An introduction to

brane world
cosmology

Andreas Müller Advanced seminar

Theory group LSW LSW Heidelberg
03/03/2004
http://www.lsw.uni-heidelberg.de/users/amueller
Overview
ƒ principles
ƒ bulk and brane
ƒ extradimensions
ƒ compactification
ƒ ADD vs. Randall-Sundrum
ƒ scalar fields
ƒ brane collisions
ƒ ekpyrosis and cyclic universe
Standard cosmology
ƒ GR world is 4D manifold: space-time
ƒ Robertson-Walker metric
ƒ Λ cosmology
ƒ cosmological constant, dark energy
ƒ ΛCDM in a flat, expanding universe
ƒ FRW equations
ƒ Hubble constant
ƒ inflation
ƒ Big Bang
Motivation to brane world
ƒ coincidence problem:
ΩΛ ~ Ωm
solution: Λ becomes dynamical
quintessence models (QCDM),
brane worlds
ƒ hierarchy problem:
weakness of gravition!
Planck scale ~ 1019 GeV
electroweak scale ~ 1 TeV
16 decades discrepancy!
solution: extradimensions,
brane worlds
Extradimensions and brane
worlds
ƒ extradimensions (XDs):
~1920: Nordström, Kaluza-Klein
~1990: renaissance in QFT, SUSY; Antoniadis
ƒ implications from string theories and M-theory:
compactified extradimensions
ƒ count XDs in particle accelerator black holes?
ƒ standard model of particle physics is confined on a
hypersurface, the brane
(etymology from membrane by Paul Townsend: p-brane has
dimension p)
ƒ brane is embedded in higher-dimensional space, the
bulk
Bulk – brane topology
Brane world zoo
ƒ number of extradimensions
ƒ compactification vs.
non- compactification
ƒ flat vs. warped bulk geometry
ƒ number of branes
ƒ static vs. dynamical branes
(brane collisions)
ƒ vacuum bulk vs. bulk scalar fields
Supersymmetry

SUSY mirror creates particle zoo

String theory
ƒ 5 supersymmetric string theories connected via dualities hint for
M-theory
ƒ 11D supergravity (SUGRA) connects GR with SUSY
ƒ SUGRA is low-energy limes (l >> lPl) of M-theory and therefore all
string theories
ƒ 11D SUGRA has 11th dimension compactified on an orbifold
(with Z2 symmetry)
ƒ boundaries of 11D space-time are 10D „planes“
ƒ on planes E8 gauge groups confined
ƒ Calabi-Yau threefold represents compactified space
of 6 dimensions of 11D („microscopic ball“)
ƒ heterotic string theory E8 x E8 results in brane world
(Horava & Witten 1996)
String theory: ADD model
ƒ motivation for 5D space-times
with 4D boundary branes
ƒ ADD scenario: large extradimensions (LXDs)
ƒ flat bulk geometry 4+d
ƒ d compactified extradimensions
ƒ reduced Planck scale:
M2P,ADD = M2+dfundRd
Mfund: 4+d Planck scale
ƒ radii < R: non-Newtonian gravity
Newton‘s law modified
ƒ SM restricted to brane, gravity propagates
into bulk
ƒ extradimensions compactified to radius R
ƒ 1st implication: Newton 1/r2 injured for
radii ~ R
ƒ tests with Cavendish experiments show
no evidence up to now
ƒ if LXD exist, then R << 1 mm
2-brane system

hypersurface: Dbrane = Dbulk - 1

Randall-Sundrum I model
ƒ 2-brane system
ƒ warped (curved) bulk geometry 4+d
ƒ bulk metric is slice of Anti de Sitter (AdS5) space-time,
Λ < 0, 5D:

ds2 = e-2K(y) ηµν dxµ dxν + dy2

ƒ new: restauration of Newton‘s law on brane with positive

tension embedded in infinite LXD!
ƒ solution of the hierarchy problem
(1019 GeV Planck vs. 100 GeV electroweak):
2-brane model (RSI)
Randall-Sundrum I model

remark: branes are Minkowski-flat

Randall-Sundrum I model
ƒ highly-curved AdS background
¾ implies large gravitational redshift of
energy-scale between branes
ƒ hierarchy due to large inter-brane distance rc
ƒ Planck scale (on negative tension brane) is
reduced to TeV:
M2P,RS ~ exp(2krc) M53/k, k = (-Λ5κ25/6)1/2
Λ5: 5D negative cosmological constant on bulk
κ5: 5D gravitational coupling constant
M5 : 5D Planck mass
ƒ fine tuning problem:
radius of LXD, rc, tunes hierarchy scale
ƒ radion as bulk scalar field (later!)
Randall-Sundrum II model
ƒ AdS background
ƒ send negative tension brane to infinity
ƒ effectively non-compact 1-brane model
ƒ contrast to KK (all XDs compactified):
gravitational field has continuum of KK modes
ƒ consequence:
correction of gravitational force on brane
Randall-Sundrum II model
ƒ modified Newton potential for point masses on
the brane

with l2 = -6/(Λ5κ25)
ƒ experiments prove l < 1 mm
Randall-Sundrum II model
ƒ modified Friedmann equation in 5D

split in
matter
and
brane
tension

ƒ tuning between Λ5 and σ establishes Λ4 = 0

ƒ gravitational constant depends on tension σ
ƒ µ is dark radiation term
Observational constraints
ƒ nucleosynthesis
σ > (1 MeV)4,
then classical Friedmann eq. established at znucl, otherwise
abundances significantly changed
ƒ Newton‘s law tests
σ > (100 GeV)4, κ5-3 > 105 TeV,
then classical Friedmann eq. established at znucl, otherwise
abundances significantly changed
ƒ cosmology
µ < 0.1 ρphot; typically assumed µ = 0
Technical aspects
ƒ start with action (Einstein-Hilbert,
ansatz for brane: contains tension)
ƒ derive Einstein equations as EOM, including
Klein-Gordon equation
ƒ solve this set of equations (integration...)
ƒ deduce bulk metric (AdS, Schwarzschild etc.)
ƒ identify tunings (Λ5 – σ – relation etc.)
ƒ discuss resulting cosmology, e.g. modified Friedmann
equations, effective cosmological constants...
Bulk scalar field
Bulk scalar field
ƒ up2now: empty bulks
ƒ now: fill bulk with scalar field
ƒ dynamical brane configurations!
ƒ bulk back reaction parametrized by Weyl tensor and
loss parameter
ƒ discuss modified Friedmann eq.
ƒ Klein-Gordon eq.:
time dependence of scalar field
¾ trace of energy-stress tensor on brane
¾ gradient of bulk potential
ƒ G becomes time-dependent: G = G(z)
ƒ fine-structure constant has time evolution
ƒ bulk scalar field can play role of quintessence
Scalar field
ƒ energy density, pressure, potential energy

e.g. inflaton

ƒ full evolution described by:

¾ modified Friedmann eq.
¾ Klein-Gordon eq.
¾ Raychaudhuri eq.
ƒ assume slow-roll regime
ƒ result: brane world effects slow-roll scenarios
Scalar field - inflaton
ƒ in slow-roll regime (1):
high potential vs. low kinetic
energy of scalar field
ƒ high negative pressure drives
expansion of universe
ƒ fall into potential well (2):
inflation ends, inflaton field
oscillates and decays into
matter and radiation

figure: Steinhardt & Turok 2002

Cosmology of
2-brane systems
ƒ motivation: 1-brane system + scalar field generates
naked singularity (bulk singularity, AdS horizon). This
can be shielded with 2nd brane.
ƒ bulk scalar field fixes inter-brane distance in RSI model
ƒ consider variable inter-brane distance
ƒ radion: inter-brane distance plays role of scalar field
ƒ small radion field at late times: negative tension brane
moves towards bulk singularity and might be destroyed
or repelled
Cosmological constant
ƒ observed Λ ~ 0 invokes extradimension effect
ƒ hierarchy problem reemerges in a fine tuning problem
of the inter-brane distance
ƒ self-tuning idea: XD highly curved, but brane stays
Minkowski-flat. But: bulk scalar field produces naked
singularity. Vanishes with a 2nd brane.
ƒ Friedmann equations modified at high energies
(ρm >> σ ) in brane world models:
H ~ ρm
instead of classical 4D:
H ~ ρm1/2
Ekpyrotic scenario
ƒ initial state two flat 3-branes: our progenitor universe
and a „parallel“ universe
ƒ branes approach as mediated by radion field
ƒ in brane collision event kinetic energy is transformed
into quarks and leptons
ƒ no big bang singularity!
ƒ finite temperature 1023 K
ƒ homogeneous and flat universe
ƒ no inflation!
ƒ no magnetic monopole formation (T too small)

Khoury et al. 2001

Cyclic Universe
ƒ periodic sequences of ekpyrosis
ƒ cycle of
big bang, expansion, contraction,
big crunch
ƒ scalar field acts as dark energy
(precisely quintessence) that
accelerates and decelerates
ƒ scalar field has natural geometrical
interpretation in string theory

Steinhardt & Turok 2001

Cyclic Universe
ƒ (1) Epot dominant
ƒ (2) roll to well due to
universe expansion and
cooling
ƒ (3) Epot = 0, Ekin dominates
universe, expansion
decelerates
ƒ (4) Epot < 0, contraction
ƒ (5) acceleration out of the
minimum, scale factor zero:
„crunch“
ƒ (6) reheating of universe
from kinetic energy
conversion into matter and
radiation
ƒ (7) rush back
Steinhardt & Turok 2002
Brane Worlds – συν−οΨις
ƒ existence of extradimensions
ƒ Λ = 0 on the brane easily managed
ƒ impact of brane cosmology on early universe
H ~ ρm instead of H ~ ρm1/2
ƒ dark energy, quintessence represented by scalar field
ƒ ekpyrosis: 1st explanation of big bang!
ƒ universe may evolve in cycles
Open questions
ƒ effects of bulk gravitation on CMB and LSS
ƒ boundary conditions on the brane
ƒ variations of the bulk scalar field around the brane
ƒ bulk scalar field as dark energy constituent
ƒ shielded bulk singularity
ƒ singularity problem in brane collisions
Cosmology news
ƒ w = p/ρ = -1 Einsteins cosmological constant Λ
high-z SN Typ Ia permanence measurements
(Riess et al., February 2004)

ƒ distance ladder
z ~ 7 lensed IR galaxy
(Kneib et al., February 2004)

z ~ 10 lensed IR galaxy Abell 1835 IR 1916

lens magnification factor 25-100, 5 x 108 M, ISAAC/VLT
(Pello et al., March 2004, astro-ph/0403025)
References
ƒ Brax & van de Bruck, „Cosmology and Brane Worlds: A Review“
(2003), hep-th/0303095
ƒ Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos & Dvali, Phys. Lett. B 429, 263 (1998) ,
hep-th/9905221 (ADD scenario, LXD)
ƒ Randall & Sundrum, „A Large Mass Hierarchy from a Small Extra
Dimension“ (1999) , hep-th/9905221 (RSI model)
ƒ Randall & Sundrum, „An Alternative to Compactification “ (1999) ,
hep-th/9906064 (RSII model)
ƒ Khoury, Ovrut, Seiberg, Steinhardt & Turok, Phys. Rev. D 65, 86
(2002), hep-th/0108187 (ekpyrotic model)
ƒ Steinhardt & Turok, Phys. Rev. D 65, 126 (2002), hep-th/0111030,
hep-th/0111098 (cyclic model)
ƒ M. Cavaglia, „Black Hole and Brane Production in TeV Gravity: A
Review“ (2002), hep-ph/0210296
ƒ H. Goenner, „Einführung in die Kosmologie“ (2000), Spektrum
Verlag
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ƒ ADD: Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos & Dvali model
ƒ AdS: Anti de Sitter space-time
ƒ BH. Black Hole
ƒ CMB: Cosmic Microwave Background
ƒ D: Dimension
ƒ EOM: Equation of Motion
ƒ FRW: Friedmann-Robertson-Walker
ƒ GR. General Relativity
ƒ GW: Gravitational Wave
ƒ KGE: Klein-Gordon Equation
ƒ KK: Kaluza-Klein
ƒ ΛCDM: Λ cosmology with cold dark matter
ƒ LSS: Large Scale Structure
ƒ LXD: Large Extra Dimension
ƒ QCDM: quintessence cosmology with cold dark matter
ƒ QFT: Quantum Field Theory
ƒ RSI: Randall-Sundrum model I
ƒ RSII : Randall-Sundrum model II
ƒ SM: Standard Model of Particle Physics
ƒ SUGRA: supergravitation
ƒ SUSY: supersymmetry
ƒ XD: Extra Dimension