51 Diseases of Ruminants - Dr. Sula

6/22/2015
Photo Sources
• UT Gross Photos website(UT)
Gross Pathology of Ruminants – Vetgrosspath.utk.edu
• Noah’s Archive (NOAH)
– http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/noahsarkive
C.L. Davis Gross Course
July 2015 • Dr. King’s Necropsy Show and Tell (Cornell)
Mee Ja M. Sula, DVM, DACVP – https://secure.vet.cornell.edu/nst/
University of Tennessee • Tufts Image gallery (Tufts)
– Ocw.tufts.edu/course/72/imagegallery (Dr. Richard Jakowski)
• PIGI
• Veterinary pathology Image Database (UAB)
– http://veterinariavirtual.uab.es/archivopatologia/
Organization CARDIOVASCULAR
• Cardiovascular • Musculoskeletal
• Respiratory • Endocrine
• Alimentary • Reproductive
• Hepatobiliary • Integument
• Urinary • Ocular
• Neuro • Hemolymphatic
1 2 Ectopia cordi
UT NOAH - OSU
1
6/22/2015
3 4
NOAH - Denmark UT
5 6
OK State UT
7 8
OK State UT
2
6/22/2015
9 Bovine, MDX 10
PIGI – CAHFS. San Bernardino
11 12
PIGI – D. O’Toole, Wyoming State Lab PIGI – SLU (Sweden)
13 14
PIGI Comp Path Feb/April 2013
3
6/22/2015
15 16
OK State UT
17 18
UT UT
19 20
Tufts
UT
4
6/22/2015
21 22
J Comp Path July 2013
RESPIRATORY 23
NAOH - PIADC
24 25
J Comp Path 2014 OK State
5
6/22/2015
26 27
UT
28 29
NOAH - PEI PIGI – Todd Cornish, Wyoming State Lab
1
30 31
J Comp Path 2014 UT
6
6/22/2015
32 33
NOAH – U. Idaho UT
34 35
UT UT
36
McGavin 9-55
7
6/22/2015
37 38
PIGI PIGI
39 40
UT UT
1
41 42
OK State PIGI – J. Laguna
8
6/22/2015
43 44
OK State PIGI – U. Leon
45 46
NOAH – Nat. U. of Mexico
47 48
PIGI – U. Glasgow UT
9
6/22/2015
49 ALIMENTARY
UT
50 51
UT PIGI – Dr. B. Brenseke
52 53
OK State UT
10
6/22/2015
54 55
UT
56 57 Cow, MDX, Cause, NDT
PIGI
58 59
UT UT
11
6/22/2015
60 61
PIGI OK State
62 63
UT UT
64 Rumen ulcers 65 Toxic rumenitis
UT NOAH – U. Barcelona, Spain
12
6/22/2015
66 67
UT PIGI
68 69 Abomasum impaction
NOAH – UGA, Alberta NOAH – West Indies
70 71
UT UT
13
6/22/2015
72 73 Jersey calf
OK State PIGI
74 75
http://www.nadis.org.uk/ UT
76 77
OK State OK State
14
6/22/2015
78 79
UT OK State
80 Abomasal lymphoma 81
UT UT
82 SI: Necrohemm ent 83
UT UT
15
6/22/2015
84 85
NOAH – PIADC, Michigan State UT
1
86 87
UT UT
88 89
UT PIGI - NCSU
16
6/22/2015
90 91
OK State
92 Oesophagostumum 93
UT UT
94 95
UT PIGI – Univ. of Glasgow
17
6/22/2015
96 Carcinomatosis 97
NOAH - UGA UT
98 99
PIGI – Federoco Giannitti
100 Tissue from a Cow: 101
PIGI - NCSU OK State
18
6/22/2015
HEPATOBILIARY - PANCREATIC 102
UT
103 104
Cornell UT
105 106
UT PIGI – U.Leon
19
6/22/2015
107 108
109 110
OK State UT
111 112
NOAH - U. Barcelona, Spain NOAH – U. Idaho
20
6/22/2015
113 114
Etiologic diagnosis
PIGI UT
115 116 Hepatocellular carcinoma

• Very rare
UT NOAH
117 Liver LSA 118

• In sheep associated with BLV,
NOAH - TAMU NOAH – U. PEI
21
6/22/2015
119 120
OK State NOAH - UGA
121 Pancreatic adenocarcinoma URINARY
Cornell
122 Goat, ND 123
PIGI
22
6/22/2015
124 125
NOAH OK State
126 127
Veterinary Record 2006 NOAH – USDA FSIS
128 129
NOAH - UGA UT
23
6/22/2015
130 131
PIGI NOAH - Auburn
132 133
Claudio Barros – Sprinkles of Pathology FB
134 135
NOAH - TAMU UT
24
6/22/2015
136 137
138 139
UT PIGI – Ohio State
140 141
NOAH - TAMU
25
6/22/2015
142 143
UT NOAH
144 145
NOAH - UGA UT
146 147
NOAH – Ohio State
26
6/22/2015
148 149
JPC NOAH - DODD
150 151
NOAH - KSU PIGI - Edinburgh
152 NERVOUS
27
6/22/2015
1
153 154
UT UT
1 1
155 156
UT PIGI – Brian Cloak
1
157 158
PIGI UT
28
6/22/2015
1
159 160
Veterinary Record 2008, W. Wouda OK State
161 162
NOAH - Saskatchewan UT
1
163 164
OK State UT
29
6/22/2015
1
165 166
PIGI – Ohio State NOAH - Missouri
167 168
NOAH – Oregon State McGavin 14-90
169 170
NOAH - PEI
30
6/22/2015
171 Cenurosis 172
http://medpedia.framar.bg UT Photo website OK State
173 174
UT OK State
175 176
JAVMA 2013 OK State
31
6/22/2015
177 178
OK State UT
179 Musculoskeletal
NOAH - UGA
180 181
PIGI UT
32
6/22/2015
182 183
Research report Fluoride 44(2)70–76 April-June 2011
184 185
OK State NOAH - KSU
186 187
12. Tissue from an ox

OK State
morph, etiology PIGI – Brian Cloak
33
6/22/2015
188 189
UT OK State
190 191
UT PIGI
192 193
McGavin 16-70 NOAH – Ohio State
34
6/22/2015
194 195
UT VP 2015
196 197
http://www.odditycentral.com UT
1
198 199
PIGI – U. Leon
35
6/22/2015
200 ENDOCRINE
UT
201 202
NOAH – Ohio State J Comp Path 2013,
203 204
OSU OK State PIGI
36
6/22/2015
205 206
UT
207 208
JVDI 2014
REPRODUCTIVE 209
PIGI
37
6/22/2015
210 211
Tufts NOAH – U. Torino, Italy
212 213
NOAH
214 215
UT OK State
38
6/22/2015
216 217
NOAH – U. Torino, Italy PIGI
218 219
UT
220 221
Tissue from a cow
NOAH – U. Edinburgh PIGI – SLU (Sweden)
39
6/22/2015
222 223
UT UT
224 225
OK State UT
226 227
NOAH - Tufts OK State
40
6/22/2015
228 229
NOAH - UGA Tufts
230 231
NOAH OK State
232 233
[] Uterus: Fibrinonecrotic (necrotizing)

metritis
A pyo, Brucella abortus, other bacteria (E. coli),
and aspergillus all should be considered
Placenta may be retained
Mixed infection post partum common
NOAH – U. Missouri NOAH – U. Nebraska
41
6/22/2015
1
234 235
OK State NOAH – U. PEI
236 237
UT
238 239
UT UT
42
6/22/2015
240 241
UT PIGI
242 243
NOAH - TAMU PIGI
244 245
NOAH
43
6/22/2015
246 247
Tufts
248 249
NOAH – VTech NOAH – U. of Bern, Switzerland
250 251
Cornell http://www.afrivip.org/
44
6/22/2015
252 253
NOAH – U. Bern, Switzerland NOAH - UGA
254 255
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
w3llcikBPmo/U48Nx4GlwwI/AAAAAAAAlt0/qfR
RRaz4TJo/s1600/bull1432.ipv.jpg
PIGI
256 INTEGUMENT
NOAH - Dodd
45
6/22/2015
257 258
OK State UT
259 260
J. Comp Path 2013
261 262
PIGI
46
6/22/2015
263 264
OK State UT
265 266
McGavin 17-52 OK State
267 268
OK State UT
47
6/22/2015
269 270
PIGI – Western CVM, Saskatchewan McGavin 20-30
271 272
OK State http://hoovesandheartbeats.tumblr.com
273 274
PIGI – Brian Cloak UT
48
6/22/2015
1
OCULAR 275
NOAH - KSU
276 277
UT – D. McGavin NOAH - PIADC
278 279 Veterinary Pathology OnlineFirst, published on August 5, 2014
NOAH - KSU VP online first August 5, 2014
49
6/22/2015
280 281
UT Photo website UT NOAH - KSU
282 HEMOLYMPHATIC
NOAH
283 284
NOAH – Ohio State UT
50
6/22/2015
285 286
PIGI – U. Florida http://www.vetnext.com
287 288
OK State NOAH
289 290
OK State PIGI
51
6/22/2015
291 292
OK State OK State
GOOD LUCK STUDYING!!!
52
Ruminant Gross Pathology
C.L. Davis Gross Course
July 2015
Mee Ja Sula – University of Tennessee
[email protected]
CARDIOVASCULAR
[1] Heart, left atrioventricular valve: Hematocyst, serocyst
[2] Ectopia cordis

Extrathoracic, presternal or intraabdominal
[3] Heart, right atrioventricular valve: Valvular (tricuspid) dysplasia

Reddened, thickened, nodular, without exudate
May predispose to vegetative valvular endocarditis
[4] Heart, base of the aorta: ALCAPA (bov)

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ectopic coronary artery
osteum)
[5] High ventricular septal defect + patent foramen ovale

Ventricular and atrial septal defects (VSD/ASD), transposition of great vessels, and patent foramen
ovale most frequent heart anomalies in ruminants
[6] Eisenmenger syndrome: Overriding aorta, VSD with RV hypertrophy and dilation (not seen)
VSD, *pulmonary stenosis*, overriding aorta, RV hypertrophy = Tetralogy of Fallot
Eisenmenger syndrome more common that tetralogy of Fallot in large animals
[7] Secondary lesions of heart failure

Bi(tri)cavitary effusion, pulmonary edema and atelectasis, enlarged liver with enhanced lobular pattern
(chronic passive hepatic congestion)
DDx: Primary cardiac disease, restrictive pulmonary disease with secondary heart failure ( NTD: High
altitude disease – “brisket” disease)
o Effusions may be a manifestation of Ehrlichia ruminantium (NTD: Heartwater) particularly in
sheep, may be absent in affected cattle
Ruminant Gross Pathology – Sula. C.L. Davis Gross Course July 2015 Page 1
[8] Fibrinous pericarditis
Bacterial sepsis (neonatal coliform most common)
Cattle: + hemorrhage: Mannheimiosis, Histophilosis, blackleg, sporadic bone encephalomyelitis,
contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), clostridial hemoglobinuria, neonatal coliform infections
Sheep: Adults: Mannheimiosis. Lambs: Mannheimiosis, Strep spp.
[9] Heart, pericardium: Chronic fibrinosuppurative pericarditis

NTD: Traumatic reticulopericarditis; hardware disease
[10] Necrohemorrhagic myocarditis

DDx: Clostridium chauvoei, Histophilus somni, (cattle), Blue tongue virus (sheep)
[11] Heart, Left papillary muscles: Necrosuppurative papillary myocarditis

Histophilus somni
[12] Heart, right atrioventricular valve: Vegetative valvular endocarditis with ruptured chordae
tendineae and endocardial fibrosis
Bacteremia (foot abscess, mastitis, etc.) → thrombosis with bacterial proliferation → VVE →
sequelae (based on valve location)
Cattle, right A-V valve most commonly affected. Red-yellow vegetations, rough surface
Truperella pyogenes, Strep. spp most common.
[13] Heart: Myocardial degeneration and necrosis with mineralization

Toxins (Ionophores, Doxycycline), toxic plants (Gossypol, etc.), vitamin D toxicity, calcium
containing plants (Solanum, Cestrum, Trisetum spp.), Vitamin E/selenium deficiency (NTD: White
muscle disease, nutritional myopathy)
[14] Myocardial necrosis (and fibrosis)

As above (image 13)
Infectious diseases (FMD in neonatal lambs, calves, Cl. chauvoei, H. somni), drugs
JVDI July 2013, pg. 522: Characterization of cardiac lesions in calves after ingestion of Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata)
J comp path Feb/April 2013, pg 236: Acute and Chronic Disease Associated with Naturally Occurring T-2 Mycotoxicosis in Sheep
VP November 2013, pg. 1022: An Outbreak of Sodium Fluoroacetate (1080) Intoxication in Selenium –and Copper- Deficient Sheep in
California
[15] Heart: Lymphoma

Right side predominant…
Bovine leukemia virus associated = HULAS (heart, uterus, LN, abomasum, spinal canal)
[16] Umbilicus: Suppurative omphalophlebitis
Failure of passive transfer (NTD: Navel ill)
[17] Caudal vena cava: Abscessation

Secondary to hepatic abscesses
Sequelae: nothing (yay!), septic shock, vegetative valvular endocarditis, pulmonary abscesses with
possible vascular degeneration and marked hemorrhage (may present as epistaxis/hemoptysis)
[18] Diffuse epicardial hemorrhage

Sepsis (Mycoplasmosis in this case)
DDx: endotoxemia, anoxia, electrocution
ENDOcardial hemorrhage in lambs and calves often seen with clostridial enterotoxemia
[19] Pulmonary artery: Medial hemorrhage (ov)

Blue tongue virus
Hemorrhage at the base of the pulmonary artery is pathOgnomonic, myocardial hemorrhage.
Widespread hemorrhage due to vasculitis, edema, ulceration/erosions dental pad/palate, tongue,
reticulum and omasum, laminitis, coronitis
Disease most significant in sheep, less severe / subtle in cows and goats
**Necrosis of papillary muscle is more constantly present, although intimal hemorrhage more specific
[20] Aorta: Multifocal mineralization

Chronic granulomatous inflammation (Johne’s), hypervitaminosis D, calcinogenic plants (Solanum
spp., Diurnum spp., Trisetum spp), possibly incidental
May be seen subendocardial in these conditions, nutritional myopathy in lambs
JAVMA (PIP) June 2013, pg. 1655: Johne’s disease with cardiac and aortic mineralization
[21] Large artery: Dissecting aneurysm with hemorrhage

Vascular dysplasia (aneurism, dysgenesis of elastic fibers, copper deficiency, lathyrism)
Marfan syndrome in cattle – defective collagen
[22] Distal limb and kidney: Necrotizing vasculitis (ov)

Necrotizing vasculitis of small to medium sized arteries in many tissues (NOT LUNG), predilection
for branching points
Histo: Fibrinoid vascular necrosis with thrombosis, fibromuscular hypertrophy, transmural
lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, rupture of internal elastic lamina
J comp path July 2013, pg 76: Pathological Features of Systemic Necrotizing Vasculitis (Polyarteritis Nodosa) in Sheep
RESPIRATORY
[23] Fibrinonecrotic rhinitis
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (bovine herpesvirus -1) is best first ddx for hyperemia, hemorrhage
and punctate ulcers in nose, pharynx, larynx and trachea
DDx: Malignant catarrhal fever is second best, followed by BVDV and BTV
[24] Granulomatous rhinitis

Fungal (Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, Pythium, others reported)
J comp path January 2014, pg. 4: Nasal and Cutaneous Aspergillosis in a Goat
J comp path Aug/Oct 2013, pg. 140: Pathology of Nasal Infection caused by Conidiobolus lamprauges and Pythium insidiosum in Sheep
[25] Suppurative sinusitis

Dehorning
[26] Catarrhal rhinitis and sinusitis (small ruminants)

Oestrus ovis, larval myiasis
Sporadic in goats
[27] Nasal cavity: Adenocarcinoma (small ruminants)

Ovine retrovirus type D ENTV 1 (ovine) and ENTV 2 (caprine)
NTD: Enzootic nasal tumor (arise from ethmoid turbinates)
Unilateral or bilateral,, white-grey-pink to dark red, soft, irregular, friable to granular – can extend as
locally aggressive, destructive, space occupying mass
[28] Laryngeal ulceration and infarction

Histophilus somni
Bilateral laryngeal shallow ulcerations with thin overlying fibrinonecrotic membrane
o Histophilus somni septicemia → phlebitis → laryngeal infarcts and ulceration
Common with pneumonic Histophilosis, ulcers overly regions of septic phlebitis in calves
[29] Necrosuppurative laryngitis

Fusobacterium necrophorum (NTD: Calf diptheria, Necrobacillosis)
Other bacteria can play a role (Histophilosis looks similar, Pasteurella, other bacT, viruses, stress and
trauma can predispose)
[30] Tracheal edema and hemorrhage
Cause unknown, often occurs in summer and in association with pneumonia
NTD: Bovine honkers, tracheal stenosis of feedlot cattle
Mucosa and submucosa expanded by hemorrhage, edema. Lumen may contain fibrin-hemorrhage cast
In calves may get significant tracheal edema / congestion / hemorrhage with bronchopneumonia
J comp path online first 2014: Acute Tracheal Oedema and Haemorrhage with Fibrinonecrotic Tracheitis in Pigs - A Porcine Counterpart of Bovine
Honker Syndrome?
[31] Fibrinonecrotizing tracheitis

IBR; DDx: as above for image 23
Tracheitis commonly primary viral with secondary bacterial. Chemical (caustic) may also be primary
[32] Catarrhal bronchitis / bronchiolitis

Verminous bronchitis – Dictyocaulus viviparous (cattle), D. filaria (small ruminants)
Interstitial pneumonia (migrating larvae), chronic bronchitis (intraluminal adults), granulomatous
pneumonia (dead larvae, eggs)
o Wedge shaped, variably depressed, red-gray consolidated foci at edge of caudal lobes
DDx: Protostrongylus rufescens, Muellerius capillaris (rarely in bronchioles)
[33] Pulmonary hypoplasia

With anasarca (NTD: Pulmonary hypoplasia with anasarca – PHA) a lethal recessive mutation (cattle)
Spontaneous congenital anomalies of lungs are rare, but occur most in cattle and sheep
[34] Diffuse pulmonary edema and pallor, hydrothorax

DDx for pulmonary edema: Heart failure, low protein (parasitism, dietary, disease-associated), fluid
overload, lymphatic obstruction, anaphylaxis, inflammatory
Pallor indicates anemia or acute blood loss
VP diagnostic exercise, May 2014, pg. 624: Hemolysis and Sudden Death in Lambs
[35] Multifocal pulmonary (septic) thrombosis

A number of inflammatory states including bacterial endocarditis, jugular thrombophlebitis, hepatic
abscesses and septic arthritis and omphalitis, may occur sporadically in downer cattle
Rumenitis → hepatic abscessation → perivascular abscess with invasion of vena cava → pulmonary
thromboembolism → pulmonary infarction → hemorrhage with rupture of vascular wall and
hemorrhage into airway
Infarction of lung may or may not occur due to collateral circulation
[36] Suppurative (lobular) bronchopneumonia with multifocal abscessation
Often begins as viral pneumonia with secondary bacteria including: Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella
bronchiseptica, T. pyogenes, Strep spp, E. coli, mycoplasmas, H. somni and Mannheimia haemolytica
(NTD: Enzootic pneumonia (calf pneumonia))
Inflammation generally contained within individual lobules – so overall lobular pattern enhanced –
can have “checkerboard appearance” of pale pink normal and darker pink consolidated, particularly at
margins of normal-abnormal
**color/appearance of pneumonic lung changes significantly based on disease process and STAGE of
disease process**
VP March 2014, pg. 393: Failure of Respiratory Defenses in the Pathogenesis of Bacterial Pneumonia of Cattle
[37] Fibrinous (lobar) pleuropneumonia / fibrinosuppurative and necrotizing pleuropneumonia

Most common predisposing viruses in cattle include: IBR, PI-3 and BRSV
M. haemolytica, H. somni, P. multocida, Mycoplasma bovis, others (NTD: Shipping fever)
o Mixed infections of M. haemolytica, H. somni, P. multocida, T. pyogenes and mycoplasmas
are quite common
 Focal areas of coagulative necrosis characteristic of M. haemolytica
 Vasculitis characteristic of H. somni
Inflammation extends rapidly through contiguous lobules to affect whole lobe – fibrinosuppurative to
fibrinonecrotic lobar pneumonia
Lung cuts more “crisply” as inflammatory exudate entrapped within fibrinous meshwork
Fibrinous involvement of the pleural surface = pleuritis + bronchopneumonia = pleuropneumonia
(thus use of pleuropneumonia implies a bronchopneumonia)
Distinct foci of coagulative necrosis not uncommon, may turn into sequestra
o Due to ischemic infarct from vasculitis as in CBPP or due to necrotizing toxins released by
bacteria like M. haemolytica
[38] Mycoplasma mycoides spp mycoides small colony type
o NTD: Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia – CBPP
o Marbling may be present in any lobar pleuropneumonia due to accumulation of fibrin and
edema fluid; however, it’s quite distinctive and particularly prominent in CBPP
 Often unilateral and restricted to caudal lung fields, sequestrate in chronic disease
o **Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is caused by Mycoplasma capricolum spp
capripneumoniae – lesions similar, less severe than cow.
o **Mycoplasma mycoides spp mycoides large colony type associated with pneumonia in goats
Mannheimia haemolytica in sheep is associated with pneumonic Mannheimiosis (shipping fever),
chronic enzootic pneumonia, fulminating septicemia and mastitis
Pneumonic Histophilosis may be accompanied by other lesions of Histophilus, particularly within the
larynx. Encephalitic form is typically not concurrent.
[39, 40] Suppurative bronchopneumonia with marked bronchiectasis

Bronchioles filled with mucopurulent material (airway abscesses)
Bronchiectasis occurs with some frequency in cattle with bronchopneumonia of any cause, less
common in sheep and goat
M. bovis part of enzootic pneumonia (calves), chronic pneumonia and polyarthritis (feedlot cattle),
otitis media in calves
o M. bovis associated with discreet, particularly round foci of necrosis often representing
airways. May be more solid or may be more mucoid
[41] Gangrenous pleuropneumonia
Inhalation / aspiration / foreign body / septic thrombus
Saprophytic fungus in ruminal contents particularly bad
[42] Interstitial pneumonia

Aerogenous injury to alveolar epithelium, hematogenous injury to alveolar capillary endothelium or
basement membranes
o Airway epithelial damage: Toxic gases or fumes, pneumotropic viruses (IBR, Maedi-Visna
(sheep, NTD: Ovine progressive pneumonia), Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV))
o Hematogenous to endothelium: Sepsis, DIC, larval migrans, endotoxin, toxic metabolites (3
metholindole, paraquat, pyrrolizidine alkaloids), free radicals in capillaries (ARDS), viremias
and endotheliotropic viruses), inhaled allergens inducing type III hypersensitive response
(hypersensitivity pneumonia – cattle)
Typically will require histopathology to definitively differentiate inflammation from edema, other
VP Sept 2013, pg. 775: Pneumotoxicosis in Sheep Caused by Ingestion of Trema Micrantha
[43] Pulmonary (interstitial) emphysema

Typical in interstitial pneumonia, particularly of cattle with increased respiratory effort
Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (NTD: Fog fever)
o Lush green pasture → L tryptophan metabolized to 3-methyl-indol in rumen → vascular
distribution to pulmonary Clara cells where it is metabolized into a pneumotoxin → alveolar
edema and emphysema
o Moldy sweet potatoes (4-ipomeanol), perilla mint, stinkwood, rapeseed and kale (Brassica
spp), pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Bullous emphysema often suggests BRSV may have had some role
Vet Path March 2014, pg. 427: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Cattle
[44] Embolic pneumonia

Fungal, T. pyogenes, F. necrophorum, Strep spp, Staph spp
Hepatic abscesses (cattle), omphalophlebitis, chronic skin / hoof infections, dirty catheter sites
[45] Granulomatous (interstitial) pneumonia

Fungal, Mycobacterium bovis, other Mycobacterial species, Rhodococcus equi, aberrant parasite
migration (Fasciola hepatica),
[46] Pulmonary Muelleriosis / granulomatous and fibrosing pneumonia (small ruminants)

Muellerius capillaris (NTD: Nodular lung worm)
Sheep is classically nodular with preference for dorsal aspect of caudal lung fields – soft red
(hemorrhagic) to chronic gray-green and hard (sometimes mineralized)
o Goats often more diffuse, difficult to differentiate from any cause of interstitial pneumonia
**Protostrongylus rufescens may appear similar, pathogenic in lambs and kids
[47] Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), Ovine beta-retrovirus
NTD: Pulmonary adenomatosis, contagious bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of sheep, Jaagsiekte
Predominant cranioventral distribution, copious mucoid fluid
J comp path Feb/April 2013, pg 142: Extrathoracic Metastasis of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte)
J comp path Feb/April, pg. 138: Solitary Tumors Associated with Jaagsiekte Retrovirus in Sheep are Heterogeneous and Contain Cells Expressing
Markers Identifying Progenitor Cells in Lung Repair
J comp path Feb/April 2013, pg. 139: Pathological and Aetiological Studies in Sheep Exhibiting Extrathoracic Metastasis of Ovine Pulmonary
Adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte)
[48] Unilateral fibrinosuppurative pleuritis

Restrictive, no evidence of pneumonia
Penetrating foreign body, less likely extension of TRP, septicemic H. somni
[49] Pneumothorax with massive pulmonary atelectasis and myiasis
ALIMENTARY
[50] Cleft Palate / Palatoschisis
Secondary cleft palate (palatoschisis) – primary involves lip (cheiloschisis). Often occur together
Secondary lesions of ulcerative rhinitis, aspiration pneumonia
[51] Brachygnathia inferior (micrognathia) + cleft palate

Shortness of maxillae (sheep and cattle)
Prognathism – abnormally long mandibles (esp. sheep)
Agnathia – absence of lower jaw (esp. sheep)
[52] Erosive stomatitis and lingual cyanosis

Bluetongue (NTD: ovine catarrhal fever)
Cyanosis due to vascular compromise
[53] Erosive and ulcerative stomatitis, glossitis

No distinct margins / hyperemic or proliferative rim
DDx (bovine): IBR, BVDV, Rinderpest, Vesicular stomatitis, FMD, MCF, BTV
DDx (small ruminants): Peste des petite ruminants, Rinderpest, Border disease, FMD, BTV, BVDV
Vet Path March 2014, pg 437: The pathology of Malignant Catarrahal Fever, with an emphasis on Ovine Herpesvirus 2, pg. 437
VP March 2014, pg 453: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infections Manifestations of Infection and Recent Advances in Understanding
Pathogenesis and Control, pg. 453
Vet Path online first: May 19, 2014: Role of Thymic Epithelial Cell in Lymphoid Depletion After Experimental Infection with the
Noncytopathogenic BVDV1 Strain 7443
[54] Vesicular glossitis
DDx: FMD and Vesicular stomatitis (VS)
o VS does not occur in sheep and goats. FMD more severe in cattle than small ruminants
FMD: Epithelial fluid filled vesicles of oral cavity, lips, rostral palate and tongue (may extend to
esophagus and rumen in cattle) + conjunctivitis and vesicular dermatitis of teats and vulva, coronary
bands, interdigital, hooves may slough. Young may have myocarditis (tiger striping) without other
lesions
VS: papules, vesicles, erosions and ulcers of mouth, coronary bands and teats
JVDI Nov 2014, pg. 778: Outbreaks of Vesicular stomatitis Alagoas virus in horses and cattle in northeastern Brazil
[55] Hard palate: Proliferative and necroulcerative stomatitis

Bovine parapox (NTD: Bovine papular stomatitis)
Gross: characteristic sharply demarcated round macules with central necrosis and peripheral
hyperplastic, hyperemic edges, no vesicles
o Muzzle, nares, oral cavity, tongue (not dorsal) as far as esophagus and forestomachs
Histo: Mucosal hyperplasia, ballooning degeneration w/ necrosis and eosinophilic IC IB
Mild disease in young, debilitated older animals
[56] Gangrenous stomatitis, gingivitis and osteomyelitis

Fusobacterium necrophorum
Primary underlying stomatitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, glossitis
Gross: grey-yellow foci of coagulative necrosis surrounded by rim of hyperemic tissue
[57] Ulcerative and pyogranulomatous glossitis

Actinobacillus lignieresii (NTD: Wooden tongue)
Stomatitis, glossitis (not in sheep), lymphadenitis, lymphangitis
o Mastitis in sheep, cattle
Histo: Pyogranulomatous inflammation centered on colonies of bacilli surrounded by eosinophilic
club-shaped (Splendori-Hoeppli) material, fibrosis
[58] Necroulcerative esophagitis/pharyngitis

Fusobacterium necrophorum (NTD: Necrobacillosis)
+ initiating trauma, viral, other + other bacterial
[59] Ulcerative esophagitis

BVDV, Rinderpest, MCF, IBR
o Acute BVDV – erosions and ulcerations in oral cavity
o Mucosal disease - characteristic linear esophageal ulcerations, erosions and ulcerations
extending from oral cavity through forestomachs, abomasum, cecum and colon, Peyer’s patch
necrosis, erosive interdigital dermatitis and coronitis
[60] Thoracic cavity: Persistent right 4th aortic arch with megaesophagus
Vagal indigestion more common cause of megaesophagus in cattle
[61] Esophagus: Regional congestion and blanching

Ruminal tympany (bloat)
[62] Esophageal Gonglyonemiasis

Gongylonema pulchrum
[63] Esophagus: Esophageal Papillomas

Bovine Papillomavirus 4 (BPV4)
VP November 2014, pg 1063: Bovine and human papillomaviruses: a comparative review
[64] Ulcerative rumenitis

BVDV, Rinderpest, Bluetongue, adenoviral, IBR, Parapox (Papular stomatitis, ORF), FMD
Necrosis / hemorrhage of ruminal pillars suggestive of BTV in sheep
Note loss of pigment on rugal fold
[65] Acute ulcerative and necrotizing rumenitis

Altered ruminal pH typically due to increased CHO and secondary bacterial –(esp. Fusobacterium
necrophorum) and or fungal infection
Cattle > goats > sheep
[66] Ruminal stellate scars

Evidence of previous rumenitis, F. necrophorum
Note loss of pigment on rugal folds
[67] Necrohemorrhagic rumenitis/omasitis (thrombotic)

Mycotic rumenitis (Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhizopus Absidia, Mortierella)
Characteristic (often) round areas of necrosis with sharply demarcated edges (infarction) typically with
hyperemic rim particularly in ventral rumen, reticulum, and omasum.
o Transmural with serosal reaction/peritonitis may occur
Predisposing condition (BVDV, ruminal acidosis, Immunosuppression, chronic antibiotic therapy,
etc.) → vasculoinvasive fungi → vasculitis, thrombosis, infarction
DDx: Necrobacillary rumenitis which is typically less severe and less extensive and centers on
papillated areas of ventral sac and pillars. Both may have associated hepatic lesions.
[68] Rumen: Fibropapilloma vs. papilloma + SCC (bov)
Fibropapilloma – smooth, nodular, pearly white to grayish black. BPV2
Papilloma – small, broadly pedunculated, frondy. BPV 4
Squamous cell carcinoma – assoc. with BPV4 induced papillomas (not fibropapilloma) + bracken fern
[69] Rumen: Bezoar

Hair (trichobezoar), foreign material, plant material (phytobezoar)
[70] Ruminal paramphistomiasis

Paramphistomum cervi
[71] Hemorrhagic abomasitis

Clostridium spp. in all ruminants, Rift valley fever (phlebovirus) – sheep
[72] Necrohemorrhagic and emphysematous omasitis and abomasitis (dairy calf)

Abomasal dilation and tympany is a syndrome thought to be associated with improper feeding
conditions + failure of passive transfer + proliferation of Cl. perfringens type A
Hemorrhage, edema, necrosis + emphysema due to abomasal fermentation of high energy digesta
[73] Necrohemorrhagic and emphysematous abomasitis

Clostridium septicum most common (NTD: Braxy – sheep > cattle)
Extensive edema and emphysema in abomasal submucosa, diffuse, transmural inflammation,
vasculitis thrombosis and hemorrhage
Mixed infection: Clostridium spp (most commonly Cl. septicum, Cl. sordellii), other Gram – bacT,
Sarcina-like bacteria, fungal (mixed)
[74] Abomasal dilation with feed impaction

Dilation and impaction of feedstuffs may occur at any level of GI tract
o Poor quality roughage, dehydration, vagal disorders (Hoflund’s syndromes), displacements,
obstructions to outflow due to neoplasm (papillomas, other), foreign material (sand), others
Specifically in sheep (Suffolk, Hampshire)
o Abomasal emptying defect – cause undetermined, may be a form of acquired dysautonomia
(cranial mesenteric ganglioneurodegeneration)
o Scrapie should also be considered in sheep
[75] Abomasal volvulus with venous infarction
[76] Abomasal ulcers
Acute can result in significant blood loss, chronic – perforation and septic peritonitis
Stress, infectious agents (BVDV, Rinderpest, MCF, IBR, BTV), nutritional, toxic (arsenic –
particularly fond of abomasum, thallium, phosphorus, zinc), lymphoma (w/o inflammation)
[77] Fibrinosuppurative peritonitis

Rupture of a tubular organ (abomasal in this case)
For (generally) less severe fibrinous peritonitis consider sepsis, localized enteritis (Cl. Perfringens B/C
and or Salmonella spp)
[78] Proliferative abomasitis with mucus metaplasia and intralesional ostertagia

Ostertagia ostertagia (cattle), O. circumcincta (small ruminants)
Characteristic gross cobblestone appearance described as “Moroccan leather.” - PathOgnomonic
Characteristic clin path: Hypoproteinemia, anemia, hypergastrinemia, hyperpepsinogenemia
DDx: Abomasal coccidiosis, Trichostrongylus axei, nodular lymphoma
[79] Abomasal Haemonchosis

Haemonchus contortus (small ruminants), H. placei (cattle)
Anemia, hypoproteinemia (with associated edema – bottle jaw typical)
[80] Abomasal lymphoma

Bovine leukemia virus associated: HULAS (heart, uterus, lymph nodes, abomasum, spinal column)
Enteritis in ruminants:
Quite difficult based just on gross appearance. Age of onset, stage of disease, and coexisting stress factors possibly including
temperature extremes, crowding, intercurrent viral or parasitic infections effect the clinical course and gross appearance at any one
particular time point – thus GENERALIZATIONS WILL BE MADE!
Enteritis can be described based on segments of intestine affected, content quality, color (can be difficult). Descriptors commonly
used include: Hemorrhagic, Fibrinous, Necrotizing (typically also has fibrin) and Ulcerative
Pure hemorrhagic often want to think Clostridial, toxic (also Anthrax rarely in cattle)
Fibrinonecrotic “usual suspects” including BVDV, Salmonella, Rinderpest, MCF, protozoal
Many quite severe clinical conditions with little or no specific gross changes
[81] Hemorrhagic enteritis

Clostridium, toxic (caustic like mercury, arsenic), parasitic (coccidiosis, other)
JVDI May 2013, pg 438: The pathology of enterotoxemia by Clostridium perfringens type C in calves
Vet Path online first: June 25, 2014: Comparative Neuropathology of Ovine Enterotoxemia Produced by Clostridium perfringens Type
D Wild-Type Strain CN1020 and Its Genetically Modified Derivative
[82] Necrohemorrhagic and fibrinous enteritis

E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium, Coccidiosis, Adenovirus
JVDI September 2014, pg. 678: Intranuclear coccidiosis caused by Cyclospora spp. in claves: causes diarrhea
VP Sept 2013, pg. 842: Infection of Cattle With Cryptosporidium parvum : Mast Cell Accumulation in Small Intestine Mucosa
Clostridium in ruminants:
Clostridium perfringens: hemorrhagic enteritis + grossly evident ulceration / necrosis
- Type A: enterotoxemia of calves and lambs, jejunal hemorrhagic syndrome (maybe), hemorrhagic abomasitis of young
ruminants, yellow lamb (+ calf) disease (intravascular hemolysis)
- Type B: lamb dysentery, hemorrhagic enteritis of calves, hemorrhagic enterotoxemia of sheep
- Type C: hemorrhagic enterotoxemia of neonatal ruminants, “struck” in adult ruminants
- Type D: overeating disease / pulpy kidney disease, enterocolitis (goats of all ages), focal symmetrical encephalomalacia
(FSE) in sheep
- Type E: enterotoxemia of calves and lambs (maybe)
Clostridium chauvoei (NTD: Blackleg and malignant edema)
Clostridium novyi (NTD: Black disease, bacillary hemoglobinuria, malignant edema)
Clostridium septicum (NTD: Braxy, malignant edema)
Clostridium sordellii (NTD: Malignant edema, Braxy)
Clostridium tetani (NTD: Tetanus)
Clostridium botulinum (NTD: Botulism)
Clostridium piliforme (NTD: Tyzzer’s disease) enteritis has been reported in a calf
Clostridium difficile enteritis in cattle
Clostridium haemolyticum (NTD: bacillary hemoglobinuria, redwater)
[83] Small intestine: Intraluminal fibrin cast

E. coli, Cl. perfringens, other bacteria
[84] Small intestine: Peyer’s patch necrosis

Pestiviruses (BVDV), Morbilliviruses (Rinderpest), acute Salmonella, rarely mycotic
[85] Granulomatous enteritis with lymphangitis/lymphadenitis

Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (NTD: Johne’s disease, Paratuberculosis)
Typically ileum, cecum (particularly ileocecal), proximal colon, rugose mucosa; segmental to diffuse
o Mesenteric lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, hepatitis
o Non-caseating granulomas (cattle) or variably caseating (small ruminants)
Other lesions include: Hose pipe diarrhea (uncommon in small ruminants), emaciation, serous atrophy
of fat, hypoproteinemia leading to edema (bottle jaw), mineralization of vasculature, lymphangitis*
[86] Small intestine: Intussusception

Any cause of hyper or hypomotility (predominantly enteritis) or obstructive disease (enteric parasites,
neoplasia, foreign material, abscess)
[87] Small intestine: Mesenteric torsion with infarction and necrosis
[88] Segmental jejunal hemorrhage (dairy cattle)

NTD: Jejunal hemorrhagic syndrome
Typically associated with Cl. perfringens type A (recent paper negates?). May be a dietary change?
JVDI Jan 2014, pg. 96: Jejunal hematoma in cattle: a retrospective case analysis
JAVMA Aug 2013, pg. 352: Understanding jejunal hemorrhage syndrome
[89] Catarrhal enteritis with intralesional tapeworms

Monezia spp (cestodiasis).
[90] Proliferative enteritis with intraepithelial coccidia (small ruminants)
Goat: Eimeria christenseni (small intestine), E. ninakohlyakimovae, E. caprina (typhlocolitis)
Sheep: E. ahsata (small intestine), E. ovinoidalis (typhlocolitis)
This lesion is pathoOgnomonic in goats for coccidia
[91] Hemorrhagic colitis with intralesional coccidia (bov)

Eimeria bovis, E. zurnii
Mucosal thickening, minute ulceration, hemorrhage. Finbrinohemorrhagic typhlocolitis in animals
dying from coccidiosis, perhaps hemorrhagic cast
o 1st generation schizonts of E. bovis may be visible to naked eye in distal small intestine as
small white mucosal foci
Disease mainly cattle <1 yr: Diarrhea, + dysentery with mucus, tenesmus, rectal prolapse.
Signs of disease associated with second generation schizonts in cecum and colon
[92] Granulomatous enteritis

Oesophagostomum radiatum (cattle), O. columbianum (sheep)
[93] Intestinal adenocarcinoma

Vet Path Nov 2013, pg. 1158: Coexistence of Granulomatous Enteric Inflammation and Neoplasia in an Adult Sheep
[94] Omentum: Fat necrosis

DDx: Acremonium coenophalium (a fescue endophyte), steatitis, genetic (Jersey, Guernsey, Channel
Island breeds), trauma, ketosis
Sequelae include obstruction (ileus) and stenosis
[95] Omentum: Cysticercosis with locally extensive saponification of fat

Taeniid tapeworms in ruminants:
Disease is due to the mesocestodes (larvae) in intermediate hosts, while adult (Taenia) are in carnivores
Cysticercus (one invaginated scolex) vs coenurus (many)
- T. hydatigenia (dog) – Cysticercus tenuicollis in peritoneal cavity of ruminants
- T. saginata (human!) – Cysticercus bovis preferentially affects heart, masticatory muscles. Liver, lungs, other
- T. ovis (dog) – Cysticercus ovis in muscle of sheep (NTD: Sheep measles)
- T. multiceps (canids) – Coenurus cerebralis in brain/spinal cord of sheep and other ungulates
- Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis (carnivores) – hydatid cyst (sheep mostly). Liver, lung, other
[96] Omentum: Carcinomatosis

DDx: Mesothelioma – these are uncommon, but mostly seen in cattle
[97] Spiral colon: Mesocolonic edema

Sepsis, hypoproteinemia
[98] Fibrinohemorrhagic (typhlo)colitis
Fatal coccidiosis, Salmonella, BVDV, Rinderpest, MCF, Bovine adenovirus
[99] Necroulcerative colitis

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Salmonella (less likely in a goat)
Yersinia causes transmural hemorrhage and necrosis of small and large intestine, caseonecrotic
lymphadenitis, splenitis, hepatitis, + lungs, kidney, bone marrow, abortion
JVDI Jan 2014, pg. 88: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infections in goats and other animals diagnosed at the California Animal Health
and Food Safety Laboratory System: 1990–2012
[100] Atresia coli + Spiral colon agenesis (segmental aplasia)
[101] Imperforate anus (atresia ani)

Atresias are complete (also called segmental aplasia, or blind ended atresia), cord or membrane type
HEPATOBILIARY - PANCREATIC
[102] Multifocal hepatic telangiectasis
Patches of dilated sinusoids
[103] Multifocal necrotizing hepatitis

“Little white spots” in a miliary pattern
Bacterial neonatal septicemia – E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp, other gram(–)s,
Clostridium piliforme in calves (NTD: Tyzzer’s)
Viral: Herpes viral (BoHV-1, caprine herpes virus), adenovirus
[104] Multifocal hepatic abscessation

Larger foci of necrosis / inflammation, embolic pattern still
Secondary to omphalophlebitis, enteritis
[106] Multifocal hepatic abscesses or chronic suppurative hepatitis

Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus equii, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
T. pyogenes more chronic suppurative appearance
[105] Multifocal necrotizing hepatitis

Even larger spots still, well demarcated, dry, often zone of hyperemia peripherally
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Ruminal acidosis / omphalitis in calves and lambs → access to circulation → dissemination to liver
→ infarction → eventual abscesses
Fusobacterial diseases of cattle:
o Calf diptheria: Stomatitis, laryngitis
o Rumenitis, metritis
o Contagious foot rot: Pododermatitis
Fusobacterial disease of sheep
o Contagious foot rot: F. necrophorum + Dichelobacter nodosus
o Rumenitis, metritis, placentitis
[107] Multifocal hepatic granulomas or granulomatous hepatitis

Tuberculosis
Hepatotoxicity in ruminants:
The list of hepatotoxins in ruminants is extensive and continues to grow, this is by no means exhaustive.
Hepatotoxicities may focus on hepatocytes (cytotoxic) or biliary (cholestatic); however, reactive changes
typically result in changes in both components by the time you see the slide
More common hepatotoxicities to consider…
Acute – Lipidosis, necrosis / apoptosis. Grossly pale, swollen, if acute, fatal hepatoxicity expect
widespread hemorrhage due to lack of coagulation factors, particularly of viscera, heart. Intraluminal
duodenal hemorrhage and hemorrhage into gall bladder wall common in ruminants.
o Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)- Microcystin-LR, others; Amanita spp (mushrooms) –
Amatoxins; Solanaceae (Cestrum spp – also enzootic calcinosis in ruminants); Xanthium spp
(Cocklebur) – diterpenoid glycosides; white phosphorus, elemental iron (calves)
Chronic – Necroinflammatory, lipidosis, fibrosis, atrophy with nodular regeneration, cholangitis and
fibrosis, carcinogenesis. Jaundice, photosensitization and hepatic encephalopathy due to inadequate
detoxification and excretion capabilities.
o Aspergillus flavus – aflatoxin B1, adult cattle, sheep relatively resistent; Fusarium
moniliforme – Fumonisin B1(sheep); Pithomyces chartarum infected ryegrass – Sporidesmin,
damages biliary epithelium of sheep (NTD: Facial eczema); Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Senecio,
Crotalaria, Heliotropism spp) in cattle, sheep and goat more resistent; Lantana camara –
Lantadene A and B results in cholestasis and photosensitization, severe myocardial necrosis in
sheep; chronic copper
o Copper: In all ruminants, sheep (& Boer goats) particularly susceptible: Chronic accumulation
of copper in liver (or not enough molybdenum) typically due to diet → hepatic insult →
massive release of copper from liver → hemolysis (membrane damage to RBCs) and further
hepatic necrosis (mostly from hypoxia) → hemoglobinuria with renal tubular necrosis
 Cattle may get this chronic disease with more extensive evidence of chronic liver
damage. Calves experience acute intravascular hemolysis.
 Acute copper toxicoses may also occur in ruminants
[108] Diffuse hepatic necrosis

General overall pallor, color change, swelling
[109] Liver: Marked fibrosis, atrophy, and nodular regeneration

Chronic toxic hepatic damage
Pallor, quite firm, small, variably distinct nodules of regeneration
JVDI September 2014, pg. 640: Analytical confirmation of Xanthium strumarium poisoning in cattle
VP May 2013, pg. 530: Fatal Wedelia glauca Intoxication in Calves Following Natural Exposure
JVDI September 2013, pg. 592: Natural and experimental poisoning of goats with the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-producing plant Crotalaria retusa
VP September 2014, pg. 986: Bile Duct Lesions Associated with Turnip (Brassica rapa) Photosensitization compared with those due to
Sporidesmin Toxicosis in Dairy Cows
[110] Hepatic necrosis with intralesional fluke and fluke pigment

Fasciola magna lives in hepatic parenchyma all ruminants
o F. magna fatal in small ruminants (aberrant hosts), larval stages keep migrating → progressive
liver necrosis, peritonitis, acute death.
o Migration of larvae causing hepatic necrosis (direct trauma or toxin excretion) with
hemorrhage, deposition of fluke pigment.
[111] DDx: Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica (larger lesions with cavitation) of cattle and sheep
o Adults live in bile duct causing fibrosing cholangiohepatitis – “pipe stem” appearance
o Heavy infestation by immature flukes may cause death from acute hepatitis, particularly in
sheep (cattle rarely get severe disease)
DDx: Dicrocoelium dendriticum – lancet fluke
[112] Multifocal hepatic necrosis and hemorrhage

Cl. novyi type B (NTD: Infectious necrotic hepatitis, Black disease)
Predisposed by fluke migration
o Ingestion of spores with dissemination to liver → hepatic necrosis due to immature fluke
migration → decreased oxygen tension → germination of spores → exotoxin production
DDx: Cl. hemolyticum (NTD: Bacillary hemoglobinuria, redwater)
o Pathogenesis and hepatic necrosis very similar. Cl. hemolyticum produces hemolytic beta
toxin (phospholipase C). Hemoglobinuria feature of Cl. hemolyticum, NOT Cl. novyi
 Large focus hepatic necrosis, edema, hemoglobinuria, hemorrhages, icterus
[113] Multifocal hepatic cysts / Hepatic ecchinococcosus

Echinococcus granulosus (from dogs) or E. multilocularis (wild canids)
E. multilocularis progressive, continuous growth like a tumor!
[114] Liver: Chronic passive congestion

Centrilobular degeneration and fibrosis
[115] Diffuse hepatic lipidosis

Cattle: Ketosis, endometritis, endotoxemia, fat cow syndrome
Sheep: Pregnancy toxemia (multiple births), metabolic disease in pregnant ewes, cobalt + vitamin B12
deficiency (NTD: White liver disease)
Goats: cobalt + vitamin B12 deficiency
All: Hepatotoxicity
[116] Hepatocellular carcinoma
[117] Hepatic lymphoma + Hepatic LN lymphoma
BLV associated in sheep, possibly BLV associated in goats
Multicentric lymphoma most common form in goats
VP January 2013, pg. 668: One hundred two tumors in 100 goats (1987-2011)
[118] Hepatic (metastatic) hemangiosarcoma
[119] Fibrinous cholecystitis + edema

Classic for Salmonella dublin in cattle (less often S. typhimurium)
[120] Pancreatic duct calculi
[121] Multiple pancreatic adenomas / adenocarcinoma
URINARY
[122] Cloisonné Kidney (cap)
Tubular membrane thickening as a result of deposits of ferritin and hemosiderin
Pigment abruptly stops at corticomedullary junction
No functional significance
[123] Polycystic kidney

Unknown inheritance
+ cystic bile ducts, bile duct proliferation, pancreatic cysts
[124] Bilateral renal dysplasia

Histo: Presence of structures that are inappropriate to stage of development of the animal, or presence
of anomalous structures
Susceptible to pyelonephritis, particularly due to accompanying ureteral anomalies
[125] Fused kidney/ horseshoe kidney

Often associated with other midline, caudal abdominal malformations
[126] Scrotum, inguinal: Hypospadia

Underdeveloped distal urethra, penis, partially or completely divided scrotum
[127] Renal cortical hemorrhages
Sepsis of any causes
DDx: Salmonellosis (cattle), Streptococci
Extensive subcapsular hemorrhage may be seen in enterotoxemia of calves
[128] Kidney: Hemorrhagic infarct

Secondary to vegetative valvular endocarditis, other inflammatory foci
[129] Glomerulonephritis with peri-renal edema (ov)

Finnish landrace lambs. Hypocomplementemia → persistence of immune complexes
o Lethal deficiency of C3
Glomeruli are red-yellow punctate foci in acute disease
Proliferative glomerulonephropathies seen in small ruminants often insignificant. Idiopathic,
Campylobacter fetus, pregnancy toxemia
[130] Interstitial (embolic) nephritis

Calves secondary to bacteremia/septicemia – typically coliforms (NTD: White spotted kidney)
o Begins suppurative (microabscesses) → non suppurative over time + fibrosis
Multifocal, often coalescing, limited to cortex, wedge-shaped
DDx: Leptospirosis, Malignant catarrhal fever, Salmonella spp, Brucella sp.
[131] Chronic interstitial nephritis

Leptospirosis hardjo, L. Pomona, others
Leptospirosis in cattle
o Severe (uncommon) acute infection in calves → intravascular hemolysis
o Acute / subacute in adult cattle → abortion / agalactia
o Chronic in pregnant cattle → fetal infection and abortion, still birth, weak, premature
o Kidney lesions: result of recovery from acute disease (may contribute to “white spotted
kidney” in calves)
Leptospirosis in sheep and goats
o Appear to be less susceptible
o Fulminant hemolytic disease and late term abortions associated with L. hardjo in sheep
[132] Granulomatous nephritis

Cattle ingesting Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa) – toxic principal is prussic acid. Particularly in TX, OK
Granulomatous dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and multiple internal organs (most severe in heart, kidney,
lymph nodes, thyroid and adrenal glands as yellow nodular infiltrates), diarrhea
[133] Renal abscesses

Cattle: T. pyogenes secondary to vegetative valvular endocarditis, Staphylococcus aureus, M.
haemolytica and Streptococcus bovis
Small ruminants: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (dry/caseous abscesses)
[134] Suppurative pyelonephritis with infarcts
[135] Chronic suppurative pyelonephritis
Corynebacterium renale, endogenous bacteria of skin and urinary tract (E. coli, Staphylococci,
Streptococci, Enterobacter, Proteus, etc.), rarely Mycoplasma in cattle
[136] Acute renal tubular necrosis with hemorrhage

Pallor, swelling, edema, hemorrhage
Acute toxicoses (Plants – acorn, pigweed, drugs – gentamycin, oxytetracycline, animal venom, heavy
metals – arsenic, lead, cadmium, etc.)
o List is long. Check out JKP ed. 5, vol. 2, page 469 for a starter list
Hypoperfusion/shock/endotoxemia
o **If prolonged, causes cortical necrosis (necrosis of ALL cortical structures – not just tubules)
difficult to differentiate grossly)
Oxalate toxicosis results in oxalate crystals / calculi may be seen in medulla and renal calyces
o May be seen in aborted fetuses
[137] Rapid renal autolysis

Clostridium perfringens type D (NTD: Pulpy kidney disease)
Pallor, swelling, “wetness”
Epsilon toxin binds receptors of distal renal tubular epithelium – selective necrosis
Particularly in lambs, inconsistent/absent/slow in sheep, calves, goats and kids
[138] Renal papillary/medullary necrosis

NSAIDS (decreased PGE2 production + direct toxicity)
o PathO: NSAID administration → decreased PGE2 → lack of vascular vasodilation →
ischemia and papillary/medullary necrosis
DDx: Dehydration + phenothiazine (lambs and calves), urinary obstruction, pyelonephritis, medullary
amyloidosis (cattle)
[139] Pigmentary nephrosis (ov > cap > bov)

Hemoglobinuric nephrosis
o “Gun metal blue kidney” – hemoglobinuria + tubular necrosis
 Chronic copper toxicoses (small ruminants)
 Babesia, Clostridium haemolyticum, Leptospirosis, etc.
Myoglobinuric nephrosis
o Myopathy, trauma
[140] Cholemic nephrosis

Icterus, bile pigment in young secondary to immature hepatic conjugating mechanisms
[141] Glomerular amyloidosis (iodine stain)
Paleness, enlargement particularly of cortex, increased consistency (waxy)
o Affected glomeruli red-brown with iodine → subsequent dilute sulfuric acid changes to purple
Cattle: Glomerular (severe disease), medullary (typically subclinical)
Small ruminants: glomerular and medullary in association with chronic inflammatory disease
[142] Hydronephrosis
Secondary to stones / blockage, can be congenital
[143] Embryonal nephroma / nephroblastoma

Arise in primitive nephrogenic blastema and regions of renal dysplasia
Primitive glomeruli + abortive tubules + loose spindle cell stroma
o Mesenchymal component may dominate, particularly in ruminants
[144] Renal lymphoma
[145] Kidney: Metastatic adenocarcinoma
[146] Urinary bladder: Hemoglobinuria

DDx (hemoglobinuria): Acute leptospirosis (calves), Clostridial endotoxemia, Babesia, copper tox
DDx (myoglobinuria): Myopathy, trauma
[147] Urinary Bladder: Emphysematous cystitis (bov)

Glucosuria + glucose fermenting bacteria. (Dextrose/glucose supplementation, DM)
[148] Urinary bladder: Transitional cell carcinoma with marked intraluminal hemorrhage (bov > ov)
Ptaquiloside (carcinogen of bracken fern*) + Bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2)
NTD: Bovine enzootic hematuria
Multiple types of epithelial or mesenchymal tumors and SCC of upper digestive tract (with BPV-4)
Sequelae: Ureteral obstruction → hydronephrosis, hydroureter, pyelonephritis
May have hemorrhage without bladder neoplasm
With acute toxicity – non-reversible aplastic pancytopenia
VP May 2013, pg 543: TP53 Intronic Mutations in Bovine Enzootic Hematuria-Associated Urinary Bladder Tumors
VP July 2014, pg. 749: Epithelial Urinary Bladder Tumors from Cows with Enzootic Hematuria: Structural and Cell Cycle-Related
Protein Expression
[149] Urinary bladder: Lymphosarcoma

Primary UB LSA very uncommon
[150] Urinary bladder, melanoma
[151] Urinary tract: Hemorrhagic cystitis with bilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter
Urinary calculi: Silica calculi (ruminants on pasture), Struvite (feedlot cattle, sheep on high grain
rations) Oxalates (sheep)
DDx: Paralysis due to lumbosacral lesion, idiopathic.
[152] Penis: Urethral process intraluminal mineral concretions (stones)

Urethral (verminous) process in small ruminants, Sigmoid flexure in cattle
Urethral obstruction → dilation of urinary bladder → hemorrhage and necrosis → UB rupture
NERVOUS SYSTEM
[153] Cerebral hypoplasia
Vs. cerebral aplasia (prosencephalic hypoplasia) vs. anencephaly
[154] Cerebral reduplication
[155] Medulla oblongata: Vascular hamartoma
[156] Head: Cranium bifidum with meningo(encephalo)cele + Hydrocephalus

Cranial bifidum is a dorsal midline defect in the skull through which meninges (meningocele) or
meninges + brain (meningoencephalocele) protrude – may need histo to ddx
o Spina bifidum with or without meningo(encephalo)celes also occurs
[157] Head: Cyclopia / synophthalmus / holoencephaly (holoprosencephaly)

Failure of cleavage of prosencephalon resulting in severe craniofacial and nervous abnormalities
Sheep (toxic) and cattle (genetic)
Cyclopia = a single eye. Often there is duplication of at least some structures = synophthalmia
(incomplete separation or early fusion)
PathO: Veratrum californicum ingestion @ day 14 of gestation → exposure to cyclopamine (steroidal
alkaloid) → failed induction of facial development (antagonism of Sonic hedgehog gene signal
transduction) → cyclopia / holoprosencephaly, multiple other facial cerebral anomalies centered
around loss of midline structures
Brain: Hydrocephalus vs. Hydranencephaly and Porencephaly

[158] Hydrocephalus: Dilation of lateral ventricles → white matter atrophy / loss
o Aqueductal stenosis in cattle, hereditary / congenital
o Frequently associated with malformation of cranium
[159] Hydranencephaly: replacement of neuropil by fluid
oResidual lesion of full thickness necrosis of cerebrum early in fetal life before mature
arrangements of cortex present
o Cattle > sheep > others
o Arboviruses (Akabane, Bluetongue, Rift Valley fever, Wesselsbron) or Pestiviruses (Bovine
viral diarrhea, Border disease)
o Skull usually normally formed and complete, mild doming may occur
[160] Porencephaly: small pockets of neuroparenchymal loss
o Cerebral white matter foci of necrosis typically
o Border disease and BVDV
Primary gross manifestations of viral neural defects in ruminants:

Bunyavirus:
Akabane virus (all): arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly, other neural abnormalities
Cache valley fever: arthrogryposis hydranencephaly complex
Schmallenburg virus (all): arthrogryposis, porencephaly, hydrencephaly, brainstem/spinal cord malformations
Flavivirus:
Rift valley fever and Wesselsbron (lambs): Hydranencephaly, porencephaly, internal hydrocephalus
Orbivirus:
Bluetongue virus (lambs, calves): Hydranencephaly and porencephaly, retinal dysplasia
Pestivirus
BVDV: Cerebellar hypoplasia (if infected about 100-170 days)
Border disease (sheep): hypomyeliniation + abnormal hair coats (NTD: Hairy Shaker)
[161] Cerebellar hypoplasia

Bovine viral diarrhea, Border disease virus
[162] Brain: Diffuse meningeal congestion with multifocal petechial hemorrhage

Can be non-specific, seen with sepsis
Meningitis + larger hemorrhage may indicate vasculitis → consider vasculotropic agents (MCF, IBR –
although lesions quite non-specific)
VP September 2013, pg. 926: Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis in a Cow
[163] Cerebrum: Multifocal hemorrhage and necrosis

Histophilus somni (cattle) (NTD: Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME))
o H. ovis and Haemophilus agni in sheep. Disease resembles that of cattle
Randomly distributed red-brown hemorrhagic infarcts, commonly at white-gray interfaces
Septicemia, (fibrinous) pleuropneumonia, myocarditis (with abscesses), abortion, polyarthritis,
tracheal/laryngeal ulcers (necrotizing laryngotracheitis)
Histo: Necrotizing vasculitis and thrombosis, often with bacterial colonies
[164] Cerebellum: (Fibrino)Suppurative meningitis with cerebellar coning (occipital herniation) and
hemorrhage
Truperella pyogenes, Streptococcus spp, E. coli, Pasteurella, Chlamydophila pecorum, others
Sepsis, extension from middle ear infection (Mycoplasma bovis, M. haemolytica (lambs)
[165] Unilateral cerebral abscess
T. pyogenes, E. coli, Strep, Staph, others
Penetrating trauma, extension from surrounding tissues, hematogenous
Green discoloration suggestive of pyogenic bacteria
[166] Medulla oblongata: (Meningo)encephalitis

Listeria monocytogenes (NTD: Circling disease)
Gross lesions typically minimal: leptomeningeal opacity, foci of malacia, yellow-brown discoloration,
hemorrhage, slight swelling, softening
Histo: Perivascular LP cuffs with microabcesses, necrosis
3 conditions: Meningoencephalitis, abortion and stillbirth, and neonatal septicemia
JVDI July 2013, pg 482: A retrospective study of brain lesions in goats submitted to three veterinary diagnostic laboratories
VP July 2014, pg. 828: Diagnostic Exercise: Suppurative Rhombencephalitis and Meningitis in a Goat
[167] Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia

Clostridium perfringens type D, epsilon toxin (NTD: Overeating disease, pulpy kidney disease)
All ruminants, sheep only ones to typically manifest neurologically
Consumption of lush greens/ grains / milk  Cl. perfringens overgrowth and epsilon toxin production
 vascular permeability  cerebral edema and neuronal necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis in basal nuclei and internal capsule, thalamus, hippocampus, etc.
VP Sept 2013, pg 765: Brain Lesions Associated With Clostridium perfringens Type D Epsilon Toxin in a Holstein Heifer Calf
[168] Locally extensive leukoencephalitis (small ruminant)

Sheep: Maedi-visna virus (Visna = neuro, Maedi = respiratory)
o Pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis, mesangial glomerulitis
Goat: Caprine arthritis, encephalitis virus
o 2-4 month kids: Rapidly progressing encephalitis
o Adults: Lymphoproliferative synovitis and arthritis, pneumonia, mastitis, encephalomyelitis
Gross lesions in the CNS are often subtle, subependymal in the brain. Spinal cord lesions are more
common and classically occur around the central canal in the spinal cord
[169] Brain: Polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical laminar necrosis)

Thiamine deficiency (Cattle, sheep > goats), high dietary sulfur, thiaminase (dietary in Bracken fern or
produced by Bacillus thiaminolyticus), lead poisoning, salt toxicity, mercury. Possible associations
with diets high in urea, molasses based diets, cobalt deficiencies
o Reports of BHV-5 in Brazil, Amprolium
Ultraviolet light – auto fluorescence peaks during the early stages (onset of yellow discoloration)
Chronically, “decorticate” white matter cores remain covered by thin or basically no gray matter
[170] Meningeal nematodiasis (small ruminants)

Paraelaphostrongylus tenuis
[171] Cerebral coenuriasis
Multiceps multiceps, M. serialis
[172] Locally extensive cerebral hemorrhage and necrosis

Dehorning
[173] Brain: Medulloblastoma

Cattle also get oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas, ependymomas, choroid plexus tumors,
meningiomas, peripheral nerve tumors
Sheep: Meningiomas
Spinal cord: Myelodysplasia / segmental hypoplasia / Hydromyelia / Syringomyelia

[174] Segmental aplasia and hypoplasia often lumbar
Perosomus elumbus: partial agenesis of spinal cord and associated vertebrae (calves, lambs)
[175] Hydromyelia: dilation of central canal
[176] Syringomyelia: cavitation of spinal cord extending over multiple segments
o May be primary (developmental defect) or secondary (injury, vascular compromise,
inflammatory, neoplasia, etc.)
JAVMA March 2014, pg. 661: Syringomyelia at lumbosacral intumescence in a calf
[177] Spinal cord: Diplomyelia (myelodysplasia)
[178] Spinal column: Suppurative myelitis and osteomyelitis (ov)

Ascending infection post tail dock
[179] Extradural (epidural) lymphosarcoma

Bovine leukemia virus
Cauda equina not uncommon location
MUSCULOSKELETAL
[180] Humerus: Osteopetrosis / diffuse osteosclerosis
NTD: Marble bone disease
Retention of primary spongiosa, lack of medullary cavity, unresorbed cones of primary spongiosa
extending from physis into diaphysis
Increased mineral density, bones of normal shape but may be more fragile, pathologic fracture
o Insufficient marrow cavity → insufficient hematopoiesis
Autosomal recessive inherited defect (Angus, Hereford, Simmental, others) in osteoclast resorption, or
viral (pestivirus).
[181] Femur: Osteoporosis with femoral head fracture
Thin cortical bones with enlarged medullary cavity
Decreased quantity of normal quality (mineralized) bone, bone shape normal, fractures
Bovine viral diarrhea virus, nutritional deficiencies (starvation, lack of calcium, copper, phosphorus),
disuse, corticosteroids, hypogonadism, hyperparathyroidism, others
DDx: Osteogenesis imperfecta
o Osteopenia associated with defective COL1A1 or A2 genes
o Fragile opalescent teeth, joint laxity, blue sclera
o Associated with skin fragility in Romney sheep
[182] Enamel dysplasia and pigmentation

Fluoride toxicoses (during enamel development)
Hypomineralization of outer layer of enamel which is chalky, opaque and discolored. PathOgnomonic
Periosteal hyperostosis also a feature of highly toxic levels of fluoride
[183] Bone: Porphyrin pigment deposition

NTD: Bovine congenital porphyria
Recessive in many breeds of cattle including Hereford, Holstein, Shorthorn
Pathogenesis: deficiency of uroporphyrinogen-3-cosynthetase  generation of abnormal heme
(porphyrins)  deposition into and discoloration of bone
May have photodynamic dermatitis due to porphyrins in skin. Teeth, bone, urine may be discolored
[184] Body as a whole: Arthrogryposis (congenital articular rigidity/ contracture)

Sporadic, outbreaks involving damage to fetal CNS → denervation atrophy → arthrogryposis
Genetic, toxic (Lupine spp Tobacco spp, Hemlock spp, others), Infectious (Viral – Blue tongue,
Akabane, Cache Valley, Schmallenburg, others)
[185] Body as a whole: Chondrodysplasia

Sheep: Spider lamb syndrome of Suffolk and Hampshire sheep, auto recessive, semi-lethal. FGFR3
o Long limbs and neck, shallow body, scoliosis, sternal deformities, valgus (knock kneed)
Cattle: Bulldog type in Dexter and Holstein, Telemark type in Jersey, Snorter type in beef breeds
[186] Head: Chondrodysplasia (Roman nose)

Chondrodysplasias can also be localized to individual bones or regions
[187] Cervical vertebral osteomyelitis and epiphysitis and necrosis with pathologic fracture,
involucrum and sequestrum
Salmonella dublin (particularly from C5-T1)
Osteomyelitis in cattle is typically hematogenous and frequently Salmonella spp at <3 mo and T.
pyogenes in cattle over 6 mo. Many other bacteria sporadically involved.
Other ruminants affected by these and wide variety of bacteria
[188] Mandible: Unilateral pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis
Actinomyces bovis (NTD: Lumpy jaw)
Necrotizing osteomyelitis (typically limited to mandible), fibrosis, sulfur granules, + LN involvement
Secondary to traumatic penetration
[189] Vertebral column: Ventral spondylosis

Repeated trauma, often in bulls
Fractures commonly associated – may result in animal being acutely down
[190] Ribcage: Chronic fractures with calluses (birthing trauma)

Parturition (torsion of newborn), postpartum trauma
Consider evaluation for underlying primary disease
[191] Ribcage: Rickets (developing skeleton ) and osteomalacia (adults)

Defective mineralization and endochondral ossification → bone deformities and fractures
Cause: Vitamin D or phosphorus deficiency, less commonly chronic renal disease, chronic fluorosis
Rickets: Thickened growth plates with retention of disorganized, hypertrophic chondrocytes due to
failure of endochondral ossification, flared metaphases
Lesions typically sites of rapid growth (rickets) or in areas of strongest mechanical stimuli
(osteomalacia)
Lesions of fibrous osteodystrophy (expansion and replacement of bone by fibrous connective tissue)
may accompany cases of Vitamin D deficiency. Primary fibrous osteodystrophy appears to be largely
a goat disease
[192] Maxilla and maxillary sinus: Osteoma with bone atrophy, lysis and loss + Oestrus ovis larva
Benign, but may cause significant compressive bony atrophy, lysis and loss
[193] Femur: Lymphosarcoma with extensive medullary infarcts

Sporadic forms (not BLV associated) of LSA in cattle include calf type (symmetrical
lymphadenopathy and leukemia), juvenile type (thymic in yearlings) and skin type (2 year+)
In small ruminants, widely disseminated tumors but without leukemia and marrow involvement is
common – most spontaneous LSA in small ruminants is BLV associated
[194] (specific joint if you can identify it): Fibrinous – fibrinosuppurative synovitis
E. coli, Mycoplasma spp., Strep. spp, Staph. aureus, T. pyogenes, Histophilus somni, Erysipelothrix
(sheep), Chlamydophila pecorum, others
o E. coli tends to fibrinous more than overtly suppurative
With time erosion of cartilage (eventual eburnation of bone), inspissated exudate
Inherited conditions include degenerative joint disease of the stifle in mature dairy cattle, hip dysplasia
in Hereford bulls, others
[195] Stifle: Proliferative synovitis + erosive arthritis (small ruminants)
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (cap), Maedi-Visna virus (ov)
Irregularly eroded cartilage, reddened proliferative, thickened synovium
Carpal hygromas common
Encephalomyelitis in young (<4mo), arthritis most common presentation in adults, mastitis in adults,
pneumonia in adults and kids
DDx: E. rhusiopathiae, E. coli, Salmonella spp.
VP January 2015, pg. 132: Small Ruminant Lentivirus Induced Arthritis: Clinicopathologic Findings in Sheep Infected by a Highly
Replicative SRLV B2 Genotype
[196] Marked muscle hypertrophy

NTD: Double muscling
Myostatin defect. Lack of myostatin results in increased numbers of fibers. Fibers are of normal size
and structure
Multiple breeds including Charolais, Belgian blue, Angus
Similar condition reported in sheep
[197] Skeletal muscle: Necrohemorrhagic and emphysematous myositis

Clostridium chauvoei (NTD: Blackleg)
Muscle discolored dark red – black, moist at periphery more dry, friable, and emphysematous with
progression. Large skeletal muscles of pelvis, pectoral region, heart, diaphragm, tongue
Ingestion of spores that disseminate to muscle → trauma (other) → proliferation and toxin production
(systemic toxemia) → vascular necrosis → hemorrhage ischemia and necrosis
DDx: Cl. septicum (NTD: Pseudoblackleg), Malignant edema (multiple clostridial species involved) is
more of a cellulitis, wound associated
DDx: In sheep, penetrating head wound may initiate anaerobic environment with sporulation of Cl.
novyi (Black disease, Big head). Hepatic necrosis associated with fluke migration as well.
[198] Skeletal muscle: Eosinophilic myositis

Sarcocystis bovis in cattle, Sarcocystis spp in others
Rarely form discreet granulomas
NTD: Green muscle disease, Dalmeny disease – epizootics of severe sarcocyst associated disease
[199] Esophagus: Sarcocystis (ov)

S. gigantea
[200] Skeletal muscle: Degeneration, necrosis and mineralization

Vitamin E / Selenium deficiency (EtDx: Nutritional myopathy, NTD: White muscle disease)
Large, weight bearing muscles, active muscles including tongue, neck muscle (sucking animals), left
ventricle of the heart, diaphragm
DDx: Toxic myopathy (Ionophore, plants including Cassia spp, Gossypol, Senna spp), Blue tongue
virus, ischemic in downer cattle
Muscular steatosis tends to be more bright white, irregular
ENDOCRINE
[201] Adrenal gland: Adrenocortical hemorrhage
Septic shock, endotoxemia
[202] Adrenal cortical adenoma; Adrenocortical adenocarcinoma

Mets to liver and lung
VP May 2013, pg. 534: Histologic and Immunohistochemical Classification of 41 Bovine Adrenal Gland Neoplasms
J Comp Path July 2013, pg.1: Adrenal Cortex Carcinomas with Distant Metastases in Beef Cattle at Slaughter
[203] Adrenal gland: Pheochromocytoma (bov)

May develop concurrently with C cell (medullary) thyroid tumors, pituitary adenoma and
pheochromocytoma (multiple endocrine neoplasia – MEN), particularly in Guernsey
DDx: Medullary hyperplasia, ganglioneuroma, neuroblastoma
[204] Bilateral thyroid hyperplasia (goiter)

Hyperplastic goiters typically firm, dark red, colloid goiters lighter, more translucent
Iodine deficiency, goitrogenic compounds that interfere with thyroxinogenesis (Brassica spp plants,
sulfonamides, etc.), excess dietary iodine, autosomal recessive genetic defect in multiple sheep breeds,
Saanen dwarf goats, Afrikander cattle (congenital dyshormonogenic goiter)
Calves: Often survive/ thrive. May have significant hypotrichosis – typically don’t survive
Lambs / kids: myxedema and alopecia – typically don’t survive
[205] Thyroid C cell (ultimobranchial) adenoma / carcinoma (bov)

Aged bulls
[206] Pituitary: Pituitary abscess

T. pyogenes, many others
Nose rings in bulls, balling gun use in calves, head butting in small ruminants (trauma), extension of
ear, oral or nasal disease, etc.
[207] Pituitary adenoma
[208] Multiple pancreatic insulinomas

JVDI Nov 2014, pg. 827: Cholecystic adenocarcinoma and pancreatic insulinomas in a goat
REPRODUCTIVE
[209] Intersex (Female tubular organs with male gonads = male pseudohermaphrodite)
True hermaphrodite: Both male and female gonad
Pseudohermaphrodite: Only one gonadal tissue
XX sex reversal in polled goats (NTD: Polled/intersex syndrome (PIS))
→ FEMALE ←
[210] Uterine hypoplasia (freemartin)

Placental anastomosis from female and male twin → blood exchange and XX/XY chimera
→Antimullerian duct hormone and testosterone exposure → uterine and vulvovaginal hypoplasia,
atrophy of paramesonephric ducts, hypertrophy of clitoris
Seminal vesicles always present (diagnostic), uterus and vagina do not communicate
[211] (Poly)cystic ovary

All species, typically issue only in cows – high milk yields and negative energy balance
Due to failure of follicles to ovulate
Secondary lesions including hypertrophy or atrophy of cervix, cystic endometrial hyperplasia,
mucometra, cysts in Gartner’s ducts (mesonephric duct vestiges) which can become abscessed.
[212] Ovary: Granulosa cell tumor

Sex cord stromal (granulosa-theca), germ cells (dysgerminoma, teratoma), leiomyoma, lymphoma
Vascular hamartomas
JAVMA May 2014, pg 1159: granulosa cell tumor (GCT) of an ovary of a 2-year-old Savannah goat
[213] Unilateral hydrosalpinx

Inflammation of traumatic origin resulting in obstruction
Salpingitis: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
Pyosalpinx: T. pyogenes, Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp, E. coli
Granulomatous: Mycobacterium in cattle
[214] Uterus: Caruncular melanosis

Pulmonary, meningeal, uterine, vascular (intimal), epididymal in rams and bulls
[215] Segmental uterine aplasia

White Shorthorn cattle (NTD: White heifer disease)
[216] Uterine didelphis (double cervix)

Failure of paramesonephric ducts to fuse, typically involves cervix + uterine body
[217] Hydrometra / mucometra
Imperforate hymen due to failure of fusion of paramesonephric ducts with urogenital sinus
Acquired obstruction
[218] Uterus: Suppurative endometritis

Serosal surface typically unremarkable
Gross: Large, flabby, collapsed, chocolate lochia tenacious without odor becomes progressively
discolored yellow-grey + hemorrhage, fibrin, mucosal sloughing, odiferous as progresses
T. pyo, B. abortus, other bacteria (E. coli), aspergillus, BHV-4, others
o Mixed infection postpartum common
Placenta may be retained
[219] Uterus: Fibrinonecrotic (necrotizing) metritis

All layers of uterine wall affected
[220] Pyometra
Early postpartum if dystocia, retained placenta and/or metritis
After breeding secondary to veneral infection (Tritrichomonas foetus, others), early embryonic death
Hemolytic strep, Staph, coliforms, T. pyogenes, Pseudomonas
[221] Intrauterine hemorrhage (rupture of caruncular artery)

Gravid uterus → caruncular artery rupture / (hemorrhage after C section) → intrauterine hemorrhage
with exsanguination
Rupture of uterine artery → hemorrhage into abdomen
[222] Uterine tear (rupture) with hemorrhage and fibrin
[223] Uterus: Quadruplets + Hepatic Lipidosis

Pregnancy ketosis
[224] Uterine torsion
[225] Uterus: Leiomyosarcoma

DDx for any uterine neoplasm include: Lymphoma, Leiomyoma/sarcoma, adenocarcinomas
Leiomyosarcomas reported in older Saanen goats
[226] Uterine adenocarcinoma

Most common in cattle
[227] Vulvar mucosa: Pustular vulvovaginitis
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (NTD: infectious pustular vulvovaginitis)
[228] Placenta: Amniotic Plaques

Hyperplastic amniotic epithelium (internal surface)
[229] Placenta: Adventitial placentation

Secondary to endometrial necrosis, other endometrial insufficiency
Look for caruncular hypoplasia
[230] Necrotizing placentitis (intercotyledonary) with marked edema)

Brucella ovis (sheep), B. abortus (cattle), B. melitensis (small ruminants, particularly goats)
 Granulomatous epididymitis is more significant manifestation of B. ovis in sheep
o Intercotyledonary/pericotyledonary plaque-like yellow-white thickenings + cotyledonary
involvement, edema, cotyledonary necrosis (necrosuppurative intercotyledonary edema with cotyledonary
necrosis). Can look similar to fungal, but less severe
o Dry and leathery should make you think of Brucella
o DDx: Campylobacter fetus venerealis (less severe)
Listeriosis: Intercotyledonary, exudative, red-brown
Coxiella burnetii (ruminants, particularly goats): copious off white exudate in intercotyledonary
regions
[231] Necrotizing placentitis (cotyledonary)

Campylobacter fetus fetus (sheep) – pale, enlarged, dull, pulpy placentomes
o Hepatic target lesions more specific (pathognomonic)
Truperella pyogenes (cattle and sheep) – yellow-brown exudate over swollen cotyledons
Salmonella spp – chorionic surface gray to red, yellow exudate on red-tan cotyledons
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis – cotyledons covered by minimal suppurative exudate
o In sheep Y. pseudoTB also causes epididymitis and orchitis, abdominal abscesses, mastitis
o In cattle Y. pseudoTB also causes pneumonia
Histophilus somni (cattle) – nonsuppurative cotyledonary placentitis
Neospora caninum – cotyledonary necrosis
[232] Placenta: Multifocal cotyledonary necrosis with mineralization

Toxoplasma gondii
The “pepperoni pizza” is highly suggestive / pathognomonic
Cattle resistant
[233] Mycotic placentitis / proliferative to necrogranulomatous placentitis

Aspergillus fumigatus, Zygomycetes (Absidia, Mortierella, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus). DDx: moldy hay
Placentomes markedly enlarged, necrotic, firm, with swollen margins
Less common in small ruminants
[234] Fetal skin: Hyperkeratotic dermatitis (Mycotic plaques)
Aspergillus fumigatus, others
[235] Necrotizing placentitis (diffuse)

Chlamydophila abortus (ruminants, particularly sheep – NTD: Ovine enzootic abortion) resembles
Brucella, Coxiella with even involvement of cotyledons and intercotyledonary
o Cotyledons dull dark red, firm, dirty red exudate, intercotyledonary red brown irregularly dry,
edematous and leathery
[236] Granulomatous placentitis

Mycobacterium bovis (NTD: Bovine tuberculosis)
[237] Mammary Gland: Gynecomastia (hyperplasia)

Pituitary hyperplasia
Mastitis in ruminants:
Mastitis organism generally separated by gram negatives, gram positives causing severe acute necrotizing disease, and gram positives
causing chronic suppurative disease
G- causing endotoxemia and systemic disease, necrotizing mastitis, may set up for secondary pus formers
G+ causing severe disease, virulent staph and strep – gangrenous mastitis
G+ causing less severe/chronic suppurative disease
→ Common agents for consideration in bovine cases ←

Streptococcal mastitis: Cattle, goats (S. agalactiae) → acute exudative then fibrosing and involution
Staphylococcal (S. aureus): per-acute fulminant, often gangrenous vs. chronic mild (more common)
Coliforms (E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Serratia, Proteus): acute with systemic reaction / septicemia,
hemorrhagic and necrotizing
Others to consider: Mycoplasma bovis, Nocardia asteroides, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida spp, Prototheca zopfii
→ Common agents for consideration in small ruminant cases ←
Staphylococcus aureus, Mannheimia haemolytica - unexpected death due to acute necrotizing / gangrenous mastitis
Mycoplasma agalactiae (NTD: Contagious agalactia) in goats: often fatal septicemia initially, lameness and
keratoconjunctivitis may also be seen
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and T. pyogenes cause abscesses
Lentiviral mastitis: Maedi-visa (sheep), Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (goats) – lymphocytic and fibrosing hard udders
[238] Suppurative Mastitis

Causes include E. coli, Corynebacterium spp, Mycoplasma, others
Goat consider Caprine lentivirus – if chronic fibrosing and lymphocytic mastitis
[239] Necrohemorrhagic / necrotizing mastitis

Coliforms – E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, etc.
Hemorrhagic infarct visible through skin. See infarcts? Think coliforms.
[240] Unilateral gangrenous mastitis
Bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium spp, Fusobacterium)
Greenish - black discoloration. See gangrene? Think Staphylococcus aureus
JAVMA March 2013, pg. 836: Gangrenous mastitis caused by Bacillus species in six goats
[241] Mammary gland, teat: Adenocarcinoma
[242] Squamous cell carcinoma

Conjunctival epithelium limbus, nictitans, palpebral, cornea
More common in Bos taurus cattle
→ FETAL ←
[243] Fetus: Amorphous globosus
[244] Fetus: Schistosomus reflexus
[245] Fetal mummification

Bacterial infection NOT present + fetal skin mature enough to resist autolysis
[246] Fetal maceration (usually with emphysema)

Bacterial infection required
Campylobacter fetus, Tritrichomonas foetus (cattle), other nonspecific endometritis
Emphysema due to bacteria ascending through cervix → dystocia or incomplete abortions
o Clostridium chauvoei (sheep) → acute uterine tympany + necrotizing and hemorrhagic lesions
in fetus
Severely autolyzed fetuses: Infections that cause rapid death: Bovine herpesvirus, T. pyogenes, H.
somni, Leptospirosis, Salmonella spp, etc.
More preserved fetuses: Infections that take time to kill: B. abortus, mycotic, Y. pseudotuberculosis,
Ureaplasma diversum, etc.
[247] Fetal anasarca
[248] Fetal liver: Multifocal necrotizing hepatitis

Target lesions are pathognomonic in lambs
Campylobacter fetus fetus or C. jejuni, Flexispira rappini
→ MALE ←
[249] Testicle: Spermatocele
[250] Granulomatous epididymitis

Sperm granuloma
DDx: Spermatocele
Failure of efferent ductules to unite with epididymal duct
Polled Saanen goats
[251] Chronic epididymitis

Hematogenous infection with Brucella ovis (sheep), B. melitensis (goat): Epididymitis > orchitis
o Chronic epididymitis important manifestation of brucella in sheep
o Orchitis more common with B. abortus in cattle
DDx: Ascending infection with Actinobacillus seminis, Histophilus somni, E. coli, Strep, Staph, etc.
[252] Vesicular adenitis

Similar lesions in ampullae and epididymis
Brucella, Actinobacillus seminis, Histophilus somni
[253] Penis: Persistent frenulum
[254] Glans penis: Pustular and ulcerative balanitis (balanoposthitis)

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (NTD: Infectious bovine balanoposthitis)
Small foci of necrosis along the glans penis
Females: infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
[255] Glans penis: Fibropapilloma (bov)

Bovine papillomavirus 1
[256] Proliferative scrotal dermatitis

Preferential site of Chorioptes bovis
Sarcoptes, Psoroptes and Chorioptes are reportable, typically issue in cattle
Erythematous, papular, crusted, scaly, hairless lower hind limbs, scrotum, tail, perineum, udder, thighs
DDx for scrotal dermatitis in ruminants include: Dermatophilus congolensis, Besnoitia besnoitia,
fungi, ectoparasitism (particularly C. bovis)
INTEGUMENT
[257] Diffuse, marked hyperkeratosis (ichthyosis)

Autosomal recessive disorder of cornification (lamellar hyperkeratosis – mostly orthokeratosis)
Ichthyosis fetalis (more severe) and ichthyosis congenita
DDx: Hereditary zinc deficiency in cattle (parakeratosis)
[258] Epitheliogenesis imperfecta

Sharply demarcated defects in epidermis or mucosa with exposure of dermis or submucosa
Skin, oral and esophageal, hooves, teeth, pinna may be absent
Autosomal recessive in cattle, likely in lambs. Cattle > sheep
[259] Epidermolysis bullosa

E.B. simplex: Intraepidermal clefting due to faulty epidermal basal cells. Mutation in keratins 5 and 14
Junctional E.B.: Clefting in lamina lucida due to Laminin-5, Collagen XVII, integrin a6B4 or LAD-1
Dystrophic E.B.: split below lamina dense due to mutation in type VII collagen
J Comp Path May 2013, pg 354: Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa in Goats
[260] Hypertrichosis (ov)

In utero Border disease virus (NTD: Hairy Shaker)
Fetal infection before 80 dy gestation → rapid growth of primary hair follicles forming heavily
medullated primary wool fibers
o Muscle tremors (defective myelination), abnormal body conformation, poor growth, reduced
viability
DDx: In utero hyperthermia – lambs are small and survive < 2 mo
[261] Nasal planum: Ulcerative dermatitis

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) – Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Bovine viral diarrhea virus
(BVDV) – pestivirus, Sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCF) – ovine herpesvirus -2
(OVH-2) and Blue tongue virus
IBR (NTD: Red nose) typical with white, loosely adherent plaques
o Rhinotracheitis, keratoconjunctivitis, bronchointerstitial pneumonia, ulcerative esophagitis,
rumenitis, multifocal necrotizing hepatitis (neonatal calves), abortion, non suppurative
meningoencephalitis, in young and pustular vulvovaginitis or balanoposthitis in adults
o Primary viral respiratory disease only described in cattle
[262] Proliferative and necrotizing dermatitis / cheilitis (small ruminants)

Parapox virus (NTD: Papular stomatitis, Contagious ecthyma (Orf), infectious pustular dermatitis
Thick brown-brown crusts typically around muzzle, may extend into oral cavity as far distally as
omasum, lesions may spread to udder suckling
Histo: Epidermal hyperplasia, crusting, vacuolar degeneration, erosions, ulceration with
intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
[263] Teats: Ulcerative dermatitis / mammillitis
Vesicular diseases including FMD, Bovine herpesvirus-2 (NTD: bovine ulcerative herpes
mammillitis), bovine parapox (papular stomatitis)
DDx: Bovine herpesvirus-4 causing milder disease (NTD: Mammary pustular dermatitis)
[264] Necrotizing pododermatitis

Dichelobacter nodosus (NTD: Contagious foot rot)
Maceration of interdigital skin → Fusobacterium necrophorum, other bacteria → complicated with D.
nodosus
Quite virulent in sheep, less so in goats / cattle
[265] Papillomatous digital dermatitis

Foot warts, NTD: Hair heel warts
Polymicrobial: Treponema spp, a spirochete bacterium considered to have primary role
Skin near interdigital space at plantar aspect of hind feet – round to oval, reddened plaques with moist
granular, bleeding surface
Histo: Mild epidermal hyperplasia with erosion, necrosis, ballooning degeneration, microabscesses
[266] Superficial, exudative (suppurative) and hyperkeratotic dermatitis

Dermatophilus congolensis (an actinomycete)
Proliferative and exudative dermatitis covered by thick keratinized crusts and mats of hair
Histo: Thick lamellar parakeratotic crusts with intralesional D. congolensis – branching filaments
undergo septation to form parallel rows of coccoid bodies
Causes “Strawberry foot rot” in sheep as well as traditional skin changes
[267] Periocular skin: Locally extensive scaling and alopecia (dermatophytosis)

Trichophyton verrucosum most common in ruminants
T. mentagrophytes, T. equinum, Microsporum gypseum, M. nanum and M. canis
Well circumscribed, alopecic, thickened, rough, gray-white scales and crusts typically around eyes,
face, ears, head and neck. Pelvic in cattle, limbs in goats.
[268] Ventral midline skin: Proliferative and eosinophilic dermatitis

Stephanofilaria stilesi
Cattle, occasionally goats. Not sheep.
[269] Ear: Proliferative and hyperkeratotic otitis externa

Psoroptes cuniculi affects ear canal – goats perhaps the most
Psoroptes ovis (sheep scab mite) causes more severe widespread disease in sheep (not in US)
[270] Distal ear: Ischemic necrosis of the ear tip
Severe cold exposure → peripheral vasoconstriction in ear, tail, teats, scrotum → ischemic necrosis
DDx: Ergotism
[271] Distal limb: Thrombosis and ischemic necrosis (bov)

DDx: Chronic ergotism (Claviceps purpurea) and fescue toxicoses (Festuca arundinacea, F. eliator)
Ergotism: Hind limbs, ear, tail
o Adrenergic stimulation of arteriolar smooth muscle → peripheral vasoconstriction →
thrombosis and ischemic necrosis
Fescue toxicoses: Dry gangrene of distal extremities (NTD: Fescue foot)
o Fescue grass infected with endophytic fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum which produce
vasoconstricting alkaloids such as ergonovine and ergotamine
[272] Epidermal necrosis of white skin (photosensitization dermatitis)

Photodynamic pigmented deposited in sunlight exposed skin → absorbed light results in production of
oxygen intermediates → epidermal necrosis
Primary PD (type I): Ingestion of plant or drug with photoreactive substance
Type II: inherent inability to metabolize heme pigments → buildup of hematoporphyrins
Hepatogenous PD (Type III): buildup of phylloerythrin due to hepatic inability to eliminate
[273] Skin: Multiple fibropapillomas

BPV 1, 2, 5 cause cutaneous fibropapillomas
BPV 3, 6 cause flattened sessile lesions with no fibroblastic core (cutaneous squamous papillomas)
Ovine papilloma virus in sheep
[274] Skin: Cutaneous lymphoma

Sporadic, not BLV associated
OCULAR
[275] Corneal dermoid (choristoma)
Sporadic, inherited? (polled Hereford)
[276] Ulcerative keratoconjunctivitis

NTD: Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye)
Moraxella spp, Mycoplasma spp
o Cattle: Moraxella bovis, M. bovoculi (predisposes?)
o Sheep: Moraxella ovis
DDx small ruminants: Mycoplasma spp (especially M. conjunctivae), Chlamydophila/Chlamydia spp
DDx cattle: Mycoplasma spp, BVDV, Chlamydophila/Chlamydia spp, IBR (typically more serous to
suppurative conjunctivitis without keratitis)
JVDI November 2014, pg 761: Moraxella spp. isolated from field outbreaks of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: a retrospective
study of case submissions from 2010 to 2013.
[277] Conjunctiva and eye: Corneal edema + catarrhal conjunctivitis, edema
Secondary to vasculitis (severe uveitis with vasculitis)
MCF: Rim of peripheral intense corneal stromal neovascularization + corneal edema suggest MCF
o Typically also obvious anterior uveitis
DDx: Rift valley fever and BTV (small ruminants), Rinderpest (cattle, goat), IBR, congenital, other
causes of vasculitis
VP March 2014, pg 437: The pathology of Malignant Catarrhal fever, with an emphasis on Ovine Herpesvirus 2
[278] Suppurative endophthalmitis / suppurative uveitis (hypopyon)

Neonatal septicemia - Strep spp, coliforms, others
Listeria monocytogenes (usually unilateral, and in association with meningoencephalitis)
[279] Conjunctival besnoitia

Besnoitia benoiti in cattle
Firm cysts in dermis, subcutis, and widespread throughout connective tissues. “conjunctival pearls”
VP online first August 5, 2014: Naturally Acquired Bovine Besnoitiosis: Histologic and Immunohistochemical Findings in Acute,
Subacute, and Chronic Disease
[280] Conjunctival Thelaziasis (nematodiasis)
[281] Third eyelid: Ocular squamous cell carcinoma

Limbal conjunctiva (most common in cattle), third eyelid, or eyelid
Hemangiosarcoma may also originate from 3rd eyelid
[282] Exophthalmos
Retrobulbar mass (Lymphoma most common)
HEMOLYMPHATIC - ERYTHRON
[293] Thymic cyst
[294] Thymoma (cap)

Thymomas quite common in goats
DDx: Thymic lymphoma (sporadic calf form, non BLV associated)
VP July 2013, pg. 668: One Hundred Two Tumors in 100 Goats (1987–2011)
[295] Suppurative lymphadenitis
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, C. ovis (NTD: Caseous lymphadenitis)
o Characteristic slightly green tinged, laminated appearance due to progressive necrosis is
typical in sheep, goats tend to be less distinctly laminated and mineralized
o Cattle: skin changes more typical (ulcerative lymphangitis)
DDx: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: also caseonecrotic enteric lymphadenitis + spleen, liver, GI
DDx: Burkholderia pseudomallei (NTD: Pseudoglanders), Francisella tularensis (NTD: Tularemia)
[296] Distal limbs: Ulcerative lymphangitis

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Starts distal hind limbs, multifocal cutaneous ulcerations in all ruminants
o In cattle often starts around neck, shoulders or flanks
[297] Granulomatous lymphadenitis with mineralization

DDx: Mycobacterium bovis, M. avium paratuberculosis (Johne’s), Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
VP September 2013, pg. 857: Pathologic Findings in Young and Adult Sheep Following Experimental Infection with 2 Different Doses
of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
Comp Path Feb/April 2013, pg 157: Intestinal Strictures, Fibrous Adhesions and High Local Interleukin-10 Levels in Goats Infected
Naturally with Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis
Vet path online first May 14, 2014: Sequential development of Lesions 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after experimental infection of goat kids
with Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis
[298] Splenic hemorrhage

Bracken fern toxicosis, hemorrhagic diatheses, sepsis, sweet clover, thrombocytopenia
[289] Splenic abscess

Truperella pyogenes most often
[290] Splenic lymphoma
[291] Bone marrow: Serous atrophy of fat

Chronic negative energy balance: chronic disease, neoplasia, malnutrition/parasitism, maldentition,
starvation, cachexia, etc.
Heart and bone marrow some of the last reserves
[292] Body as a whole: Marked icterus, hemoglobinuria (intravascular hemolysis)

DDx: Copper toxicoses; plant toxicoses (onion, Brassica spp, etc.); infectious including Cl.
perfringens type A (NTD: yellow lamb disease, enterotoxemic jaundice), Cl. hemolyticum and Cl.
novyi type D (NTD: Bacillary hemoglobinuria), Leptospirosis, hemotropic mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma
ovis), Babesia spp; immune system disorders including IMHA and neonatal isoerythrolysis; and
nutritional including hypophosphatemia in post-parturient dairy cattle
VP May 2014, pg 624: Diagnostic Exercise: Hemolysis and Sudden Death in lambs

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6/22/2015

PIGI – CAHFS. San Bernardino

PIGI – D. O’Toole, Wyoming State Lab PIGI – SLU (Sweden)

PIGI Comp Path Feb/April 2013

J Comp Path July 2013

J Comp Path 2014 OK State

NOAH - PEI PIGI – Todd Cornish, Wyoming State Lab

J Comp Path 2014 UT

OK State PIGI – J. Laguna

OK State PIGI – U. Leon

NOAH – Nat. U. of Mexico

UT PIGI – Dr. B. Brenseke

56 57 Cow, MDX, Cause, NDT

64 Rumen ulcers 65 Toxic rumenitis

UT NOAH – U. Barcelona, Spain

NOAH – UGA, Alberta NOAH – West Indies

82 SI: Necrohemm ent 83

NOAH – PIADC, Michigan State UT

UT PIGI – Univ. of Glasgow

PIGI – Federoco Giannitti

100 Tissue from a Cow: 101

PIGI - NCSU OK State

HEPATOBILIARY - PANCREATIC 102

NOAH - U. Barcelona, Spain NOAH – U. Idaho

115 116 Hepatocellular carcinoma

117 Liver LSA 118

NOAH - TAMU NOAH – U. PEI

OK State NOAH - UGA

121 Pancreatic adenocarcinoma URINARY

122 Goat, ND 123

Veterinary Record 2006 NOAH – USDA FSIS

PIGI NOAH - Auburn

Claudio Barros – Sprinkles of Pathology FB

UT PIGI – Ohio State

NOAH – Ohio State

JPC NOAH - DODD

NOAH - KSU PIGI - Edinburgh

UT PIGI – Brian Cloak

Veterinary Record 2008, W. Wouda OK State

PIGI – Ohio State NOAH - Missouri

NOAH – Oregon State McGavin 14-90

171 Cenurosis 172

http://medpedia.framar.bg UT Photo website OK State

JAVMA 2013 OK State

Research report Fluoride 44(2)70–76 April-June 2011

OK State NOAH - KSU

12. Tissue from an ox

McGavin 16-70 NOAH – Ohio State

NOAH – Ohio State J Comp Path 2013,

OSU OK State PIGI

Tufts NOAH – U. Torino, Italy

NOAH – U. Torino, Italy PIGI

NOAH – U. Edinburgh PIGI – SLU (Sweden)

NOAH - Tufts OK State

NOAH - UGA Tufts

[] Uterus: Fibrinonecrotic (necrotizing)

NOAH – U. Missouri NOAH – U. Nebraska

OK State NOAH – U. PEI