Plant Based Coagulant For Waste Water Treatment

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Volume 7, Issue 2, March - April 2018 ISSN 2278-6856
Plant Based Coagulant For Waste Water

Treatment
T.Subramani1, C.Kathirvel2, H.Harris Mohamed3, M.Mohamed Nowfis4, A.Niyasdeen5
1
Professor & Dean, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation
(Deemed to be University), Salem, TamilNadu, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation
3,4,5
UG Students, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation
Abstract: Water is one of the essential things for human plant requires very less water for its growth as it contains
survival. In rural areas those people who were living in 98% of water in its leaves. It contains around 75 nutrients
extreme poverty, they are drinking contaminated water and 200 active compounds including minerals, amino acids,
because of high procurement cost of chemical coagulants enzymes and vitamins.
and high cost of water treatment process. Usage of plant 1.1 General
based coagulant instead of chemical coagulant is the best Coagulants are chemicals that water needs to help the
solution for above mentioned problems Usage of plant process of precipitation of small particles that can’t settle
based coagulants like “Mung bean, Peanut seeds, Cactus, by themselves. Commonly, industrial treatment used
has many like low procurement cost, and biodegradable inorganic coagulants such as alum, PAC, ferric chloride,
sludge production. After several months of studies and ferric sulphate and cation polymer in their waste water
investigations we come up with the solutions for waste treatment. Inorganic coagulants are more effective than
water treatment, our project gives a new way to treatment organic coagulants, but in high doses, they may cause
of waste water by plant based coagulants. precipitates that are difficult to treat. This reason make
Keywords: Plant, Based Coagulant, Waste Water, organic coagulant as an alternative to replace inorganic one.
Treatment Plant seeds are commonly used as organic coagulants raw
material.
1. INTRODUCTION
Water is a vital resource, but presents a worrisome Tamarind seeds can be used as coagulant because the seeds
depletion in recent times. Adequate water supply for human protein content that acts as a polyelectrolyte. According to
consumption is a concern, since most of this resource is Dobrynin& Michael (2005), polyelectrolytes are polymers
found in oceans where the high salt content makes it that carry positive or negative charges of ionized groups. In
unsuitable for drinking. Features such as growing a polar solvent such as water, the group may dissociate,
population, increased economic activities and leaving the charge on its polymer chain and releasing the
industrialization have resulted in high demand for drinking opposing ion in solution. The addition of a polyelectrolyte
water and the subsequent misuse of this natural resource, concentration will result in reduced colloidal stability and
which is severe. This hinders the treatability process and will reduce the rejecting force between particles to support
increases water treatment costs. For these reasons, the precipitation process.
coagulation-flocculation procedures associated with other
processes are of great importance in order to separate Coagulation is the growing of fine particles that occurs as a
contaminating component sand achieving high degrees of result of its collisions. Chemical reactions are often
drinking water quality. incomplete. They have numerous side reactions with other
substances in the wastewater. Coagulation varies with
Aloe Vera specifically refers to the Aloe barbadensis Miller various factors like pH, temperature and dosage. The four
plant. Aloe Verais the oldest medicinal plant ever known basic mechanisms involved in this process are double layer
and the most applied medicinal plant Worldwide. This is a compression, charge neutralization, sweep flocculation and
perennial tropical plant that can be cultivated in drought adsorption. This method is not feasible in many developing
prone areas. In India, it is scattered in the wild, along the countries due to high fixed capital and unavailability of
coast of southern India. It is a stem less or very short- chemical coagulants. There are a lot of problems arising
stemmed succulent plant growing to 60–100 cm (24–39 in) due to the use of synthetic or chemical coagulants. Alum
tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves are thick and fleshy, treated water contain residual aluminum that leads to
green to grey-green, with some varieties showing white serious health issues such as the development of
flecks on their upper and lower stem surfaces. AloeVera Alzheimer's disease (AD) and senile dementia. In addition,
Volume 7, Issue 2, March – April 2018 Page 177

using of inorganic coagulants complicates the handling and tailor its usage for a myriad of water contaminants. To
disposal operations. Due to these downsides of chemical provide a more focused discussion, natural coagulants
coagulants, natural coagulants are taking uplift from derived from non-plant sources such as chitosan (widely
environment’s point of view. Furthermore, natural produced from exoskeleton of crustaceans) and isinglass
coagulants produces biodegradable and minimum volume (produced from fish swim bladders) are excluded from this
sludge 20-30% that of chemical coagulant. Natural review. This exclusion is based on practicability, since non-
coagulants have been used for domestic household for plant sources are less likely to have the potential for mass
centuries in traditional water treatment in tropical rural production compared to plant sources. It is surprising to
areas. note that a comprehensive critical analysis of available
plant-based coagulants is still non-existent given the
1.2 Coagulation importance of sustainable environmental technology in the
Due to the lack of proper water treatment systems in these 21st century and hopefully this review can provide an
rural or underdeveloped communities, the best immediate immediate platform for environmental scientists to
option is to use simple and relatively cost effective point- intensify their research on these natural materials.
of-use (POU) technologies such as coagulation.
Coagulation is an essential process in the treatment of both
surface water and industrial wastewater. Its application 1.4 Natural Plant-Based Coagulants and Coagulation
includes removal of dissolved chemical species and Mechanisms
turbidity from water via addition of conventional chemical- Polymeric coagulants can be cationic, anionic or non-ionic,
based coagulants, namely, alum (AlCl3), ferric chloride in which the former two are collectively termed as
(FeCl3) and polyaluminum chloride (PAC). While the polyelectrolytes. Many studies concerning natural
effectiveness of these chemicals as coagulants is well- coagulants referred to them as ‘polyelectrolytes’ even
recognized, there are, nonetheless, disadvantages associated though many of these studies did not actually conduct in-
with usage of these coagulants such as ineffectiveness in depth chemical characterization to determine their ionic
low-temperature water, relatively high procurement costs, activity . As such, this term should be used carefully, and
detrimental effects on human health, production of large be applied only after ionic activity is determined to be
sludge volumes and the fact that they significantly affect present in the coagulant.
pH of treated water. There is also strong evidence linking
aluminum-based coagulants to the development of Natural coagulants are mostly either polysaccharides or
Alzheimer’s disease in human beings. It is therefore proteins. In many cases, even though polymers labelled as
desirable to replace these chemical coagulants with plant- non-ionic are not necessarily absent of charged interactions,
based coagulants to counteract the aforementioned as there may be interactions between the polymer and a
drawbacks. solvent within a solution environment as the polymer may
contain partially charged groups including –OH along its
1.3 Merits of Plant-Based Coagulants chain. It is imperative to fully grasp the underlying
The main advantages of using natural plant-based coagulation mechanisms associated with these natural
coagulants as POU water treatment material are apparent; coagulants so that complete discussion in the following
they are cost-effective, unlikely to produce treated water sections. The existence of background electrolytes in
with extreme pH and highly biodegradable. These aqueous medium can facilitate the coagulating effect of
advantages are especially augmented if the plant from polymeric coagulants since there is lesser electrostatic
which his coagulant is extracted is indigenous to a rural repulsion between particles. Although many plant-based
community. In the age of climate change, depletion of coagulants have been reported, only four types are
earth’s natural resources and widespread environmental generally well known within the scientific community,
degradation, application of these coagulants is a vital effort namely, Nirmali seeds (Strychnospotatorum),
in line with the global sustainable development initiatives. Moringaoleifera, Tannin and Cactus. Understanding of
Usage of plant-based coagulants for turbid water treatment their usage can be realized. Aggregation of Particulates in a
dates back to over several millennia ago and thus far, solution can occur via four classic coagulation mechanisms:
environmental scientists have been able to identify several (a) double layer compression; (b) sweep flocculation; (c)
plant types for this purpose. While it is understandable that adsorption and charge neutralization; and (d) adsorption
the coagulants are meant as simple domestic POU and inter particle bridging. The presence of salts [or
technology, there have also been numerous studies focused suitable coagulants] can cause compression of the double
on their usage for treatment of industrial wastewaters. The layer which destabilizes the particulates. Sweep
mechanisms associated with different natural coagulants flocculation occurs when a coagulant encapsulates
are varied as well. It is imperative for relevant take holders suspended particulates in a soft colloidal floc. Adsorption
to fully comprehend the technicalities involved when and charge neutralization refer to the sorption of two
considering the coagulants for rural, domestic or industrial particulates with oppositely charged ions while inter
water treatment. To address this, this paper provides an particle bridging occurs when a coagulant provides a
overview of the natural coagulant sources, processes and polymeric chain which sorbs particulates. Polymeric
mechanisms involved so that environmental specialists can coagulants are generally associated with mechanisms (c)

and (d) as their long-chained structures (especially as alum. This implies that natural coagulants can be utilized
polymers with high molecular weights) greatly increase the within a batch stirred tank setup to treat contaminated
number of unoccupied adsorption sites. It appears that these industrial wastewaters, at least in a mechanical sense, since
two mechanisms provide underlying principles to the inner bridging linkages are more resistant to breakage at high
workings of plant based coagulants as well and they are the shear levels. So far, identified usage of natural coagulants
focus of discussion in the following sections. for industrial wastewater has been limited to academic
research. Many findings from these academic studies,
The existence of background electrolytes in aqueous however, indicate their good potential for industrial
medium can facilitate the coagulating effect of polymeric wastewater treatment. In many cases, the natural coagulants
coagulants since there is lesser electrostatic repulsion can perform at their best when used for treatment of
between particles. Although many plant-based coagulants wastewaters with less variety of contaminants. Early
have been reported, only four types are generally well- studies suggest that plant-based coagulants can be
known within the scientific community, namely, Nirmali effectively used for treating selected dyeing effluent. There
seeds (Strychnospotatorum), Moringaoleifera, Tannin and are several studies conducted to evaluate the technical
Cactus,Peanuts,aloe Vera,mung Bean. viability of using plant-based coagulants for other types of
industrial wastewater, though their research aims are rather
2. METHODOLOGY divergent. It appears that many of these coagulants are
Figure 1 shows the methodology of the study quite uncommon and represent new varieties of plant-based
active coagulant extract besides the afforested established
plant coagulants. Hence, further studies should be
conducted by other research groups to verify the veracity of
such results. It should be noted that there is scarcity of
comprehensive studies that compare the effectiveness of
these natural coagulants with that of chemical coagulants
and this may be one of the factors that inhibit their potential
for industrial wastewater application.
Figure 2 shows the treatment process of the study.
Figure 2Treatment process
3.2 Cost of Plant-Based Coagulants

It has been explained in previous sections that usage of
plant based coagulants provides environmental benefits and
numerous lab-scale studies have proven that they are
technically feasible for small-scale POU utilization.
Figure 1 Methodology Nevertheless, in terms of commercialization, the bottom
line is that it will always be based primarily on whether the
3. TREATMENT OF COAGULATION scale-up system can sustain similar treatment performance
3.1 Treatment of Industrial Waste Waters at comparable (or reduced) cost with the natural coagulants
Many natural coagulants may be inappropriate for when compared with established chemical coagulants.
treatment of industrial wastewaters due to their low There are a few anecdotal reports that provide the costs of
availability for large-scale treatment and the extreme raw materials of the coagulants but direct comparisons in
conditions (pH and concentration) of the wastewaters but terms of coagulant types, Processing stages and prices in
usage of natural polymeric coagulants may afford benefits different geographical regions are a very complicated task
that can somewhat offset its disadvantages. Other than the given the different exchange rates, inflation factor and
evident sustainable and environmental-friendly aspects, varying accuracies of the costing values. Thus, the costs
natural polymeric coagulants also form stronger flocs via stated here should be treated as an indication rather than
bridging effect with higher resistance to shear forces in a absolute values. A comprehensive survey conducted reveals
turbulent flow compared to non-polymeric coagulants such
that costing analysis of Peanut Seeds, Peanut Seeds powder significance of PBC to ecosystem in the end yield to an
has been given priority over other natural coagulants and instant area for researcher in strengthening the investigation
this is unsurprising given the well-publicized advantages of to find inherent resources. Among PCB described namely,
the plant. Peanut Seeds, Peanut Seeds powder and Cactus. Anionic
polyelectrolytes are polymers of aloe Vera whose particles
4.1 3.3 Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and get faded in water by through inter particle bridging. The
Wastewater Treatment seed extracts contains –COOH and –OH groups that are
In water treatment, coagulation flocculation involves the able increase the coagulation competency because lipids,
addition of polymers that clump the small, destabilized carbohydrates and alkaloids. Galactomannani and
particles together into larger aggregates so that they can be galactanii are mixture of polysaccharide division that are
more easily separated from the water. Coagulation is a extracted from Strychnospotatorum seeds which is capable
chemical process that involves neutralization of charge in reducing turbidity up to 80%. In all aspects, the
whereas flocculation is a physical process and does not galactomannans are prepared up 1,4-linked β-d-
involve neutralization of charge. The coagulation- mannopyranosyli residuum mien end α-d-galactopyranosyl
flocculation process can be used as a preliminary or units associated with 0–6 point of some mannerresidue.
intermediary step between other water or wastewater Peanut Seeds , Peanut Seeds powder and its associated
treatment processes like filtration and sedimentation. Iron coagulation process yet not been studied, the presence of
and aluminum salts are the most widely used coagulants but abundant amount of –OH groups along chains of
salts of other metals such as titanium and zirconium have galactomannan and galactan provides weakly but profuse
been found to be highly effective as well. adsorption that eventually lead to the preceding coagulant
interparticle bridging effect more research can be carried
Coagulation and flocculation are an essential part of out in this aspects.
drinking water treatment as well as wastewater treatment.
This article provides an overview of the processes and 3.5 Applications of Natural Coagulants to Treat
looks at the latest thinking. Material for this article was Wastewater
largely taken from reference. The natural coagulants are used in wastewater treatments
include microbial polysaccharides, starches,
Coagulation and flocculation are essential processes in gelatingalactomannans, cellulose derivatives, chitosan,
various disciplines. In potable water treatment, clarification glues, and alginate. Coagulants which carry natural
of water using coagulating agents has been practiced from characteristics supposed to be harmless for human health,
ancient times. As early as 2000 BC the Egyptians used whereas existence of aluminum zest may provoke
almonds smeared around vessels to clarify river water. The neurology & pathology diseases. Natural coagulants are
use of alum as a coagulant by the Romans was mentioned mixed with some artificial coagulants that are consumed as
in around 77 AD. By 1757, alum was being used for coagulant aid, their effectiveness as the key coagulant
coagulation in municipal water treatment in England. remains stays at early stages. The process of treatment in
these coagulants composed of molecules bridging,
In modern water treatment, coagulation and flocculation are adsorption, and charge balancing. Natural coagulants are
still essential components of the overall suite of treatment capable for wastewater treatment following effluents
processes – understandably, because since 1989 the discharge standard.
regulatory limit in the US for treated water turbidity has
progressively reduced from 1.0 NTU in 1989 to 0.3 NTU 3.6 Various Problems Due To Impure Water in
today. Many water utilities are committed to consistently Developing Countries
producing treated water turbidity’s of less than 0.1 NTU to  Large seasonal variation in raw water quality e.g.
guard against pathogen contamination. Coagulation is also turbidity.
important in several wastewater treatment operations. A  Water treatment chemicals are imported with
common example is chemical phosphorus removal and scarce foreign currency.
another, in overloaded waste water treatment plants, is the  High cost of water treatment chemicals which
practice of chemically enhancing primary treatment to constitute in between 35% to 70% of recurrent
reduce suspended solids and organic loads from primary expenditure.
clarifiers.  Inadequate supply of chemicals for water
treatment.
3.4 Plant-Based Coagulants (PBC)  Inadequate laboratory facilities to monitor process
The PBC are broadly utilized for the purification of performances required to operate the plants,
contaminated water that is in less urbanized, because they Inadequate funding, Low revenue base.
seems to be less carrying cost treated coagulates as  Water supply considered as a social commodity
compared to artificial. PBC coagulants are assumed to treat rather than an economic resource inadequate
water showing low-to-medium turbidity range (50–500) skilled manpower, Poor operational and
NTU. It is unforeseen that a complete decisive analysis of maintenance schedules, Adoption of inappropriate
existing PBC is still imaginary in this 21st century. The technology.
 Inadequate supply to meet growing demand under water should not be more than 5 NTU, and should ideally
dosing of chemicals leading supply of poor quality be below 1 NTU.
water.
3.9.2 Treatment
3.7 Problems Are Due To Use of Chemicals in Water Turbidity is commonly treated using either a settling or
Treatment filtration process. Depending on the application, chemical
 Aluminum has also been indicated to be a reagents, will be dosed into the wastewater stream to
causative agent in neurological diseases such increase the effectiveness of the settling or filtration
Foreign exchange problem as pre-senile dementia. process. Potable water treatment and municipal wastewater
 There is a fear that ingestion of aluminum ions plants often remove turbidity with a combination of sand
may induce Alzheimer’s disease. filtration, settling tanks and clarifiers.
 Sludge produced is voluminous and non -
biodegradable after treatment and therefore poses In-situ water treatment or direct dosing for the treatment of
disposal problems leading to increase cost of turbidity is common when the affected water bodies are
treatment. dispersed (i.e. there are numerous water bodies spread out
 The costs of these chemicals have been increasing over a geographical area, such as small drinking water
at an alarming rate in developing countries. reservoirs), when the problem is not consistent (i.e. when
 Most of the water treatment companies cannot there is turbidity in a water body only during and after the
wet season) or when a low cost solution is required. In-situ
3.8 Factors treatment of turbidity involves the addition of a reagent,
Coagulation is affected by the type of coagulant used, its generally a flocculant, evenly dispensed over the surface of
dose and mass; pH and initial turbidity of the water that is the body of water. The flocs then settle at the bottom of the
being treated; and properties of the pollutants present. The water body where they remain or are removed when the
effectiveness of the coagulation process is also affected by water body is drained. This method is commonly used at
pre-treatments like oxidation. coal mines and coal loading facilities where storm water
collection ponds have seasonal issues with turbidity. A
3.9 Turbidity number of companies offer portable treatment systems for
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by in-situ water treatment or direct dosing of reagents.
large numbers of individual particles that are generally
invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The 3.10 Oxidation
measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality.
3.10.1 Definitions
Fluids can contain suspended solid matter consisting of The processes of oxidation and reduction occur
particles of many different sizes. While some suspended simultaneously and cannot happen independently of one
material will be large enough and heavy enough to settle another, similar to the acid–base reaction. The oxidation
rapidly to the bottom of the container if a liquid sample is alone and the reduction alone are each called a half-
left to stand (the settable solids), very small particles will reaction, because two half-reactions always occur together
settle only very slowly or not at all if the sample is to form a whole reaction. When writing half-reactions, the
regularly agitated or the particles are colloidal. These small gained or lost electrons are typically included explicitly in
solid particles cause the liquid to appear turbid. Turbidity order that the half-reaction be balanced with respect to
(or haze) is also applied to transparent solids such as glass electric charge.
or plastic. In plastic production, haze is defined as the Though sufficient for many purposes, these general
percentage of light that is deflected more than 2.5° from the descriptions are not precisely correct. Although oxidation
incoming light direction. and reduction properly refer to a change in oxidation state
the actual transfer of electrons may never occur. The
3.9.1 Drinking Water Standards oxidation state of an atom is the fictitious charge that an
Governments have set standards on the allowable turbidity atom would have if all bonds between atoms of different
in drinking water. In the United States, systems that use elements were 100% ionic. Thus, oxidation is best defined
conventional or direct filtration methods turbidity cannot be as an increase in oxidation state, and reduction as a
higher than 1.0 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) at the decrease in oxidation state. In practice, the transfer of
plant outlet and all samples for turbidity must be less than electrons will always cause a change in oxidation state, but
or equal to 0.3 NTU for at least 95 percent of the samples there are many reactions that are classed as "redox" even
in any month. Systems that use filtration other than the though no electron transfer occurs (such as those involving
conventional or direct filtration must follow state limits, covalent bonds).
which must include turbidity at no time exceeding 5 NTU.
Many drinking water utilities strive to achieve levels as low 3.11 Flocculation
as 0.1 NTU.[11] The European standards for turbidity state Flocculation, in the field of chemistry, is a process wherein
that it must be no more than 4 NTU.[12] The World Health colloids come out of suspension in the form of floc or flake,
Organization, establishes that the turbidity of drinking either spontaneously or due to the addition of a clarifying

agent. The action differs from precipitation in that, prior to pump filter with filter paper of 70 μ m pore size
flocculation, colloids are merely suspended in a liquid and (Whatman). The five salts used were, NaCl, KNO 3, KCl,
not actually dissolved in a solution. In the flocculated NH4Cl and NaNO3. Different concentrations for each type
system, there is no formation of a cake, since all the flocs were tested. This extraction was used to obtain the required
are in the suspension. dosage of coagulant. Figure 3 shows the peanut seeds
which is used in this study.
Coagulation and flocculation are important processes in
water treatment with coagulation to destabilize particles
through chemical reaction between coagulant and colloids,
and flocculation to transport the destabilized particles that
will cause collisions with floc.
3.11.1 Water Treatment Process

Flocculation and sedimentation are widely employed in the
purification of drinking water as well as in sewage
treatment, storm-water treatment and treatment of industrial
wastewater streams. Typical treatment processes consist of
grates, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, granular
filtration and disinfection. Figure 3Peanut Seeds
4. MATERIAL COLLECTION Figure 4 shows the peanut seeds powder used in this study
4.1 Preparation of Aloe Veragel

Aloe Vera leaves were collected from in campus. The
leaves were washed under the tap water to remove the dirt.
Thick green cover or epidermis was carefully separated
from the gel part. Then the gel part was blended in mixer to
form liquid and preserved in glass bottles in refrigerator.
1% dilution of aloe vera was made by using 1ml aloe vera
gel in 100 ml distilled water similarly different percentage
of aloe vera solutions were made. Preparation of Peanut
Seed Powder the peanut seeds used in this study were
obtained from Sudan. The seed cover was shelled by hand
just before extraction. The extraction of the active
ingredients was carried out by removing the shell to collect
the kernel inside the shell. In order to ensure the efficiency Figure 4Peanut Seeds powder
of Peanut seeds extraction, the kernels have been crushed
and grinded to medium fine powder by using the domestic
blender every time when the preparation of Peanut seeds 5. TESTING RESULT
extraction was needed.
5.1 Percentage Removal of Heavy Metals with Plant-
4.2 Preparation of Peanut Seed Powder Based Coagulants
The peanut seeds used in this study were obtained Table 1 shows the concentration of heavy metals
from Sudan. The seed cover wasshelled by hand just
before extraction. The extraction of the active ingredients Table 1:Concentration heavy metals
was carried out by removing the shell to collect the kernel
inside the shell. In order to ensure the efficiency of
Peanut seeds extraction, the kernels have been crushed
and grinded to medium fine powder by using the
domestic blender (Assparo, Model 900) every time when
the preparation of Peanut seeds extraction was needed.
4.3 Peanut Seeds

Preparation of Peanut Seeds Extraction Peanut seeds Figure 5 shows the percentage of heavy metals
extraction was prepared by using a salt solution of NaCl
with varied concentrations, and Peanut cake in 5% (w/v)
suspension mixed with a domestic blender (Assparo,
Model 900) for 10 minutes and left settling for 10
minutes. The suspension was then filtered using a vacuum

Figure 7 shows the turbidity graph results.
Figure 5Percentage of heavy metals
5.2 Percentage Removal of Hardness with Plant-Based Figure 7Graph shows the turbidity results
Coagulants
Table 2 shows the Hardness test results 6 CONCLUSION
Locally available seeds such as Peanut Seeds powder,
Table 2:Hardness results Mung Bean and Cactus were used for water purification. In
our project paper evaluates Seeds powder,Mung Bean and
Cactus can be used as water purifiers and it would be
possible to develop an eco-friendly method of water
purification. This will show the way to improve the quality
of drinking water in the rural areas. We have presented
natural coagulants whose availability is innate, their
efficiency is also presented so that they can be considered
for further study. It can be concluded that natural
coagulants bring with them advantages of being, low cost,
copious, native and efficient for treatment.
Figure 6 shows the percentage of hardness References

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Engineering Research and Applications, Vol. 4, Issue Engineering, Volume. 4, Issue. 6 (Version 3), pp 8 -
6( Version 2), pp.255-258, 2014. 13, 2014.
[13] T.Subramani. , D.Kavitha., R.Tiyagu., “Treatment Of [25] T.Subramani.,A.Subramanian.,, C.Kathirvel.,
Municipal Waste Water In Salem City”, International S.K.Bharathi Devi., “ Analysis and Site Suitability
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Evaluation for Textile Sewage Water Treatment Plant
Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 2), pp.259-263, June 2014. in Salem Corporation, Tamilnadu Using Remote
[14] T.Subramani. , R.Umarani., S.K.Bharathi Devi., Sensing Techniques” , International Journal of
“Sustainable Decentralized Model For Solid Waste Engineering Research and Applications , Vol. 4, Issue
Management In Urban India”, International Journal of 8( Version 6), pp.90-102, 2014.
Engineering Research and Applications, Vol. 4, Issue [26] T.Subramani., S.Krishnan., C.Kathirvel.,
6( Version 2), pp.264-269, 2014. C.T.Sivakumar., “Identification And Investigation Of
[15] T.Subramani. ,M.Mangaiyarkarasi., C.Kathirvel., “ Solid Waste Dump In Salem District”, International
Impact Of Sewage And Industrial Effluent On Soil Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
Plant Health Act On Environment”, International Vol. 4, Issue 12(Version 5), pp.88-99, 2014
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, [27] T.Subramani, M.Kumutha , " Sustainable Solid Waste
Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 2), pp.270-273, 2014. Management In A Mountain Ecosystem" ,
[16] T.Subramani. ,V.Vishnumanoj., “Land Use and Land International Journal of Application or Innovation in
Cover Change Detection and Urban Sprawl Analysis Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) , Volume 4,
of Panamarathupatti Lake, Salem”, International Issue 5, pp. 123-133 , 2015
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, [28] T.Subramani, ”Identification Of Ground Water
Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 2), pp.117-127, 2014. Potential Zone By Using GIS”, International Journal
[17] T.Subramani. , S.Badrinarayanan., K.Prasath., of Applied Engineering Research (IJAER), Volume
S.Sridhar., “Performanance Evaluation of the Cauvery 10, Number 38, Special Issues, pp.28134-28138, 2015
Irrigation System, India Using Remote Sensing and [29] T.Subramani, P.Narasimhan, “Waster Water
Gis Technology”, International Journal of Engineering Treatment And Its Return Journey To The
Research and Applications, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version Environment”, International Journal of Applied
2), pp.191-197, 2014. Engineering Research (IJAER), Volume 10, Number
[18] T.Subramani., J.Akela. “Onsite Waste Water 38, Special Issues , pp.28223-28261, 2015
Treatment System”, International Journal of [30] T.Subramani, S.K.Somasundaram , " A Case Study Of
Engineering Research and Applications, Volume. 4, Occupational Hazards In Silk Industry " , International
Issue. 6 (Version 5), pp 154 - 162, 2014. Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering &

Management (IJAIEM) , Volume 4, Issue 5 , pp. 223- [42] T.Subramani, S.Jayaraj, S.Priyanka , " Impact Of
233 , 2015 Temperature And Its Effects In Hydrology In Yercaud Hill "
[31] T.Subramani, P.K.Revathi, “Production Of Activated , International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in
Carbon From Agricultural Raw Waste”,IOSR Computer Science (IJETTCS), Volume 6, Issue 3, May -
June 2017 , pp. 138-147 , ISSN 2278-6856.
Journal of Engineering, Volume 5, Issue 5, Version
[43] T.Subramani, V.Rajkumar, S.Priyanka , " Treatment Of
3, pp 54-63, 2015 Dairy Waste Water From Salem Aavin Using Natural
[32] T.Subramani, T.Subramani, “Water Quality Coagulants " , International Journal of Application or
deterioration due to Sago Industries in Upper Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM),
VasistaNadhi River Basin, TamilNadu, India”, Indian Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2017 , pp. 263-273 , ISSN 2319 -
Journal of Geo- Marine Sciences, Accepted. Article 4847.
placed in Q and considered for publication. [44] T.Subramani, M.P.Ravichandran, S.Priyanka , " Industrial
[33] T.Subramani, S.Praveen Kumar , " Generation Of Use Of Corbondioxide From Mineral Carbonation A Case
Biogas From Organic Waste In Salem Tamil Nadu" , Study From Magnesite From Salem " , International Journal
of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management
International Journal of Application or Innovation in
(IJAIEM), Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2017 , pp. 285-293 ,
Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) , Volume 5, ISSN 2319 - 4847.
Issue 5, pp. 104-115 , 2016
[34] T.Subramani, C.Kathirvel , " Water Shed AUTHOR
Management For Erode District Using Gis " ,
International Journal of Emerging Trends & Prof.Dr.T.Subramani Working as a Professor
Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS) , and Dean of Civil Engineering in VMKV
Volume 5, Issue 3, pp. 093-103 , 2016. Engineering College, Vinayaka Missions
[35] T.Subramani, V.KanianPoonkundran , " Prefabricated Research Foundation (Deemed to be
Multistory Structure Exposure To Engineering University),Salem,TamilNadu, India. Having
Seismicity By Using SAP" , International Journal of more than 28 years of Teaching experience in
Application or Innovation in Engineering & Various Engineering Colleges. He is a Chartered Civil Engineer
Management (IJAIEM) , Volume 5, Issue 5, pp. 123- and Approved Valuer for many banks. Chairman and Member in
Board of Studies of Civil Engineering branch. Question paper
131 , 2016 .
setter and Valuer for UG and PG Courses of Civil Engineering in
[36] T.Subramani, R.Kumar , " Irrigation Schedule Models number of Universities. Life Fellow in Institution of Engineers
For The Management Of Surface And Groundwater (India) and Institution of Valuers. Life member in number of
Resources In Erode District Tamilnadu" , Technical Societies and Educational bodies. Guided more than
International Journal of Emerging Trends & 420 students in UG projects and 300 students in PG projects. He
Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS) , is a reviewer for number of International Journals and published
Volume 5, Issue 3, pp. 104-113 , 2016. 201 International Journal Publications and presented more than
[37] T.Subramani, A.Kumaravel , " Analysis Of Polymer 55 papers in International Conferences. Also presented more than
Fibre Reinforced Concrete Pavements By Using 45 papers in National conferences and published 4 books.
C.Kathirvel completed his Master of Engineering (M.E) in the
ANSYS" , International Journal of Application or
Branch of Environmental Engineering at Vinayaka Mission’s
Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) , Research Foundation, Salem, Currently he is
Volume 5, Issue 5, pp. 132-139 , 2016 . working as a Associate Professor at V.M.K.V.
[38] T.Subramani, S.Sounder , " A Case Study And Engineering College at Salem-308. Tamil Nadu,
Analysis Of Noise Pollution For Chennai Using GIS" India. His work focuses specifically water divining
, International Journal of Emerging Trends &
Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS) , A.Niyasdeen is persuing B.E Under graduate in
Volume 5, Issue 3, pp. 125-134 , 2016. the branch of Civil Engineering at V.M.K.V.
[39] T.Subramani, R.Praburaj , " Pushover Anaylsis Of Engineering College; Vinayaka missions
Research Foundation, Salem. His hobbies are
Retrofitted Reinforced Concrete Buildings By Using
playing Cricket, drawing, Swimming and cycling
SAP" , International Journal of Application or
Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) ,
Volume 5, Issue 5, pp. 140-147 , 2016 . M.MohamedNowfis Currently he is persuing B.E
[40] T.Subramani, K.Kalpana , " Ground Water Under graduate in the branch of Civil Engineering at
Augmentation Of Kannankuruchi Lake, Salem, V.M.K.V. Engineering College, Vinayaka missions
TamilNadu Using GIS – A Case Study " , Research Foundation, Salem- Tamil nadu. His
International Journal of Emerging Trends & hobbies is playing cricket, browsing internet and
Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS) , drawing
Volume 5, Issue 3, pp. 210-221 , 2016. H.Harris Mohamed is persuing B.E Under
[41] T.Subramani, C.Karthikeyan, S.Priyanka , " Impact Of Solid
graduate in the branch of Civil Engineering at
Waste In Open Dumping And Its Effects Of Groundwater
V.M.K.V. Engineering College, Vinayaka
And Soil " , International Journal of Application or
missions Research Foundation, Salem. His
Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM),
hobbies are Listening Music, Cricket, books
Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2017 , pp. 251-262 , ISSN 2319 -
Reading and Travelling
4847.

Plant Based Coagulant For Waste Water Treatment

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Plant Based Coagulant For Waste Water

Volume 7, Issue 2, March – April 2018 Page 177

Volume 7, Issue 2, March – April 2018 Page 178

Figure 2Treatment process

3.2 Cost of Plant-Based Coagulants

Volume 7, Issue 2, March – April 2018 Page 181

3.11.1 Water Treatment Process

4.1 Preparation of Aloe Veragel

4.3 Peanut Seeds

Volume 7, Issue 2, March – April 2018 Page 182

Figure 7 shows the turbidity graph results.

Figure 5Percentage of heavy metals

Figure 6 shows the percentage of hardness References

Volume 7, Issue 2, March – April 2018 Page 183

[7] T. Subramani., P.Krishnamurthi., “Geostatical [19] T.Subramani., C.Arulsankar., S.Badrinarayanan.,

Volume 7, Issue 2, March – April 2018 Page 184

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