Calculus III (8th Edition) by Larson, Hostetler, and Edwards

Calculus III (8th edition)
by Larson, Hostetler, and Edwards
Section 13.6- Directional Derivatives
Find the directional derivative of the function

 a   b       at the point a  b
.
in the direction of       
  a   b  a   b  a  b
 a  b      
È    

A unit vector in the direction  is 
a  b
È


È

The direction derivative is   
a    b  a    b  a    b 

È È
 
 È È È
È È
   
 
15. Find the directional derivative of the function

 a b  a  b in the direction of
  Š  ‹  Š  ‹ .
 
 
  a b   a b    a b  

a  b  Š  ‹  a  ba  b  Š  ‹ 
 
È
 
a  b   a  b 
 

 È È
 
a  b  a  b  Ž  a  b 
  •
We could also do the following:
 È
  
  a  b     a  b  a  b
 
a  b   a  b  
The directional derivative is
È
aa  b   a  b b  Ž  
 •



È
 a  b  a  b 
È   È

Ž   •a  b  
a  b 
19. Find the directional derivative of a   b  a    b

at the point  a  b in the direction of a  b
  
    
The vector    a  b  a  b  a  b 
  
    
a    b
È

A unit vector in this direction is
a  b             and the

  
a    b
  
directional derivative is a    b 
È

     È È
È È
  

33. Find the gradient of the function a b  È


  
and the maximum value of the directional derivative at
the point a b
ˆ   ‰ ab 
È    
    
a     b
   

 
a   b
 

a b 
 
a   b a   b
  
a b 
    
a  b a  b
   
  
The maximum value of the directional deriv. at a b is

È È
Ê
 
   
   
47. Sketch the graph of  a b       in the 1st octant and

plot the point a  b on the surface.
The x, y, and z intercepts are a  b a  b and a  b
The trace on the xy plane (make    is        or

     which is a circle of radius 3.
The traces on the xz and yz planes are the parabolas

     and      shown below.
z z
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
y x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
A rough sketch of  a b       is below.

z (0,0,9)
2
z=9- x
(1,2,4)
z=9 - y 2
4
(0,3,0)
1
2
(3,0,0) y
x
a) Use the graph of  a b  ˆ     ‰ to estimate

 
51.

the components of the vector in the direction of the maximum
rate of increase of the function at the point where    and   
b) Find the gradient at the point and compare it with your
estimate in part a).
c) In what direction would the function be decreasing at the
greatest rate?
0
1
y vector in direc. of max.
2 rate of increase
3
0.5
z 0
-0.5
3
2
1
x 0
A vector in the direction of the max. rate of decrease is illustrated
below. It appears that the components are about a   b
or  a   b where  is any positive number. That is looking at the
vector, it appears to be going down in the x direction and up in the
y direction. The decrease in the x direction is greater than the
increase in the y direction. Looks like a ratio of 3 to 1.
0
1
y vector in direc. of max.
2 rate of increase
3
0.5
z 0
-0.5
3
2
1
x 0
a      b and at a b, the vector is


b)  

a   b  a   b


c) The function is decreasing the most in the opposite direction
of a   b which is a  b
55. Find a normal vector to the level curve  a b   at  where

 a b         and   a b
 a b     and this vector is normal to the level curve

    
at the point a b
61. Use the gradient to find a unit normal vector to the graph of the
equation      at the point a  b
Let  a b     

 a  b     is normal to the level curve
      
     at a  b. Therefore a unit normal is

a  b 
È  
   
      


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Calculus III (8th edition)

by Larson, Hostetler, and Edwards

Section 13.6- Directional Derivatives

Find the directional derivative of the function

a    b  a    b  a    b 

15. Find the directional derivative of the function

  a b   a b    a b  

19. Find the directional derivative of a   b  a    b

a  b             and the

33. Find the gradient of the function a b  È

The maximum value of the directional deriv. at a b is

47. Sketch the graph of  a b       in the 1st octant and

The trace on the xy plane (make    is        or

The traces on the xz and yz planes are the parabolas

A rough sketch of  a b       is below.

a) Use the graph of  a b  ˆ     ‰ to estimate

a      b and at a b, the vector is

55. Find a normal vector to the level curve  a b   at  where

 a b     and this vector is normal to the level curve

at the point a b

Let  a b     

     at a  b. Therefore a unit normal is

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