Application of Spices in Dentistry- A

Literature Review
Jyotsna Srinath 1, Lakshmi. T*2

1. CRRI, BDS, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Chennai

2. Reader, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai

Corresponding Author: Lakshmi. T, Reader, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental

College, Chennai E-mail: [email protected]
Date of Submission: 16-02-2014 Date of Acceptance: 25-02-2014 Conflict of Interest: NIL
Source of Support: NONE
Copyright: IJDDR
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Abstract

Diseases of the oral cavity are very prevalent; they can occur in the young and the old and carries
no gender prelidiction. Commonest oral diseases are dental caries, periodontitis and oral
candidiasis. All these diseases are predominantly caused by micro organisms and their treatment
involves anti microbials. Excessive usage of these drugs can lead to development of resistance
by the microbes and also, these drugs can lead to many unnecessary side effects, like headaches,
GIT disturbances, nausea, vomiting etc. Modern medicine is moving towards researching herbal
remedies for medical treatment, to prevent unnecessary bacterial resistance. Spices are edible
products of plants used to improve the aroma and flavor of food. In the beginning of 20th
century, they were employed in various traditional medicine systems to cure various diseases.
Various studies don on the property of these spices also prove their medicinal properties. This
article reviews the uses of select spices like Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Piper Nigrum,
Eletteria cardamom, Cinnamomum Vernum, Syzygium aromaticum Trigonella foenum graecum,
Myristica fragrans and their applications in dentistry.

Keywords
Spices, dental caries, oral candidiasis, common oral problems, herbal remedies
AIM OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW
The excessive usage of anti microbials is leading to drug resistance of microbes and also many
unwanted side effects in patients. Modern medical research is moving towards natural remedies
for treating common ailments, as the side effects are minimal and the patient is treated in a
holistic way. The aim of this literature review is to list the application of common household
spices and their applications in dentistry.
INTRODUCTION
Oral diseases like dental caries, periodontitis, oral tissue lesions, infections and oral cavity
cancers are major health problems worldwide 1. Oral health influences general quality of life and
poor oral health is linked to systemic conditions. In some countries dental diseases are the fourth
most expensive diseases to treat. The oral cavity is colonized by 750 species of microbes and a
number of these are implicated in oral diseases. 2 Dental caries is an infectious microbiological
disease that results in localized dissolution and destruction of the calcified tissues and the
etiology of dental caries and periodontal diseases has been linked to microbes. Research has
shown that caries is a site specific dietomicrobial disease which requires interaction with host,
substrate and cariogenic bacteria, its primary pathogens are Streptococcus mutans and other non
streptococcus species like Lactobacillus, actinomyces and Veillonella species3. Current
treatment for dental caries is operative which involves removing the decayed tooth structure and
filling it with resin cement. Research is being carried out for preventing dental caries in young
children with topical anti microbial agents.
Oral candidiasis is a condition where the fungus Candida Albicans accumulates in the linings of
the mouth. It can cause a cottony white lesion on the tongue or the inner cheeks. They are painful
lesion and can bleed slightly when scraped. The condition occurs mostly in
immunocompromised individuals. The method of treating candidiasis includes treatment with
Anti fungal drugs, its common side effect include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea.
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by specific
microorganisms or groups of specific microorganisms, leading to destruction of the periodontal
ligament and alveolar bone, Etiology of periodontal diseases are pathogens which include
porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus sp., Tannerella forsythensis, Treponema denticola and
fusobacterium. Given the current trend, emerging resistance to antimicrobial agents used in
dentistry and adverse effects like staining of teeth and restoration has also been reported. Thus
the need to find alternative solutions arises. Finding healing powers from plants is an ancient
idea. Reports of plants used for medicinal purposes dates back to the Bible. Phytochemicals or
biologically active ingredients have been isolated from plants, flower, fruits and even spices.
Spices are dried seeds, fruit, root and bark, flower of plant or herb used in small quantities for
flavor, color or preservative and forms an important part in culinary art to improve the flavor and
aroma of food 4. Traditional systems of medicines like ayurveda employ the use of these spices
to treat various diseases, based on practical experiences passed on from generations. Research
done on the chemicals present in these spices have confirmed their use in medicine5. This paper
reviews the use of Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Piper Nigrum, Eletteria cardamom,
Cinnamomum Vernum, Syzygium aromaticum Trigonella foenum graecum, Myristica fragrans
and their applications in dentistry.
TURMERIC
Botanical name: Curcuma longa Family: Zingeberaceae Active components: curcuminoids,
cyclocurcuminoids, tumerones, essential oils6 Pharmacological actions:
Anti oxidant, Anti inflammatory, anti mutagenic, anti platelet, protects the liver, reduces stiffness
in symptoms of arthritis and tendonitis, inhibits HIV in test tubes, Used to alleviate post surgical
inflammation, Antibacterial, anti parasitic , facilitates process of scabbing in chickenpox, for
treatment of otorrohoea, Treats indigestion7 .
Applications in dentistry:
· Pit and fissure sealants:
A pit is a small pinpoint depression located on the junction of developmental groove and fissures
are deep clefts between adjoining tooth cusps. A pit and fissure sealant is a thin plastic coating
placed on the posterior tooth surface forming a mechanical barrier between tooth and oral
environment. A brand of tinted pit and fissure sealant is produced containing a polymerisable
resin and Annatto extract, turmeric extract, and - Apo-8.-Carotenal8
· Plaque detector:
Periodontal disease is due to bacteria present in dental plaque, dental plaque refers to a
gelatinous mass of bacteria adhering to tooth surface which is invisible to naked eye. They are
stained with plaque staining agents which contains various dyes to determine their exact location.
This dental-plaque detection system includes a dental-plaque staining agent, which contains at
least one selected from yellow pigment of beni-koji, turmeric extracts, and curcumin; and a light-
emitting apparatus, which outputs light having a wavelength within a range of 250 to 500 nm.
The dental-plaque detection method includes application of the plaque detector and irradiating
the oral cavity with light of the same wavelength 9.
· Dental problems:
Turmeric can be used in following ways offer relief from dental problems:
• Rinsing the mouth with turmeric water (boil 5 g of turmeric powder, two cloves, and two dried
leaves of guava in 200 g water) gives instant relief.
• Massaging the aching teeth with roasted, ground turmeric eliminates pain and swelling.
• Applying the powder of burnt turmeric pieces and bishop’s weed seed on teeth and cleaning
them makes the gums and teeth strong10.
• Applying a paste made from 1 tsp of turmeric with ½ tsp of salt and ½ tsp of mustard oil
provides relief from gingivitis and periodontitis. Rub the teeth and gums with this paste twice
daily.
· Studies by Kwang-Hee lee et al show that Curcuma longa essential oil inhibits S.mutans acid
production and growth at concentrations from 0.5 to 4 mg/mL, this oil also inhibited the
adhesion to saliva coated hydroxyl apatite beads at concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/mL11.
· Jeon et al showed that fractions of turmeric separated using methanol extract showed inhibitory
effects on the virulence properties of S. mutans biofilms, such as bacterial adherence,
acidogenicity and aciduricity12
· Curcumin also exhibits phototoxic effects against gram positive and gram negative bacteria,
they can be used for photo dynamic therapy in root canal treatment13
· Studies also show that curcumin inhibits E.fecalis biofilm formation, Showing that it has
potential to be used as an irrigant for root canal treatment 14
GINGER
Botanical name: Zingiber officinale
Family: Zingiberaceae
Active components: Volatile oils, Shogaols, Gingerols, Diarylheptanoids15 Pharmacological
actions:
Anti emetic, to stimulate appetite and improve digestion, analgesic, antipyretic, expectorant, in
treatment of migraines and headaches, piles, cholera, colicky pain16
Applications in Dentistry
· As a sialogogue to promote salivation · For treatment of toothache and gingivitis · Antifungal :
Studies done by Atai et al show that ethanol extract of ginger was effective on Candida albicans
at concentrations of 1:5 , this shows that ginger extracts can be used in treatment of oral
candidiasis17
· Anticancer effect: Studies done by Hsu et al show that a phenolic compound, 6 paradol, showed
a dose dependent cytotoxicity against oral carcinoma cell line with caspase 3 mediated
apoptosis.18
· Roopal V Patel demonstrated that combined extracts of ginger and honey showed maximum
inhibitory concentration against S.mutans and S.aureus and were least effective against
L.acidophillus in comparison with gentamycin, showing , there is a significant synergistic effect
of antimicrobial activity from the combination of ginger and honey, against isolates from carious
teeth.19
· Cinnamon and ginger have excellent antimicrobial activity on the growth of Mutans
streptococci and lactobacilli, but their effects are more on lactobacilli than mutant streptococci.
Cinnamon should be prescribed prior to ginger because it has more antibacterial activity on the
growth on both bacteria types even in small concentration (50mg/ml).20
BLACK PEPPER
Botanical name: Piper Nigrum
Family: Piperaceae
Active components: Volatile oils, Piperine, pinenes, d-limonene, caryophylline21
Pharmacological actions: Improve appetite, cure cold, cough, and dyspnea, diseases of the throat,
intermittent fever, colic, dysentery, worms and piles22
Applications in dentistry
· For treatment of oral abscesses, tooth decay and tooth aches. · Jayashankar et al showed that
brushing with a herbal toothpaste with Piper nigrum, syzyium aromaticum, Zinziber officinale as
one of the major components for a period of 12 weeks ,showed a significant reduction in the
gingival bleeding, oral hygiene and salivary anaerobic bacteria count and overall improvement in
oral hygiene23
Yona Siddhartha et al showed that pepper extracts affected the growth extracts of S.mutans in
vitro thus proving its antibacterial properties24
CARDAMOM
Botanical Name: Eletteria cardamom Family: Zingeberaceae Active components: Volatile oils
and non volatile ether Pharmacological actions: Flatulence, indigestion, carminative, diuretic,
digestive, kidneys and urinary disorders
Applications in dentistry
· To treat infections of teeth and gums · Oil of its seeds is used in the treatment of toothache25 ·
Extracts of E.cardamom showed anti microbial activity against S.mutans and C.Albicans, which
are the primary pathogens of dental caries and oral candidiasis26
· The n-hexane extract of E.cardamom exhibits broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against
S.mutans, Propionibacterium acnes, Pityriosporum ovale, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
,microorganisms that cause dental caries, acne and dandruff27
· The in vitro antimicrobial activity of Amomum subulatum and Elettaria cardamomum fruit
extracts were studied against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus
acidophilus, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae .The most susceptible
microorganisms were S.aureus was followed by C.albicans, S.cerevisiae and S.mutans. 28
CINNAMON
Botanical name: Cinnamomum Vernum Family: Lauraceae Active components: volatile oil,
fixed oil, tannin, resin, proteins, cellulose, pentosans, mucilage, starch, calcium oxalate and
mineral elements. The volatiles are monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenylpropenes.29
Pharmacological actions: Anti pyretic, antiseptic, astringent, balsamic, carminative, diaphoretic,
fungicidal, stimulant, stomachic
Applications in dentistry:
Applications in dentistry: · Studies by Shaymaa Al Joubori showed that ultrasonic and oil
cinnamon extracts have high activity against Streptococcus mutans and decreased the viable
bacterial count. They were also shown to increase salivary Ph and flow rate. 30 · M Vinitha et al
performed studies on Cinnamomum vernum , Curcuma longa and Myristica fragrans, and
demonstrated that Cinnamomum vernum possessed a strong anti candidal effect at
concentrations of 25 to 50 mg/L, and both Curcuma longa and Myristica fragrans did not show
any anti candidal activity at 25 to 50 mg/L31
A study by Lalith Kumar D chaudhari on 9 essential oils, wintergreen oil, lime oil, cinnamon oil,
spearmint oil, peppermint oil, lemongrass oil, cedar wood oil, clove oil and eucalyptus oil against
S.mutans showed that Cinnamon oil showed highest activity against Streptococcus mutans. 32
CLOVE
Botanical name: Syzygium aromaticum Family: Myrtaceae Active components: Volatile oïl, non
volatile ether, crude fibre carbohydrates, mineral matter Pharmacological actions:
Pesticidal and nematicidal, molluscicidal activity, enzyme activity, Anti platelet activity,
antiviral activity, anticancerous activity.33
Applications in Dentistry
· Anti microbial: Cai L reported that MeOH extract of S. aromaticum inhibited the growth of
periodontal oral pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevetolla intermedia. 34
.Pachori et al demonstrated that soaked and boiled extracts of cloves showed a positive anti
microbial activity against S.mutans and C.Albicans 35
· Anti oxidant: Eugenol has a scavenging effect i.e., it helps to prevent cell and tissue damage
that could lead to disease, It also acts an enzyme activator and this property is effectively used in
treating toothaches. 37
· The antimicrobial activity of clove and clove bud oil were investigated by agar well diffusion
method against five dental caries causing microorganisms namely Streptococcus mutans,
Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus acidophilus (bacteria), Candida albicans and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). It was finally concluded that clove oil emerged as the potent
agent exhibiting even much higher antibacterial and antifungal activity than the standard
antibacterial and antifungal drugs ciprofloxacin and amphotericin-B respectively. 38
FENUGREEK
Botanical name: Trigonella foenum graecum Family: Leguminosae Active components: Volatile
oils, Steroidglycosides, saponins, alkanoids, flavanoids, miscellaneous compounds
Pharmacological actions:
Aphrodisiac, astringent, demulcent, carminative, stomachic, diuretic, emmenagogue, emollient,
expectorant, lactogogue, restorative, and tonic. It is used for a variety of health conditions like
digestive problems, bronchitis, tuberculosis, fevers, sore throats, wounds, arthritis, abscesses,
swollen glands, skin irritations, diabetes, and loss of appetite, ulcers and menopausal symptoms,
as well as in the treatment of cancer. 39
Applications in dentistry
An infusion of fenugreek leaves is used as a gargle for recurrent mouth ulcers
NUTMEG
Botanical name: Myristica fragrans Family: Myristicaceae Active components: terpenoids, fatty
acids, phenolic acids, lignans, neolignans and miscellaneous compounds.
Pharmacological actions:
Indigestion and stomach problems, used in case of massage oil in case of cold and skin laxity,
used when fever and diarrhea occur simultaneously, hallucinogen, 40
Applications in dentistry:
· Routine teeth cleaning with Jaiphal (local name) powder benefits dental and gum problems. 41
· Oljadie et al showed nutmeg extracts has effect on different types of oral sores and anti
inflammatory activity and anti microbial properties 42
· Shima Thanoon et al showed reported that 5% concentration of nutmeg oil has a good anti
microbial action against staphylococcus aureus and can be incorporated in floss, wedges and root
canal irrigant, but not against oral ulcer as it delays healing. 43
· Chung et al (2006) reported that extracts of macelignan obtained from nutmeg showed a low
MIC to S.mutans compared to other anti cariogenic agent and also show a preferential activity
against oral microorganisms such as Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus salivarius,
Streptococcus sanguis, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei showing that it could
be incorporated in oral health care products. 44
CONCLUSION
It is clear from the above review that common spices like Curcuma longa , Zingiber officinale ,
Piper Nigrum, Eletteria cardamom, Cinnamomum Vernum , Syzygium aromaticum Trigonella
foenum graecum, Myristica fragrans not only have application in culinary art to impart flavor to
food , but also have medicinal properties and in treatment of various diseases. Research done on
the phytochemicals present in these spices show that they have action against oral
microorganisms like, S.mutans, C.Albicans and various periodontal pathogens. Further research
is necessary to incorporate these chemicals in oral health care products.
Figures at a glance

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8

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