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    Caving S

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    Nehomar Jose Brito Guerra
    Cavings analysis provides information about wellbore failure modes and necessary remedial actions. There are generally three types of cavings: angular, tabular, and splintery. Angular cavings result from shear failure and borehole breakouts. Tabular cavings fail along weak bedding planes or fractures. Splintery cavings occur from tensile spalling due to high penetration rates or low mud weights. Remedial actions include raising mud weight, improving hole cleaning, reducing surge/swab, and lowering penetration rates.

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    Caving S

    Uploaded by

    Nehomar Jose Brito Guerra
    153 views19 pages
    Cavings analysis provides information about wellbore failure modes and necessary remedial actions. There are generally three types of cavings: angular, tabular, and splintery. Angular cavings result from shear failure and borehole breakouts. Tabular cavings fail along weak bedding planes or fractures. Splintery cavings occur from tensile spalling due to high penetration rates or low mud weights. Remedial actions include raising mud weight, improving hole cleaning, reducing surge/swab, and lowering penetration rates.

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    Cavings analysis provides information about wellbore failure modes and necessary remedial actions. There are generally three types of cavings: angular, tabular, and splintery. Angular cavings result from shear failure and borehole breakouts. Tabular cavings fail along weak bedding planes or fractures. Splintery cavings occur from tensile spalling due to high penetration rates or low mud weights. Remedial actions include raising mud weight, improving hole cleaning, reducing surge/swab, and lowering penetration rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    153 views19 pages

    Caving S

    Uploaded by

    Nehomar Jose Brito Guerra
    Cavings analysis provides information about wellbore failure modes and necessary remedial actions. There are generally three types of cavings: angular, tabular, and splintery. Angular cavings result from shear failure and borehole breakouts. Tabular cavings fail along weak bedding planes or fractures. Splintery cavings occur from tensile spalling due to high penetration rates or low mud weights. Remedial actions include raising mud weight, improving hole cleaning, reducing surge/swab, and lowering penetration rates.

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    Cavings analysis provides information on wellbore failure mode, need for improved cleaning, and necessary remedial actions. The document describes three main types of cavings - angular, tabular, and splintery - and how to identify each type.

    The three main types of cavings are angular, tabular, and splintery.

    Tabular cavings are typically formed from failures along weak bedding planes or cleavages in pre-existing fracture/joint sets.

    Caving Analysis

    Introduction

    Cavings Analysis Provides Information on:


    • the mode of wellbore failure
    • the need to improve wellbore cleaning
    • necessary remedial actions

    General Features:
    •Cavings are distinguished from regular cuttings by not having bit marks
    •Typical cavings are 1 to 5 cm in size, but can range from 1mm to 10cm
    •Small “coffee – ground cavings” are usually an indication of very soft rocks, for
    example, water disintegrated shale or chalk
    •Large blocky caving are most likely to have fallen in from pre-existing natural
    fracture/joint sets in relatively hard rock, or a rubble zone near to a fault or diapir

    Cavings are generally of three main types:


    • Angular
    • Tabular
    • Splintery
    Angular:
    • Characterized by the presence of conjugate shear
    surfaces – curved, rough/gouged surfaces
    intersecting each other at acute angles
    • Produced from rock shear failure. When the sheared
    surfaces are fresh, they are from borehole breakouts
    – drilling-induced near-wellbore shear failure
    • When the sheared surfaces are old, the cavings are
    most likely come from a rubble zone
    • UBI/FMI logs will see symmetric failures on both
    sides of the borehole wall in this case
    Angular Cavings from Chirag A15 (2740m)

    Borehole wall

    Sheared surfaces Sheared surfaces


    UBI Logs Interpreted Borehole Breakout

    An example of UBI image of


    borehole breakout where angular
    caving are produced
    Tabular:
    • Characterized by having one or more flat and
    smooth surfaces; parallel surfaces are common
    • Typically from failures along weak bedding planes,
    or cleavages in pre-existing fracture/joint sets
    • UBI/FMI logs show failures are much more
    pronounced on one side of the borehole
    Mungo P2 & P8 Tabular Cavings

    Preexisting cleavages in nature fracture/joint sets

    Bedding planes
    Irregular Hole Geometry Seen by UBI Logs

    (c) prediction

    (b) Log interpretation


    (a) UBI log
    Example 1: Comparison of UBI log interpreted and geomechanics enlarged breakout
    model predicted irregular breakout due to anisotropic rock strength

    Example 2 : UBI log interpreted asymmetric breakout


    due to failure along preexisting fracture/joint sets
    Regular breakout
    Splintery:
    • Characterized by long, thin morphologies with fresh plume
    structure – a key feature of tensile splitting in rocks
    • Typically from near wellbore tensile spalling in the radial
    direction – due to drilling too fast through low permeability
    shale, or because the mud weight is lower than the pore
    pressure in the adjacent formation
    • Failure should be evenly distributed around the borehole
    in homogeneous formations, but could show preferential
    enlargement where tectonic or unequal stresses occur
    Splintery Cavings from Chirag A15 (2350- 2360m)

    Top view

    Chirag A15
    2350 – 2360m

    Side view
    A Plume Structure

    Look for this pattern on one or more faces of the splintery


    cavings for the proof of tensile failure
    Remedial Actions
    For angular caving:
    • Raise mud weight if pore/frac window allows
    • Manage hole cleaning if no extra mud weight window
    available
    • Optimize well trajectory in future wells
    For tabular caving:
    • Minimize fluid loss
    • Reduce surge, swab forces and drill string vibration
    • Avoid back reaming
    For splintery caving:
    • Increase mud weight
    • Reduce penetration rate
    Regular Cuttings at Shallow Depth

    Regular cuttings (Chirag 1300m)


    Regular Cuttings at Greater Depth

    Regular cuttings (Chirag 2180m)


    Top View of Chirag Cavings Collection

    splintery

    Angular

    Chirag A15 (2400m), top view


    Oblique View of Chirag Caving Collection

    Chirag A15 (2400m), oblique view


    Typical Tabular Cavings from Preexisting
    Plane of Weakness (Mungo P2)
    Typical angular caving from a rubble zone near a fault, angles
    have been eroded due to prolonged stay in the borehole
    (Amberjack GB /A32)
    Mixed Cavings from West Bison

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