Juvenile Deliquency

Written By:

Nurul Hasanah Hali (1310070100117)

Avinda Novia Corpaliza (1310070100026)

Indri Amelia Sari (1310070100047)

Nella Sri Ningsih Banurea (13000050)

Rahayu Maria R.S (13000045)

Ruthita Tarigan (13000041)

Sondang T. Limbong (13000008)

PEMBIMBING
Prof. Dr. Tamsil Syafiuddin, Sp.P(k)

SMF PARU
RSUD DR.PIRNGADI
MEDAN
2017
 INTRODUCTION

Praise and Gratitude I pray to God the Almighty , because of the blessings I can must finish an
essay in a timely manner .Here the author presented a paper entitled " Juvenile Delinquency "

Through this preface first writer apologized and pleaded proclamation which the contents of
this paper when there is a shortage and there are posts that I make less precise or menyinggu
reader feeling .

I hereby dedicate this paper with gratitude and may God Almighty bless this paper so as to
provide benefits .

June, 2017

" Author "

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. i

CHAPTER I….................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background .................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Problem Formulation ............................................... ................................... 1

1.3 Objectives and Benefits .............................................. ................................ 1

CHAPTER II…................................................................................................ 2

2.1 . Understanding Delinquency ........................................ ............................. 2

2.2 Causes of Juvenile Delinquency ....................................... ...................... ...2

2.3 Solution Delinquency .............................................. ......................... .......... 6

CHAPTER III.................................................................................................... 9

A. Conclution..................................................................................................... 9

B. Advice............................................................................................................. 9

REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 10
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Juvenile crime is one of the nation's serious problems. Concern about it is widely shared
by federal, state, and local government officials and by the public. In recent years, this concern
has grown with the dramatic rise in juvenile violence that began in the mid-1980s and peaked
in the early 1990s. Although juvenile crime rates appear to have fallen since the mid-1990s,
this decrease has not alleviated the concern. Many states began taking a tougher legislative
stance toward juveniles in the late 1970s and early 1980s, a period during which juvenile crime
rates were stable or falling slightly, and federal reformers were urging prevention and less
punitive measures. Some of the dissonance between the federal agenda and what was
happening in the states at that time may have been caused by significant changes in legal
procedures that made juvenile court processes more similar—though not identical—to those in
criminal (adult) court.

The main response to the most recent spike in violent juvenile crime has been enactment
of laws that further blur distinctions between juvenile courts and adult courts. States continued
to toughen their juvenile crime laws in recent years, making sentencing more punitive,
expanding allowable transfers to criminal (adult) court, or doing away with some of the
confidentiality safeguards of juvenile court. Many such changes were enacted after the juvenile
violent crime rate had already begun to fall. The rehabilitative model embodied in the Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, focusing on the needs of the young offender,
has lost ever more ground over the past 20 years to punitive models that focus mainly on the
offense committed.
 CHAPTER II

2.1 Definition

Juvenile delinquency occurs when a minor violates a criminal statue. When a juvenile commits
a crime, the procedures that take place differ from those of an adult offender. In all states,
juvenile court systems, and juvenile detention facilities, deal specifically with underage
offenders. While it is common for state statutes to consider people under the age of 17 as
minors, the justice system can charge minors even younger as adults, if the crime committed is
very serious.

2.2 Risk Factor

Economic and social factors

Juvenile delinquency is driven by the negative consequences of social and economic

development, in particular economic crises, political instability, and the weakening of major
institutions (including the State, systems of public education and public assistance, and the
family). Socio-economic instability is often linked to persistent unemployment and low
incomes among the young, which can increase the likelihood of their involvement in criminal
activity.

Cultural factors

Delinquent behaviour often occurs in social settings in which the norms for acceptable
behaviour have broken down. Under such circumstances many of the common rules that deter
people from committing socially unacceptable acts may lose their relevance for some
members of society. They respond to the traumatizing and destructive changes in the social
reality by engaging in rebellious, deviant or even criminal activities. An example of such a
setting would be the modernization of traditional societies and the accompanying
changeswrought by the application of new technologies; shifts of this magnitude affect the
types and organization of labour activity, social characteristics, lifestyles and living
arrangements, and these changes, in turn, affect authority structures, forms of obedience, and
modes of political participation even going so far as to influence perceptions of reality. In both
developed and developing countries, consumer standards created by the media are considerably
beyond the capacity of most families to achieve. Nevertheless, these ideals become a virtual
reality for many young people, some of whom will go to great lengths to maintain a lifestyle
they cannot afford. Because not all population groups have access to the necessary resources,
including education, professional training, satisfactory employment and income, health
services, and adequate housing, there are those who are unable to achieve their goals by legal
means. The contradiction between idealized and socially approved goals and the sometimes
limited real-life opportunities to achieve them legally creates a sense of frustration in many
young people. A criminal career becomes one form of addressing this contradiction. One of
the reasons for delinquent behaviour is therefore an excessive focus on proposed goals
(achieving success) coupled with insufficient means to achieve them.
The likelihood of deviant acts occurring in this context depends in many respects not only on
the unavailability of legal opportunities but also on the level of access to illegal opportunities.
Some juveniles, cognizant of the limitations imposed by legal behaviour, come under the
influence of adult criminals. Many young people retreat into the confines of their own groups
and resort to drug use for psychological or emotional escape. The use of alcohol and illegal
drugs by juveniles is one cause of delinquency, as they are often compelled to commit crimes
(usually theft) to obtain the cash needed to support their substance use.

Urbanization
Geographical analysis suggests that countries with more urbanized populations have higher
registered crime rates than do those with strong rural lifestyles and communities. This may be
attributable to the differences in social control and social cohesion. Rural groupings rely
mainly on family and community control as a means of dealing with antisocial behaviour and
exhibit markedly lower crime rates. Urban industrialized societies tend to resort to formal
legal and judicial measures, an impersonal approach that appears to be linked to higher crime
rates. Cultural and institutional differences are such that responses to the same offence may
vary widely from one country to another. The ongoing process of urbanization in developing
countries is contributing to juvenile involvement in criminal behaviour. The basic features of
the urban environment foster the development of new forms of social behaviour deriving
mainly from the weakening of primary social relations and control, increasing reliance on the
media at the expense of informal communication, and the tendency towards anonymity.
These patterns are generated by the higher population density, degree of heterogeneity, and
numbers of people found in urban contexts.
 Family
Studies show that children who receive adequate parental supervision are less likely to
engage in criminal activities. Dysfunctional family settings—characterized by conflict,
inadequate parental control, weak internal linkages and integration, and premature autonomy
—are closely associated with juvenile delinquency. Children in disadvantaged families that
have few opportunities for legitimate employment and face a higher risk of social exclusion
are overrepresented among offenders. The plight of ethnic minorities and migrants, including
displaced persons and refugees in certain parts of the world, is especially distressing. The
countries in transition are facing particular challenges in this respect, with the associated
insecurity and turmoil contributing to an increase in the numbers of children and juveniles
neglected by their parents and suffering abuse and violence at home.
The family as a social institution is currently undergoing substantial changes; its form is
diversifying with, for example, the increase in one-parent families and nonmarital unions.
The absence of fathers in many low-income families can lead boys to seek patterns of
masculinity in delinquent groups of peers. These groups in many respects substitute for the
family, define male roles, and contribute to the acquisition of such attributes as cruelty,
strength, excitability and anxiety. The importance of family well-being is becoming
increasingly recognized. Success in school depends greatly on whether parents have the
capacity to provide their children with “starting” opportunities (including the resources to buy
books and manuals and pay for studies). Adolescents from low-income families often feel
excluded. To raise their self-esteem and improve their status they may choose to join a
juvenile delinquent group. These groups provide equal opportunities to everyone, favourably
distinguishing themselves from school and family, where positions of authority are occupied
by adults. When young people are exposed to the influence of adult offenders they have the
opportunity to study delinquent behaviour, and the possibility of their engaging in adult crime
becomes more real. The “criminalization” of the family also has an impact on the choice of
delinquent trajectories. A study carried out in prisons in the United States reveals that families
olved in criminal activities tend to push their younger members towards violating the law.
More than two-thirds of those interviewed had relatives who were incarcerated; for 25 per
cent it was a father and for another 25 per cent a brother or sister.\
 Peer influence

Youth policies seldom reflect an understanding of the role of the peer group as an institution
of socialization. Membership in a delinquent gang, like membership in any other natural
grouping, can be part of the process of becoming an adult. Through such primary
associations, an individual acquires a sense of safety and security, develops a knowledge of
social interaction, and can demonstrate such qualities as loyalty or leadership. In “adult”
society, factors such as social status, private welfare, race and ethnicity are of great value;
however, all members of adolescent groups are essentially in an equal position and have
similar opportunities for advancement in the hierarchical structure. In these groups well-being
depends wholly on personal qualities such as strength, will and discipline. Quite often
delinquent groups can or compensate for the imperfections of family and school. A number of
studies have shown that juvenile gang members consider their group a family. For
adolescents constantly facing violence, belonging to a gang can provide protection within the
neighbourhood. In some areas those who are not involved in gangs continually face the threat
of assault, oppression, harassment or extortion on the street or at school. As one juvenile from
the Russian Federation said, “I became involved in a gang when I was in the eighth form
[about 13 years old], but I joined it only when I was in the tenth [at 15 years of age]. I had a
girlfriend and I feared for her, and the gang was able to provide for her safety.

2.4 Prevention

Delinquency prevention is the broad term for all efforts aimed at preventing youth from
becoming involved in criminal, or other antisocial, activity. Because the development of
delinquency in youth is influenced by numerous factors, prevention efforts need to be
comprehensive in scope. Prevention services may include activities such as substance abuse
education and treatment, family counseling, youth mentoring, parenting education, educational
support, and youth sheltering. Increasing availability and use of family planning services,
including education and contraceptives helps to reduce unintended pregnancy and unwanted
births, which are risk factors for delinquency. Education is the great equalizer, opening doors
to lift themselves out of poverty. Education also promotes economic growth, national
productivity and innovation, and values of democracy and social cohesion. Prevention through
education aides the young people to interact more effectively in social contexts, therefore
diminishing need for delinquency.
 It has been noted that often interventions may leave at-risk children worse off then if
there had never been an intervention. This is due primarily to the fact that placing large groups
of at risk children together only propagates delinquent or violent behavior. "Bad" teens get
together to talk about the "bad" things they've done, and it is received by their peers in a positive
reinforcing light, promoting the behavior among them. A well-known intervention treatment
that has not increased the prevention of juvenile delinquency is the Scared Straight Treatment.
“The harmful effects of Scared Straight and boot-camp programs may be attributable to
juvenile offenders’ vicarious exposure to criminal role models, to the increased resentment
engendered in them by confrontational interactions, or both” This suggests that exposure to
criminals could create a sense of idealization and defeat the entire purpose of scared straight
treatment. Also, this treatment doesn’t acknowledge the psychological troubles that the
teenager may be experiencing. As mentioned before, peer groups, particularly an association
with antisocial peer groups, is one of the biggest predictors of delinquency, and of life-course-
persistent delinquency. The most efficient interventions are those that not only separate at-risk
teens from anti-social peers, and place them instead with pro-social ones, but also
simultaneously improve their home environment by training parents with appropriate parenting
styles, parenting style being the other large predictor of juvenile delinquency.
 CHAPTER III

3.1 . Conclusion

The problem of juvenile delinquency began to receive public attention in particular

since the establishment of justice for juvenile delinquents ( juvenile court ) in 1899 in Illinois,
USA . Juvenile delinquency includes all the behaviors that deviate from the norms of criminal
law committed by juveniles . Such behavior would harm himself and those around him .

The background factors of juvenile delinquency can be grouped into internal factors
and external factors . Internal factors such as identity crisis and weak self-control . While
external factors such as a lack of attention from parents ; lack of understanding of the religion;
influence of the surrounding environment and the influence of western culture and interaction
with peers, and educational facilities .

Consequences caused by juvenile delinquency will affect adolescents themselves ,

families , and communities . Solution in tackling juvenile delinquency can be divided into
preventive measures , repressive measures and curative measures and rehabilitation .
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