian Diaspora and their status and composition
l Write down the contribution of Indian Diaspora.
l Explain various challenges faced by them.
l Write the steps taken by the government, and further steps required for Diaspora's protection and welfare.
Answer:
As per the report of United Nations, in 2016, India had the largest Diaspora in the world, with over 20 million people
living outside the country as NRIs and PIOs. They reflect the rich social, ethnic, religious and cultural tapestry of the
land of its origin. Largest population resides in Gulf, US, UK, South East Asia and Nepal.
| 11 | Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017

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Contribution of Indian Diaspora:
l Soft Power: Indian Diaspora has successfully integrated into societies around the world. There they have been
successful in spreading the Indian Culture and traditions abroad like religious ideas, foods, cloths, a way of living
etc. This has helped in people to people bonding.
l Economic Relations: India’s trade relations are very strong with countries where the Indian Diaspora has a sizable
presence for eg. Singapore, USA, Malaysia, Gulf Countries and South-East Africa etc. Also, the remittances
received from them greatly add to the Indian foreign exchange reserves.
l International Relations and Diplomacy: India has a well-established, progressive Diaspora including powerful
diplomats, lawyers, legislators, corporate heads (Satya Nadella, Sundar Pichai, Indira Nooyi etc.) who potentially
influence the policy matters and diplomatic relations with these countries. For e.g. their role in Nuclear Agreement
of India-USA due to lobbying by the US-India Political Action Committee etc.
l Bridging the Gaps: Indian Diaspora brings new ideas to India and, thus, have been successful in filling ‘Gaps’
in knowledge, expertise and resources. For eg : Sam Pitroda in initiating the Communication Revolution in India
l India’s Global Image: Diaspora has successfully transformed the image of India on international platform. It is no
longer viewed as a source country for cheap, unskilled labour but as an exporter to Global Knowledge Industry.
For eg. Scientists, Academicians, Doctors, Teachers, IT professionals etc.
Challenges:
l Rising instability and terrorism: Shia-Sunni conflict and rise of ISIS is not only threatening the life of Indian
Diaspora but it also presenting challenges of sudden evacuation of people from turbulent regions. Eg, Iraq, Syria,
Yemen etc.
l Fierce competition with skilled workforce: The unskilled and semi-skilled people of India are losing jobs to a
better skilled workforce from other countries. For eg. Competition from Filipinos in the Gulf region.
l Exploitation from local employer: There have been numerous cases of harassment, exploitation, forced labour,
and unjustified imprisonment of Indians diaspora by local employers, with little support from local law enforcement
agencies. This is most prominent in the Kafala system in Gulf countries
l Racism and religious discrimination: In western countries, Indians still face racial discrimination whereas in
some other countries they face Religion based discrimination. For e.g. recent killing in US of Indian origin people.
l Creating Foreign policy Dilemma for Indian Government: Indian diaspora also influences the foreign policy
of India. Sometimes government needs to take harsh steps to safeguard the interests of its people living in other
countries. For example: India’s abstention at UNHRC vote on Sri Lanka in 2014 due to Tamil issue in Sri Lanka.
l Marital issues faced by Indian Nationals: Ministry of External Affairs is receiving several petitions, grievances,
and complaints pertaining to marital issues faced by Indians, especially women, married to overseas Indians.
l Protectionism: Due to the global slowdown and rise in unemployment worldwide various countries are restricting
immigration from other countries, including Indians. For e.g. hike in Visa fees by the USA, “Nitaqat” policy of
Saudi Arabia etc.
However, to improve the conditions of Indians abroad, government has taken various steps like setting up of Indian
Community Welfare Fund, Pravasi Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PKVY), Skill Banks to train workers emigrating abroad,
Pravasi Suraksha Yojna, Operation Raahat and Sankat Mochan for evacuation of people stuck in conflict zones etc.
For better engagement with diaspora steps like organising Bi Annual Pravasi Bhartiya Divas convention, Town hall
in various countries by PM, easing procedure to obtain OCI and PIO cards, Know India Programme, Tracing Roots
etc have been taken.
The reserves of goodwill amongst its Diaspora are deeply entrenched and waiting to be tapped if the right policy
framework and initiatives are taken by India. They should not be seen as the forgotten children of India, but as an
objective lobby which wishes to see the prosperity of India and of their respective countries.

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10. Bretton Woods institutions have often been criticized as the agents of western countries. To what extent will
the setting up of New Development Bank overcome the shortcomings of these Institutions? Critically analyse.
Approach: 12½
l Give a brief introduction of Bretton Woods Institutions.
l Mention the key criticisms against them and explain how New Development Bank is seen as a balancing measure
in this respect.
l Conclude on a positive note
Answer:
The Bretton Woods institutions of IMF and World Bank, created in 1944, were premised on the belief that international
economic cooperation is essential and best served through strong and effective international financial institutions to
promote economic growth, alleviate poverty, and improve global financial stability.
These bodies have been criticized on following grounds:

l Unequal Governance Structure: The World Bank and IMF chiefs are traditionally appointed from the US and
Europe, reflecting the dominance of industrialised countries in decision making, funding, and voting rights of the
institutions. For eg. US has a voting share of a massive 16.5% in the IMF, thus, giving it the ability to veto any
governance reform which require 85% of votes.
l One size fits all model: IMF has been criticised of promoting a neo-liberal capitalist model of economy
which may not be the most suitable in all conditions. For eg. shock treatment of eastern European economies
led to their economic collapse in the mid 1990s.
l Aid Conditionality: The loans and grants are often backed by onerous conditionalities like economic performance
targets, opening of economy, politico-administrative reforms, austerity measures, etc. These austerity measures
have resulted in significant reduction of social and welfare expenditures, severely impacting human development
index. for eg. in several African and Asian countries, Greece during Eurozone crises etc.
l Biased approach: IMF and World Bank are quick to seek “structural reforms” from developing countries, where
growth is low and stagnant, but developed economies are allowed to continue with unconventional policies For
eg. Global volatility caused by USA’s Quantitative Easing.
l Failure to check Global recession of 2008: IMF failed to predict or effectively manage the subprime mortgage
crisis in the US due to inadequate surveillance, exclusive focus on bailout packages, lack of independent opinion
against European countries etc.
Need for New Development Bank

While there have been a growing consensus around the need for reform of Bretton Wood twins to reflect the needs of
changing global economy and emerging economies, the developing countries have become increasingly frustrated
with the slow pace of these promised reforms.
Thus, in the Fortaleza summit, the BRICS countries proposed a New Development Bank aimed to counter the
hegemonic domination of western backed global financial institutions and provide emerging economies a suitable
alternative in following ways:
l Parity in governance structure: NDB is based on equal voting rights, as derived from equal paid up capital
l No Conditionalities: Limited intervention in internal affairs of a country as the founding members themselves
have varied economic models. Hence, does not impinge on sovereignty of the members
l Additional source of finance: nearly $2 trillion capital is required to fund infrastructure in emerging economies.
NDB will be crucial in South South collaboration in meeting this shortfall.
l Fast track Bretton Woods institutions reforms: As seen in IMF’s adoption of some reforms in 2016, like
increasing quota of emerging countries by 6% and elimination of nominated directors from “Executive Board”.

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However, despite its success, the New Development Bank faces certain challenges as well:
l Restricted Membership: Only 5 emerging countries are its members, hence, arrangement for huge financial
resources may be difficult.
l Fear of Single Country dominance: Due to rising economic strength of China and availability of large forex
reserves, there are genuine fears of China’s dominance. This paranoia is further fuelled by NDB's location in
Shanghai.
l Political tensions among BRICS countries: Different State structures, security perceptions, and frequent conflicts
may hinder complete coordination among the member countries.
l Uncertainty on Parity: In future, as capital contribution of a country increases, the principle of parity may be a
challenge.
Presently, no single institution has enough resources to meet all the developmental needs of its members. Thus, the
Bretton Wood twins and the New Development Bank should not be seen as antagonistic to each other, rather through
cooperation and collaboration they can support each other in their objectives. BRICS bank is still in its initial stage
and, thus, lacks the experience and the competence to challenge established institutions of Bretton Woods. However,
with its mere presence as a competition, it would speed up reforms in institutions like the IMF and World Bank.
11. What issues, in your view, plague SAARC’s progress as an effective regional grouping? Discuss the potential
of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) to emerge
as a successful alternative sub-regional grouping in the Indian sub-continent? 12½
Approach:
l Introduce by briefly writing about SAARC.
l Discuss the issues that are adversely affecting SAARC’s effectiveness as a regional grouping
l Comment on BIMSTEC’s potential to emerge as an alternative to SAARC. Write about its relevance, significance
and challenges
l Conclude by suggesting ways to resolve ongoing issues in SAARC.
Answer:
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and geopolitical organisation of
8 countries, primarily located in South Asia. SAARC has the 3rd largest combined economy in the world, comprise
3% of the world’s area, 21% of the world’s total population, and 9% of the Global economy, as of 2015.
However, SAARC’s progress as an effective regional grouping has not been in consonance with the immense potential
that it holds. Some of the reasons are:
l Indo Pak disaccord: SAARC has become a hostage to Indo-Pak disputes, with Pakistan following an obstructionist
approach. For eg: Pakistan’s reluctance to curb cross border terrorism, pursue greater bilateral trade liberalization,
sign the South Asian Motor Vehicle Agreement, etc.
l Inadequate Regional Integration: As per the World Bank, SAARC is the least economically integrated region
in the world with only 5% intra-regional trade, as compared to nearly 60% between NAFTA members. SAARC
FTA is still deadlocked.
l Asymmetrical structure: India’s big size and clout have potential to make the other SAARC neighbours
apprehensive. Members of the group have often raised the issue of micromanagement and political interference
by India. India’s big brotherly image has been compounded by tensions with Nepal, water and border issues with
Bangladesh, surgical strikes by Indian forces in Mayanmar, etc.

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l Lack of Connectivity: No SAARC countries other than Afghanistan and Pakistan share a common border. India,
also, does not share a border with Afghanistan. Inadequacy of rail, road, air, and inland water connectivity has
adversely impacted deeper economic integration.
l No major Summit outcomes: There have been no major breakthroughs at the Summit meets as all the decisions
require consensus. Pakistan’s unwillingness to curb terrorism, a main concern of most of the SAARC leaders, led
members to withdraw their participation from the Islamabad SAARC Summit.
BIMSTEC as an alternate to SAARC

In this context, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC,
consisting of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Sri Lanka) is being seen as a viable option
for India to forge an effective regional group, because :
l More effective Sub regional approach: It provides a seamless platform to India to engage with all its immediate
neighbours, while keeping Pakistan at an arm’s length. It may also force Pakistan to rethink its attitude towards
SAARC
l Better Connectivity prospects: Connectivity is the main theme in BIMSTEC. For eg: the Kaladan Multimodal
project (linking India and Myanmar), Asian Trilateral Highway (India-Mayanmar-Thailand), BBIM (Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India and Nepal), land bridge with Sri Lanka, etc.
l Intra-regional trade: As compared to 5% in the case of SAARC, intra-BIMSTEC trade as a percentage of their
total trade is close to 7%, and is expected to grow at a faster rate
l Boost to Act East policy: BIMSTEC fits in very well with the concept of India’s Act East policy for rapid
development of its North East region.
l Expansive Scope of cooperation: BIMSTEC nations have identified 14 priority areas where each member
country takes lead for eg. trade, technology, tourism, cultural cooperation, climate change, energy, Transport and
Communication etc.
However, BIMSTEC also faces certain challenges

l Overbearing presence of China in the region. China may push its own Belt and Road initiatives, where India is
not a participant.
l Unresolved issues between BIMSTEC countries for eg. Rohingya issue between Myanmar and Bangladesh, India
Nepal tensions on Constitution drafting, Border and water issues with Bangladesh, fisherman issue with Sri Lanka
etc.
l Failure to negotiate a BIMSTEC FTA rapidly.
Way Forward:
While India must continue to put greater diplomatic and political capital behind BIMSTEC, the relevance of SAARC,
in shaping cooperation and prosperity within South Asia, cannot be ignored. Thus, India must follow all approaches
to make SAARC relevant ie. Regional (Mekong Ganga Cooperation, BIMSTEC), sub regional (BBIN), Unilateral
(Gujral doctrine), Bilateral, Trans regional (RCEP) etc.
India must continue to develop policy approaches that take into account the political and economic complexities of
SAARC – ie. developmental priorities of the less developed countries, boosting physical and soft connectivity, faster
implementation of SAFTA, BBIN agreement, SAARC Motor vehicle agreement etc.

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12. The recent visit of Indian Prime Minister to Israel marked the maturing of India-Israel ties that have gradually
blossomed over the years. Discuss the importance of growing ties between the two countries and the road
blocks in development of strong ties between India and Israel. 12½
Approach:
l Introduce by briefly describing India and Israel relationship.
l Discuss how the India-Israel relation has matured overtime by highlighting the growing cooperation in various
fields
l Write about the challenges faced in forging strong India and Israel ties
l Conclude on a balanced and optimistic note.
Answer:
India established diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992. India and Israel has been working closely on defense, counter
terrorism, agriculture and energy related issues. India is one of the largest trading partners of Israel and the largest
buyer of Israeli military equipments. The recent visit of Indian Prime Minister to Israel has further expanded these
relations, elevating it to a “strategic partnership”
Importance of India-Israel Ties:

l Trade: Both the countries share strong bilateral trade and economic relations with each other which has risen from the
base of $200 million in 1992 to over $4.5 billion in 2014-15.
l Cultural: Over 75,000 Jews of Indian-origin residing today in Israel are a living testament to historic and ethnic ties.
l Defence: Israel is today the 3rd largest source of key defence equipment for India. India and Israel are set to
foray into the international market by offering the jointly developed Barak 8 Air and Missile Defense System to
friendly countries, with a special emphasis on the ‘Make in India’ initiative
l Cooperation in agriculture & water resource management: Israeli technology can help India in ensuring
increased crop productivity, water resource management, and cultivation of arid land which could be valuable in
ensuring India’s water and food security. Israel has also shown willingness to help India in Clean Ganga project
l Combat terrorism and radicalization: India and Israel have agreed to cooperate in countering terrorism with both
committed to cooperate for the early adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism
(CCIT). The stability of West Asia and the wider region holds strategic importance for both countries.
l Education: Israel’s Council for Higher Education offers hundreds of scholarships to Indians interested in pursuing
higher education in Israel.
l Businesses collaboration: It has the potential to create the synergies needed for a technology-driven future
ie. technology capable of addressing the emerging challenges of urban development, energy generation, water
conservation and food security. Eg. Prospective India-Israel CEOs Forum
Road Blocks in growing relationships:

l Ties with Arab and Islamic countries: Arab countries are source of Indian petroleum supply and a large number
of Indian migrants work there. Growing ties with Israel always have a fear of affecting the ties with Arab and
Islamic countries in West Asia.
l Supply of Israeli armaments to China: There is also apprehension about export of Israeli armament to China
which may be strategically harmful for India.
l Sensitive Israel- Palestine Relations: Israel and Palestine relations have never been cordial. India has always
been in the favour of creation of independent state of Palestine which sometimes creates difficulty in maintaining
relations with Israel.
The recent visit marks a break in the traditional ‘diplomatic hyphen’ New Delhi has maintained between Israel and
Palestine. However, India had consistently sought to maintain its position on the Palestine issue with an unwavering
support to “sovereign, independent, united and viable Palestine, co-existing peacefully with Israel”.
Strong ties with Israel are the need of time, however, India has needs to keep a balance to ensure that increasing its
closeness to Israel doesn’t compromise its support for Palestine.

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13. India’s membership of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) has come with new opportunities as well
as new challenges. Examine. 12½
Approach:
l Briefly mention about SCO and India’s full membership to it.
l Write the potential benefits to India from SCO membership
l Mention the challenges associated with India’s SCO Membership
l Conclude giving a way forward
Answer:
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a permanent intergovernmental security organization created for
strengthening mutual trust and neighbourliness, political, and economic cooperation and security among the member
states (China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan). India, along with Pakistan, have recently
joined SCO as a full members in 2017.
Opportunities for India:

l Energy Security:
- Increase India’s access to hydrocarbons (gas and oil)and uranium of the energy rich Member countries of
Central Asia
- Provide an alternate to highly unstable West Asia.
- SCO may also serve as guarantor for projects such as the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI)
and Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) pipelines.
l Increase in Connectivity and Trade:
- Promote India’s economic integration with the Central Asian republics, in line with India’s “Connect Central
Asia” policy.
- Expedite India’s accession to Ashgabhat Agreement to promote connectivity with Central Asian and Persian
Gulf countries
- Iran’s observer status will ensure the SCO serves as a platform for India to discuss trade through the Iranian
ports of Bandar Abbas and Chabahar, and link them to International North-South Transport Corridor
(INSTC) (connecting India with Russia, Iran, Europe and Central Asia) thus, circumventing geographical
deadlock created by Pakistan.
l Regional Security:
- India could gain from SCO’s Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) eg. Intelligence sharing on terror
outfits, drug-trafficking, cyber security etc.
- Key role in stabilizing Afghanistan post international troop pullout and in talks with the Taliban.
- Participation in SCO’s counter-terror exercises and Joint military drills could be beneficial to the Indian
armed forces.
l Effective diplomatic platform:
- SCO meetings will serve to be an effective platform to strengthen bilateral talks and cooperation with other
Central Asian member countries.
- It provides another venue for engagement with China and Pakistan, building up trust through cooperation.
- SCO might provide a rare opportunity for the militaries of Pakistan and India to form convergence on anti-
terrorism structure and military exercises.
l Balance in India’s relations: SCO is an important counter-balance to India’s perceived tilt towards the U.S. and
its allies on security issues. Thus, being a member of SCO will provide a platform for better economic and security
ties with Russia and Central Asian countries as well.

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Challenges:
l China-Pakistan relations: China is an ally to Pakistan which is a major concern for India’s security issues relating
to terrorism, separatism and extremism. . For eg. China’s opposition to enlisting Masood Azhar on UN Sanction
list.
l Rivalry among Members: Since all SCO decisions are taken by consensus, addition of two rival countries (India
& Pakistan) could create deadlock and make this group defunct.
l Dominance of China: China is a leading economic and political power of the region, thus, serves as a machinery
to fulfil China’s personal interests like OBOR project, AIIB Bank etc.
l Perception of group as working against Western countries: SCO is often perceived as counter to NATO or
other western countries grouping. This fear has become more important with increasing closeness between China
and Russia.
l China’s demand for membership to SAARC: After India’s entry as full member in SCO, India may not be able
to resist China’s entry into SAARC, which can transform this development oriented group to political group.
Way Forward
India’s limited immediate benefits of joining SCO will be more than compensated for by improved diplomatic access
to Central Asia.
l To raise its standing in the SCO in a more meaningful way, India should rope in one or more SCO countries,
preferably Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, in its effort to project Chabahar as India’s gateway to Eurasia.
l India’s should move towards an early conclusion of a Free Trade Agreement with the Eurasian Economic Union
which will be an added advantage to make SCO partnership more fruitful
l India should use the SCO for building better convergences with China and Russia and to minimise China-
Pakistan alignment, which actually undercuts India’s direct access to Eurasia
l Given the trilateral competition between the US, Russia and China in Central Asia, India will have to carefully
navigate its foreign policy path to suit its own national interests
l India must continue to increase its economic footprint in the region by contributing to fields like healthcare,
agriculture, space, information and technology etc.
l In the meantime, it should seek to benefit from maintaining a regional presence, tracking regional trends in security,
energy, trade, connectivity and cultural interests
Thus, India’s membership to SCO offers opportunities as well as challenges to it. Sustained engagement between India
and China-Pakistan, speedy implementation of connectivity projects like North-South corridors, energy cooperation
etc might help in emergence of SCO as catalyst for making this century as Asia’s Century.
14. The global fulcrum of power is fast shifting from Atlantic – Pacific to Indo-Pacific. Examine the reasons for
such a shift. What steps have been taken by India to deal with this newly emerging regional scenario? 12½
Approach:
l Briefly define the Indo Pacific region and its geographical extent
l Give reasons for the recent strategic shift in the global nerve centre from Atlantic – Pacific to Indo-Pacific
l List out steps taken by India to respond to this changing global dynamics
l Conclude, giving a way forward.
Answer:
The Indo Pacific region refers to maritime space stretching from the littorals of East Africa and West Asia, across
the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean, to the littorals of East Asia.

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In the recent times, Indo Pacific has replaced the Atlantic-Pacific as the nerve centre of economic, political, security and
diplomatic interactions, making it a strategically significant and a highly dynamic region. Reasons for such a shift are:
l High growth potential: As US and EU economies slow down, it is estimated that by 2050, half of the world’s top
20 economies will be in the Indo-Pacific. It houses many of the world’s biggest economies and largest markets
– India, China, Indonesia, Philippine, Singapore etc.
l Resource rich zone: for eg. oil and natural gas, sea bed minerals, fisheries, etc.especially around South China
Sea, Persian gulf, and Indian ocean
l Freedom of navigation and sea lanes of communication – It consists of important choke points – Bab al
Mandeb, Gulf of Aden, Suez Canal, Cape of Good Hope, Malacca Strait, Sunda Strait Australia etc. 66% of oil
trade and 55% of cargo passes through these routes
l Biggest trade blocks: TPP, RCEP, and China led ‘Silk Road’ initiatives, etc. have set the stage for one of the
largest ‘ trade blocks’ ever in this region
l China’s assertiveness in South China Sea and US Asia pivot: Indo Pacific region, thus, is fast becoming the
fulcrum of international politics. This poses a strategic threat to India and other littorals in the region.
l Maritime and other Security challenges: For eg. flash points in the South China Sea, Korean Peninsula, border
clashes, Taiwan issue, the Somali pirate threats, terrorism, disasters, arms and drugs smuggling etc.
l Most militarised region of the world: with 7 of the world largest standing armies in this region, Indo Pacific has
potential to create strategic competition and instability.
l Climate Change: The low lying island States and the coastal area of tropical waters are highly susceptible to
climate change impact
Steps taken by India

Indo-Pacific has also acquired much significance in India’s foreign policy, which is reflected through India’s policy
initiatives in terms of ‘Act east’ and ‘extended neighbourhood’:
l Increased defence cooperation with littoral states: through joint military exercises, intelligence and technology
sharing, strengthening naval co-operation with Oman, Japan, Australia, Singapore, and U.S. This allows India’s
presence from the Persian Gulf to the Straits of Malacca.
l Military modernization: revolutionising its defence procurement by acquisition and construction of aircraft
carriers, nuclear submarine and fleet tankers
l Economic and diplomatic cooperation: Prime Minister’s visits covered major countries like Australia, Japan,
China, Fiji, thus, underlining India commitment to forge strong partnership in this area and play a stabilizing role.
l Active use of bilateral and multilateral forum and regional groupings: eg. FIPIC, IORA, BIMSTEC, EAS,
ASEAN, Act East policy, SAARC, Indo African forum etc. India is also aspiring to become a member of APEC.
l Projection of Soft power: for eg. people to people contact, educational and cultural cooperation, etc.
l Countering China’s influence in IOR: by increasing engagement with west Pacific nations. China’s OBOR
policy aims to connect many littoral states in Indo Pacific, but many oceanic countries have been neglected so
far. This is India’s window of opportunity.
l Strengthen stand on freedom of navigation and maritime security: with other countries, especially as India
intends to emerge as the net provider of security in this region
l Cooperation and common stand on Climate Change
In this theatre of competing national interests it is India that holds an integral role in creating a conducive regional
building process. India should use this rare opportunity to proactively construct a space that focuses on mutually
beneficial economic engagement, peace and security, thereby getting out of the straitjacket of being a ‘mere’ South
Asian power to become a ‘real’ Global power.

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15. Despite ‘Connectivity’ being at the heart of Indian foreign policy, India has decided to remain outside the ‘One
Belt One Road’ initiative. Critically analyse the implications of India’s stand on China-led OBOR initiative?
Suggest the way forward for India. 12½
Approach
l Introduce briefly about OBOR Project and why connectivity is essential for India.
l Write in brief why India has decided to remain outside the OBOR project.
l Explain the implications of India's stand, both positive and negative.
l Suggest the way forward for India.
Answer:
OBOR (One Belt One Road) initiative is a network of transport and economic corridors across Asia and Europe, with
China as the nodal point and two key components; the Silk Road Economic Belt and Maritime Silk Road.
India also aims to ensure connectivity, especially across the Indian Ocean region, Trans-Himalayan and Asia Pacific.
The primary motive is to utilize the trade and economic potential of Central Asia, SE Asia, West Asia, Africa, etc.
However, India has decided against becoming a partner of this initiative and refrained from attending the recently held
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Forum in China
Positive implications for India:

l Sovereignty concerns: The China Pakistan Economic corridor component of OBOR passes through Gilgit Baltistan,
a disputed territory occupied by Pakistan. Non Participation sends a strong message to China that sovereignty of
India cannot be compromised.
l Risk of Debt Trap: India can avoid a Debt Trap that may potentially result due to failure of the project to generate
economic profits. For e.g. Hambantota Port in Sri Lanka, where China wants a 90-year lease on a vast acreage to
develop an industrial zone, in lieu of Sri Lanka's inability to pay returns on debt
l Leveraging Non participation: India can use OBOR participation as a deft diplomatic tool to leverage resolution
of other outstanding issues such as border demarcation, access to Chinese markets, etc.
Negative implications for India:

l Increased Isolation: India’s non-participation would lead to isolation and loss of clout at the regional level.
Except Bhutan and Japan, all other close allies have shown interest in this project. It already has contracts of over
$1 trillion, covering over 60 countries.
l Threat to Energy Security: India may lose out on an opportunity to exploit the connectivity corridors to Central
Asia for securing energy supplies. Even the Chabahar project is not moving with required pace.
l Strengthening Sino Pak Axis: absence of India from OBOR initiative will lead to greater cooperation between
China and Pakistan, who may act to ‘box’ India within S. Asia, cutting its access to C. Asia, W. Asia and Europe.
There are National Security implications are well.
l Economic growth: India may miss out on the opportunity provided by OBOR to enhance its economic growth,
especially the North East. India could utilize China’s experience and financial resources in developing infrastructure
projects.
Way Forward:
l Boosting internal connectivity: To gain the advantages of any external project India should expedite its internal
infrastructure projects like Dedicated Freight Corridor, DMIC, Bharatmala, Sagarmala etc.
l Engagement with neighbors: India should expedite projects like Kaladan project, Chabahar port, Project Mausam,
Trilateral Highway project etc. to increase trade, economic and cultural relations.

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l Soft Culture: India through its soft culture like assistance during emergencies, cultural interactions, educational
and sports cooperation should build people to people bonding. This can counter China’s ‘commercially linked’
relations
l Collaboration with Japan: Japan has started its own Belt and Road initiative named as “Partnership for Quality
Infrastructure” which would cover Indo-Pacific and Eurasian regions. Japan has also invested around $150 billion
for this project.
l Use of other platforms to flag concerns: The Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the BRICS Development
Bank and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), all started by China could be a good platform to raise
India’s concerns on OBOR
India aspires for a friendly, well connected, and economically thriving neighbourhood. But looking at the security
concerns, it cannot afford to play a second fiddle to China. Thus, if China intends to bring India on board the OBOR
initiative, then key concerns of India needs to be addressed to bridge the trust deficit. At the same time India should
also be open for a dialogue. Only then this historical project could succeed benefiting everyone.
16. The Government’s decision to revive NATGRID (National Intelligence Grid) is a welcome move in the fight
against terrorism, but it calls for caution and nuanced planning. Critically examine. 12½
Approach:
l Briefly mention about NatGrid and it objectives
l Bring out its advantages as a significant intelligence reform
l Highlight various challenges in establishment/revival of NatGrid in India
l Suggest a way forward, emphasizing the caution and planning required in setting up of NatGrid.
Answer:
NatGrid is a framework which uses Information Technology to connect various Security and Law enforcement
agencies with data providers like airlines, banks, SEBI, railways, telecom etc., with a view to enhance the country’s
counter terrorism capability.
It is believed to be a significant intelligence reform, undertaken in the wake of the Mumbai attacks in 2008, as it can
help in:
l Providing a National level database with consolidation and analysis of sensitive information from different sources
l Overcoming the handicap of security agencies for the want of data due inefficient and insufficient policing wing
in the country.
l Increasing efficiency of security agencies as no time will be consumed in coordinating with police of different
states.
l Crackdown on terrorist locations, camps and sleeper cells;
l Tracking and Preventing any imminent terror attack;
l Checking online radicalization of youth;
l Cracking financing of terrorists by identifying sources of funding.
However, the project is facing following challenges:

l Privacy Concerns: Governments use communication surveillance, biometrics data, and other such invasive
methods to prevent crime.There is poor track record of Indian security and intelligence agencies on individual
privacy and liberty. Eg. Concerns over possible integration of Adhaar with NatGrid
l Security Concerns: Major data breaches and hacking may lead to leakage of confidential personal information
in absence of effective database and cyber security.
l Tussle among various agencies: like Intelligence Bureau, Investigation Agency, CBI, state security agencies etc.

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l Lack of adequate police force: To feed in first bit of data and keep it updated will put a lot of manual work load
on police and will also require a technologically advanced team of police, which is already insufficient.
l Infrastructural Loopholes: The highly advanced and sensitive technology is required for success of this
framework. Lack of proper infrastructure and connectivity throughout the country is a matter of concern.
l Leadership: Debate over the nature of the leader as some section of experts want the head to be a technical expert,
whereas the other want it from bureaucracy.
l Political Opposition: The opposition parties are also not supporting it as they believe that NatGrid can be misused
by party in power against the political rivals.
l Ineffective State level coordination: No state agency or police force has access to this database, reducing its
effectiveness.
l International Terrorism: This framework only deals with the home grown problem and not international terrorists.
Porous international borders provide an easy slip out, and require cooperation with the concerned country, making
the fugitives difficult to tab through such a database.
l Lack of Public awareness: The NatGrid system has not been discussed meaningfully with the public, and no
efforts have been made to explain what are the safeguards to prevent its misuse
Way Forward:
Large-scale, unfettered government surveillance with weak safeguards can be dangerous. Thus, adequate caution and
nuanced planning is imperative
l Center-State coordination: Terrorism is not a subject matter of one state alone. Thus, to fight against terrorism
center- state and interstate coordination and cooperation is a must for better flow of information.
l Formulation of detailed SOPs: Detailed SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) should be formulated and their
violation should be punishable by law.
l Cyber security: Since, NatGrid is based on “Big Data Analytics” and a digitally operated system, thus, cyber
security assumes immense significance
l Leadership: A proper framework should be established to avoid any conflict among different security agencies
for leadership or hindrance to proper functioning of the system.
l Capacity Building: Adequate training of personnel, adequate human and financial resources should be provided
with so that NatGrid can give best of its performance.
l Accountability: The NatGrid should be made accountable to Parliament through annual report system.
l Checking political abuses: Politicization of the system should be checked at different levels as it will defeat the
core motive of the system.
Thus, adequate safeguards and deliberation among all stakeholders must precede the establishment of NatGrid to
effectively tackle the menace of terrorism in India. Further, a clear leadership, capacity building, center-state coordination
and political maturity are required for its effective functioning.
17. In view of the recent ATM security breach, evaluate India’s preparedness to become a complete digital
economy. What measures would you suggest to strengthen cyber security infrastructure in India? 12½
Approach:
l Briefly explain the meaning of digital economy, linking it with crucial role of the banking system in securing it
l Mention how the recent ATM security breach raises concerns over security of financial/digital transactions
l Evaluate India’s preparedness in becoming a digital economy, giving both pros and cons
l Suggest the measures to strengthen cyber security infrastructure in India.
l Conclude appropriately.

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Answer:
The exponential growth in digitization and internet connectivity has resulted in digital transformation of global economy.
Digital economy refers to the economic activity resulting from billions of everyday online connections among people,
businesses, devices, data, and processes.
Indian government, especially post demonetization, has also been encouraging cashless transactions in order to transform
India into a complete digital economy, with the banking system forming its strategic core.
However, the recent unprecedented ATM security breach,inflicting several public and private sector banks, has
exposed the vulnerability of the Indian banking system to the threat of cyber attacks and digital frauds.
Evaluation of India’s preparedness to become a complete digital economy:
Factors that impede the transition to a digital economy

l Hard infrastructural lacunas such as lack of power, low internet penetration, spectrum shortage, inadequate public
internet access points (Kioks, CSCs), ATMs, etc.
l High incidence of scams acts as deterrence in adoption of digital modes of payments.
l Absence of robust regulatory regime eg. inadequate cyber laws and privacy laws, poor law enforcement capabilities,
untrained police force and judicial officers etc.
l Lack of interoperability between various digital payment services as Payment settlement act 2007 does not permit
cross digital platform transactions.
l Socio-cultural affinity towards cash and behavioural inertia among the people in switching to cashless
transactions for eg. only 2% of the volume of economic transactions in India are cashless
l Poor education levels leads to poor financial and digital literacy.
l Lack of Point of sale devices due to high Merchant Discount rates which hurt profit margins of businesses.
l KYC norms area roadblock for acceptance by the informal sector, which is largely cash based.
Factors facilitating a move towards becoming a complete digital economy

At Government Level:
l Cyber security policy, 2013 was formulated to articulate the government’s vision with respect to cyber security.
l Government has created the position of the National Cyber Security Coordinator in 2014.
l Formation of Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) as a nodal agency for responding to
computer security incidents.
l Mission mode implementation of JAM trinity ie. Jandhan, Aadhar, and Mobile.
l Government initiatives like Digital India, Bharatnet Programme, GSTN, digital wallets and payments (BHIM,
AEPS, etc.)
l Setting up of Ratan Wattal Committee on Digital Payment
l Bharat QR code has been developed by NPCI to ensure interoperability
l In Budget 2017-18, Payment regulator board has been setup under the RBI to regulate digital payments
l Pay.gov.in is being envisaged as an Amazon for government products.

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At Banks’ Level:
l Various banks such as ICICI bank, YES bank, Axis bank have started moving towards adopting new secured
technologies (block chain) to prevent data breach in financial transactions.
Measures to improve India’s preparedness to become a digital economy
1. Ratan Watal l Relaxation of KYC norms for point of sale devices to ensure incorporation by
Committee informal sector.
l Service tax exemptions on digital services to ensure viability of adoption of
digital payments.
l Separate regulator for Digital transactions
l Rs 1 lakh crore saved from subsidies leakages due to DBT must be placed in
a separate DIPYAN fund to promote digital transactions.
l Carrot and stick approach to promote use of digital transactions. This includes
lotteries and upper limits on Cash
2 Chandrababu Naidu l 0% Merchant discount rate (MDR) for government bodies
Committee l Subsidies on smart phones and biometric devices
l Development of UPI
Measures to strengthen cyber security infrastructure in India:

Based on the recommendations of Gulshan Rai committee and Standing Committee on Information Technology
to strengthen the cyber security infrastructure, following measures should be taken:
l Establishment of protection centre: Government should focus on establishing a National Critical Information
Infrastructure Protection Centre to tackle cyber-attacks.
l Single centralised body: In order to have better regulation and non-overlapping responsibilities, there is need to
form single centralised body to monitor cyber related crime. Also, in each state, district, and blocks, cyber-crime
cells should be constituted and connected to a centralised system.
l International Standards Organisation certification: Government organisations should obtain the appropriate
certification for best practices related to information security.
l Capacity Building: To develop the capable human resources, extensive training programmes should be conducted.
This will help in building security experts and skilled Information Technology (IT) personnel in the country.
l Research and development: There is a need for innovative research and development to enhance security of
cyber space. More funds should be allocated for the development of key, strategic technologies.
l Website hosting: Internet servers for critical sectors should be hosted within the country to ensure security For
eg. the NSA snooping scandal exposes vulnerability of foreign based servers to get compromised.
l Periodic revision of domestic laws such as Information Technology Act, 2000 and National Cyber Security
Policy, 2013 should be done to meet the changing demands of the time.
l Public awareness: Need to create awareness among citizens to help them secure their sensitive data and prevent
misuse of the information in future
Thus, as India prepares itself for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, there must be concerted efforts to build up a robust
digital ecosystem based on world class digital infrastructure and impregnable cyber security.

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18. The advent of new technologies has opened a Pandora box of security challenges, thus, necessitating an
overhaul of the internal security structure. Discuss in the context of the rising internal security challenges in
India. Suggest some innovative measures on tackling these threats. 12½
Approach:
l Briefly mention how technological revolution has revolutionised communication technologies and social media
platforms
l Illustrate how new technologies have created new internal security challenges, highlighting the need for a complete
overhaul of internal security structure
l Discuss the innovative reform measures to effectively respond to modern day internal security challenges
l Conclude accordingly
Answer:
The 21st century is the age of technological revolution. The revolution in communication technologies and internet has
allowed people to rapidly disseminate their ideas via the social media, and to experience faster mobility via devices
like the GPS, among other things.
However, these new age technologies have equally affected the realm of internal security giving rise to varied
challenges such as:
l Use of communication technologies like social media for propaganda, mobilisation and recruitment. For eg.
Recruitment by extremist organisations like ISIS, use of social media to create political alienation by terrorists in
Kashmir etc.
l Use of GPS and encrypted communication to plan and coordinate cross border terror attacks. For eg. During Uri
and Pathankot attacks, GPS was used to infiltrate from blind spots of Border security agencies
l Use of digital transactions to raise finances for terror and to launder money. Eg: use of share markets by SIMI to
raise finances, use of Bitcoins for buying arms by terror groups etc
l Use of IED in Maoist areas with attacks coordinated using mobile and satellite phones.
l Cyber-attack is an emerging threat that can potentially target critical infrastructure like power transmission,
banking, nuclear installations etc. India has witnessed 3rd highest number of cyber-attacks in the world.
l Lone wolf attacks by self-radicalised individuals using sources on the widely unregulated internet. For eg. In
Paris, Bangladesh, Australia, UK etc.
Solutions to the menace lies not only investing in better surveillance and monitoring technologies but also improving
the core areas of law and order. Following measures can be taken:
l Implementation of Policing reforms: Amendment of Police Act, improving per capita ratio of police, separation
of Law and Order and Investigative functions, independent bodies for recruitment, transfer and performance
appraisal of police personnel
l Capacity building & Technological Solutions:
- Training on intelligence gathering, weapons, forensics, cyber crimes, sensitivity training etc.
- Establishment of Special cyber security forces, cyber forensic training labs, and cyber cells – eg. CERT-In
- Use of Big data analytics to identify radicalised individuals (used by the Hyderabad police to identify ISIS
terrorists in UP)
- Secured borders by plugging gaps arising out of rivulets and geographical features by using motion detectors,
infrared imagery.
- Counter narrative in social media as well as regulation of extremist content in partnership with social media
companies like Facebook, You tube etc.
- Improvement in local intelligence by recruitment of police personnel from the alienated communities like
Kashmiris and Tribals in LWE areas. (Recently CRPF has raised a locally recruited Bastar battalion)

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l Inter-Agency and Inter-governmental Coordination: Coordination not only among agencies like CBI, Police,
NIA, Para-military force but also between Center and State forces. An early consensus on NCTC and NatGrid is
the need of the hour
l Fostering better Police-Community relations:
- Community policing for better identification of threats and intelligence gathering.
- Generation of public awareness against fake news disseminated via social media
- De radicalisation of youths, and others, by involving local community and religious leaders.
l Grievance Redressal and Accountability: There should proper institutions and procedures to deal with grievances
against police like encounters, use of force, gender abuses etc.
l Criminal Justice Reforms: the success of internal security structure reforms is directly linked with the overall
reform of criminal justice system like speedy and cost effective trials, effective prosecution, high conviction rate,
prison reforms etc.
Today’s insurgents are not just armed with Kalashnikovs and a hand book of extremist ideology, but also with latest
gadgets and the ability to use new age technologies to propagate their beliefs. Thus, a solution to these newly emerging
internal security challenges lies not only investing in sophisticated technologies but also in piloting a complete overhaul
of internal security structure
19. What is a National Security Doctrine? In the wake of the recent terrorist attacks in India, discuss the need
to evolve India’s National Security Doctrine and the challenges therein. 12½
Approach:
l Introduce by explaining the meaning of National Security Doctrine.
l Explain the need to evolve the National Security Doctrine in India.
l Discuss the challenges in its formulation.
l Conclude appropriately.
Answer:
National Security Doctrine (NSD) is a stated principle of government policy which specifies the country’s vision,
objectives and broad framework of the action to be taken to ensure the security of its people and territory against all
kinds of crises.
NSD encompasses the totality of a particular country’s military, diplomatic, economic and social policies that will
protect and promote country’s national security interests. It helps the government to identify and prioritize the
country’s geopolitical interests.
However, despite being affected by various terrorist attacks, India does not have any such ‘doctrine’ yet.
Most recently, the uncoordinated nature of the response to the Pathankot attacks has raised the debate of formulating
National Security Doctrine in India.
Need for a National Security Doctrine (NSD)

l India has seen crisis after crisis resulting from militancy, insurgency, terrorist attacks, unsettled border disputes
etc. For eg. terrorist attack on Pathankot air base, Uri attack, 26/11 Mumbai blasts, insurgency in the Northeast
etc. NSD would help India move from the current ‘adhoc responses’ to more practical and proactive approach
in dealing with these security challenges
l National Security is a subject in the Union List (7th schedule) of the Indian Constitution. This entry puts the
constitutional obligation, on the government, to ensure the national security of its people.
l India is criticised as a country lacking a strategic mindset, a National Security doctrine would define the goals of
our national security, thus, inculcating a strategic culture.

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l It will help in defining India’s role in the world and its commitment to protecting the life, liberty and interests
of its people.
l It will also help in formulating a credible deterrent and effective response to non-state actors
l NSD will seek to eliminate the opacity in the functioning of Intelligence agencies by ensuring a credible external
audit and a cohesive command and control structure. For eg. Lack of clarity on command and control structure
resulted in failure to quickly neutralise the terrorist in Pathankot attack.
l It will help in maintaining consistency in country’s national security policy irrespective of which political party
is in government.
l As India’s needs and interests grow, India would have to protect its assets in far off parts of the world. NSD
will provide a clear vision to ensure this.
Challenges:
l Building consensus among all security agencies: As was seen during Pathankot attack, there is no established
hierarchy among security agencies. Hence it will be difficult to build the consensus among them.
l Political consensus: Similarly, it is difficult to build consensus among different political parties. For example,
there is no consensus on how to treat challenges from Pakistan and China.
l Changing geo-political realities: In recent years, it is seen that geo-political realities are changing at much
faster rate compare to past. With change in regime, political alliances and alignment of the countries also change.
Considering this, it is difficult to formulate NSD.
Despite these challenges,the immediate requirement for the government is to put together a National Security Doctrine
that should have political consensus, is publicly transparent and should reflect the complex challenges facing the
country. The doctrine must be accompanied by a national security strategy so that emerging and existing security
challenges can be aptly handled.
20. To tackle the problem of terror, it is important that the world must speak in one voice and act in unison against
terrorism. With reference to the given statement, discuss the importance of Comprehensive Convention on
International Terrorism. Highlight the challenges in its implementation. 12½
Approach:
l Introduce by writing about the importance of tackling the problem of terror at international level.
l Highlight the importance of Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism.
l Discuss the challenges in its implementation.
l Conclude by suggesting the measures to implement the convention.
Answer:
Terrorism is becoming an endemic across the World, aided by new age technologies, especially in communication.
There is rise in the number of attacks by more than 25% every year. Its Global character is reflected in the terrorist
attacks in Paris, Brussels, UK, Australia, Bangladesh, and in India (Pathankot and Uri attack). Hence, in order to tackle
terrorism, it is imperative that world speaks in one voice and act collaboratively against it.
To deal with the unique challenges of terrorism, there is an urgent need to restructure the international legal framework.
Adoption of Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) is an important step in this direction:
Importance of CCIT:
CCIT is a draft proposed by India, in 1996 that is yet to be adopted by the UN general assembly. Adoption of CCIT
will help in following ways:
l Facilitate arriving at a universally accepted definition of terrorism.
l Clarity of definition of terrorism will help in delinking terror and religion.

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l It will ensure criminalization of all forms of international terrorism, without differentiating between good or bad
terrorists.
l It will deny terrorists, their financiers, and supporters access to funds, arms, and safe havens. It will curb
and criminalize terror financing.
l It will impose legal obligation on the signatory countries to control terrorist activities within their countries.
Hence, controlling state sponsored terrorism.
l It will also be helpful in prosecuting all terrorists under special, internationally accepted laws.
l It will make cross-border terrorism an extraditable offence worldwide, making it easier to extradite terrorists
from the sheltering countries.
l It will enable identification and isolation of those who support and sponsor terrorism, and at the same time,
furthering support to those in fight against terrorism
l It will help in international cooperation in intelligence gathering and sharing.
Challenges in implementation of CCIT

Despite its noble objective, CCIT has been opposed by a few countries on various grounds. Some of the challenges
in its implementation are as follows:
l US and its allies: Concerns have been raised over the definition of terrorism. The U.S. has been worried about
the application of the CCIT to its own military forces especially with regard to interventions in Afghanistan and
Iraq.
l Latin American countries: Latin American countries have raised their concern over international humanitarian
laws as they fear that it will affect the implementation of their domestic laws.
l Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) countries: The OIC countries feel that the convention will be used
to target Pakistan and will restrict the rights of self-determination groups in Palestine, Kashmir and elsewhere in
the world.
Way Forward
Hence, to accommodate concerns of the countries, following changes should be incorporated in the draft:
l Draft should clarify that “the activities of armed forces during an armed conflict” will not be governed by
the present convention.
l The word “peoples” should be inserted when speaking of rights, in order to “acknowledge the right of self-
determination”.
l Efforts should be made for creation of Informal groupings of like minded countries for issuing sanctions against
terror financing nations.
Adoption of CCIT is in the favour of the whole humanity and to save the world from the threat of terrorism. World
leaders should demonstrate their proactiveness in early adoption of CCIT and try to resolve the areas of concern with
constructive discussion and debates.

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CHANAKYA MAINS TEST SERIES (CMTS)-2017

(World History, International Relations and Security)

Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017 |2|

Why did it begin in Italy?

|3| Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017

Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017 |4|

|5| Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017

Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017 |6|

|7| Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017

Major reasons for the failure of peace treaties included:

Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017 |8|

|9| Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017

Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017 | 10 |

Feature Marxist idea Russian Socialism

| 11 | Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017

Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017 | 12 |

These bodies have been criticized on following grounds:

Need for New Development Bank

| 13 | Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017

Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017 | 14 |

BIMSTEC as an alternate to SAARC

However, BIMSTEC also faces certain challenges

| 15 | Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017

Importance of India-Israel Ties:

Road Blocks in growing relationships:

Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017 | 16 |

Opportunities for India:

| 17 | Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017

Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017 | 18 |

Steps taken by India

| 19 | Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017

Positive implications for India:

Negative implications for India:

Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017 | 20 |

However, the project is facing following challenges:

| 21 | Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017

Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017 | 22 |

Evaluation of India’s preparedness to become a complete digital economy:

Factors that impede the transition to a digital economy

Factors facilitating a move towards becoming a complete digital economy

| 23 | Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017

Measures to improve India’s preparedness to become a digital economy

Measures to strengthen cyber security infrastructure in India:

Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017 | 24 |

| 25 | Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017

Need for a National Security Doctrine (NSD)

Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017 | 26 |

| 27 | Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017

Challenges in implementation of CCIT

Chanakya Mains Test Series (CMTS) - 2017 | 28 |

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