Aitc - 119-96 American Institute of Timber Construction PDF

American Institute of Timber Construction
________________________________________________________________________________________________
7012 South Revere Parkway • Suite 140 • Englewood, CO 80112
Phone: 303/792-9559 Fax: 303/792-0669
AITC 119-96
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR
STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER OF HARDWOOD SPECIES
Adopted as Recommendations March 2, 1996

Copyright 1985, 1996, by American Institute of Timber Construction
Section Page
Preface 1
1. General 2
2. Lumber 4
3. Adhesives 4
4. Design Values 5
5. Connections and Fasteners 8
6. Dimensions 8
7. Appearance Grades 9
8. Inspection and Quality Control 9
9. Marking 9
10. Protection During Shipping and Handling 10
11. Tables of Design Values and Layup Procedures 10
Tables for Design Values 11

Tables of Manufacturing Requirements 21
Annexes
A Grading Requirements for AITC 302-20, 302-22, 30
302-24 and 302-26 Tension Lamination Recommendations
B End Grain In Bearing Parallel to Grain 33
C E-rated Lumber 35
References 38
Hardwood Laminating Specifications, AITC 119-96
Cost efficiency in the design of structural efficient layups that better utilize the wood
glued laminated timber requires that the resource. This procedure has been
stress values as determined by the design submitted to the national evaluation service
be specified rather than a particular species and approved NER 466. Grades and
or stress combination. It is recommended amounts used in glued laminated timber can
that the designer specify the primary stress now be evaluated very quickly, thus allowing
used in the design, such as extreme fiber in more flexibility in using available laminating
bending, together with the actual computed lumber.
design values such as those for modulus of
elasticity, compression perpendicular to grain Preface
and horizontal shear. This method of These specifications consolidate, expand and
specifying provides timely availability and update previously issued laminating
economy of material and allows the specifications and supplements related to
manufacturer the most latitude in selecting specific species or mixtures of species. They
raw material -- thus promoting better represent the latest research available from
utilization of available forest resources. the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, various
Tables of design values are conveniently colleges and universities, and the American
arranged to aid the designer in specifying Institute of Timber Construction. With these
required stress values. Not all design values specifications a designer can specify the
as shown in the tables are readily available required stress levels for a glued laminated
in all areas. Please check for availability timber member. It is the responsibility of a
before specifying. glued laminated timber manufacturer to
produce a member with design values that
Manufacture of glued laminated timber has meet or exceed those requirements. When
been developed based on ASTM D 3737-93c, the design stress level allows a choice,
Standard Method for Establishing Stresses for manufacturers will select laminating
Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam) combinations to fit their varying raw material
(Ref. 9), as modified by subsequent research supplies, thus better utilizing available forest
and by American National Standard resources.
ANSI/AITC A190.1-1992, Structural Glued
Laminated Timber (Ref. 1). These Annexes attached to this standard are
specifications contain data relating to design considered mandatory.
values and the adjustment of stresses for the
design of glued laminated timber hardwood
members. They are, however, neither a
design manual nor an engineering textbook.
For additional design information see the
AITC Timber Construction Manual, Fourth
Edition (Ref. 10).
The majority of these combinations may be
specified and used if confirmed with the
manufacturer. AITC has also developed
procedures which will allow new
combinations to be used and approved
based on AITC 500-91, Determination of
Design Values for Structural Glued
Laminated Timber (Ref. 8). This Standard
and AITC's “GLDV” computer program
determines design values for combinations,
and allows laminators to develop more
1
AITC Timber Construction Standards
procedures developed with analytical studies

1. GENERAL confirmed by full-scale load tests.
1.1 Structural Glued Laminated Timber 1.3 Species
1.1.1 The term structural glued laminated 1.3.1 Hardwood species most commonly
timber as employed herein refers to an used for laminating are included in these
engineered, stress-rated product of a timber specifications.
laminating plant, comprising assemblies of
suitably selected and prepared wood 1.4 Specification of Design Values
laminations bonded together with adhesives.
The grain of all laminations is approximately 1.4.1 Principal Stress -- Bending. Table 1 is
parallel longitudinally. applicable to members consisting of 4 or
more laminations stressed primarily in
1.1.2 Separate laminations shall not exceed bending with the load applied perpendicular to
2 in. in net thickness. They may be comprised the wide faces of the laminations. The table
of pieces end joined to form any length, of includes combinations manufactured from
pieces placed or glued edge to edge to make visually graded lumber and combinations
any width, or of pieces bent to curved form manufactured from E-rated lumber. There are
during gluing. five groupings of bending stress, Fb, levels
with a number of options within groupings to
1.1.3 These specifications are applicable to give the same bending stress, but with some
laminated timbers with the number of variations in the other design values shown
laminations indicated in Tables 1 and 2. for each option.
1.1.4 Production of structural glued laminated NOTE: Many designs can utilize more than
timber under these specifications shall be in one of the options listed with an Fb grouping.
accordance with the American National Where these other design values (Ft, Fc, Fc⊥,
Standard ANSI/AITC A190.1-1992, Structural Fv and E) become critical in design, the
Glued Laminated Timber. designer should specify the stresses as
required by design. Obviously, the specifying
1.1.5 End joints in laminated timber of values that are much higher than actually
combinations listed herein shall be plain scarf required will eliminate certain combinations
joints, finger joints or other types which qualify and may result in a member that is not as
for the design values in accordance with the readily available as would otherwise be the
procedures in the American National Standard case. The arbitrary selection of the highest
ANSI/AITC A190.1-1992, Structural Glued possible design values in all stress categories
Laminated Timber. may result in a member impossible to
manufacture under these specifications. It is
also possible for the designer to specify a
1.1.6 Design of glued laminated members
given combination that meets the design
and their fastenings shall be in accordance
requirements, but this may limit availability.
with the provisions of these specifications and
the Timber Construction Manual.
1.4.1.1 Design values in Table 1 are primarily
for bending members with loads applied
1.2 Design Values
perpendicular to the wide faces of the
laminations, which is the most common
1.2.1 Some of the design values contained direction of loading for glued laminated
herein have been developed by AITC using timbers. Design values for loads applied
2
laminations causing bending about the X-X member so that the basic design values for
axis are designated in the table by the bending listed in column 3, Table 1, shall be
subscript x. Two columns of design values are allowed.
shown in Table 1 for bending with the load
applied perpendicular to the wide faces of the A bending tensile stress in the negative
laminations, Fbx. The first (column 3) is for the moment area 200 psi higher than that
most common use of bending members tabulated in column 4 is obtained by applying
where the tension portion of the bending only tension zone end jointing spacing
stress occurs on the face of the member restrictions to both top and bottom of the
containing the tension zone laminations. The member. When specified with Tension Zone
second (column 4) is for use where the face requirements both top and bottom, design
of the member containing the compression values in bending, Fbx, listed in column 3,
zone laminations is stressed in tension, such Table 1, apply to either positive or negative
as a short overhang on a simple beam. For moment loading conditions. Cantilever or
continuous beams or beams cantilevered continuous beams which are stressed higher
over a support where high tensile stresses in the negative moment area than values
exist on both the top and bottom of a member, listed in column 4, Table 1 should be identified
see 1.4.1.3. by the designer. The manufacturer shall then
provide Tension Zone laminations in this area
1.4.1.2 Design values for members stressed as required by the designer.
in bending about the Y-Y axis (loads applied
parallel to the wide faces of the laminations) 1.4.1.4 Balanced combinations for bending
and members axially loaded are also shown members which have equal or nearly equal
in Table 1. The design values for loads positive and negative bending moments are
applied parallel to the wide faces of the included in Table 1.
laminations causing bending about the Y-Y
axis are designated by the subscript y. Neither 1.4.1.5 Combinations in Table 2 are usually
the X-X nor Y-Y subscripts are commonly best suited for members with bending
used in wood references or textbooks. stresses caused by loads applied parallel to
the wide faces of the laminations. Design
1.4.1.3 Design values in bending with the values are also shown for members loaded
load applied perpendicular to the wide faces perpendicular to the wide faces of the
of the laminations, Fbx, listed in column 3, laminations. In addition, Table 2 also contains
Table 1, are for the most common installation combinations for members with 2 or 3
of the member as a simple beam. This implies laminations. These combinations are
compressive stress occurring at the top of the applicable to members loaded either
member and tensile stress occurring at the perpendicular or parallel to the wide faces of
bottom or soffit of the member (positive the laminations.
moment). For conditions where the beam
support configuration and/or loading pattern 1.4.1.6 The design values in bending about
produce negative moment which becomes the X-X axis, Fbx, in Column 3, Table 1 and
significant and the resulting tensile stress on Column 17, Table 2 are based on the use of
the top of the member exceeds the minimum special tension laminations for most
design values listed in column 4 for the combinations in Table 1 and all combinations
compression zone in tension (1,200 psi for in Table 2 when these combinations are used
24F; 1,000 psi for 20F; 800 psi for 16F; 700 for bending members. When special tension
psi for 14F combinations, and 600 psi for 12F laminations for Table 1 combinations are
combinations), Tension Zone grade omitted from bending members, the tabular
requirements, including end joint spacing, design values for bending, Fbx, are multiplied
shall be applied to the top zones of the by 0.75 for members greater than 15 inches
3
in depth, or by 0.85 for members up to 15 Appearance Grades for Structural Glued

inches in depth. For Table 2 combinations, Laminated Timber, (Ref. 6).
bending members 15 inches and less in
depth, use design values for bending in 2.2 Species
Column 16, Table 2, or for members greater
than 15 inches in depth multiply the design 2.2.1 This specification is applicable to
value in bending by 0.75 when special tension members laminated from any of the hardwood
laminations are not used. Special tension species listed in Table 3.
laminations are not required for arches and
the above provisions do not apply.
2.3 Grading
1.4.2 Principal Stress -- Axial. Table 2
contains combinations for members stressed 2.3.1 Visually-graded lumber shall be graded
primarily in axial tension or compression. for visual characteristics in accordance with
the National Grading Rule of the American
Softwood Lumber Standard, PS 20-94, (Ref.
1.4.3 Members subjected to combined axial 17) of 2.3.2. Special tension laminations shall
and bending stresses. When a combination of be graded in accordance with the procedures
axial and bending stresses exists in a shown in Annex A. E-rated lumber shall be
member, they shall be checked by the graded in accordance with the procedures
equations as shown in the Timber shown in Annex C.
Construction Manual. The designer shall
specify the required tabular design values in
bending, Fb, and compression parallel to 2.3.2 The slope of grain requirements for
grain, Fc, or tension parallel to grain, Ft ; visually-graded lumber used in members
however, the stresses specified shall be stressed principally in bending perpendicular
available in a single combination. When the to the wide faces of the laminations are
predominant stress is bending, the shown in Table 5. When slope of grain for
combinations in Table 1 are usually more visually-graded lumber is not shown, the
appropriate. The required tabular design slope shall be that of the basic dimension
values for axial and bending stresses shall be grades shown. For tension or compression
specified regardless of whether the members, the requirements given in Table 6
combination has been specified. apply to all laminations.
2. Lumber 3. Adhesives
2.1 General 3.1 Adhesives used shall comply with the

specifications contained in the American
National Standard ANSI/AITC A190.1-1992,
2.1.1 For that portion of the cross section that Structural Glued Laminated Timber.
is not a structural part of the member, the
strength provisions of this specification need
not apply. 3.2 Wet-use adhesives may be specified for
all moisture conditions but are required when
the moisture content exceeds 16% for
2.1.2 When a top or bottom lamination is repeated or prolonged periods of service or
specially selected to meet appearance when the wood is preservatively treated either
requirements, the basic structural before or after gluing.
requirements of the required grade still apply.
3.3 Many of the species listed individually in
2.1.3 Appearance requirements shall be in Table 3 are generally available in commercial
accordance with the AITC 110-84, Standard categories without individual species
4
identification. It is recommended that the treatment by the manufacturer of the

laminator work closely with the adhesive treatment.
suppliers to determine if any need exists for
species identification prior to adhesive 4.1.4 Design values given herein are for
qualification. Each of the adhesive-species- normal durations of loading. Adjustments for
treatment combinations shall be qualified. other durations of loading are given in 4.4.1.
However, red oak and white oak shall be
considered in the same group for
4.1.5 Design values in bending, Fb, given
qualification. All other species are to be
herein are based on a simple span member 5-
considered on an individual basis.
1/8 in. wide, 12 in. deep, 21 ft in length and
loaded with a uniform load. Adjustments for
4. Design Values other sizes and loading are given in 4.4.2 and
in footnote f to Table 2.
4.1 General
4.1.6 The modulus of elasticity, E, values
Although ASTM D 3737 procedures permit herein are the average values for the
higher design stresses for some hardwood combination shown and reflect the effect of
species and grade combinations, it is the grade. The modulus of elasticity of wood of a
intent of this standard to limit hardwood beam given species is variable. The coefficient of
stresses to those values shown in the tables variation (C.O.V.) of visually graded lumber of
when the values are determined using data in the same species is approximately 0.25 for
ASTM D 2555-88 (Ref. 15), Table 2. It is species used in laminating. Tests and
recommended that higher values be based experience have shown that this variability is
upon supplemental clear wood data considerably reduced by the laminating effect.
developed following ASTM D 5536-94 (Ref. For glued laminated timber made from 4
18) or upon verification by full size beam laminations of visually graded lumber, the
testing. C.O.V. is approximately 0.15, for 10
laminations 0.10 and for 16 or more
4.1.1 For design values given herein, or laminations 0.08. The variation in modulus of
adjustments thereof, lumber of the grades elasticity is especially important in designs
required shall be assembled in accordance where stiffness is of prime importance such
with the zone requirements indicated in as in the design of long columns, lateral
Tables 5 and 6. stability calculations or in calculations for
ponding.
4.1.2 Design values given herein and the
adjustments required for other conditions of A standard deviation (s) is the average value
use and loading are also applicable to multiplied by the coefficient of variation. In a
structural glued laminated timbers that have normal frequency distribution, approximately
been pressure impregnated by an approved 2/3 of the individual values will be within one
preservative process in accordance with AITC standard deviation (above and below) the
109-90, Standard for Preservative Treatment average value. Also about 95% of the
of Structural Glued Laminated Timber, (Ref. individual values will be within two standard
5). deviations of the average value. Thus, if a
combination of glued laminated timber has an
4.1.3 Design values for fire retardant treated average E of 1,700,000 psi and the coefficient
glued laminated timber, treated before or after of variation is 0.10, 2/3 of the members could
gluing, are dependent upon the species and be expected to have values between
treatment combinations involved. The effect 1,530,000 and 1,870,000 psi and 95% could
on strength shall be provided for each be expected to have values between
1,360,000 psi and 2,040,000 psi.
5
In a case where only the lower portion of the 4.2 Radial Tension or Compression
variation in E is of engineering importance,
similar useful interpretations are possible. In a 4.2.1 When a curved member is loaded in
normal frequency distribution, 5/6 of the bending, radial stresses are induced.
individual values lie above a value located at
one standard deviation below the mean
4.2.2 When the bending moment, M, is in the
(1,530,000 psi in the above example). In the
direction tending to increase curvature
same distribution, 95% of the individual
(decrease the radius), the radial stress is
values lie above a value located at 1.645 s
compression across the grain, Frc. The design
(1,420,000 psi in the above example).
value in radial compression, Frc is equal to the
design value in compression perpendicular to
4.1.6.1 Tabulated E values shown for grain, Fc⊥ of the grade and species being
bending about the X-X axis of members in used.
Table 1 are higher than those tabulated for
bending about the Y-Y axis because the
4.2.3 When M is in the direction tending to
laminations in the outer zones have higher E
decrease curvature (increase the radius), the
values than those in the inner zones.
radial stress is tension across the grain. The
design value in radial tension perpendicular to
4.1.6.2 Modulus of elasticity values for grain, Frt , shall be limited to 1/3 the design
bending members listed in Tables 1 and 2 are value in horizontal shear, Fv. These values
based on a span to depth ratio of are subject to adjustments for duration of load
approximately 21 and include an adjustment and wet conditions of use. For wet conditions
for shear deflection. These E values can be of use, the wet-use factor for radial tension is
used for determining deflection for most 0.875.
designs without the necessity of calculating
the shear deflection.
4.3 Condition of Use
4.1.7 Tabulated compression perpendicular
4.3.1 Dry condition of use design values shall
to grain design values in Tables 1 and 2 are
be applicable when the moisture content in
based on the average stress to obtain a
service is less than 16%, as in most covered
deformation of 0.04 in. obtained when testing
structures.
in accordance with the standard method
ASTM D 245-93 (Ref. 13), for compression
perpendicular to grain. In special applications 4.3.2 Wet condition of use design values
where deformation is critical, use of a reduced shall be applicable when the moisture content
compression perpendicular to grain design in service is greater than 16%, as may occur
value shall be considered. The following in members directly exposed to precipitation
equation is used for a deformation of 0.02 in. or in covered locations of high humidity.
which is 50% of that associated with the
values tabulated in Tables 1 and 2. 4.4 Adjustment of Design Values
Fc⊥(0.02) = 0.73 Fc⊥ 4.4.1 Duration of Load
where Fc⊥(0.02) = compression perpendicular to 4.4.1.1 Normal load duration contemplates

grain at 50% of deformation limit associated fully stressing a member to the design value
with tabulated Fc⊥ values (0.02 in.), and Fc⊥ = by the application of the full design load for a
compression perpendicular to grain at 0.04 in. duration of approximately 10 years (applied
deformation limit. either continuously or cumulatively). Tabular
design values are based on normal load
duration (CD =1.0).
6
4.4.1.2 When the duration of load is other d = depth of bending member, in.,
than that for normal load duration, the tabular
design values except for modulus of elasticity L = length of bending member between points
and compression parallel to grain are of zero moment, ft.,
adjusted by the duration of load factor CD as
shown in 4.4.1.3. x = 10 for hardwoods,
4.4.1.3 The duration of load factors CD are

shown below:
Single Span Beam KL
Load Duration CD Typical Design Loads
Concentrated load at mid-span 1.09
Permanent 0.9 Dead Load Uniformly distributed load 1.00
Two equal concentrated loads
at 1/3 points of span 0.96
Ten Years 1.0 Occupancy Live Load
Continuous Beam or Cantilever
Two Months 1.15 Snow Load
All loading conditions 1.00
Seven Days 1.25 Construction Load
4.4.3 Lateral Stability
Ten Minutes 1.60 Wind/Earthquake Load
4.4.3.1 Design values for bending contained
Impact* 2.0 Impact Load in these specifications are applicable to
* The impact load duration factor shall not apply to glued members which are adequately braced. When
laminated timber members preservatively treated with deep, slender members not adequately
waterborne preservatives to the heavy retention required for
marine exposure, nor to members pressure treated with fire braced are used, a reduction to the tabulated
retardant chemicals. design values in bending must be applied
based on a computation of the beam stability
4.4.2 Volume Factor, CV factor of the member. In the check of lateral
stability, the beam stability factor shall be
4.4.2.1 The tabular design values in bending applied in design as shown in the Timber
about the X-X axis are based on a simple Construction Manual.
span member 5-1/8 in. wide, 12 in. deep, 21 ft
in length and loaded with a uniform load. 4.4.3.2 A reduction in the design value in
When a different size member is used or a bending determined by applying the beam
different loading condition exists, the tabular stability factor is not cumulative with a
design value Fbx is multiplied by the volume reduction in design value due to the
factor CV calculated as follows: application of the volume factor. In no case
shall the design value in bending exceed the
CV = KL [ (5.125/b)1/x (12/d)1/x (21/L)1/x ] ≤ 1.0 stress as determined by applying the volume
factor or beam stability factor, whichever
where: KL = loading condition coefficient (see governs.
following Table),
b = width (breadth) of bending member, in.

For multiple piece width layups, b = width
of widest piece used in the layup. Thus b
≤ 10.75 in.,
7
4.4.4 Curvature Factor timber. The use of standard finished sizes,

however, constitutes recommended practice
4.4.4.1 For the curved portion of members, to the extent that other considerations will
the design value in bending, Fb, shall be permit. The laminator may use different
adjusted by multiplying it by the following thicknesses of lumber to develop the
curvature factor: specified depth provided the volume of the
higher grades of lumber equals or exceeds
that specified in laminating combinations
2
t which are based on laminations of equal
Cc = 1 − 2000  thickness. The depth and width of the glued
 R
laminated timber should be as agreed upon
by buyer and seller.
where: t = thickness of lamination in.,
6.2 Depth and Width
R = radius of curvature of lamination in.
6.2.1 Straight and curved members shall be
No curvature factor need be applied to the furnished in accordance with the width and
design value in the straight portion of an depth dimensions required by the design.
assembly, regardless of curvature elsewhere.
6.2.2 The typical standard net finished widths
5. Connections and Fasteners are as follows:
Nominal Width, In. Net Finished Width, in.
5.1 Bolts, Lag Screws, Nails and Spikes. 3 2-1/2
Design values for dowel type connections and 4 3 1/8
fasteners for glued laminated timber are 6 5 1/8
contained in the National Design 8 6 3/4
Specification® for Wood Construction, 1991 10 8 3/4
(Ref. 3). Specific gravity values from Table 3 12 10 3/4
are used with those tables to determine the 14 12 1/4
dowel capacities. 16 14 1/4
5.2 Shear Plates and Split Rings. Timber Other finished widths may be used to meet
connector group information for hardwood the size requirements of a design or to meet
glued laminated timber is provided in Tables other special requirements.
4A and 4B. The timber connector group is
used with tables in the AITC Timber 6.3 Radius of Curvature
Construction Manual to determine the
capacity of shear plates and split ring 6.3.1 The ability to bend laminations is
connectors. dependent upon many factors relating to both
wood properties and manufacturing
5.3 See AITC 104-84, Typical Construction techniques and it may be advisable for the
Details, (Ref. 4), for additional information on designer to consult with the laminator prior to
connections. specifying. Two prime considerations are
thickness of laminations, t, and bending radii,
6. DIMENSIONS R.
The recommended minimum radii of curvature
6.1 Standard Sizes. American National for curved structural glued laminated
Standard ANSI/AITC A190.1-1992 permits the hardwood timbers are 6 ft 3 in. for a
use of any width or depth of glued laminated lamination thickness of ¾ in.; and 12 ft 6 in.
for a lamination thickness of 1-1/2 in. Other
8
radii of curvature may be used with these at both ends of the member. Axially-loaded
thicknesses and other radius-thickness members or bending members which are
combinations may be used provided the t/R fabricated in such a manner that they cannot
ratio does not exceed 1/100. be installed upside down need not be marked.
7. APPEARANCE GRADES 10. PROTECTION DURING SHIPPING

AND FIELD HANDLING
7.1 Appearance grades shall be in
accordance with the current AITC 110-84, 10.1 End sealers, surface sealers, primer
Standard Appearance Grades for Structural coats and wrappings are allowed for the
Glued Laminated Timber, unless otherwise protection of the members. However, they do
specified on drawings or specifications. not necessarily preclude damage resulting
from negligence and other factors beyond the
7.2 For those combinations permitting the control of the laminator during shipping,
mixing of species, the potential for difference handling, storing and placing of the members.
in color or grain of adjacent laminations must The protection specified shall be
be recognized. For those architectural commensurate with the end use and final
appearance applications where such possible finish of the member. It may also vary with the
differences in color or grain are important, the method of shipment and with exposure to
designer shall specify a combination symbol climatic and other details. See the current
which will restrict the laminations to a single AITC 111-79, Recommended Practice for
species or group of species with similar Protection of Structural Glued Laminated
characteristics. In some cases, this may Timber During Transit, Storage and Erection,
restrict availability. (Ref. 7).
8. INSPECTION AND QUALITY 11. TABLES OF DESIGN VALUES AND

CONTROL LAYUP PROCEDURES
8.1 The assurance that quality materials and 11.1 The following Tables contain information
workmanship are used in structural glued on design values and manufacture of selected
laminated timber members shall be vested in combinations of hardwood glued laminated
the laminator’s day-to-day quality control timber. Other species and other combinations
operations. Visual inspections and physical are allowed when developed by the
tests of samples of production are also procedures included in the current AITC 500-
required to assure conformance with this 91 which allows for greater optimization of
Standard and American National Standard available species and grades of lumber.
ANSI/AITC A190.1-1992 Structural Glued
Laminated Timber. Table 1 has been developed primarily for
members that are loaded in bending
9. MARKING perpendicular to the wide faces of the
laminations. However, design values have
been included for members loaded in bending
9.1 The laminating combinations in Table 1
parallel to the wide faces of the laminations
were developed primarily to resist bending
and for axial loads.
loads. The grades of lumber in laminations on
the compression side may not be the same as
those on the tension side. Therefore, straight Table 2 has been developed primarily for
or slightly cambered glued laminated timber axially loaded members and loading in
bending members shall be stamped “TOP” bending about the Y-Y axis. A single grade of
with letters approximately 2 in. high on the top
9
species is used throughout the depth of the

member.
Table 3 contains the average specific gravity

for lumber at moisture contents of 12% and
ovendry for selected species. The specific
gravities of other species shall be determined
by obtaining the average specific gravity for
“green” lumber from ASTM D 2555-88 and
adjusting to the specific gravity at 12% and
ovendry by the appropriate equation in ASTM
D 2395-93 (Ref. 16).
Table 4 contains the Timber Connector

Groups for use with split ring and shear plate
connectors.
Table 5 contains manufacturing requirements

for the tabulated hardwood combinations
listed in Table 1.
Table 6 contains manufacturing requirements

for the tabulated hardwood combinations
listed in Table 2.
10
Table 1 Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Timber

a, b, c, l
For normal duration of load and dry conditions of use
Bending About X - X Axis Bending About Y - Y Axis Axially Loaded
Loaded Perpendicular Loaded Parallel
to Wide Faces of to Wide Faces
Laminations of Laminations
Shear
Parallel
to Grain
Extreme Fiber in Compression (Hori-
Bending Perpendicular to Grain zontal)
Fbx Fc⊥x (For
mem-
bers
with
multiple
piece
Tension Com- Shear Modulus Extreme Compres- Shear lamina- Modulus Tension Compres- Modulus
Species Zone pression Parallel of Fiber sion Parallel tions of Parallel sion of
Outer Stressed Zone to Grain Elasticity in Perpen- to Grain which Elasticity to Parallel to Elasticity
Lam- in Stressed (Hori- Ex Bending dicular to (Hori- are not Ey Grain Grain E
fk h
inations/ Tension in Tension Tension Compression zontal) Fby Grain zontal) edge Ft Fc
g j j j i
Combi- Core Face Face Fvx Fc⊥y Fvy glued)
nation Lamina- Million Fvy Million Million
d e
Symbol tions psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Visually Graded Hardwoods
m
The following combination is NOT BALANCED and is intended for simple span members.
12F-V1 D 1200 600 285 285 125 1.2 1050 285 110 45 1.0 600 800 1.0
The following combination is BALANCED and is for members continuous or cantilevered over supports and provide equal capacity in both positive and negative bending.
12F-V2 D 1200 1200 285 285 125 1.2 1050 285 110 45 1.1 625 860 1.1
m
The following 2 combinations are NOT BALANCED and are intended for simple span members.
14F-V1 C 1400 700 405 405 155 1.3 1250 405 135 55 1.1 700 950 1.1
14F-V2 B 1400 700 590 590 180 1.3 1450 590 160 65 1.1 750 1200 1.1
The following 2 combinations are BALANCED and are for members continuous or cantilevered over supports and provide equal capacity in both positive and negative bending.
14F-V3 C 1400 1400 405 405 155 1.3 1250 405 135 55 1.1 725 950 1.1
14F-V4 B 1400 1400 590 590 180 1.3 1450 590 160 65 1.1 775 1200 1.1
Wet-use factors 0.80 0.80 0.53 0.53 0.875 0.833 0.80 0.53 0.875 0.875 0.833 0.80 0.73 0.833
11

a, b, c, l
Shear
Parallel
to Grain
Fbx Fc⊥x (For
mem-
bers
with
multiple
piece
Outer Stressed Zone to Grain Elasticity in Perpen- to Grain which Elasticity to Parallel to Elasticity
Lam- in Stressed (Hori- Ex Bending dicular to (Hori- are not Ey Grain Grain E
fk h
inations/ Tension in Tension Tension Compression zontal) Fby Grain zontal) edge Ft Fc
g j j j i
Combi- Core Face Face Fvx Fc⊥y Fvy glued)
nation Lamina- Million Fvy Million
d e
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
m
16F-V1 B 1600 800 590 590 180 1.4 1400 590 160 65 1.2 800 1200 1.2
16F-V2 A 1600 800 835 835 200 1.5 1700 835 175 75 1.3 875 1250 1.3
The following 2 combinations are BALANCED and are for members continuous or cantilevered over supports and provide equal capacity in both positive and negative bending.
16F-V3 B 1600 1600 590 590 180 1.4 1400 590 160 65 1.2 850 1200 1.2
16F-V4 A 1600 1600 835 835 200 1.6 1700 835 175 75 1.3 900 1300 1.3
m
The following one combination is NOT BALANCED and is intended for simple span members.
20F-V1 A 2000 1000 835 835 200 1.7 1700 835 175 75 1.4 975 1400 1.4
The following one combination is BALANCED and is for members continuous or cantilevered over supports and provides equal capacity in both positive and negative bending.
20F-V2 A 2000 2000 835 835 200 1.7 1700 835 175 75 1.4 1000 1400 1.4
Wet-use factors 0.80 0.80 0.53 0.53 0.875 0.833 0.80 0.53 0.875 0.875 0.833 0.80 0.73 0.833
12
Table 1 Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Timber a, b, c, l

Shear
Parallel
to Grain
Fbx Fc⊥x (For
mem-
bers
with
multiple
piece
Outer Stressed Zone to Grain Elasticity in Perpen- to which Elasticity to Parallel to Elasticity
Lam- in Stressed (Hori- Ex Bending dicular to Grain are not Ey Grain Grain E
fk h
inations/ Tension in Tension Tension Compression zontal) Fby Grain (Hori- edge Ft Fc
g j j j i
Combi- Core Face Face Fvx Fc⊥y zontal) glued)
nation Lamina- Million Fvy Fvy Million Million
d e
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
E-Rated Hardwoods
m
16F-E1 ABCD 1600 800 440 440 125 1.4 1250 285 110 45 1.2 825 975 1.2
The following combination is BALANCED and is for members continuous or cantilevered over supports and provides equal capacity in both positive and negative bending.
16F-E2 ABCD 1600 800 440 440 125 1.4 1400 285 110 45 1.2 900 1000 1.2
m
20F-E1 ABC 2000 1000 590 590 155 1.6 1350 405 135 55 1.3 950 1050 1.3
20F-E2 ABC 2000 2000 590 590 155 1.6 1600 405 135 55 1.3 1050 1100 1.3
m
24F-E1 AB 2400 1200 770 770 180 1.8 1550 590 160 65 1.5 1000 1400 1.5
24F-E2 AB 2400 2400 770 770 180 1.8 1650 590 160 65 1.5 1050 1400 1.5
m
24F-E3 YP 2400 1200 590 590 155 1.8 1450 405 135 55 1.5 975 1200 1.5
24F-E4 RM 2400 1200 895 895 220 1.8 1650 710 195 80 1.6 1050 1350 1.6
24F-E5 RO 2400 1200 1075 1075 235 1.8 1700 900 205 85 1.5 1100 1450 1.5
Wet-use factors 0.80 0.80 0.53 0.53 0.875 0.833 0.80 0.53 0.875 0.875 0.833 0.80 0.73 0.833
13
Footnotes -- Table 1 Design. restrictions are applied to the compression zone

when stressed in tension.
a
The combinations in this table are applicable to
h
members consisting of 4 or more laminations and Footnote f of Table 2 applies.
are intended primarily for members stressed in
i
bending due to loads applied perpendicular to the These values for shear parallel to grain
wide faces of the laminations. Design values are (horizontal), Fvy, apply to members manufactured
also tabulated for loading both perpendicular and using multiple piece laminations with unbonded
parallel to the wide faces of the laminations. For edge joints. For members manufactured using
combinations and design values applicable to single piece laminations or using multiple piece
members loaded primarily axially or parallel to the laminations with bonded edge joints the shear
wide faces of the laminations, see Table 2. For parallel to grain (horizontal) values in column 11
members of 2 or 3 laminations, see Table 2. apply.
For members with 5, 7 or 9 laminations, unbonded
b
The tabulated design values are for dry service edge joints occurring in each lamination shall be no
conditions. To obtain wet service design values, closer than 1-1/2 inches in adjacent laminations.
multiply the tabulated values by the factors shown The values in column 12 shall be reduced by 20%.
at the end of the table.
j
The compression perpendicular to grain design
c
The tabulated design values are for normal values in this Table are not subject to the duration
duration of loading. For other durations of loading, of load adjustments in 4.4.1.
see 4.4.1.3.
k
When special tension laminations are not used,
d
The combinations symbols relate to a specific the design values in bending about the X-X axis,
combination of grades and species in Table 5 that Fbx, shall be multiplied by 0.75 for bending
will provide the design values shown for the members over 15 in. deep, and 0.85 for beams ≤
combination. The first two numbers in the 15 in. in depth.
combination symbol correspond to the design value
l
in bending shown in Column 3. The letter in the This table lists up to 5 zones for grades of
combination symbol (either a "V" or an "E") laminations. When AITC 500-96 is used for
indicates whether the combination is made from developing laminating combinations, the number of
visually graded, V, or E-rated, E, lumber in the zones may be larger.
m
outer zones. These combinations are also allowed for arches.
e
The symbols used for hardwood species are A, B,
C, and D. YP is for Yellow Poplar, RM is for Red
Maple and RO is for Red Oak (Northern). See
Table 3 for a listing of Hardwood species.
f
The tabulated design values for bending about the
X-X axis in this table are applicable to a member 5-
1/8 in. wide, 12 in. deep, 21 ft. long, uniformly
loaded and used for a simple span. When other
conditions exist, the requirements of 4.4.2 apply.
g
Design values in this column are for extreme fiber
stress in bending when the member is loaded such
that the compression zone laminations are
subjected to tensile stresses. For more information,
see 1.4.1.3. The values in this column may be
increased 200 psi where end joint spacing
14
Table 2 Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Timbera, b, c

For normal duration of load and dry conditions of use.
All Loading Axially Loaded Bending about Y - Y Axis Bending About X - X Axis
Tension Compression Loading Parallel Loaded
Parallel Parallel to Grain to Wide Faces of Perpendicular
to Fc Laminations to Wide Faces
Grain of Laminations
Ft
g
Com- Extreme Fiber in Shear Parallel to Grain Extreme Fiber in Shear
f h
Modulus pression Bending (Horizontal) Bending Parallel to
g
of Perpen- Fby Fvy Fbx Grain
Elasticity dicular (Horizontal)
E to Fvx
l
Grain
Fc⊥ 2 or 4 or More 2 or 3 4 or 3 2 4 or More 4 or 3 2 2 Lams 4 or More 2 or More
j,m
More Lams Lams More Lams Lams Lams (For More Lams Lams to 15 in. Lams Lams
Lams Lams members Lams Deep
with
multiple
Combin- piece
d k
ation Species Million psi lams) psi
e
Symbol Group Grade psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
H1 A N3 1.3 835 425 900 900 1250 1100 875 75 175 165 150 925 1200 200
H2 A N2 1.5 835 875 1300 1300 1700 1550 1300 75 175 165 150 1200 1500 200
H3 A N1 1.7 835 1000 1450 1450 2000 1800 1550 75 175 165 150 1600 1800 200
H4 A SS 1.7 835 1150 1600 1600 2000 1850 1600 75 175 165 150 1700 2000 200
H5 B N3 1.2 590 350 800 800 1050 900 750 65 160 150 135 750 1000 180
H6 B N2 1.3 590 750 1150 1150 1450 1300 1050 65 160 150 135 1000 1200 180
H7 B N1 1.5 590 850 1300 1300 1650 1500 1300 65 160 150 135 1350 1600 180
H8 B SS 1.5 590 950 1450 1450 1700 1550 1350 65 160 150 135 1400 1700 180
H9 C N3 1.0 405 300 625 625 900 800 625 55 135 130 115 675 900 155
H10 C N2 1.2 405 625 900 900 1200 1100 925 55 135 130 115 875 1100 155
H11 C N1 1.3 405 725 1000 1000 1400 1300 1100 55 135 130 115 1150 1400 155
H12 C SS 1.3 405 825 1100 1100 1450 1350 1150 55 135 130 115 1200 1500 155
H13 D N3 0.9 285 250 575 575 775 675 550 45 110 105 95 575 775 125
H14 D N2 1.1 285 550 825 825 1050 950 800 45 110 105 95 750 925 125
H15 D N1 1.2 285 625 925 925 1200 1100 950 45 110 105 95 1000 1150 125
H16 D SS 1.2 285 700 1050 1050 1250 1150 1000 45 110 105 95 1050 1300 125
Wet-use factors 0.833 0.53 0.80 0.73 0.73 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.875 0.875 0.875 0.875 0.80 0.80 0.875
15

a, b, c
For normal duration of load and dry conditions of use.
All Loading Axially Loaded Bending about Y - Y Axis Bending About X - X Axis
Tension Compression Loading Parallel Loaded
Parallel Parallel to Grain to Wide Faces Perpendicular
to Fc of Laminations to Wide Faces
Grain of Laminations
Ft
g
Com Extreme Fiber in Shear Parallel to Grain Extreme Fiber in Shear
f h
Modulus pression Bending (Horizontal) Bending Parallel to
g
of Perpen- Fby Fvy Fbx Grain
Elasticity dicular (Horizontal)
E to Fvx
l
Grain
Fc⊥ 2 or 4 or More 2 or 3 4 or 3 2 4 or More 4 or 3 2 2 Lams 4 or More 2 or More
j,m
More Lams Lams More Lams Lams Lams (For More Lams Lams to 15 in. Lams Lams
Lams Lams members Lams Deep
with
multiple
Combin- piece
d k
ation Species Million psi lams) psi
e
Symbol Group Grade psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
E-Rated Hardwoods
H17 A 1.5E3 1.4 1015 1000 1500 1350 1850 1750 1550 75 175 165 150 1200 1450 200
H18 A 1.8E3 1.7 1015 1150 1950 1850 2100 2000 1750 75 175 165 150 1450 1850 200
H19 A 1.8E6 1.7 1015 1450 2000 1900 2300 2200 1950 75 175 165 150 1650 2000 200
H20 A 2.0E3 1.9 1015 1350 2300 2200 2400 2300 2100 75 175 165 150 1700 2200 200
H21 A 2.0E6 1.9 1015 1700 2430 2300 2400 2400 2300 75 175 165 150 2100 2600 200
H22 B 1.5E3 1.4 770 1000 1500 1350 1850 1750 1550 65 160 150 135 1200 1450 180
H23 B 1.8E3 1.7 770 1150 1950 1850 2100 2000 1750 65 160 150 135 1450 1850 180
H24 B 1.8E6 1.7 770 1450 2000 1900 2300 2200 1950 65 160 150 135 1650 2000 180
H25 B 2.0E3 1.9 770 1350 2300 2200 2400 2300 2100 65 160 150 135 1700 2200 180
H26 B 2.0E6 1.9 770 1700 2400 2300 2400 2400 2300 65 160 150 135 2100 2600 180
H27 C 1.5E3 1.4 590 1000 1500 1350 1850 1750 1550 55 135 130 115 1200 1450 155
H28 C 1.8E3 1.7 590 1150 1950 1850 2100 2000 1750 55 135 130 115 1450 1850 155
H29 C 1.8E6 1.7 590 1450 2000 1900 2300 2200 1950 55 135 130 115 1650 2000 155
H30 C 2.0E3 1.9 590 1350 2300 2200 2400 2300 2100 55 135 130 115 1700 2200 155
H31 C 2.0E6 1.9 590 1700 2400 2300 2400 2400 2300 55 135 130 115 2100 2600 155
H32 D 1.5E3 1.4 440 1000 1500 1350 1850 1750 1550 45 110 105 95 1200 1450 125
H33 D 1.5E6 1.4 440 1250 1500 1400 2000 1900 1700 45 110 105 95 1250 1600 125
H34 D 1.8E3 1.7 440 1150 1950 1850 2100 2000 1750 45 110 105 95 1450 1850 125
H35 D 1.8E6 1.7 440 1450 2000 1900 2300 2200 1950 45 110 105 95 1650 2000 125
H36 D 2.0E3 1.9 440 1350 2300 2200 2400 2300 2100 45 110 105 95 1700 2200 125
H37 D 2.0E6 1.9 440 1700 2400 2300 2400 2400 2300 45 110 105 95 2100 2600 125
Wet-use factors 0.833 0.53 0.80 0.73 0.73 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.875 0.875 0.875 0.875 0.80 0.80 0.875
16
2.0E6 has 1/6 edge characteristic with 2.0E.

Footnotes -- Table 2 -- Design 1.8E6 has 1/6 edge characteristic with 1.8E.
1.5E6 has 1/6 edge characteristic with 1.5E.
a
The combinations in this table are intended 2.0E3 has 1/3 edge characteristic with 2.0E.
primarily for members loaded either axially or in 1.8E3 has 1/3 edge characteristic with 1.8E.
bending with the loads acting parallel to the wide 1.5E3 has 1/3 edge characteristic with 1.5E.
faces of the laminations. Design values for bending
f
due to loading applied perpendicular to the wide The values of Fby were calculated based on
faces of the laminations are also included; members 12 in. in depth (bending about Y-Y axis).
however, the combinations in Table 1 are usually When the depth is less than 12 in., the values of Fby
better suited for this condition of loading. The can be increased by multiplying by the flat use
design values for bending about the X-X axis, Fbx, factor Cfu for glued laminated timber.
shown in Column 16 are for members from 2
laminations to 15 in. deep without special tension Flat Use
laminations. Design values approximately 15% Depth in. Factor Cfu
higher for members with 4 or more laminations are 10-3/4 1.01
shown in Column 17. These higher design values; 8-3/4 1.04
however, require special tension laminations which 6-3/4 1.07
may not be readily available. 5-1/8 1.10
3-1/8 1.16
b
The tabulated design values are for dry conditions
g
of use. To obtain wet-use design values, multiply The design values in shear parallel to grain
the tabulated values by the factors shown at the (horizontal shear) contained in this table are based
end of the table. on members without wane.
c h
The tabulated design values are for normal The tabulated design values for bending about the
duration of loading. For other durations of loading, X-X axis in this table are applicable to a member 5-
see 4.4.1.3. 1/8 in. wide, 12 in. deep, 21 ft long, uniformly
loaded and used for a simple span. When other
d
The symbols used for species groups are A, B, C conditions exist, the requirements of 4.4.2 apply.
and D. See Table 3.
i
The design values are for members of from 2
e
Grade designations are as follows: laminations to 15 in. in depth without tension
laminations.
Visually Graded Hardwood Species
j
The design values are for members of 4 or more
SS is select structural, structural joists and planks laminations in depth and require special tension
or structural light framing grade . laminations. When these values are used in design
N1 is No. 1 structural joists and planks or structural and the member is specified by combination
light framing grade; or No. 1 boards graded as symbol, the designer should also specify the
dimension lumber. required design value in bending.
N2 is No. 2 structural joists and planks or structural
k
light framing grade; or No. 2 boards graded as These values for shear parallel to grain, Fvy, apply
dimension lumber. to members manufactured using multiple piece
N3 is No. 3 structural joists and planks or structural laminations with unbonded edge joints. For
light framing grade; or No. 3 boards graded as members using single piece laminations or using
dimension lumber. multiple piece laminations with bonded edge joints,
the shear parallel to grain values tabulated in
E-Rated Grades -- All Species columns 13, 14 and 15 apply. For members with 5,
7 or 9 laminations the values in column 12 shall be
17
reduced by 20%. Unbonded edge joints occurring

in each lamination shall be no closer than 1-1/2 in.
in adjacent laminations.
l
The compression perpendicular to grain design
values in this Table are not subject to the duration
of load adjustments in 4.4.1.
m
When special tension laminations are not used,
the design values in bending about the X-X axis,
Fbx, shall be multiplied by 0.75 for bending
members over 15 in. deep. For bending members
15 in. and less in depth, use the design values in
Column 16 (see 1.4.1.6).
18
Table 3 Specific Groups and Names for Hardwood Speciesa
Average Average
Specific Gravity Specific Gravity
Common Name Botanical Name Ovendry at 12% M.C.
Group A
Ash, White Fraxinus americana 0.63 0.59
Beech, American Fagus grandifolia 0.67 0.63
Birch, Sweet Betula alleghaniensis 0.72 0.66
Birch, Yellow Betula lenta 0.65 0.60
Hickory, Bitternut Carya cordiformis 0.74 0.69
Hickory, Mockernut Carya tomentosa 0.77 0.71
Hickory, Nutmeg Carya myristiciformis 0.66 0.62
Hickory, pecan Carya illinoensis 0.73 0.68
Hickory, pignut Carya glabra 0.81 0.75
Hickory, shagbark Carya ovata 0.77 0.71
Hickory, shellbark Carya laciniosa 0.76 0.70
Hickory, water Carya aquatica 0.76 0.70
Oak, Northern Red Quercus rubra 0.66 0.62
Oak, White Quercus alba 0.70 0.66
minimum 0.63 0.59
Group B
Elm, rock Ulmus thomasii 0.62 0.63
Maple, Black Acer nigrum 0.60 0.57
Maple, Red Acer rubrum 0.58 0.54
Mixed Oak:
Black Quercus velutina 0.66 0.62
Cherrybark Quercus facata 0.72 0.66
Northern Red Quercus rubra 0.66 0.62
Southern Red Quercus falcata 0.62 0.58
Laurel Quercus laurifolia 0.66 0.62
Pin Quercus palustris 0.69 0.64
Scarlet Quercus coccinea 0.73 0.68
Water Quercus nigra 0.66 0.62
Chestnut Quercus prinus 0.69 0.64
Live Quercus virginiana 1.04 0.93
Post Quercus stellata 0.72 0.66
Swamp Chestnut Quercus michauxii 0.72 0.66
White Quercus alba 0.72 0.66
Bur Quercus macrocarpa 0.72 0.66
Overcup Quercus lyrata 0.66 0.62
Swamp White Quercus bicolor 0.77 0.71
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua 0.53 0.50
minimum 0.53 0.50
Group C
Ash, Black Fraxinus nigra 0.51 0.49
Elm, American Ulmus americana 0.53 0.50
Tupulo, water Nyssa aquatica 0.51 0.49
Yellow Poplar Liriodendron tulipifera 0.45 0.43
minimum 0.45 0.43
Group D
Aspen, Bigtooth Populus grandidentata 0.40 0.38
Aspen, Quaking Populus tremuloides 0.39 0.37
Cottonwood, Eastern Populus deltoides 0.41 0.39
Mixed Maple:
Black Acer nigrun 0.60 0.57
Red Acer rubrum 0.58 0.54
Silver Acer saccharinum 0.50 0.47
Sugar Acer saccharum 0.67 0.63
minimum 0.39 0.37
a
For bolts, lag screws, nails and spikes, use the average specific gravity ovendry listed in this table with the tables in the AITC Timber Construction
Manual or the National Design Specification® for Wood Construction. When the species is designated by Group only, use the minimum value listed
under the appropriate group. The average specific gravity at 12% MC can be used to determine the unit weight of the species to calculate approximate
beam weights.
19
Table 4A Design − Timber Connector Groups for Shear Plates and Split Rings Used on the Faces of
Hardwood Glued Laminated Timbers for Table 1 Combinations a, b
Tension Face Side Face Compression

Face
Species Species Species
or Timber or Timber or Timber
Combination Depth of Species Conn. Species Conn. Species Conn.
Symbol Member Group Group Group Group Group Group
12F-V1 4 or more Lams D D D D D D
12F-V2 4 or more Lams D D D D D D
14F-V1 4 or more Lams C C C C C C
14F-V2 4 or more Lams B B B B B B
14F-V3 4 or more Lams C C C C C C
16F-V2 4 or more Lams A A A A A A
16F-E1 4 or more Lams D D D D D D
16F-E2 4 or more Lams D D D D D D
20F-E1 4 or more Lams C C C C C C
20F-E2 4 or more Lams C C C C C C
24F-E1 4 or more Lams B B B B B B
24F-E2 4 or more Lams B B B B B B
24F-E3 4 or more Lams YP C YP C YP C
24F-E4 4 or more Lams RM B RM B RM B
24F-E5 4 or more Lams RO A RO A RO A
Table 4B Design − Timber Connector Groups for Shear Plates and Split Rings Used on the
Faces of Hardwood Glued Laminated Timbers for Table 2 Combinations a, b
Species or Species Timber Connector

Groups Group Any Face
A A
B B
C C
D D
FOOTNOTES FOR TABLES 4A and 4B

a The Timber Connector group used for design of
shear plates and split rings is the same species
grouping listed for the combination except that Rock
Elm and Mixed Oaks are in Timber Connector
grouping A and Sweet Gum is in Group C.
b See Table 3 for the specific species listed in each

hardwood species group.
20
Table 5 - Grade Requirements for Members Stressed Principally in Bending and Loaded Perpendicular to
the Wide Faces of Laminations Visually Graded Hardwood Species 1,2,5
4, 6, 7
Minimum Grade of Lamination
8
Percent/Grade/Species or Species Group Each Zone Percent/Slope of Grain of Each Zone
Tension Outer Inner Inner Outer Outer Inner Inner Outer
3 9
Combination Depth of Lamination Tension Tension Core Compression Compression Tension Tension Core Compression Compression
Symbol Member Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Visually Graded
10
12F-V1 4 lams to 302-20 25% SS/D -- N2/D -- 25% N1/D 1:15 1:10
>12 in.
12 in. to 302-22 25% SS/D -- N2/D -- 25% N1/D 1:15 1:10
15 in.
>15 in. 302-24 25% SS/D -- N2/D -- 25% N1/D 1:15 1:10
The following combination is BALANCED and is intended for members continuous or cantilevered over supports and provides equal capacity in both positive and negative bending
(Footnote 3 applies both top and bottom for bending members).
10
12F-V2 4 lams to 302-20 25% SS/D -- N2/D -- 25% SS/D 1:14 1:6 1:14
15 in.
> 15 in. 302-22 25% SS/D -- N2/D -- 25% SS/D 1:14 1:6 1:14
14F-V1 4 lams to 302-20 25% SS/C -- N2/C -- 25% N1/C
<12 in.
12 in. to 302-22 25% SS/C -- N2/C -- 25% N1/C
15 in.
>15 in. 302-24 25% SS/C -- N2/C -- 25%N1/C
14F-V2 4 lams and 302-20 10% SS/B -- N2/B -- 10% N2/B
greater
The following 2 combinations are BALANCED and are intended for members continuous or cantilevered over supports and provide equal capacity in both positive and negative bending.
(Footnote 3 applies both top and bottom for bending members.)
14F-V3 4 lams to 302-20 25% SS/C -- N2/C -- 25% SS/C 1:15 1:6 1:15
15 in.
> 15 in. 302-24 25% SS/C -- N2/C -- 25% SS/C 1:15 1:6 1:15
14F-V4 4 lams and 302-20 10% SS/B -- N2/B -- 10% SS/B 1:12 1:8 1:12
greater
21
Table 5 (cont.) - Grade Requirements for Members Stressed Principally in Bending and Loaded Perpendicular to
the Wide Faces of Laminations Visually Graded Hardwood Species and E-Rated Hardwood Species 1,2,5
4, 6, 7
8
Percent/Grade/Species or Species Group Each Zone Percent/Slope of Grain Each Zone
Outer Inner Inner Outer Outer Inner Inner Outer
9
Combination Depth of Tension Tension Tension Core Compression Compression Tension Tension Core Compression Compression
3
Symbol Member Lamination Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Visually Graded (cont.)
16F-V1 >4 lams to 302-20 25% SS/B -- N2/B -- 25% N1/B 1:14 -- 1:4 -- 1:10
15 in.
>15 in. 302-22 25% SS/B -- N2/B -- 25% N1/B 1:14 -- 1:4 -- 1:10
16F-V2 4 lams and 302-20 5% N1/A -- N2/A -- N2/A 1:12 -- 1:6 -- 1:8
greater
The following 2 combinations are BALANCED and are intended for members continuous or cantilevered over supports and provides equal capacity in both positive and negative bending
16F-V3 4 lams to 302-20 25% SS/B -- N2/B -- 25% SS/B 1:14 -- 1:6 -- 1:14
15 in.
>15 in. 302-22 25% SS/B -- N2/B -- 25% SS/B 1:14 -- 1:6 -- 1:14
16F-V4 4 lams and 302-20 5% SS/A -- N2/A -- 5% SS/A 1:12 -- 1:8 -- 1:12
greater
11
20F-V1 4 lams to 302-20 25% SS/A -- N2/A -- 25% N1/A 1:15 -- 1:4 -- 1:12
<12 in.
12 in. to 302-22 25% SS/A -- N2/A -- 25% N1/A 1:15 -- 1:4 -- 1:12
15 in.
>15 in. 302-24 25% SS/A -- N2/A -- 25% N1/A 1:15 -- 1:4 -- 1:12
The following combination is BALANCED and is intended for members continuous or cantilevered over supports and provides equal capacity in both positive and negative bending. (Footnote 3
applies both top and bottom for bending members).
11
20F-V2 4 lams to 302-20 25% SS/A -- N2/A -- 25% SS/A 1:15 -- 1:6 -- 1:15
<12 in.
12 in. to 302-22 25% SS/A -- N2/A -- 25% SS/A 1:15 -- 1:6 -- 1:15
15 in.
>15 in. 302-24 25% SS/A -- N2/A -- 25% SS/A 1:15 -- 1:6 -- 1:15
22
the Wide Faces of Laminations Visually Graded Hardwood Species and E-Rated Hardwood Species 1,2,5
4, 6, 7
Percent/Grade/Species or Species Group Each Zone Fraction Edge Knot Each Zone
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
E-Rated
12
16F-E1 >4 lams to 302-20 15% 15% N2/D -- 25% 1/6 1/3 -- -- 1/3
15 in. 1.5 E6/D 1.5E3/D 1.5 E3/D
>15 in. 302-22 15% 15% N2/D -- 25% 1/6 1/3 -- -- 1/3
1.5 E6/D 1.5E3/D 1.5 E3/D
12
16F-E2 >4 lams to 302-20 15% 15% N2/D 15% 15% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/6
15 in. 1.5 E6/D 1.5E3/D 1.5 E3/D 1.5 E6/D
>15 in. 302-22 15% 15% N2/D 15% 15% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/6
1.5 E6/D 1.5 E3/D 1.5 E3/D 1.5 E6/D
20F-E1 >4 lams to 302-20 20% 10% N2/C 10% 15% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
12 in. 1.8 E6/C 1.5 E3/C 1.5 E3/C 1.8 E3/C
>12 in. to 302-22 20% 10% N2/C 10% 15% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
15 in. 1.8 E6/C 1.5 E3/C 1.5 E3/C 1.8 E3/C
>15 in. 302-24 20% 10% N2/C 10% 15% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
1.8 E6/C 1.5 E3/C 1.5 E3/C 1.8 E3/C
20F-E2 >4 lams to 302-20 20% 10% N2/C 10% 20% 1/6 1/3 1/3 1/6
12 in. 1.8 E6/C 1.5 E3/C 1.5 E3/C 1.8 E6/C
>12 in. to 302-22 20% 10% N2/C 10% 20% 1/6 1/3 1/3 1/6
16-1/2 in. 1.8 E6/C 1.5 E3/C 1.5 E3/C 1.8 E6/C
>16-1/2 in. 302-24 20% 10% N2/C 10% 20% 1/6 1/3 1/3 1/6
1.8 E6/C 1.5 E3/C 1.5 E3/C 1.8 E6/C
23
the Wide Faces of Laminations Visually Graded Hardwood Species and E-rated Hardwood Species1,2,5
4, 6, 7
8 9
Percent/Grade/Species or Species Group Each Zone Fraction/Edge Knot Each Zone
9
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
24F-E1 4 lams to 302-20 10% 15% N2/B 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
<12 in. 2.0 E6/B 1.8 E3/B 1.8 E3/B 2.0 E3/B
12 in. to 302-22 10% 15% N2/B 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
15 in. 2.0 E6/B 1.8 E3/B 1.8 E3/B 2.0 E3/B
>15 in. to 302-24 10% 15% N2/B 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
25-1/2 in. 2.0 E6/B 1.8 E3/B 1.8 E3/B 2.0 E3/B
>25-1/2 in. 302-26 10% 15% N2/B 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
2.0 E6/B 1.8 E3/B 1.8 E3/B 2.0 E3/B
24F-E2 4 lams to 302-20 10% 15% N2/B 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/6
<12 in. 2.0 E6/B 1.8 E3/B 1.8 E3/B 2.0 E6/B
12 in. to 302-22 10% 15% N2/B 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/6
15 in. 2.0 E6/B 1.8 E3/B 1.8 E3/B 2.0 E6/B
>15 in. to 302-24 10% 15% N2/B 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/6
21 in. 2.0 E6/B 1.8 E3/B 1.8 E3/B 2.0 E6/B
>21 in. 302-26 10% 15% N2/B 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/6
2.0 E6/B 1.8 E3/B 1.8 E3/B 2.0 E6/B
24F-E3 4 lams to 302-20 10% 15% N2/YP 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
<12 in. 2.0 E6/YP 1.8 E3/YP 1.8 E3/YP 2.0 E3/YP
YELLOW 12 in. to 302-22 10% 15% N2/YP 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
15 in. 2.0 E6/YP 1.8 E3/YP 1.8 E3/YP 2.0 E3/YP
POPLAR >15 in. to 302-24 10% 15% N2/YP 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
22 1/2 in. 2.0 E6/YP 1.8 E3/YP 1.8 E3/YP 2.0 E3/YP
>22 1/2 in. 302-26 10% 15% N2/YP 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
2.0 E6/YP 1.8 E3/YP 1.8 E3/YP 2.0 E3/YP
24
the Wide Faces of Laminations Visually Graded Hardwood Species and E-rated Hardwood Species1,2,5
4, 6, 7
8 9
Percent/Grade/Species or Species Group Each Zone Fraction/Edge Knot Each Zone
9
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
24F-E4 4 lams to 302-20 10% 15% N2/RM 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
<12 in. 2.0 E6/RM 1.8 E3/RM 1.8 E3/RM 2.0 E3/RM
RED MAPLE 12 in. to 302-22 10% 15% N2/RM 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
15 in. 2.0 E6/RM 1.8 E3/RM 1.8 E3/RM 2.0 E3/RM
>15 in. 302-24 10% 15% N2/RM 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
2.0 E6/RM 1.8 E3/RM 1.8 E3/RM 2.0 E3/RM
24F-E5 4 lams to 302-20 10% 15% N2/RO 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
<12 in. 2.0 E6/RO 1.8 E3/RO 1.8 E3/RO 2.0 E3/RO
RED OAK 12 in. to 302-22 10% 15% N2/RO 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
15 in. 2.0 E6/RO 1.8 E3/RO 1.8 E3/RO 2.0 E3/RO
>15 in. 302-24 10% 15% N2/RO 15% 10% 1/6 1/3 -- 1/3 1/3
2.0 E6/RO 1.8 E3/RO 1.8 E3/RO 2.0 E3/RO
25
FOOTNOTES FOR TABLE 5

1
The combinations in this table are multiply by 1-1/2 in. Use this depth to obtain
primarily applicable to members stressed in the percentage of grades required for the
bending due to a load applied perpendicular various zones. For instance, if a member
to the wide faces of the laminations. 17-1/2 in. deep is laminated with 1-3/4 in.
thick laminations, divide 17-1/2 in. by 1-3/4
2
The combinations are applicable to in. and multiply by 1-1/2 in., which equals 15
arches, compression members, tension in. Enter the table with a depth of 15 in. to
members and bending members. For determine percentage of grades to use. The
bending members, footnote 3 applies. All actual depth of the member shall be used to
combinations are applicable to members determine the special tension lamination
with four or more laminations. The tension requirements from Column 3.
lamination requirements in footnote 3 do not
apply to arches, compression members or Where lamination thicknesses vary by more
tension members. than 3/16 in. in the same member, the total
thickness of each grade of lumber required in
3
In addition to the grade requirements the tension and compression zones is
tabulated for the outer tension zone, the determined by using the thickest lamination
grading restrictions as contained in AITC in the member as the basic lamination
302-20, 302-22, 302-24 and 302-26 tension thickness. For instance, if the thickest
lamination requirements are applicable to the lamination used is 1-3/8 in. and 1.6 in. of N1
outer 5 percent of the total depth of bending grade is required in a zone (based on
members. These special tension lamination multiplying the percentage required for that
requirements are shown in Column 3. zone in the table by the depth of the member
in inches), then a total thickness of at least
The 302 tension laminations required for 2-3/4 in. of N1 grade is required in that zone.
some bending members may be omitted In no case shall the special tension
provided the design value in bending about lamination requirements in footnote 3 be less
the X-X axis, Fbx, in Column 3 of Table 1 is than 5 percent of the total depth of the
multiplied by 0.75 for members greater than member in inches.
15 inches in depth, or by 0.85 for members
5
up to 15 inches in depth. This reduction does The combinations in Table 5 have been
not apply to arches which do not require established based on procedures given in
special tension laminations. ASTM D 3737 as modified by subsequent
research. Other combinations of grades and
4
Percent values are based on the total depth species may be used provided their design
of the member. All fractional numbers of values have been established following the
laminations must be rounded upward to the procedure used to establish the Table 5
next whole number. For the inner tension combinations. Combinations other than those
and compression zones, the resulting excess shown in Table 5 must be approved using
of percentage resulting from rounding AITC 500.
6
upward of the outer zone may be subtracted Where specified to have an extreme fiber in
from the inner zone requirements. bending stress on the compression side,
which results in tension on the compression
When lamination thickness exceeds 1-1/2 in., (top) side greater than the value given in
divide the depth of the member by the actual Column 4 of Table 1 (except for balanced
thickness of the laminations used and combinations but not exceeding 200 psi
26
higher than the value in Column 4), tension

10
zone end joint spacing restrictions shall be For quaking aspen, the long span E of the
applied to both the tension and compression lumber must average 1.3 million psi for
zones. Select Structural and 1.2 million psi for No. 2.
7 11
Grade designations are as follows: For white oak, the long span E of the
lumber must average 1.7 million psi for
Visually Graded - Hardwoods Select Structural and 1.6 million psi for No. 2.
Species from Group B may also be used in
SS is select structural joists and planks or this combination if the long span E
structural light framing grade. requirements shown herein are met.
12
N1 is No. 1 structural joists and planks or A visual grade of lumber with long span E
structural light framing grade. of 1.5 million psi or a National Design
Specification® for Wood Construction listed
N2 is No. 2 structural joists and planks or E value of 1.4 million psi is acceptable.
structural light framing grade.
N3 is No. 3 structural joists and planks or

structural light framing grade.
Boards shall be graded as “dimension”

lumber.
E-Rated Grades
2.0 E6 has 2.0 E with 1/6 edge characteristic.

8
Where slope of grain is not tabulated, it
shall be the slope of grain required for the
grade. Slope of grain is not specified for E-
rated lumber except for tension laminations,
but slope of grain in areas of the piece not
mechanically E-rated must be in accordance
with Annex C.
9
No. 3 lumber may be used for up to 40% of
the inner core laminations of E-rated
combinations if the volume of the next inner
zone is increased by 5%. For example, the
2400 Fb -1.8 E combination could have 40%
No. 3 material in the core if both the inner
tension and inner compression zones are
increased to 20% 1.8 E-1/3 material. A
similar substitution may be made for visually
graded combinations.
27
TABLE 6 Manufacturing Requirements for Members with Two or More Laminations of the same
Grade and Species (Table 2) Stressed in Bending Perpendicular to the Wide Faces of the
Laminations1, 2, 3, 7
6
Minimum
5 Tension Laminations Required
Combination Grade of Species 4 lams to 12 in. to

4
Number Laminations Group < 12 in. deep 15 in. deep > 15 in. deep Slope of Grain
Visually Graded - Hardwood Species

H1 N3 A 302-20 302-20 302-20 1:8
H2 N2 A 302-20 302-20 302-20 1:10
H3 N1 A 302-20 302-22 302-22 1:10
H4 SS A 302-20 302-20 302-24 1:15
H5 N3 B 302-20 302-20 302-20 1:10
H6 N2 B 302-20 302-20 302-20 1:10
H7 N1 B 302-20 302-20 302-22 1:14
H8 SS B 302-20 302-20 302-22 1:14
H9 N3 C 302-20 302-20 302-20 1:12
H10 N2 C 302-20 302-20 302-20 1:12
H11 N1 C 302-20 302-20 302-22 1:14
H12 SS C 302-20 302-20 302-22 1:14
H13 N3 D 302-20 302-20 302-22 1:14
H14 N2 D 302-20 302-20 302-22 1:14
H15 N1 D 302-20 302-20 302-22 1:14
H16 SS D 302-20 302-20 302-22 1:14
E-Rated - Hardwood Species

H17 1.5E3 A 302-20 302-20 302-20 1:10
H18 1.8E3 A 302-20 302-20 302-20 1:10
H19 1.8E6 A 302-20 302-20 302-22 1:14
H20 2.0E3 A 302-20 302-20 302-20 1:12
H21 2.0E6 A 302-22 302-24 302-26 1:18
H22 1.5E3 B 302-20 302-20 302-20 1:10
H23 1.8E3 B 302-20 302-20 302-22 1:14
H24 1.8E6 B 302-20 302-20 302-22 1:14
H25 2.0E3 B 302-20 302-22 302-22 1:14
H26 2.0E6 B 302-22 302-24 302-26 1:18
H27 1.5E3 C 302-20 302-20 302-20 1:10
H28 1.8E3 C 302-20 302-20 302-20 1:14
H29 1.8E6 C 302-20 302-20 302-22 1:14
H30 2.0E3 C 302-20 302-22 302-22 1:14
H31 2.0E6 C 302-22 302-24 302-26 1:18
H32 1.5E3 D 302-20 302-20 302-20 1:10
H33 1.5E6 D 302-20 302-20 302-20 1:12
H34 1.8E3 D 302-20 302-20 302-22 1:14
H35 1.8E6 D 302-20 302-20 302-22 1:14
H36 2.0E3 D 302-20 302-22 302-22 1:14
H37 2.0E6 D 302-22 302-24 302-26 1:18
28
FOOTNOTES FOR TABLE 6

1
Tension laminations required by this table are
to be used only when the design values for
bending about the X-X axis, Fbx, exceed those
listed in Column 16 of Table 2 but are not
greater than those listed in Column 17. These
tension laminations may be omitted for bending
members over 15 in. deep provided the design
value in Column 17 is multiplied by 0.75. This
reduction does not apply to arches.
2
Tabulated combinations in this table are
primarily intended for members loaded axially or
in bending with the loads acting parallel to the
wide faces of the laminations. The combinations
may also be used as bending members loaded
laminations; however, combinations in Table 1
for four or more laminations are usually better
suited for this condition of loading.
3
It is not intended that these combinations be
used for deep bending members which are
loaded perpendicular to the wide faces of the
laminations. If higher design values in bending
about the X-X axis are specified for these
combinations than those contained in Column
16 of Table 2, see Footnote 1.
4
Slope of grain is not specified for E-rated
lumber, except for special tension laminations,
but slope in areas of the piece not mechanically
E-rated must be accordance with Annex C.
5
Grade designations are as shown in footnote 7
of Table 5.
6
The outer 5 percent of laminations on the
tension side of bending members must be
replaced with the special tension lamination
shown in this table. Percent values are based on
the total depth of members. Laminations of
different thicknesses may be used in the same
member provided that the total thickness of
tension lamination(s) equals or exceeds 5
percent of the depth.
7
Not all possible combinations are shown in
these tables. Other combinations may be
available. Consult the manufacturer.
AITC 119-96
29
ANNEX A
GRADING REQUIREMENTS EXCERPTED FROM

AITC 302-20, 302-22, 302-24, 302-26
TENSION LAMINATION RECOMMENDATIONS
CONTENTS
Section
A1. AITC 302-20 Tension Lamination - Members in Bending
A3.A AITC 302-26 Tension Lamination - Members in Bending
A1. AITC 302-20 TENSION LAMINATION - MEMBERS IN BENDING
A1.1 General Provisions. In addition to the basic requirements of the grades tabulated in these specifications, the following
limitations shall apply:
A1.1.1 A one-foot length of a lamination shall be considered as a cross section.
A1.1.2 Knots shall not occur within two knot diameters of any finger joint.
A1.1.3 Knots shall not occupy more than ¼ of the cross section.
A1.1.4 The general slope of grain shall not exceed 1:12. Where more restrictive slope of grain requirements are required
by the laminating combinations, these shall apply.
A1.1.5 Any cross section shall have at least 50% clear wood free of strength reducing characteristics with a slope of grain
no steeper than 1:12. (Knots plus associated localized cross grain, or knots plus associated localized cross grain
plus localized cross grain not associated with a knot, or localized cross grain not associated with a knot may
occupy up to ½ of the cross section.)
A1.2 Visually Graded Combinations
A1.2.1 In addition to the general provisions in A1.1, the following applies to visually graded combinations.
A1.2.2 Growth rate requirements (including “dense” if required) shall apply to the full length of the piece. Pieces shall have
near average or above average specific gravity for the species.
A1.2.3 Pieces containing wide-ringed or lightweight pith associated wood at the ends of the piece occupying over 1/8 of
the cross section shall be excluded. (The next inch of wood outside the area of the pith associated wood shall be
of the same rate of growth as the remainder of the wood located away from the pith. The line along which
measurement of this inch is made shall correspond to the line used in the standard grading rules for rate of growth
and percentage of summerwood. If a distance of 1 in. is not available along this line, the measurement will be
made over such lesser portion as exists.)
A1.3 E-Rated Combinations
A1.3.1 Laminations must be visually graded and E-rated in accordance with all of the requirements for the E-rated grade
shown for the outer tension lamination. In addition to these, the general grading provisions in A1.1 apply.
A2.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS. In addition to the basic requirements of the grades tabulated in these specifications, the
following limitations shall apply:
30

A2.1.2 Knots shall not occur within two knot diameters of any finger joint.
A2.1.3 Knots shall not occupy more than ¼ of the cross section.
A2.1.4 Any cross section shall have at least 60% clear wood free of strength reducing characteristics with a slope of grain
occupy up to 40% of the cross section).
A3.1 General Provisions. In addition to the basic requirements of the grades tabulated in these specifications, the following
A3.1.2 Knots shall not occupy more than 1/5 of the cross section.
A3.1.3 Any cross section shall have at least 2/3 clear wood free of strength reducing characteristics with a slope of grain
occupy up to 1/3 of the cross section).
A3.1.4 Maximum size single strength-reducing characteristics when not in the same horizontal projection must be at least
2 ft. apart measured center to center.

31
A3.A. AITC 302-26 TENSION LAMINATION - MEMBERS IN BENDING
A3.A.1 General Provisions. In addition to the basic requirements of the grades tabulated in these specifications, the following
A3.A.1.1 Any cross section containing an edge knot must have 80% clear and straight-grained wood with a slope of grain
not steeper than 1:16. (An edge knot is a knot that has any portion of itself or its associated localized cross grain
at or within 1/2 in. of the edge of the piece. This 1/2 in. is determined based on the average of the measurements
on the two wide faces.)
A3.A.2 Visually Graded Combinations
A3.A.2.1 In addition to the general provisions in A3.A.1, the following applies to visually graded combinations.
A3.A.2.2 Growth rate requirements (including “dense” if required) shall apply to the full length of the piece. Pieces shall
have near average or above average specific gravity for the species.
A3.A.2.3 Pieces containing wide-ringed or lightweight pith associated wood at the ends of the piece occupying over 1/8 of
A3.A.3 E-Rated Combinations
A3.A.3.1 Laminations must be visually graded and E-rated in accordance with all of the requirements for the E-rated grade
shown for the outer tension lamination. In addition to these, the general grading provisions in A3.A.1 apply.
A3.A.3.2 Pieces containing wide-ringed or lightweight pith associated wood at the ends of the piece occupying over 1/8 of
32
ANNEX B
DESIGN VALUES FOR END GRAIN
IN BEARING PARALLEL TO GRAIN, Fg
B-1 The following table lists the design Values for end grain in bearing parallel to grain, Fg.
B-1.1 These design values apply to the net area in bearing and are subject to adjustments for duration of load.
B-1.2 When the stress in end grain bearing exceeds 75% of the adjusted design value, bearing should be on a metal plate, strap
or other durable, rigid, homogenous material of adequate strength.
B-1.3 These values are based on dry conditions of use. Multiply the tabulated values by 0.57 to obtain wet conditions of use
design values.
B-1.4 The design values for end grain in bearing apply to end-to-end bearing of compression members provided there is a
adequate lateral support and the end cuts are accurately squared and parallel. When a rigid insert is required by B-1.2, it
shall be of not less than 20 gauge metal, or equivalent, inserted with a snug fit between abutting ends.
B-1.5 When the load in bearing is at an angle to grain, the maximum bearing value shall be determined by the Hankinson
formula using the design value for end grain in bearing parallel to grain from this Annex, and the design value in
compression perpendicular to grain as provided in Tables 1 or 2.
B-1.6 The design values in the column Bearing on Full Cross Section are the average design values of the laminations in the
combination. The design values in the column Bearing on Partial Cross Section are the design values for the core
laminations. These design values should be used for tapered members or members with end bearing on only part of the
cross section.
Table B-1 Design Values for End Grain in Bearing Parallel to Grain, Fg
a,b
Design values are for normal load duration, dry conditions of use, and Table 1 Combinations
Bearing on Bearing on Bearing on Bearing on

Full Cross Partial Cross Full Cross Partial Cross
Combination Section Section Combination Section Section
Symbol psi psi Symbol psi psi
Visually Graded
12F-V1 1250 1250 16F-V1 1800 1800
12F-V2 1800 1800 16F-V2 2000 2000
14F-V1 1350 1350 16F-V3 1800 1800
14F-V2 1800 1800 16F-V4 2000 2000
14F-V3 1350 1350 20F-V1 2000 2000
14F-V4 1800 1800 20F-V2 2000 2000
E-rated
16F-E1 1500 1250 24F-E1 2100 1800
16F-E2 1550 1250 24F-E2 2100 1800
20F-E1 1750 1350 24F-E3 2000 1550
20F-E2 1800 1350 24F-E4 2100 1900
24F-E5 2200 2000
a
For loads of other duration, see 4.4.1.3.
b
For wet service conditions, multiply tabulated values by 0.57.
33
Table B-2 Design Values for End Grain in Bearing Parallel to Grain, Fg
a,b
Design values are for normal load duration, dry conditions of use, and Table 2 Combinations
Bearing on Bearing on Bearing on Bearing on

Full Cross Partial Cross Full Cross Partial Cross
Combination Section Section Combination Section Section
Symbol psi psi Symbol psi psi
Visually Graded
H1 2000 2000 H9 1350 1350
H2 2000 2000 H10 1350 1350
H3 2000 2000 H11 1350 1350
H4 2000 2000 H12 1350 1350
H5 1800 1800 H13 1250 1250
H6 1800 1800 H14 1250 1250
H7 1800 1800 H15 1250 1250
H8 1800 1800 H16 1250 1250
E-rated
H17 1700 1700 H28 2200 2200
H18 2200 2200 H29 2200 2200
H19 2200 2200 H30 2600 2600
H20 2600 2600 H31 2600 2600
H21 2600 2600 H32 1700 1700
H22 1700 1700 H33 1700 1700
H23 2200 2200 H34 2200 2200
H24 2200 2200 H35 2200 2200
H25 2600 2600 H36 2600 2600
H26 2600 2600 H37 2600 2600
H27 1700 1700
a
For loads of other duration, see 4.4.1.3.
b
For wet service conditions, multiply tabulated values by 0.57.
34
ANNEX C
E-RATED LUMBER
Contents
Section
C1. General Description

C2. Long Span-E
C3. E-rated Laminating Lumber Specifications
C4. Production Quality Control
C5. Reinspections or Testing of Individual Lots For Conformance to Specifications
C1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
E-rated laminating lumber is lumber that has been selected by nondestructive measurement and by visual inspection for
compliance with the grade stiffness and manufacturing requirements of section 2.1.1 of AITC 117-93, Manufacturing. An E-rated
laminating lumber grade includes pieces with edge characteristics (knots, knot holes, burls, distorted grain) of the maximum size
allowed for use with the grade in any laminated timber layup combination. E-rated laminating has additional visual restrictions for
portions of the lumber not evaluated for stiffness.
C2. LONG-SPAN E
Long-span E as defined herein shall be used as the standard nomenclature for specifying E values of E-rated laminating lumber.
C2.1 Definition
Long-span E is defined as the E calculated from deflection measured in a flat-wise test of lumber with center point loading and
a span-depth ratio (l/d) of approximately 100.
C2.2 Measurement
Long-span E shall be measured by the procedures of AITC Test T116.
C2.3 Lumber Production

E-rated laminating lumber may be produced with a system that measures E by means other than direct long-span E
measurement. Production equipment used to measure E shall be calibrated to produce E-rated laminating lumber grades
meeting the long-span E requirements of those grades. For purposes of calibration long-span E shall be measured by the
procedures of AITC Test T116.
C3. E-RATED LAMINATING LUMBER SPECIFICATIONS
C3.1 Grade Names

E-rated laminating lumber grades shall be designated by the grade mean E, the mean long-span E requirement of the grade,
the word "LAM", and the denominator of allowable edge knot fraction. For example, a grade with a mean long-span E
requirement of 1,900,000 psi and an allowable 1/3 Edge Knot will be named "1.9E LAM-3". (For reasons of spacing on a grade
stamp, this may be shortened to 1.9E-3 on a stamp.)
C3.2 E Specifications for E-rated Lumber for Qualification
C3.2.1 Mean Long-Span E
If the sample size is less than 40, the mean long-span E of the lumber shall equal or exceed the specified grade mean
E. Alternatively, if the sample size equals or exceeds 40, the mean long-span E of the sample, Et, shall meet the
following criteria:
E t ≥ Es - 1.303 St / n t
35
where: St = the estimated population standard deviation

St = (E t - Est ) / 1.684
nt = sample size (≥ 40)

Et = mean long-span E of the sample
Es = grade long-span E
Est = 5th percentile long-span E calculated from the test data
C3.2.2 E Distribution
The distribution of E values within an E-rated lumber grade shall be such that the 5th percentile value shall be equal to
or greater than the grade 5th percentile values as shown in the table below.
LONG-SPAN E SPECIFICATIONS
GRADE MEAN E 5TH PERCENTILE
2.6E LAM 2.6 2.26

2.5E LAM 2.5 2.16
2.4E LAM 2.4 2.06
2.3E LAM 2.3 1.96
2.2E LAM 2.2 1.86
2.1E LAM 2.1 1.77
2.0E LAM 2.0 1.67
1.9E LAM 1.9 1.58
1.8E LAM 1.8 1.48
1.7E LAM 1.7 1.39
1.6E LAM 1.6 1.30
1.5E LAM 1.5 1.21
C3.3 Visual Limitations
C3.3.1 Edge Characteristics
Characteristics such as knots, knot holes, burls, and distorted grain occurring at the edges of the wide faces shall be
measured and limited to a fraction of the cross section in conformance with American Lumber Standards--approved
procedures in the following categories:
Edge Characteristics Codes for Edge Characteristic
1/6 6
1/4 4
1/3 3
1/2 2
C3.3.2 Untested Portions
Portions of the lumber not tested by the E-rating device shall conform to the following visual limitations:
Edge Knot - as limited C3.3.1.
Non-Edge Knots - equal to the largest non-edge knots in the tested portion of the piece or the
next larger edge knot, whichever is greater.
Cross-Section Knots - displacement of all knots in the same cross section must not exceed the size
of the permitted non-edge knot.
Slope of Grain - the general slope of grain in the untested portion shall not exceed:
36
Slope Edge Characteristic
1 in 12 ≤ 1/6
1 in 10 > 1/6 to ≤ 1/4
1 in 8 > 1/4
C4. PRODUCTION QUALITY CONTROL
C4.1 Supervision
Quality control of E-rated laminating lumber shall be under the supervision of a third party inspection agency.
C4.2 Quality Control
C4.2.1 Formal Quality Control Program Required
A formal quality control program shall be maintained at the production facility to provide conformance to grade
specifications on a continuous basis. The quality control program shall be in accordance with the generally accepted
quality control practices of the industry.
C4.2.2 E-rated Grade Edge Characteristics
The edge characteristic restrictions applied for layup need not be considered when establishing the E criteria for
quality control of an E-rated laminating lumber grade or when evaluating a given lot of E-rated laminating lumber for
conformance to the E specifications of the grade of the lot.
C4.2.3 Quality Control Records
Quality control records shall be maintained at the lumber production facility.
C5. REINSPECTION OR TESTING OF INDIVIDUAL LOTS FOR CONFORMANCE TO SPECIFICATIONS
C5.1 Test Method and Evaluation
The procedures of AITC Test T124 shall be used for testing and evaluating individual lots of E-rated laminating lumber for
conformance to grade specification.
C5.2 Disposition of Nonconforming Lots
C5.2.1 Regrade
The lumber may be regraded by testing all of the pieces in the lot in accordance with the long-span E testing
procedures of AITC Test T116 and eliminating low E pieces from the lot so that the specifications for mean and lower
5th percentile E values of the E-rated grade are met. If the lumber is regraded by commercial testing devices other
than a long-span E measuring device conformance to grade specifications shall be verified by AITC Test T124.
C5.2.2 Assign a Lower Grade Level
The lumber may be used at a lower E-rated grade level for which the lot was qualified by the test results.
37
REFERENCES
1. American National Standard ANSI/AITC A190.1-1992, Structural Glued Laminated Timber. American Institute of Timber
Construction, 7012 South Revere Parkway, Suite 140, Englewood, CO 80112.
2. AITC 109-84, Standard for Preservative Treatment of Structural Glued Laminated Timber, American Institute of Timber
3. National Design Specification ® for Wood Construction, 1991, American Forest & Paper Association, 1111 19th St., N.W., Eighth
Floor, Washington, DC 20036.
4. AITC 104-84, Typical Construction Details, American Institute of Timber Construction, 7012 South Revere Parkway, Suite 140,
Englewood, CO 80112.
5. AITC 109-90, Standard for Preservative Treatment of Structural Glued Laminated Timber, American Institute of Timber
6. AITC 110-84, Standard Appearance Grades for Structural Glued Laminated Timber, American Institute of Timber Construction,
7012 South Revere Parkway, Suite 140, Englewood, CO 80112.
7. AITC 111-79, Recommended Practice for Protection of Structural Glued Laminated Timber During Transit, Storage and Erection,
American Institute of Timber Construction, 7012 South Revere Parkway, Suite 140, Englewood, CO 80112.
8. AITC 500-91, Determination of Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Timber in Accordance with ASTM D 3737-89a,
American Institute of Timber Construction, 7012 South Revere Parkway, Suite 140, Englewood, CO 80112.
9. ASTM D 3737-93c, Standard Method for Establishing Stresses for Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam), ASTM, 100 Barr
Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
10. Timber Construction Manual, Fourth Edition American Institute of Timber Construction, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
11. AITC 117-93 -- Manufacturing, Standard Specifications for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species, American
Institute of Timber Construction, 7012 South Revere Parkway, Suite 140, Englewood, CO 80112.
12. AITC 117-93 -- Design, Standard Specifications for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species, American Institute
of Timber Construction, 7012 South Revere Parkway, Suite 140, Englewood, CO 80112.
13. ASTM D 245-93, Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable Properties for Visually Graded Lumber,
ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
14. Standard Grading Rules For Northeastern Lumber - 1991, Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers’ Association (NELMA), 272
Tuttle Road, P.O. Box 87A, Cumberland Center, ME 04021.
15. ASTM D 2555 - 88, Test Methods for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values, ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
16. ASTM D 2395 - 93, Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Base Materials, ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
17. American Softwood Lumber Standard, Voluntary Product Standard, PS 20-94, National Institute of Standards and Technology.
18. ASTM D 5536-94, Standard Practice for Sampling Forest Trees for Determination of Clear Wood Properties, ASTM, 100 Barr
Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
38

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What is the purpose of specifying design values rather than species or stress combinations when designing structural glued laminated timber?

What is the purpose of specifying design values rather than species or stress combinations when designing structural glued laminated timber?

What procedures allow new stress combinations to be used and approved for structural glued laminated timber?

What procedures allow new stress combinations to be used and approved for structural glued laminated timber?

American Institute of Timber Construction

Adopted as Recommendations March 2, 1996

Tables for Design Values 11

procedures developed with analytical studies

1.1 Structural Glued Laminated Timber 1.3 Species

in depth, or by 0.85 for members up to 15 Appearance Grades for Structural Glued

2.1 General 3.1 Adhesives used shall comply with the

identification. It is recommended that the treatment by the manufacturer of the

Fc⊥(0.02) = 0.73 Fc⊥ 4.4.1 Duration of Load

where Fc⊥(0.02) = compression perpendicular to 4.4.1.1 Normal load duration contemplates

4.4.1.3 The duration of load factors CD are

b = width (breadth) of bending member, in.

4.4.4 Curvature Factor timber. The use of standard finished sizes,

7. APPEARANCE GRADES 10. PROTECTION DURING SHIPPING

8. INSPECTION AND QUALITY 11. TABLES OF DESIGN VALUES AND

species is used throughout the depth of the

Table 3 contains the average specific gravity

Table 4 contains the Timber Connector

Table 5 contains manufacturing requirements

Table 6 contains manufacturing requirements

Table 1 Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Timber

Table 1 Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Timber

Table 1 Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Timber a, b, c, l

Footnotes -- Table 1 Design. restrictions are applied to the compression zone

Table 2 Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Timbera, b, c

Table 2 Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Timber

2.0E6 has 1/6 edge characteristic with 2.0E.

reduced by 20%. Unbonded edge joints occurring

Table 3 Specific Groups and Names for Hardwood Speciesa

Tension Face Side Face Compression

Species or Species Timber Connector

FOOTNOTES FOR TABLES 4A and 4B

b See Table 3 for the specific species listed in each

FOOTNOTES FOR TABLE 5

higher than the value in Column 4), tension

N3 is No. 3 structural joists and planks or

Boards shall be graded as “dimension”

2.0 E6 has 2.0 E with 1/6 edge characteristic.

Combination Grade of Species 4 lams to 12 in. to

Visually Graded - Hardwood Species

E-Rated - Hardwood Species

FOOTNOTES FOR TABLE 6

GRADING REQUIREMENTS EXCERPTED FROM

A1. AITC 302-20 TENSION LAMINATION - MEMBERS IN BENDING

A2.1.1 A one-foot length of a lamination shall be considered as a cross section.

A3. AITC 302-24 TENSION LAMINATION - MEMBERS IN BENDING

A3.2 Visually Graded Combinations

Bearing on Bearing on Bearing on Bearing on

Bearing on Bearing on Bearing on Bearing on

C1. General Description

C1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION

C2.3 Lumber Production

C3. E-RATED LAMINATING LUMBER SPECIFICATIONS

C3.1 Grade Names

C3.2 E Specifications for E-rated Lumber for Qualification