1

CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOLUTIONS

CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOLUTIONS

Chapter Thirteen Readings

Bascom, W., "Ocean Waves," Scientific American, August 1959, p. 74.

Bascom, W., Waves and Beaches: The Dynamics of the Ocean Surface, New York, Doubleday Anchor
Books, 1980.

Einstein, A., and Infeld, L., "The Evolution of Physics, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1961.

Gilbert, B, and Glanz, P., "Springs Distorted and Combined," The Physics Teacher, October 1983, p. 430.

Kelby, S.D, and Middleton, R.P, "The Vibrations of Hand Bells," Physics Education, Vol. 15, 1980, p. 320.

Oliver, J., "Long Earthquake Waves," Scientific American, March 1959, p. 14.

Rossing, T.D. "The Physics of Kettledrums," Scientific American, November 1982, p. 172.

Yam, P., "Sound Systems: using the ocean's noise to image undersea objects", Scientific American, v. 267
(July '92) p30.

13.1 (a) The force on the mass is: F = kx = (160 N/m)(0.15 m) = 24 N.

(b) From Newton's second law, the acceleration is
F 24 N
a = m = 0.40 kg = 60 m/s2.

mg 50 N
13.2 (a) The spring constant is given by: k = x = = 1000 N/m,
5.0 x 10-2 m
and the force required to stretch the spring 11 cm (0.11 m) is
F = kx = (1000 N/m)(0.11 m) = 110 N.
(b) The graph will be a straight line passing through the origin and having a slope of 1.0 x103
N/m.
13.3 (a) Since the collision is perfectly elastic the ball will rebound to the height of 4.00 m and then
repeat the motion over and over again.
1
(b) To determine the period, we use: x = 2 gt2. The time for the ball to hit the ground is t
2x 2(4.00 m)
= g = = 0.909 s
9.80 m/s2
This equals one-half the period, so T = 2(0.909 s) = 1.81 s
(c) No. The net force acting on the mass is a constant given by
F = - mg (except when it is contact with the ground), which is not in the form of Hooke's
law.
13.4 (a) The motion is periodic since the motion repeats over and over with the ball going back and
forth between the walls, with no energy lost in the process. Half of the period of the motion
12.0 m
is the time for the ball to travel between the walls, which is 3.00 m/s = 4.0 s, so that the
complete period is T = 8.0 s.
(b) The motion is not simple harmonic since the force acting on the ball is not of the form F = -
kx. In fact, here F = 0 everywhere except when the ball is in contact with the walls.
 2

CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOLUTIONS

30 N
13.5 (a) Using F = kx, we have: k = 0.01 m = 3000 N/m.
kx2 (3000 N/m)(0.20 m)2
Then, PE = 2 = 2 = 60 J.
mv2 kx2
(b) Using conservation of energy, 2 = 2 = 60 J, so
2(60 J)
v = 0.05 kg = 49 m/s

F 230 N
13.6 (a) F = kx, so k = x = 0.400 m = 575 N/m.
1 1
(b) PE = 2 kx2 = 2 (575 N/m)(0.400 m) 2 = 46 J.

1 2
13.7 Using conservation of energy, we have:
2 kx = mgh
2mgh 2(0.100 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(0.600 m)
From which, k = 2 = = 2940 N/m.
x (0.02 m)2

(kx1)2
13.8 (a) At x = x1, we have E1 =KE + PEs + PEg = 0 + 2 + mgx1, or
(2.50 x 104 N/m)(-0.100 m)2 m
E1 = 2 + (25.0 kg)(9.80 2 )(-0.100 m) = 101 J.
s
(b) At x = x2, the spring is neither compressed nor stretched. Thus
we have E2 = KE + PEs + PEg = 0 + 0+ mgx2 = E1 = 100.5 J, or
m
(25.0 kg)(9.80 2 )(x2) = 101 J, yielding x2 = 0.412 m = 41.2 cm
s
mv2
(c) Using E =KE + PEs + PEg = 2 + 0 + 0 = E1 = 101 J, gives (at x = 0)
(12.5 kg)v2 = 101 J, or v = 2.84 m/s.
(d) Applying Newton's second law gives: Fy = kx1 - mg = ma, so
kx1 (2.50 x 104 N/m)(0.100 m)
a= m -g= 25.0 kg - 9.80 m/s2 = 90.2 m/s2.

13.9 In the presence of non-conservative forces, we use:

1 1 1 1
Wnc = 2 mvf2 - 2 mvi2 + mgyf - mgyi + 2 kxf2 - 2 kxi2, or
1 1
(20 N)(0.30 m) = 2 (1.5 kg) vf2 - 0 + 0 - 0 + 2 (19.6 N/m)(0.30 m) 2 - 0.
This gives: vf = 2.6 m/s.

13.10 Apply conservation of momentum to the collision:

(10.0 x 10-3 kg)(300 m/s) = (2.00 kg + 10 x 10-3 kg)V.
The velocity of the (block + bullet) just after collision is V = 1.49 m/s.
We now apply conservation of mechanical energy from just after the collision until the spring is
fully compressed. This gives,
1 2 1 2
2 kxf = 2 (m + M) V ,
(m + M)V2 (2.01 kg)(1.49 m/s)2
or xf2 = = 19.6 N/m = 0.228 m2.
k
which yields xf = 4.78 x 10-1 m = 47.8 cm.
 3

CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOLUTIONS

1 2 1 2
13.11 (a) In the absence of friction, conservation of mechanical energy becomes: 2 mvf = 2 kxi ,
or
1 2 1 -3 2
2 (1.5 kg) vf = 2 (2000 N/m)(3.0 x 10 m) , which gives
vf = 1.10 x 10-1 m/s = 11 cm/s.
(b) In the presence of non-conservative forces, we use
1 1 1 1
Wnc = 2 mvf2 - 2 mvi2 + mgyf - mgyi + 2 kxf2 - 2 kxi2.
If f = 2.0 N, then Wnc = -fs = -(2.0 N)(3.0 x 10-3 m) = -6.0 x 10-3 J.
We have,
1 1
-6.0 x 10-3 J = 2 (1.5 kg) vf2 - 0 + 0 - 0 + 0 - 2 (2000 N/m)(3.0 x 10-3 m) 2,
and vf = 6.32 x 10-2 m/s = 6.3 cm/s.
1 1 1 1
(c) If vf = 0, then Wnc = 2 mvf2 - 2 mvi2 + mgyf - mgyi + 2 kxf2 - 2 kxi2
becomes:
1
-f(3.0 x 10-3 m) = 0 - 0 + 0 - 0 + 0 - 2 (2000 N/m)(3.0 x 10-3 m) 2
giving, f = 3.0 N.
13.12 (a) From conservation of energy,
KE + PE = E = constant
1 1 1
At x = A, v = 0, so KE = 0, PE = 2 kA2, and E = 0 + 2 kA2 = 2 kA2
A 1 A2 1 1 3
At x = 2 , PE = 2 k( 4 ) = 4 E, and KE + 4 E = E, so KE = 4 E.
1
(b) If KE = PE, then PE + PE = E, or PE = 2 E.
1 2 1 1 2 A
Thus, 2 kx = 2 (2 kA ) , and x = 2 .

k 2 2 2 k 2 2
13.13 We use v = m(A - x ) . Squaring gives: v = m(A - x ) , yielding
19.6 N/m
v2 = 0.40 kg [(4.0 x 10-2 m)2 - x2] = 49 s-2[1.6 x 10-3 m2 - x2]. (1)
(a) If x = 0, (1) gives: v = 0.28 m/s = 28 cm/s (as the maximum velocity)
(b) If x = -1.5 x 10-2 m, (1) gives v = 0.26 m/s = 26 cm/s.
(c) if x = 1.5 x 10-2 m, (1) gives v = 0.26 m/s = 26 cm/s.
(d) One-half the maximum velocity is 0.14 m/s. (See part (a).) We use this for v in (1) and solve
for x to find: x = 3.5 cm.
1 1
13.14 (a) E = 2 kA2 = 2 (250 N/m)(3.5 x 10-2 m) 2 = 0.15 J

k 2 2
(b) v= m(A - x ) becomes, with v = vmax at x = 0, or
k 250 N/m -2
vmax = m A= 0.50 kg (3.5 x 10 m) = 0.78 m/s.
k
(c) From F = kx = ma, we have a = m x. Thus, a = amax at x = xmax = A
k 250 N/m
or, amax = m A = 0.50 kg (3.5 x 10-2 m) = 18 m/s2.
 4

CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOLUTIONS

13.15 The maximum velocity occurs when x = 0 and is given by

k 16.0 N/m
v = m A . From this, 0.400 m/s = m (0.200 m ), giving

m = 4.00 kg, and the weight is: w = mg = (4.00 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 39.2 N.

k 2 2 10.0 N/m 2 2
13.16 v = m(A - x ) = 0.0500 kg((0.250 m) - (0.125 m) ) = 3.06 m/s

2r 2(0.200 m)
13.17 (a) v = = 2.00 s = 0.628 m/s
T
1 1
(b) f = T = 2.00 s = 0.50 Hz
(c)  = 2f = 2(0.50 s-1) = 3.14 rad/s
13.18 From the figure it is clear that
x = A cos(t), where A is the radius of the circle
and t is the angle made by the rotating wheel as
measured from the horizontal.

m 42m
13.19 (a) From, T = 2 k , we have k= =
T2
42(0.200 kg)
= 126 N/m.
(0.250 s)2
1 2E 2(2.00 J)
(b) From E = 2 kA2 , A= k = 126 N/m = 0.178 m = 17.8 cm.

1 1 k
13.20 From f = T =
2 m , we find:
k = 42f2m = 42(5.00 Hz)2(4.00 x 10-3 kg) = 3.95 N/m.

F (0.01 kg)(9.80 m/s2)

13.21 k=x = = 2.51 N/m, and
3.90 x 10-2 m
m 0.025 kg
T = 2 k = 2 2.51 N/m = 0.627 s.

13.22 We find the spring constant from: mg = kx, or

(320 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = k(8.0 x 10-3 m). Thus, k = 3.92 x 105 N/m.
1 k 1 3.92 x 105 N/m
Then, f = m = 2 = 2.2 Hz.
2 2.0 x 103 kg

13.23 (a) We have: x = (0.30 m) cost/3. (1)

At t = 0, x = (0.30 m) cos0 = 0.30 m.
 rad
At t = 0.60 s: x = (0.30 m) cos3 s 0.60 s = (0.30 m)cos(0.628 rad), or x = 0.24 m.
 
(b) The general form for oscillatory motion is: x = A cos2ft. (2)
Thus, by comparing (1) to (2), we see that A = 0.30 m.
 5

CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOLUTIONS

(c) Using comparison as in (b), we see that: 2f = /3, and f = 1/6 Hz.
1
(d) T = f = 6.0 s

k 5.00 N/m
13.24 (a) Here, A = 3.00 m,  = m = 2.00 kg = 1.58 rad/s, so
x = Acos(t) = (3.00 m)cos[(1.58 rad/s)t] .
Since F = -kx, F = -kAcos(t) = - (15.0 N)cos[(1.58 rad/s)t].
At t = 3.5: F = - (15.0 N)cos(5.53 rad) = - 11.0 N, or F = 11.0 N to the left.
2 2
(b) The period is: T = = 1.58 rad/s = 3.97 s,

3.50 s
so in 3.50 s, it has made n = 3.98 s = 0.88 oscillations

F 7.50 N
13.25 (a) k = x = = 250 N/m.
3.00 x 10-2 m
m 0.500 kg 1
k = 2 250 N/m = 0.281 s, and f = T = 3.56 Hz. Thus,
(b) T = 2
 = 2f = 2(3.56 Hz) = 22.4 rad/s.
1 1
(c) E = 2 kA2 = 2 (250 N/m)(5.00 x 10-2 m) 2 = 0.313 J.
1 1 1
(d) E = const = 2 mvo2 + 2 kxo2 = 2 kA2. When vo = 0: A = xo = 5.00 cm.
(e) vmax = A = (22.4 rad/s)(0.050 m) = 1.12 m/s,
amax = 2A = (22.4 rad/s)2(0.050 m) = 25.0 m/s2
(f) x = A cost = (5.00 cm)cos[(22.4 rad/s)(0.50 s)] = 1.01 cm.

13.26 We have: v =  A2 - x2 =   A2 - A2cos2(t) =  A 1 - cos2(t) 

or v =  A sin2(t) =  Asin(t).
From a = - 2x: a = - 2Acos(t).

L 2.00 m 1
g = 2
13.27 T = 2 = 2.84 s, so f = T = 0.352 Hz.
9.80 m/s2
The number of oscillations in 5.00 min is:
N = (f)(t) = (0.352 Hz)(5.00 min)(60.0 s/min) = 105.7, or
105 complete oscillations in 5.00 min.

L gT2 (9.80 m/s2)(9.40 s)2

g , we get
13.28 Using T = 2 L= = = 21.9 m.
42 42

13.29 (a) The colder temperature will cause the pendulum to contract. Thus, the period will decrease
causing the clock to run faster.
(b) First determine, the length of the pendulum when it is at 20 °C.
Lo gT2o (9.80 m/s2)(1.00 s)2
To = 2 , so L o = = = 0.24824 m.
g 42 42
When the temperature changes to -5.0°C, the length of the pendulum will be:
L = Lo(1 + (T)) = (0.24824 m)[1 + (24 x 10-6 °C-1)(-25.0°C)] = 0.24809.
The clock runs faster by a factor of
To Lo 0.24824
= = 0.24809 = 1.0003.
T L
Thus, in one hour (3600 s) it will gain, (1.0003 - 1)(3600 s) = 1.08 s.
 6

CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOLUTIONS

13.30 (a) The period of the clock's pendulum on the Earth is

L L
TEarth = 2 g , while its period on the Moon is TMoon = 2 g' .
The ratio of the period on the Moon to that on Earth is:
TMoon g
TEarth = g' = 6.01 = 2.452. The clock's pendulum takes longer to complete one
oscillation. Therefore, the clock will run slowly on the Moon.
(b) From the above equation, the clock on the Moon runs slower than the same clock on the
Earth by a factor of 2.452. Thus, in 24 hours (Earth time), the clock on the Moon will have
24 h
advanced an amount given by 2.452 = 9.788 h, and will read 9:47:17 A.M.

L gT2
13.31 (a) The period of a pendulum is given by T = 2 , so L = .
g 42
(9.80)(1.0)2
On Earth, a 1-s pendulum has length L = = 0.248 m = 25 cm.
42
(3.7)(1.0)2
On Mars, a 1-s pendulum has length L = = 0.0937 m = 9.4 cm.
42
m
k .
(b) The period of a mass on a spring is given by T = 2
The mass for a 1-s oscillator is
kT2 (10 N/m)(1.0 s)2
m= = = 0.253 kg = 0.25 kg
42 42
This same mass works for both the Earth and Mars.
13.32(a) The amplitude is the displacement of either a crest or a trough from the equilibrium position
(center horizontal line).
By inspection, A = 9 cm.
(b) The wavelength is the horizontal spacing from one crest to the next. This is twice the
spacing between a crest and a trough.
By inspection,  = 20 cm.
1 1
(c) T = f = 25 Hz = 0.04 s.
(d) v = f = (20 cm)(25 Hz) = 500 cm/s = 5.0 m/s.

v 340 m/s
13.33 From  = f , we get: = = 5.67 mm.
60000 s-1

1 1
13.34 (a) T = f = = 1.14 x 10-8 s.
88.0 x 106 Hz
v 3.00 x 108 m/s
(b)  = = = 3.41 m.
f 88.0 x 106 Hz

8
13.35 f = 12.0 s = 0.667 Hz, and v = f = (1.20 m)(0.667 Hz) = 0.80 m/s

v 343 m/s v 343 m/s

13.36 long = f = 28 Hz = 12.3 m, short = f = 4200 Hz = 0.082 m

40.0 vib 425 cm

13.37 f = 30.0 s = 1.333 Hz, v = 10.0 s = 42.5 cm/s = 0.425 m/s
v 0.425 m/s
 = f = 1.333 Hz = 0.319 m = 31.9 cm
 7

CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOLUTIONS

13.38 (a) When the boat is stationary in the water, the speed of the wave relative to the boat is v = f.
The frequency observed for the wave is then:
v 4.0 m/s
f = = 20 m = 0.20 Hz.

(b) When the boat is moving toward the oncoming crests, the speed of the boat relative to the wave
is
vboat,wave = vboat,water + vwave,water = 1 + 4 = 5 m/s
The time required for the boat to travel the 20 m between successive crests is therefore: T =
 20 m
= 5m/s = 4 s.
vboatwave
1
The observed frequency is thus: f = T = 0.25 Hz.

13.39 The speed of the wave is: v = d/t = 20.0 m/0.800 s = 25.0 m/s.
F 0.35 kg
We now use, v = . We have  = 1.00 m = 0.35 kg/m.

Thus, F = v2 = (25.0 m/s)2(0.35 kg/m) = 219 N.
0.0600 kg
13.40 (a) The mass per unit length is:  = 5.00 m = 1.20 x 10-2 kg/m.
The required tension is: F = v2 = (50.0 m/s)2(1.20 x 10-2 kg/m) = 30.0 N.
F 8.00 N
(b) v= = = 25.8 m/s.
 1.20 x 10-2 kg/m

m1
m2 2 1 m1 2
13.41 We have 2 = L = L = 2 L = 2 , and F1 = F2 .
2 1 1
F2 2F1
v2 = = = 2 v1 = 2 (5.00 m/s) = 7.07 m/s.
2 1

13.42 (a) The tension in the string is F = (3.00 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 29.4 N.
F 29.4 N
= 2 = = 5.10 x 10-2 kg/m.
v (24.0 m/s)2
(b) If m = 2.0 kg, then F = 19.6 N, and
F 19.6 N
v= = = 19.6 m/s. (20 m/s)
 5.10 x 10-2 kg/m

F
13.43 The wave speed is related to tension by v = . The required tension for a given speed is: F

= v2. Thus, F1 = v12 and F2 = v22. We know that the mass per unit length of the string is the
F2 v22
same in both instances. Therefore, F = 2
1 v1
v22 30.0 m/s
or F2 =F1 = (6.00 N) (20.0 m/s )2 = 13.5 N.
v12

13.44 (a) If the end is fixed, there is inversion of the pulse upon reflection. Thus, when they meet, they
cancel and the amplitude is zero.
(b) If the end is free there is no inversion on reflection. When they meet the amplitude is 2A =
2(0.15 m) = 0.30 m.
 8

CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOLUTIONS

13.45 (a) The maximum occurs when the two waves interfere constructively. Then the amplitudes add for a
resultant amplitude of A = 0.50 m.
(b) The minimum occurs when the waves interfere destructively. In this case, the individual
amplitudes subtract, and we have a resultant of A = 0.10 m.

13.46 (a) We compare x = (0.25 m)cos(0.4t) to the general equation of motion, x = Acos(2ft), to
find A = 0.25 m.
(b) By comparison of the two equations as in (a), we find 2f = 0.4. Also, we know that
k k
= 2f = m = 0.4 , or m = (0.4) .
2

From which: k = (0.4)2(0.30 kg) = 0.47 N/m.

(c) At t = 0.30 s, the position is: x = (0.25 m)cos(0.40.3), or
x = (0.25)cos(0.377 rad) = (0.25 m)(0.93) = 0.23 m.
k
(d) v = - m(A2 - x2) = -(0.4) (0.25 m)2 - (0.23)2 = -0.12 m/s.
The negative sign is used above because the object is moving toward the equilibrium
position (in the negative direction).
1 1 1
13.47 W = PE = 2 kx2 - 2 kxo2 = 2 (30.0 N/m) [(0.300 m)2 - (0.200 m)2] = 0.75 J

1
13.48 From conservation of mechanical energy, we have mgh = 2 kx2, or
1
(0.500 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(2.00 m) = 2 (20.0 N/m) x2.
From which, x = 0.99 m.

13.49 (a) Let us choose y = 0 at the initial height of the mass and use conservation of mechanical energy:
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 mvf + mgyf + 2 kxf = 2 mvi + mgyi + 2 kxi , or
1
0 - mgh + 2 kh2 = 0 + 0 + 0,
2mg 2(3.00 kg)(9.80 m/s2) N
or k = h = 0.100 m = 588 m .
(b) We use conservation of mechanical energy again, as
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 mvf + mgyf + 2 kxf = 2 mvi + mgyi + 2 kxi , which becomes
1 2 2
2 (3.00 kg) vf - (3.00 kg)(9.80 m/s )(0.0500 m)
1
+ 2 (588 N/m)(0.050 m) 2 = 0,
and vf = 0.7 m/s.

13.50 (a) Since no nonconservative forces act on the block after the bullet leaves it, we can use conservation
of mechanical energy. The kinetic energy of the block immediately after impact equals the
energy in the spring at maximum compression. Thus,
1 2 1 2
2 (1.00 kg) v1 = 2 (900 N/m)(0.0500 m) , yieldingv1 = 1.50 m/s.
Also, since no external forces act on the block-bullet system during collision, momentum is
conserved:
(0.005 kg)(400 m/s) = (0.005 kg)v2 + (1.00 kg)v1 ,
where v2 and v1 are the speed of the bullet and the speed of the block after collision. Then,
the momentum equation from above gives: v2 = 100 m/s.
 9

CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOLUTIONS

(b) The energy lost in the collision is the bullet's initial energy minus the sum of its final energy
and the energy imparted to the block. Therefore,
Eloss = Einitial - Efinal = 2 (0.005 kg)400 s  2
1 m
 
1
- 2 (0.005 kg)100 s  2 + 2 (1.00 kg)1.5 s  2 = 374 J
m 1 m
[     ]
13.51 Since no nonconservative forces act, mechanical energy is conserved. Choose the zero of gravitational
potential energy to coincide with the initial configuration (when the 30 kg mass is 40 cm above the
floor).
1
Then, KEi = 0, (PEg)i = 0, (PEs)i = 2 (200 N/m)(0.20 m) 2 = 4.00 J,
and (PEs)f = 0 . . .
Then conservation of energy gives:
KEf + (PEg)f + (PEs)f = KEi + (PEg)i + (PEs)i
1
2 (m1 + m2) vf + (m2gxsinm1gx) + 0 = 0 + 0 + 4.00 J, or
2

1 2 2
2 (25 kg + 30 kg) vf + (25 kg)(9.80 m/s )(0.2 m)sin40°
- (30 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(0.2 m) = 4.00 J
Solving for vf, we find: vf = 1.1 m/s.

13.52 (a) The muzzle velocity is found from conservation of energy.

1 2 1 2 1 -3 2 1 2
2 mv = 2 kx , or 2 (10 kg) v = 2 (9.80 N/m)(0.200 m) , giving
v = 19.8 m/s.
1
(b) From the equations for projectile motion, we find the time to reach the floor: y = voyt + 2
1
at2, or -1.00 m = 0 + 2 (-9.80 m/s2) t2, which gives t = 0.452 s. The range is therefore:
R = voxt = (19.8 m/s)(0.452 s) = 8.94 m.

13.53 First, find the work done by the nonconservative friction force, choosing the zero of gravitational
potential energy to coincide with the initial configuration:
Wnc = (KE + PEg + PEs)f - (KE + PEg + PEs)i
1
= [0 - (2.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(0.20 m) sin37° + 2 (100 N/m)(0.20 m) 2]
- (0 + 0 + 0) = -0.359 J.

But Wnc = - fs = -[(mgcos37°0] s = - (15.65 N)(0.20 m) = - (3.13 J),

Thus, -(3.13 J) = - 0.359 J, or  = 0.11

13.54 Consider the motion of the firefighter during the three intervals: (1) before, (2) during, and (3) after
collision with the platform.
 10

CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOLUTIONS

(a) While falling a height of 5.00 m, his speed changes from vo = 0 to

v1. We can use conservation of energy to find the velocity at the
initial position of the platform, which also is taken to be the zero
level for gravitational potential energy. We have
1 (-fh + mgh)
-fh = 2 mv12 - mgh, or v1 = 2 m
(-300)(5.00) m
or v1 = 2 60.0 + 2 (9.80)(5.00) = 6.93 s .
(b) During the inelastic collision, momentum is conserved. If v2 is the
speed of the firefighter and platform just after impact, we have: mv1
60.0 m m
= (m + M)v2, or v2 = 80.0(6.93 s ) = 5.2 s . After the collision,we again use conservation
of energy (with the distances labeled in the figure and keeping PE = 0 at the original
platform level):
1 1
fs = 0 + (m+ M)g(-s) + 2 ks2 - 2 (m + M) v22
This results in a quadratic equation in s: 1250s2 - 484s - 1081 = 0

Using the quadratic formula and choosing the positive root gives
s = 1.14 m.
13.55 (a) Using conservation of energy:
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 (m1 + m2) v = 2 kA , or 2 (16.0 kg) v = 2 (100 N/m)(0.20 m) ,
which yields v = 0.50 m. This is the speed of m1 and m2 at the equilibrium point. Beyond
this point, the mass m2 moves with the constant speed of 0.50 m/s while mass m1 starts to
slow down due to the restoring force of the spring.
(b) The energy of the m1-spring system at equilibrium is:
1 1 1
E = 2 m1v2 + 2 kx2 = 2 (9.0 kg)(0.50 m/s) 2 + 0 = 1.125 J.

1
When m1 comes to rest and the spring is extended by the new amplitude A', E = 0 + 2 kA'2,
1
= 0 + 2 (100 N/m) A'2 = 1.125 J
giving A' = 0.15 m.
m1
The period of the m1-spring system is : T = 2 k = 1.885 s, and
T
it takes 4 = 0.471 s after it passes the equilibrium point for the spring to become fully
stretched the first time. The distance separating m1 and m2 at this is:

D = v4 - A' = (0.50 m/s)(0.471 s) - 0.15 m = 0.086 m = 8.6 cm.

T
 
13.56 F =Mg is the tension
F Mg MgL L
v= =
 m/L = m = t is the wave speed.
MgL L2
Then =
m t2
Lm 1.60 m(4.00 x 10-3 kg)
and g = 2 = = 1.64 m/s2
Mt 3.00 kg(3.61 x 10-3 s)2
 11

CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOLUTIONS

k
13.57 (a) o = m = 15.8 rad/s
g
(b) Fs - mg = ma = m(3 )
4
Fs = 3 mg = 26.1 N
Fs
xs = k = 5.23 cm

y
13.58 (a) Fy = -2Fsin where  = tan-1L
y
For a small displacement sin tan  = L
-2Fy
and Fy = L
2F
(b) For a spring system, F = -kx becomes k = - L

k 2F
Therefore, = m = mL

13.59 A study of the forces on the balloon shows that the tangential restoring B


y
force is given as:
Fx = - Bsin + mgsin = -(B - mg)sinBut: B = air Vg, and m = He
V. Also, sin   (for small ), so
L
Fx  -(air Vg - He Vg) = - (air - He)Vg  T

+x

s mg
But  = L , and
s Vg
Fx = - (air - He)Vg L = - ks, with k = (air - He) L .

m HeV HeL
k = 2 Vg = 2
Then T = 2 , giving
(air - He)g
(air - He) L

(0.18 )(3.00 m)
T = 2 = 1.4 s.
(1.29 - 0.18)(9.80 m/s2)

13.60 (a) The longitudinal wave travels a shorter distance and is moving faster, so it will arrive at
point B first.
(b) The wave that travels through the Earth must travel a distance of
2Rsin30.0° = 2(6.37 x 106 m)sin30.0° = 6.37 x 106 m at a speed of
6.37 x 106 m
7800 m/s. It, therefore, takes 7800 m/s = 817 s.

The wave that travels along the Earth's surface must travel a distance of S = R = R( 3 rad)
= 6.67 x 106 m at a speed of 4500 m/s.
6.67 x 106
It therefore takes 4500 = 1482 s.
The time difference is 665 s = 11.1 min.
 12

CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOLUTIONS

13.61 First, observe from the geometry of the situation that D =2m
L
2d + 2 = D, L/4 = 0. 75 m

D L  A B 
or d = 2 - 4 = 1.00 m - 0.75 m = 0.25 m.
d d
0.25 m 1 L/2 = 1. 5 m
Thus, cos = 0.75 m = 3 , and  = 70.53°. 2 kg 2 kg
Now, consider a free body diagram of point A:
  Fx = 0 becomes T = T2cosand y
T2
Fy = 0 becomes 19.6 N = T2sin.
19.6 N  A T
x
Dividing the second of these equations by the first gives: T =
19.6 N
tan or T = tan70.53° = 6.93 N.
T 1 = 19.6 N
The linear density of the string is:
m 0.010 kg
 = L = 3.00 m = 3.33 x 10-3 kg/m, so the speed of transverse
waves in the string between points A and B is
T 6.93 N
v= = = 45.6 m/s.
 3.33 x 10-3 kg/m
The time for the pulse to travel 1.5 m from A to B is:
1.50 m
t = 45.6 m/s = 0.0329 s = 32.9 ms.

k 4.70 x 10-4 N/m

13.62 = m = = 1.252 rad/s, and vmax = A.
3.00 x 10-4 kg
Thus, vmax = (1.252 rad/s)(2.00 x 10-3 m) = 2.50 x 10-3 m/s = 2.50 mm/s.
This is the maximum velocity of the wingtip 3 mm from the fulcrum. To get the maximum
velocity of the outer tip of the wing, treat the wing as a rigid body rotating about the fulcrum. All
v vfar tip vnear tip
parts have the same angular velocity, so r =  leads to: rfar tip = rnear tip , or
2.50 mm/s
vfar tip = 15.0 mm 3.0 mm = 12.5 mm/s = 1.3 cm/s.

F = - 2 = - 2 3 r3 
GMm Gm 4
13.63 Newton's law of gravity is:
r r  
Thus, F = - 3 Gm r, which is of Hooke's law form with k = 3 Gm.
4 4
 
13.64 (a) From the work-energy theorem, we have
1 1
W = 2 mv2 - 2 mvo2,
1
or W = 2 (8.00 kg) [(3.00 m/s)2 - (4.00 m/s)2] = -28.0 J.
(b) The distance moved against friction is s, and f = N = mg.
28.0 J
Thus, W = -mgs, which gives s = = 0.893 m
(0.4)(8.00 kg)(9.80 m/s2)
But s is twice the distance the spring was compressed during the in-and-out motion of the
block. Therefore, the distance of compression = 0.446 m
ANSWERS TO CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
 13

CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOLUTIONS

2. No. Acceleration is maximum at maximum displacement and zero at equilibrium (x =

0) position.

4. Friction. This includes both air-resistance and damping within the spring.

L
6. No. The period of vibration is 2 g and g is less at high altitude.

8. Shorten the pendulum to decrease the period between ticks.

10. (a) Energy gets four times larger. (b) Maximum speed gets two times larger. (c)
Maximum acceleration is doubled. (d) Period is unaffected.

12. You can attach one end to a wall while holding the other end in your hand. To create a
longitudinal wave oscillate the spring back and forth along the direction of the stretched
spring. To create a transverse wave, shake the string perpendicular to the direction in
which the spring is stretched.

14. If the tension remains the same, the speed of a wave on the string does not change.
This means, from v = f, that if the frequency is doubled, the wavelength must decrease by
a factor of two.

F
16. The speed of a wave on a string is given by v = . This says the speed is

independent of the frequency of the wave. Thus, doubling the frequency leaves the speed
unaffected.

F
18. From v = we see that increasing the tension by a factor of four doubles the

wave speed.

20. We assume here for simplicity that the Earth's orbit is circular. The motion is not
simple harmonic because the resultant force acting on the Earth is not dependent on the
displacement. Also, the speed of the Earth is a constant with time, not varying with x as in
simple harmonic motion.